chapter_5高级英语

Unit 5 The Plug-in Drug: TV and the American FamilyA quarter of a century after the introduction of television into American society, a period that has seen the medium become so deeply ingrained in American life that in at least one state the television set has attained the rank of a legal necessity, 1safe from repossession in case of debt along with clothes, cooking utensils, and the like, television viewing has become an inevitable and ordinary part of daily life. Only in the early years of television did writers and commentators2have sufficient perspective to separate the activity of watching television from the actual content it offers the viewer. In those early days writers frequently discussed the effects of television on family life. However a curious 3myopia afflicted those early observers: almost without exception they regarded television as a favorable, beneficial, indeed, 4wondrous influence upon the family.在电视机这项发明进入美国人生活的25后，他已经在美国人的生活中根深蒂固，甚至美国至少有一个州的法律规定电视机是生活的必须品，而且如果负债，它可以和衣物,厨具一样免于作为财产抵押，而且看电视也成为人们生活中非常普遍甚至是不可避免的活动。

Chapter 1 The PopulationI 2 populous 3 race 4 origin 5 geographical distPrelisteningB 1 census ribution6 made up of7 comprises8 relatively progressively9 Metropolitan densely 10 decreased death rate11 birth rate increasing 12 life expectancyD 1 a 18.5 mill b 80% c 1/2 d 13.4 mill e 2: 10f 4%g 1990h 40%i 3/4j 33.1%2 a3 b 1 c 2 d 5 e 4II First ListeningST1 population by race and originST2 geographical distributionST3 age and sexIII PostlisteningA 1. People’s Republic of China, India2. 281 mill3. Hispanics(12.5%)4. Texas5. the South and the West6. 20%7. by more than 5 million8. about 6 years9. 2.2 years10. a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancyChapter 2: Immigration: Past and Present PRELISTENINGB. Vocabulary and Key Conceptsimmigratednatural disasters/ droughts/ faminespersecutionsettlers/ colonistsstageswidespread unemploymentscarcityexpanding/ citizensfailuredecreaselimitedquotassteadilytrendskills/ unskilledD Notetaking PreparationDates: Teens and Tens18501951The 1840sFrom 1890 to 1930Between 1750 and 18501776188213291860From approximately 1830 to 1930Language Conventions: Countries and NationalitiesThe Scandinavian countries are Swed en, Norway, and Denmark. The Southern European countries are Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal. The Eastern European countries are Russia and Poland.LISTENINGFirst ListeningMajor SubtopicsST1 the Great ImmigrationST2 reasons for the Great Immigration and why it endedST3 immigration situation in the United States todayPOSTLISTENINGA. Accuracy Checkcolonists or settl ersDutch, French, German, Scotch-Irish, BlacksThe third, 1890-1930Southern Europe and Eastern EuropeThe population doubled, there was wid espread unemployment, and there was a scarcity of farmlandfree land, plentiful jobs, and freed om from religious and political persecutionthe failure of the potato crop in Irelandlaws limiting immigration from certain area, the Great Depression, and World War ⅡThey are largely non-European.Industry d oesn’t need a large number of unskilled workers。

高级英语(D1002001) >看看课程文档> ADVANCED ENGLISH BOOK II > UNIT 5 LOVE IS A FALLACY >第五单元课文翻译第五单元课文翻译第五单元课文翻译爱情就是谬误马克斯·舒尔曼1）．查尔斯·兰姆是一个世所罕见的性情欢快、富有进取心的人，他那笔下的散文《古瓷器》和《梦中的孩子)无拘无束、自由奔放，实在令人难忘。

下面这篇文章比兰姆的作品更加自由奔放。

实际上，用“自由奔放”的字眼来形容这篇文章并不十分确切，或许用“柔软”、“轻松”或“轻软而富有弹性”更为恰如其分。

2）．尽管很难说清这篇文章是属于哪一类，但可以肯定它是一篇散文小品文。

它提出了论点，引用了许多例证，并得出了结论。

卡莱尔能写得更好吗? 罗斯金呢?3）．这篇文章意在论证逻辑学非但不枯燥乏味，而且活泼、清新、富于美感和激情，并给人以启迪。

诸位不妨一读o——作者注1．我这个人头脑冷静，逻辑思维能力强。

敏锐、慎重、聪慧、深刻、机智——这些就是我的特点。

我的大脑像发电机一样发达，像化学家的天平一样精确，像手术刀一样锋利。

——你知道吗?我才十八岁呀。

2．年纪这么轻而智力又如此非凡的人并不常有。

就拿在明尼苏达大学跟我同住一个房间的皮蒂·伯奇来说吧，他跟我年龄相仿，经历一样，可他笨得像头驴。

小伙子长得年轻漂亮，可惜脑子里却空空如也。

他易于激动，情绪反复无常，容易受别人的影响。

最糟的是他爱赶时髦。

我认为，赶时髦就是最缺乏理智的表现。

见到一种新鲜的东西就跟着学，以为别人都在那么干，自己也就卷进去傻干——这在我看来，简直愚蠢至极，但皮蒂却不以为然。

3．一天下午，我看见皮蒂躺在床上，脸上显露出一种痛苦不堪的表情，我立刻断定他是得了阑尾炎。

“别动,”我说，“别吃泻药，我就请医生来。

”4．“浣熊，”他咕哝着说。

5．“浣熊?”我停下来问道。

6．“我要一件浣熊皮大衣，”他痛苦地哭叫着。

Unit 5Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.Winston S. Churchill2) conviction: 1. a very strong belief or opinione.g. religious/political etc convictionsa woman of strong political convictionsdeep/strong convictionThe Dotens have a deep conviction that marriage is for life.conviction thate.g. The students possess the conviction that they can make adifference to their community.2. the feeling of being sure about something and having no doubtswith/without convictione.g. He was able to say with conviction that he had changed.'No,' she said, without conviction.It was a reasonable explanation, but his voice lacked conviction .It took her so much effort to speak that what she said carriedgreat conviction (=showed she felt sure of what she said) .3. a decision in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime, or theprocess of proving that someone is guiltyￚ(opposite) acquittale.g. They had no previous convictions.Applicants are checked for criminal convictions.conviction fore.g. This was her third conviction for theft.1.I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes:1)round up: herd together, collect together (people or animals who are scattered;or have fled, etc.2)horde: a large crowd moving in a noisy uncontrolled wayhorde ofe.g. There were hordes of people inside the station.2) enlist: 1. to persuade someone to help you to do somethinge.g. enlist somebody's help/services etcHe has enlisted the help of a sports psychologist for the team.The public are being enlisted to help.2. to join the army, navy etcenlist ase.g. He enlisted as a private.enlist ine.g. At the outbreak of war, he was enlisted in the army.ￚenlistment3) count on/upon somebody/something1. to depend on someone or something, especially in a difficult situatione.g. You can count on me. With luck, you might cover your costs, but don'tcount on it.count on (somebody/something) doing somethinge.g. We're all counting on winning this contract.They were counting on him not coming out of hospital.count on somebody/something to do somethinge.g. You can count on Dean to ruin any party.2. to expect somethinge.g. The presence of Paula was one thing he hadn't counted on.count on (somebody/something) doing somethinge.g. We didn't count on so many people being on vacation.be devoid of something: to be completely lacking in somethinge.g. His face was devoid of any warmth or humour.3) excel: 1. to do something very well, or much better than most peoplee.g. excel at/inRick has always excelled at foreign languages.2. excel yourself: (British English)to do something better than youusually doe.g. Graham has excelled himself with the new exhibition.4) ferocious: 1. violent, dangerous, and frighteninge.g. a ferocious, hungry lion a ferocious battleThe storm grew more and more ferocious with each second.2. very strong, severe, and unpleasante.g. The congressman is one of the President's most ferociouscritics. The heat was ferocious.Butler is famous for his ferocious temper.3. relating to an emotion that is felt very stronglye.g. Parker was driven by a ferocious determination to succeed. till: (old English literary) work the soil for the production of crops, as by plowing, harrowing, hoeing, sowing, etc.immemorial: extending back beyond memory; ancient.2) wring: 1. to succeed in getting something from someone, but only after a lot ofeffortￚ(synonym) squeezewring something from/out of somebodye.g. They are always trying to wring additional funds from thegovernment.I managed to wring the information out of him.2. wring out: to tightly twist a wet cloth or wet clothes in order toremove water3. wring your hands: to rub and twist your hands together because youare worried and upset4. wring somebody's hand: to shake hands very firmly with someone5. wring something's neck: to kill a small animal by twisting its neck6.I'll wring somebody's neck: (spoken) used when you are very angrywith someonee.g. I'll wring her neck when I get hold of her!7. wringing wet: extremely wete.g. This jacket's wringing wet!2) primordial: 1. existing at the beginning of time or the beginning of the Earthe.g. the primordial seas2. primordial feelings are very strong and seem to come from thepart of people's character that is ancient and animal-likee.g. He was driven on by a primordial terror.3) drill: to teach students, sports players etc by making them repeat the same lesson,exercise etc many timesdrill somebody in somethinge.g. She was drilling the class in the forms of the past tense.drill somebody to do somethinge.g. I acted instinctively because I had been trained and drilled to do justthat.The team were well-drilled and organized.Plod: to walk along slowly, especially when this is difficultplod through/up/across etce.g. The horse plodded up the hill.plod on/along/backe.g. Jake kept plodding on.plod on/along: to work slowly or make slow progress, especially in away that is boringe.g. For years he had plodded along in a series of boring office jobs.21. smart: 1. to be upset because someone has hurt your feelings or offended yousmart frome.g. She was still smarting from the insult.2. if a part of your body smarts, it hurts with a stinging paine.g. My eyes were smarting with the smoke.villainous: (literary) evil or criminalcataract:1, a medical condition that causes the lens of your eye to become white, so that you slowly lose your sight2. (literary) a large waterfall23. … in which the great Dominions will in due course concur…1) in due course: at the right time2) concur: 1. to agree with someone or have the same opinion as themconcur withe.g. The committee largely concurred with these views.2. to happen at the same timeￚ(synonym) coincideconcur to do somethinge.g. Everything concurred to produce the desired effect.24. irrevocable:an irrevocable decision, action etc cannot be changed or stoppede.g. Think about the situation carefully before you take an irrevocablestep.25. we are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime.1) be resolved: be firm and fixed in purpose2) vestige: 1. a small part or amount of something that remains when most of it nolonger existsￚ(synonym) tracevestige ofe.g. The new law removed the last vestiges of royal power.2. the smallest possible amount of a quality or feelingvestige ofe.g. There's not a vestige of truth in the story.26. we will never parley…parley: have a conference of discussion, esp. with an enemy2) diverge: 1. if similar things diverge, they develop in different ways and so are nolonger similare.g. The two species diverged millions of years ago.Global growth rates are diverging markedly.2. if opinions, interests etc diverge, they are different from each otherdiverge frome.g. Here Innocent's views diverged from Gregory's.3. if two lines or paths diverge, they separate and go in different directionsￚ(opposite) convergeￚdivergence e.g. divergence between the US and Europeￚdivergent e.g. divergent views3) slacken: 1. also slacken off: to gradually become slower, weaker, less active etc,or to make something do thise.g. The heavy rain showed no signs of slackening off.slacken your pace/speed (=go or walk more slowly)Guy slackened his pace as he approached the gate.2. to make something looser, or to become looserￚ(opposite) tightene.g. He did not let her go, but his grip on her slackened.4) woeful: 1. very bad or seriousￚ(synonym) deplorablee. g. a woeful lack of information2. (literary) very sadￚ(synonym)pathetic e.g. woeful eyes2) moralize: express one’s thoughts on the wrongness of; indulge in moral reflectionor talk ( on a subject).29. blood-lust: a strong desire to be violent30. hurl: 1. to throw something with a lot of force, especially because you are angrye.g. Demonstrators were hurling bricks through the windows.He hurled a chair across the set, smashing lamps and vases.2. hurl abuse/insults/accusations etc (at somebody): to shout at someone in aloud and angry waye.g. He was accused of hurling abuse at the referee.3. hurl yourself at/against etc somebody/something, also hurl yourselfdown:to throw yourself at someone or something with a lot of forcee.g. She wanted to hurl herself into his arms.2) prelude: a prelude to somethingif an event is a prelude to a more important event, it happens just beforeit and makes people expect ite.g. Living together as a prelude to marriage is now consideredacceptable in many countries.4) subjugate: to defeat a person or group and make them obey youe.g. The native population was subjugated and exploited.subjugated people/nation/countrysubjugate somebody to somebody/somethinge.g. Her own needs had been subjugated to (=not considered asimportant as) the needs of her family.ￚsubjugation34. hearth and home: a (poetic) home and its comfortsExpressions:1. round up: cause sb．or sth．to gather in one placee.g. The guide rounded up the tourists and led them back to the coach．2. count on: rely on sb．or sth．with confidencee.g. Don’t count on a salary increase this year．3. go all out: do one’s utmost，spare no effortse.g. I’ll team is going all out to win the championship．4. make a reference to: speaking of or mentioning sb．or sth．e.g. The commentator made a pointed reference to the recent scan．5. to the effect that: wi th the meaning that…,giving the information that…e.g. He left a note to the effect that he would not be returning．6. on the threshold of: at the point of entering or beginning ofe.g. The politician was on the threshold of his career．7. tie down: reduce to bondage；enslavee.g. The veteran worker refuses to be tied down by petty restriction．8. in due course: at the appropriate time；eventuallye.g. Y our request will be dealt with in due course．9. it follows that: it shows that；from this we carl see thate.g He doesn’t come to work today，but it doesn’t necessarily follow that he is ill．5. Rhetoric Devices1) Periodic sentences: periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense. The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.e.g. 1) The past, with its crime, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.2) any Man or state who fight on against Nazidom will have our aid.3) If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia…he is woefully mistaken.Periodic sentence is a complete sentence, and it also follows a climatic order, the last word being the most important, and because many words are piled up before the key word, the sense of the climax is made very strong.2) Parallel structure: may also be known as Parallelism or parallel constructionParallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."1. Words and PhrasesWith the -ing form (gerund) of words:Parallel: Mary likes hik ing, swimm ing, and bicycl ing.With infinitive phrases:Parallel: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.ORMary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.(Note: You can use "to" before all the verbs in a sentence or only before the first one.) Do not mix forms.Example 1Not Parallel: Mary likes hik ing, swimm ing, and to ride a bicycle.Parallel: Mary likes hik ing, swimm ing, and rid ing a bicycle.Example 2Not Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quick ly,accurate ly, and in a detailed manner.Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quick ly,accurate ly, and thorough ly.Example 3Not Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he wait eduntil the last minute to study for the exam, complet ed his lab problems in acareless manner, and his motivation was low.Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he wait ed untilthe last minute to study for the exam, complet ed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lack ed motivation.2. ClausesA parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism.Example 1Not Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep,that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises beforethe game.Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, thatthey should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-upexercises before the game.-- or --Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm-up exercises before the game.Example 2Not Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, andthat questions would be asked by prospective buyers.(passive)Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at themeeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, andthat prospective buyers would ask him questions.3. Lists after a colonBe sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form.Example 1Not Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find wordmeanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find wordmeanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs. Examples in the text:e.g. 1) we will never parley…we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of hisgang.2) We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by see…3) behind all this glare…behind all this storm I see…4) I see the Russian soldiers standing…I see… I see…5) …that is our policy… and that is our declaration6) we shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts. We shall be strengthenedand not …7) Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. Let useredouble…3) Repetition: the repeated use of the same synonymous words, to add force,clearness or balance to a sentence.Repetition of letters, syllables, sounds∙AlliterationRepetition of the same sound at the beginning of two or more stressedsyllables.∙AssonanceRepetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by differentconsonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words.∙ConsonanceThe repetition of consonants in words stressed in the same place (but whosevowels differ). Also, a kind of inverted alliteration, in which final consonants,rather than initial or medial ones, repeat in nearby words.There are further kinds of repetition like parallelism, which is the repeating of a structure.Examples in the text:e.g. We will never parley, we will never negotiate...This is our policy and this is our declarationas we shall faithfully and steadfastlyWe have but one aim and one single purpose4) Assonance(谐音): Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound within words. For example, in the phrase "Do you like blue?", the "oo" (ou/ue) sound is repeated within the sentence and is assonant.Assonance is more a feature of verse than prose.Examples:M a ke – l a teO r hear o ld Triton bl o w his wreathed h o rn. - William Wordsworth, "The world is too much with us"Hear the m e llow w e dding b e lls. — Edgar Allan Poe, "The Bells"And mur muring of innu mer able bees - Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Princess VII.203 The cr u mbling th u nder of seas — Robert Louis StevensonThat solit u de which s ui ts abstr u ser m u sings - Samuel Taylor ColeridgeExamples in the text:clanking, heel-clicking,…cowing and tying ...plodding on like crawling locusts, ...smarting from many a British whipping...easier and safer preyConsonance is a stylistic device, often used in poetry characterized by the repetition of two or more consonants using different vowels, for example, the "i" and "a" followed by the "tter" sound in "p i tt er p a tt er." It repeats the consonant sounds but not vowel sounds. This is not to be confused with assonance, which is the repetition of only vowel sounds. Alliteration differs from consonance insofar as alliteration requires the repeated consonant sound to be at the beginning of each word, where in consonance it is anywhere within the word, although often at the end.5) AlliterationDefinition: appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words, and alliteration is often used in poetry to give emphasis to words that are related in meaning.e.g. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding…Dull, drilled, docile6. Effective Writing skills1. using a lot of repetitions and parallel structures to achieve emphasis2. using periodic sentences, rhetorical questions, and inverted sentences to make his speech vivid and forceful.。

Chapter 1 The Population I 2 populous 3 race 4 origin 5 geographical distPrelistening B 1 census ribution 6 made up of 7 comprises 8 relatively progressively 9 Metropolitan densely 10 decreased death rate 11 birth rate increasing 12 life expectancy D 1 a 18.5 mill b 80% c 1/2 d 13.4 mill e 2: 10 f 4% g 1990 h 40% i 3/4 j 33.1% 2 a 3 b 1 c 2 d 5 e 4 II First Listening ST1 population by race and origin ST2 geographical distribution ST3 age and sex III Postlistening A 1. People’s Republic of China, India2. 281 mill 3. Hispanics(12.5%) 4. Texas 5. the South and the West 6. 20% 7. by more than 5 million 8. about 6 years 9. 2.2 years 10. a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancy Chapter 2: Immigration: Past and Present PRELISTENING B. Vocabulary and Key Concepts immigrated natural disasters/ droughts/ famines persecution settlers/ colonists stages widespread unemployment scarcity expanding/ citizens failure decrease limited quotas steadily trend skills/ unskilled D Notetaking Preparation Dates: Teens and Tens 1850 1951 The 1840s From 1890 to 1930 Between 1750 and 1850 1776 1882 1329 1860 From approximately 1830 to 1930 Language Conventions: Countries and Nationalities Country People France French Germany Germans Scotland; Ireland Scotch-Irish Great Britain Britons: the British Denmark Danes Norway Norwegians Swed Sweden en Swed Swedes es Greece Greeks Italy Italian Spain Spanish Portugal Portuguese China Chinese Philippines Filipinos Mexico Mexicans India Indians Russia Russians Poland Poles The Scandinavian Scandinavian countries countries are Swed en, Norway, and Denmark. The Southern Southern European European European countries countries countries are are are Italy , Italy , Greece, Greece, Greece, Spain, Spain, Spain, and and and Portugal. Portugal. The Eastern European countries are Russia and Poland. LISTENING First Listening Major Subtopics ST1 the Great Immigration ST2 reasons for the Great Immigration and why it ended ST3 immigration situation in the United States today POSTLISTENING A. Accuracy Check colonists or settl ers Dutch, French, German, Scotch-Irish, Blacks The third, 1890-1930 Southern Europe and Eastern Europe The population doubled, there was wid espread unemployment, and there was a scarcity of farmland free land, plentiful jobs, and freed om from religious and political persecution the failure of the potato crop in Ireland laws limiting immigration from certain area, the Great Depression, and World War ⅡThey are largely non-European. 。

Chapter 1 The PopulationI 2 populous 3 race 4 origin 5 geographical distPrelisteningB 1 census ribution6 made up of7 comprises8 relatively progressively9 Metropolitan densely 10 decreased death rate11 birth rate increasing 12 life expectancyD 1 a 18.5 mill b 80% c 1/2 d 13.4 mill e 2: 10f 4%g 1990h 40%i 3/4j 33.1%2 a3 b 1 c 2 d 5 e 4II First ListeningST1 population by race and originST2 geographical distributionST3 age and sexIII PostlisteningA 1. People’s Republic of China, India2. 281 mill3. Hispanics(12.5%)4. Texas5. the South and the West6. 20%7. by more than 5 million8. about 6 years9. 2.2 years10. a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancyChapter 2: Immigration: Past and PresentPRELISTENINGB. Vocabulary and Key Conceptsimmigratednatural disasters/ droughts/ faminespersecutionsettlers/ colonistsstageswidespread unemploymentscarcityexpanding/ citizensfailuredecreaselimitedquotassteadilytrendskills/ unskilledD Notetaking PreparationDates: Teens and Tens18501951The 1840sFrom 1890 to 1930Between 1750 and 18501776188213291860From approximately 1830 to 1930Language Conventions: Countries and NationalitiesThe Scandinavian countries are Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. The Southern European countries are Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal. The Eastern European countries are Russia and Poland.LISTENINGFirst ListeningMajor SubtopicsST1 the Great ImmigrationST2 reasons for the Great Immigration and why it endedST3 immigration situation in the United States todayPOSTLISTENINGA. Accuracy Checkcolonists or settlersDutch, French, German, Scotch-Irish, BlacksThe third, 1890-1930Southern Europe and Eastern EuropeThe population doubled, there was widespread unemployment, and there was a scarcity of farmlandfree land, plentiful jobs, and freedom from religious and political persecutionthe failure of the potato crop in Irelandlaws limiting immigration from certain area, the Great Depression, and World War ⅡThey are largely non-European.Industry doesn’t need a large number of unskilled workers。

高级英语写作教程第二版Title: Advanced English Writing Tutorial - Second EditionIntroduction:Welcome to the Advanced English Writing Tutorial - Second Edition. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into various aspects of advanced English writing, focusing on essential techniques and strategies to enhance your proficiency in written communication. This tutorial aims to equip you with the necessary skills to craft well-structured, coherent, and persuasive essays, reports, and other written assignments.Chapter 1: Understanding Advanced English Writing1.1 The Importance of Advanced Writing SkillsIn this section, we will explore the significance of advanced writing skills in academic, professional, and personal contexts. We will discuss how effective writing can contribute to clear communication, critical thinking, and success in various fields.1.2 Differences Between Advanced and Basic WritingHere, we will highlight the disparities between advanced and basic writing, including the use of advanced vocabulary, complex sentence structures, nuanced arguments, and in-depth analysis. Understanding these differences will enable you to elevate your writing to an advanced level.Chapter 2: Developing a Strong Writing Foundation2.1 Grammar and SyntaxA solid understanding of grammar and syntax is crucial for advanced writing. We will discuss advanced grammar rules, common pitfalls, and techniques to improve sentence structure, subject-verb agreement, verb tenses, and punctuation.2.2 Vocabulary EnhancementExpanding your vocabulary will enable you to express your ideas precisely and concisely. This section will provide strategies to learn new words, develop word associations, and effectively incorporate advanced vocabulary into your writing.Chapter 3: Writing Techniques and Styles3.1 Writing with Clarity and CohesionIn this chapter, we will delve into techniques to ensure your writing is clear, concise, and coherent. We will explore the use of topic sentences, transitional phrases, and logical paragraph organization to enhance the flow of your ideas.3.2 Developing a Strong Thesis StatementA strong thesis statement forms the backbone of any well-structured essay or report. We will guide you on how to formulate a clear, arguable, and focused thesis statement that effectively guides your writing.Chapter 4: Advanced Writing Strategies4.1 Critical Analysis and EvaluationAdvanced writing involves the ability to critically analyze and evaluate different perspectives, theories, and research. We will discuss techniques such as identifying bias, evaluating evidence, and providing balanced arguments.4.2 Persuasive Writing and RhetoricIn this section, we will explore persuasive writing techniques, including the use of rhetorical devices, persuasive language, and appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos. These strategies will enable you to present compelling arguments and convince your readers effectively.Chapter 5: Editing and Proofreading5.1 Polishing Your WritingEven the most proficient writers make mistakes. This chapter will provide tips on self-editing and proofreading techniques to ensure your writing is error-free and polished. We will discuss common grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors, as well as techniques for improving clarity and conciseness.Conclusion:Congratulations on completing the Advanced English Writing Tutorial - Second Edition. By incorporating the techniques and strategies outlined in this guide, you are well-equipped to excel in advanced writing tasks. Remember, practice is key to improving your skills, so continue to write and seek feedback to refine your abilities. Best of luck in your writing endeavors!。

(精华版)国家开放大学电大《高级英语阅读(1)》网络课形考网考作业及答案100%通过考试说明：2020年秋期电大把该网络课纳入到“国开平台”进行考核，该课程共有2个形考任务，针对该门课程，本人汇总了该科所有的题，形成一个完整的标准题库，并且以后会不断更新，对考生的复习、作业和考试起着非常重要的作用，会给您节省大量的时间。

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形考任务一（70分）Chapter 1 Exercise（分值7分）题目1I. Vocabulary skills（3 points）Look at the columns below. Match each vocabulary word on the right with the correct definition on the left.(0.5 points each)1.the bus or subway2.proof of completion of courses of students3.money for students from scholarships, grants, or loans4.formal talks by professors or instructors on subjects of study5.courses by video, video conferencing, or computers to students in different places6.the points or grade a student gets on a test答案：II. Reading Comprehension (4 points)Read the passages, then answer the questions that follow. (1 point each )Experiencing Culture ShockA When Eliza James arrived at the University of Xian, she was excited to live in a new country, to improve her Chinese, and to experience a culture so different from her own. But soon her excitement turned tofrustration as she encountered one roadblock after another. "I felt like I couldn't accomplish anything. My dorm room had no heat, I couldn't get into the classes I wanted, and every time I asked someone for help they gave me the runaround. I felt like no one was listening to me." Eliza met with administrators, sent letters of complaint, and even contacted the consulate in Beijing, but she got nowhere. What Eliza didn't realize was that her American approach to solving problems was very different from the Chinese one in which patience and negotiation skills are key. She soon learned how to solve problems within the cultural norms of Chinese society instead of forcing her own values onto those around her. "I finally feel like I fit in and that I know what I'm doing. In fact, it's really fun being in a place that's so incredibly different from what I am accustomed to."B Yoshi Yamamoto is a junior at a small college outside of Boston. Although he is an honors student now, Yoshi didn't always have such an easy time studying in America. "Teaching methods are very different here than they are in Japan. It took me a long time to get used to learning in seminars and discussing ideas with my classmates. At first it seemed like I wasn't actually learning anything." Yoshi's reaction was to totally withdraw: he didn't participate in class discussion; he spent lots of time alone in his room, and he even skipped class on occasion. "I thought I could teach myself. Now I recognize the value of the U.S. academic system, and I am able to adapt it to my own learning style."C Both Eliza and Yoshi experienced what is called culture shock: psychological disorientation due to living in a new culture. For many international students, studying abroad can offer exposure to new cultures and an opportunity to study new fields and languages. However, it also offers the greater challenge of trying to function in a foreign culture. Studying and reading about a certain culture is poor preparation for the reality of living in it. According to psychological studies, the four stages of culture shock are 1. euphoria, 2. hostility, 3. gradual adjustment, and 4. adaptation. Culture shock can be manifested in many ways: homesickness, boredom, stereotyping of or hostility towards the host culture, overeating or overdrinking, withdrawal, and inability to work effectively.D Different people experience different levels of culture shock and react in different ways. For example, Eliza got angry while Yoshi withdrew from society. The most important thing to remember is that culture shock is normal; it is not something to be ashamed of. Luckily, there are some things international students can do to make their adjustment to a new country go more smoothly. For instance, they can stay in touch with family and friends from home, join international student organizations, meet people from their own countries, and get involved in campus activities. Most importantly, they can adjust to life abroad by keeping a sense of humor and trying to remain positive.Recognizing Paragraph Topics（choose the paragraph letter）题目27. an explanation of culture shock选择一项：C. C题目38. ways that students can adjust to living in a new country选择一项：D. D题目49. the experience of an international student in the United States选择一项：B. B题目510. the experience of an international student in China选择一项：A. AChapter 2 Exercise（分值7分）题目1I. Vocabulary Skills（2 points）Sometimes examples can explain the meaning of a word or phrase. For example, sun, rain, and wind are examples of kinds of weather. Look at the columns below. Match each vocabulary word or phrase in the first column with the examples in the second column. (0.4 points each)1.kinds of extreme weather2.Earth’s natural materials and gases3. diseases or health disorders4. seasons of the year5. natural areas or regions of the earth答案：II. Reading Comprehension (5 points)Complete the following statements by choosing the best from the answers A, B or C. (1 point each) Seasonal Affective Disorder: More than Just the BluesA Joshua dreads the winter months, not only because of the cold New England weather--the sleet, snow, wind, and rain--but because as the seasons change from summer to fall to winter, the days get shorter. As the days get shorter, he starts feeling depressed and irritable and spends more and more time at home, eating and sleeping. A graduate student in philosophy, Joshua finds that he gets little work done during the winter months and has trouble paying attention in class and concentrating on his research. "I soon realized that what I thought was just the 'winter blues' was something more extreme than that." Josh visited a doctor who diagnosed him with SAD.B Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD, is a kind of depression that occurs seasonally. It is associated with the long hours of darkness and lack of sunlight during the winter months (people with SAD usually feel worse from December through February). Scientists don't completely understand the exact causes of SAD, but they believe it is related to a biochemical imbalance in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the basic part of the brain that controls the body's breathing, heartbeat, metabolism, and hormone release. The effects of SAD include moodiness, irritability, low energy, increased appetite for carbohydrates (foods such as potatoes, rice, and bread), difficulty concentrating, and the tendency to oversleep.C Although doctors described SAD for the first time in 1984, humans have probably dealt with the disorder for thousands of years. It is not a coincidence that many cultures have important celebrations during the short days of the winter months. Christmas, Hanukkah, and Winter Solstice celebrations all occur in December. These celebrations involve lighting candles in order to bring light, warmth, and happiness to an otherwise depressing time of year.D So what can SAD sufferers do to feel better? Naturally, they need more light. For people who have mild cases of SAD, exercising in the morning sun could be enough to help them. Phototherapy, or light therapy, is usually prescribed for people who have more serious cases of the disorder. In light therapy, patients sit in front of a light box, a strong artificial light, for up to four hours a day. Phototherapy is effective in over 80% of SAD cases, and patients usually see results within three to four days. Although the symptoms of SAD are similar to those of clinical depression, traditional antidepressants have not proven useful in treating SAD. While psychological counseling cannot treat the symptoms of SAD, it is recommended to help SAD sufferers learn to accept and deal with their illness.题目26. Joshua starts feeling depressed and irritable in the winter because选择一项：B. he suffers from Seasonal Affective Disorder题目37. Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD, is a condition that researchers believe affects people during the winter months. Scientists believe it is caused by选择一项：C. lack of sunlight and a biochemical imbalance in the brain题目48. Humans have probably struggled with SAD since选择一项：A. ancient times题目59. People who suffer from SAD can to feel better.选择一项：A. do light therapy题目610. This passage talks about_____.选择一项：B. Both A and B.Chapter 3 Exercise（分值7分）I. Reading Comprehension (5 points)Read the passages, then answer the questions that follow. (1 point each )Fast food can be good foodMany people are too busy to prepare and eat three nutritious meals a day.so they turn to the convenience of fast-food restaurants. Many of the items at fast-food restaurants, snack bars, and food stands are fattening and not very nutritious.But fast food d oesn’t have to be unhealthy.you can eat at fast-food restaurants and still eat well.Pay Attention to Calories and Fat ContentBy paying attention to the number of calories and fat that a food item has ,you can make smarter choices.Calories are “units for measuring how much energy a food will produce”.condsider two fast-food meals. A quarter-pound hamburger with cheese, jumbo-size fries,and a 16-ounce soda have a total of 1,535 calories and 76 grams of fat .a broiled (cooked under direct heat or over a flame )chicken sandwich ,a side salad with low-fat dressing,and a glass of water at the same fast-food restaurant have only 422 calories and 7 grams of fat .but maybe you really want a hamburger and fries .well,you can have a small hamburger,a small serving o f fries,and a glass of water.At a total of 490 calories and 20 grams of fat,that’s stilla much smarter choice than the large burger ,fries,and 20 grams of fat ,that’s still a much smarter choice than the large burger,fries,and sada.There’s More That You Can DoThere are a few additional things you can do to make sure you eat well in fast food restaurantS.First of all,say “no” when the cashier asks you if you want to “supersize” you meal (order an extra large portion of each item).Second, ask for no mayonnaise or sauce,or ask for it on the side (in a separate dish).Third,substitute(use something instead of something else)healthy foods for fatty ones. For example,instead of ordering deep-fried tempura,order fresh vegetables.Instead of ordering a beef burrito with lots of cheese and sour cream,order a vegetable burrito with beans and rice.and don’t eat the chips!Another thing you can do is order a side salad or a vegetable soup and eat it first.That way,you will eat some vegetables,and you won’t be able to eat as much of your burger and fries.Fnally,eat slowly and stop eating when you’re full. It sounds simple,but many people keep eating even after they become full.题目11.What is the main idea of this article ?________选择一项：C. You can eat well in fast-food restaurant题目22.A small hamburger and small firies has __________选择一项：A. more calories and fat than a chicken sandwich and a salad.题目33.Some things you can do to eat well in fast-food restaurants are________选择一项：D. order healthy foods instead of fatty ones and drink water.题目44.Manyonnaise and sauces probably_________选择一项：C. have a lot of fat and calories.题目55. By eating a salad or soup before the rest of your meal,_______选择一项：A. you eat less of the rest of your meal.II. Vocabulary skills（2 points）Read the paragraph below and fill in each blank with a word from the box. (0.4 points each)题目6changes damaging losing global availableThe growing similarities in diet and eating habits around the world are influencing people of various cultures in different ways. For example, Western foods are 6 damaging health in the industrialized island country of Japan. Instead of small meals of seafood, rice, and vegetables, the typical Japanese diet now includes large amounts of meat, dairy products, and desserts like tiramisu, a rich Italian dish full of chocolate, cheese, and sugar. According to Japanese health researchers, such 7 changes in eating habits are related to a great increase in health problems such as heart disease, strokes, cancer, and diabetes. On the other hand, the changing 8 global diet is having the opposite effect on the people in the CzechRepublic. The government of this European nation no longer supports meat and dairy products financially, so the cost of these foods is going up. In contrast, fresh fruits and vegetables are becoming more widely 9 available from private markets and stands. Cooks are even serving salads to schoolchildren, and families are eating healthier home-cooked meals. For these reasons, fewer Czech men are having heart attacks, the women are 10 losing a lot of weight, and most people are living healthier lives.Chapter 4 Exercise（分值7分I. Vocabulary Skills（2 points）题目1Match each vocabulary word on the left with the correct definition on the right. (0.4 points each)1.make sense2.pedestrians3.vehicle4.teenager5.fine答案：II. Reading Comprehension (5 points)Complete the following statements by choosing the best from the answers A, B, C, or D. (1 point each)These days, it’s getting easier and easier to find your way around. Some people have GPS devices in their cars to make sure they don’t get lost. GPS stands for Global Positioning System. These devices use satellites in space to “see” where you are and give you directions to where you want to go. And if you don’t have a GPS device, you can simply go online to get step-by-step directions. Websites like and can produce a map and directions in just a few seconds. But how do they do it? MapQuest® uses data (informatio n) from a few different sources to produce directions and maps. Before MapQuest® went online, it sold regular paper maps in places like gas stations. The website uses the data from those paper maps, information from digital mapping companies, and government databases. At the moment, MapQuest® uses more than 30 computers to read all this data and provides users with millions of maps every day.In order to find the best route (way or path) from one place to another, MapQuest® first has to look at all possible routes. Then MapQuest® looks at each part of each possible route. It considers the types of roads on the different routes. Are they dirt roads, paved roads, freeways, or city streets? It looks at how many turns there are in each route and what kinds of turns they are. Are they right turns or left turns? It also considers the speed limit on each road and how many intersections there are. An intersection is “a place where two or more roads cross each other”.MapQuest® can also tell you how long your trip will take you. It does this by doing some math. MapQuest® bases its estimated driving times on the length and speed limit of each part of the route and the amount of time it probably takes to get through each intersection. For example, it allows more time for a left turn at an intersection than it does for a right turn. Someday, maybe we will have cars that can just drive us wherever we want to go, but for now, mapping websites make it a little harder to get lost.题目26.What is the main idea of this article?选择一项：C. How mapping websites work.题目37.According to the article, MapQuest®______选择一项：D. starting by selling paper maps.题目48.When you search for directions, the first thing MapQuest® does is_______选择一项：D. look at all possible paths.题目59.When it’s deciding on the best route, MapQuest® probably chooses ________选择一项：C. freeways instead of dirt roads.题目610. To estimate your driving time, MapQuest® considers _________选择一项：D. the speed limits and types of turns on your route.Chapter 5 Exercise（分值7分）I. Reading Comprehension (5 points)Read the five main-idea questions that follow about the information in the reading. Three details correctly answer each question. Cross out the untrue, unrelated detail. (1 point each )题目11. What are the definitions of the two main types of families?选择一项：D. The nuclear family is the same as the extended family.题目22. What are the reasons for the changes in the structure of the family?选择一项：A. The divorce rate went down and the birthrate began to rise in the early 1900s in the United States. 题目33. What happened to families in industrialized countries in the 1930s and 1940s?选择一项：A. Before and during World War II, families faced few financi al problems and women didn’t have to work away from home.题目44. What changes will happen to family structure during the next decades?选择一项：D. After the war, there were more divorces and fewer stay-home-mothers.题目55. What will families be like in the future?选择一项：B. Two-parent family will probably come back and all other family forms will end.II. Vocabulary Skills（2 points）Read the paragraph below and fill in each blank with a word from the box. ( 0.4 points each)题目6living extended category typical believeThe Family of the FutureMany people today would like the traditional two-parent family back—that is to say, they want a man and a woman to marry for life; they also think the man should sport the family and the woman should stay home with the children. However, few families now fall into this 6 category In fact, if more women decide to have children on their own, the single-parent household may become more 7typica l than the traditional family in many countries. Also, unmarried couples may decided to have more children—or they might take in foster children or adopt. And because people are staying single and 8 living longer (often as widows), there may be more one-person households in the future. On the other hand, some people 9believe similar events happen again and again in history. If this is true, people may go back to the traditional 10 extended or nuclear family of the past. Others think the only certainty in history is changing: in other words, the structure of the future family could begin to change faster and faster—and in more and more ways.Chapter 6 Exercise（分值7分）I. Vocabulary skills（2 points）Complete the following statements by choosing the best from the answers A, B, C, or D. （0.4 points each）题目11. Some examples of the architecture of old Europe are the magnificent cathedrals and castles. The design and building styles of modern architecture are excellent too. What does the noun architecture mean in these sentences?选择一项：D. the form and plan of buildings and other structures题目22. Perhaps the real beginning of civilization—with its scientific and technological discoveries and inventions—was in the Middle East and Africa. Over five thousand years ago, those ancient civilizations had astronomy, mathematics, medicine, government, and so on. Which word is a synonym of the word civilization? 选择一项：C. culture题目33. The cultural legacy of ancient Chinese and Indian peoples included walled cities, the first governments, tools for work, and weapons for protection. odern peoples built on this legacy.What is a possible explanationof the word legacy?选择一项：A. ideas and achievements passed from earlier generations to modern society题目44. “For me, the idea of ancient culture creates a contradiction in definitions,” said Karen, going against Mei’s views. “Only modern things can be part of culture.Of course, people that li ke classical art and music will contradict me.”What might the noun contradiction mean?选择一项：A. the opposition of two opinions题目55. Because of the worldwide media—movies, TV, CDs, the Internet, newspapers, magazines—everybody knows the same information, plays the same music, and enjoys the same jokes.How might you define the phrase the media?选择一项：A. the combination of visual, sound, and printed ways to send ideas around the worldII.Reading Comprehension (5 points)Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for True and “F” for False. （1 point each）题目6Many visitors to different countries don’t realize how important it is to understand a country’s culture. Sometimes people learn this lesson by making a big cross-cultural blunder, or embarrassing mistake. In business situations, these blunders can cost a lot of money or end business relationships.6.It is important to understand other people’s cultures before you do business with them.选择一项：B. T题目7For example, one company wanted to sell toothpaste in Southeast Asia. In their advertisements, they claimed that their toothpaste whitens teeth. They didn’t understand that many of the local people chewed betel nuts to make their teeth black, and that these people thought black teeth were attractive.7. The toothpaste company probably kept using the same advertisement in Southeast Asia.选择一项：题目8In an other case, a car company tried to sell a car called “Matador” in a Spanish-speaking country. The company thought that it was a strong name because it means “bullfighter”. In Spanish, matador is indeed a noun meaning “bullfighter”. But it is also an adjective meaning “killing”. Imagine driving around in a car called “Killing”!8. The car company that tried to sell a car to a Spanish-speaking country probably didn’t sell many Matador cars in that country.选择一项：B. T题目9A European businessman had an important meeting with a company in Taiwan. He wanted to bring gifts for the people he was meeting with. He thought that something with his company’s logo on it would be a nice gift. So he bought some very nice pocket knives a nd had his company’s logo printed on them. He didn’t know that giving a knife as a gift symbolizes cutting off a friendship!9. The European businessman probably researches new cultures before he visits them now.选择一项：A. T题目10It’s very easy to make blunders like these people did. But it’s also very easy not to. Before you visit a new country, research that country’s customs and etiquette (social rules for polite behavior). You can find a lot of information online. Just go to a search engine and type in key words like “cross-cultural etiquette” or “cultural information Taiwan”. By spending a few minutes doing research, you can save yourself from a lot of embarrassment and make sure you don’t accidentally offend anyone.10. What you can disagree with people to save yourself from making cross-cultural blunders.选择一项：B. FChapter 7 Exercise（分值7分）I. Reading Comprehension (5 points)Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for True and “F” for False on the Answer Sheet. (1 point each)题目1For instance, a doctor doesn’t always have time to thoroughly explain an illness. In these cases, the Internet1. One benefit of using the Internet as a medical resource is it has a lot of information about illnesses and diseases.选择一项：B. T题目2For example, some websites claim that sniffing (smelling) a newspaper can cure nausea (the feeling of being sick to your stomach and wanting to vomit).2. One possible remedy for nausea is drinking a lot of tea.选择一项：B. F题目3Other websites suggest that a person with a cold should keep a piece of raw garlic in his or her mouth all day and bite down on it every few minutes to release the juice. People with smelly feet are told to soak their feet in tea for half an hour.3. The websites remedies might be unpleasant or odd, but they probably will cause harm. And who knows? They might actually be unhelpful.选择一项：A. F题目4An herbal remedy for helping your memory may also be a blood thinner. So if your doctor prescribed (put you on) a blood thinner and you start taking this herb without asking your doctor about it, a simple cut could be deadly; you might not be able to stop bleeding.4. A person who is taking a prescribed drug should probably talk to the doctor before taking an herbal remedy.选择一项：B. T题目5The bottom line is this: be careful when using the Internet as a health resource. Use it to find information that you can discuss with your doctor. But don’t spend a lot of money on “miracle cures”.5. The best way to use the Internet as a medical resource is to read about your illness and discuss what you find out with your doctor.选择一项：II. Vocabulary skills（2 points）Read the paragraph below and fill in each blank with a word from the box. ( 0.4 points each)题目6disease substance classification prevent figureIn a small-town farm market, hundreds of elderly people drink a glass of sour dark cherry juice every day. These happy senior citizens, some of them over the age of 90, claim that the natural fruit juice cures—or at least decreases—the pain of their arthritis, a 6 disease of the joints of the aging body. It’s a folk remedy, not a proven medical therapy. Nevertheless, science is beginning to 7 figure out why sour cherry juice might work to improve the health of patients with arthritis. The secret is in the 8 substance that gives the cherries their dark red color. It belongs to a 9 classification of natural nutrients that color blueberries, strawberries, plums, and other fruits—and vegetables too. Moreover, these coloring substances may help to 10 prevent serious health disorders like heart disease and cancer. In other words, vitamins and fiber ar e not the only reasons to eat fruits and vegetables. “To take advantage of natural whole foods,” advise nutritionists.Chapter 8 Exercise（分值7分）I. Vocabulary Skills（2 points）Complete the following statements by choosing the best from the answers A, B, C, or D. ( 0.4 points each) 题目11.At all hours, the media offer language learners “real-life” audio visual instruction and practice in aural comprehension.选择一项：B. understanding spoken language题目22. High-quality TV programming —a good plan of shows about various fields of study—can increase people’s knowledge and improve their thinking abilities.选择一项：D. choice and organization of shows题目33. Television and video provide almost everyone with good entertainment—a pleasant way to relax and spend free time at home.选择一项：A. amusement or pleasure4. Images of violence on the screen scare people, giving them terrible nightmares when they sleep.选择一项：D. behavior that hurts people题目55. The talk shows of “trash TV” make instant “stars” of real people with strange or immoral ideas, who tell their most personal secrets, shout angrily, and attack one another.选择一项：C. shows without qualityII. Reading Comprehension (5 points)Complete the following sentences by choosing the best from the answers A, B, C, or D. (1 point each)AEveryone makes mistakes, or so the saying goes. But have you ever heard about mistakes in Hollywood? When most people think of Hollywood, they think of blockbusters (very successful movies), high-paid actors, glitz, and glamour. But according to one Website, many Hollywood movies are full of mistakes. Some are technical errors. For instance, in a scene of the science-fiction adventure film The Matrix, when the main character steps out of his car, the viewer can clearly see the camera crew in the car window. In another scene, the same character is typing on his computer, yet the computer screen is blank. Other movie mistakes are historical. For example, the epic Gladiator, an Oscar winner, is known for having lots of historical errors. Throughout the movie, the gladiator Maximus refers to his home in Spain, and the other characters call him "the Spaniard." However, in 180 A.D., when the movie takes place, Spain as a country or even as a concept didn't exist yet. At another point in the movie, Maximus says that his homeland of Spain has "the best horses." But horses weren't brought to the Iberian Peninsula until the invasion of the Moors (North Africans) in 711 A.D, more than 500 years after the movie takes place. The historical drama Titanic, another Oscar winner, also has its share of historical blunders. The Titanic sunk in the year 1912. So why is one of the characters wearing a digital watch? In fact, movie watchers have found over 100 mistakes in The Matrix, Gladiator, and Titanic. Can you think of any errors in your favorite films?BHow susceptible are you to advertising? Has a TV commercial or magazine ad ever made you buy the product that was advertised? If so, perhaps you have been subjected to subliminal advertising. Subliminal advertising is a kind of advertising that appeals to the subconscious. The word "subliminal" comes from the Latin "sub" meaning "lower," "beneath," or "under," and "limen" meaning "threshold," (the level at which something begins to happen). Thus, subliminal advertising stimulates your brain at a level below conscious perception. You。