关于作文的不同类型论说文常用句型过渡语

句子写作的原则一．要写完整的句子所谓完整的句子，一是要求结构完整，二是要求意义完整，要避免残缺句和融合句。

一个完整的句子是由至少包含一个主语和一个谓语的一组词构成的。

这个句子不论长短只能有一个中心思想。

因此考生在写作时应注意一定要写完整的句子而避免写一些不完整的句子。

1．避免残缺句残缺句包括从属分句和短语，它们仅仅是句子的一部分，不能独立存在。

要想使这些从属分句和短语有意义，必须把它们附属在相应的句子中，而不能另成一句。

1）误用非谓语动词的残缺句a. Bill working as if his life depended on that theme. (x)b. Bill had been working as if his life depended on that theme. (√)c. Why does he call home once a week? To keep in touch with his family (x)d. He calls home once a week to keep in touch with his family.(√)2) 独立从句的残缺句a. After I finished my homework. (x).b. After I finished my homework, I began to watch TV. (√)c. There is still some likelihood of not succeeding in passing the exam. Although he tries very hard.(x)d. There is still some likelihood of not succeeding in passing the exam although he tries very hard.(√)3).举例说明的残缺句a. I look forward to holidays. For example, Thanksgiving and Christmas. (x).b I look forward to holidays, for example, Thanksgiving and Christmas. (√)c. I have many hobbies. Including tennis, chess, and football. (x)d. I have many hobbies, i ncluding tennis, chess, and football. (√)4) 以who, that 和which引起的从句残缺。

a. There are some people. Who think that one should not hesitate to say no. (x)b. There are some people. who think that one should not hesitate to say no.(√)2．避免错误的省略用词精辟是写出漂亮英文句子的一个窍门，但不能随意省略一些属于固定搭配的或有助于理解句意的词。

通常这些词决定着句子语法结构的完整和意义的完整，省略就会出现句子不完整的现象，影响读者理解。

1）错误地省略部分谓语，会使句子结构失去平衡。

a.Cheerleaders always have and always will do their best to stimulate enthusiasm at the games.(x)b.Cheerleaders always have done and always will do their best to stimulate enthusiasm at thegames.(√)c.There are not sufficient brands for students to choose. (x)d.There are not sufficient brands for students to choose from.(√)e. The suggestion you made is more feasible than Mary made. (x)F The suggestion you made is more feasible than the one Mary made.(√)3.避免连写句当两个或两个以上的独立句子被错误地用逗号隔开或根本就没有标点符号相连时，就形成了连写句（有的也称为融合句）。

改正这种句子可以用以下五种方法：1）中间用句号使各句子独立。

a.There are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, we should not read them.(x)b.There are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind. We should not read them.(√)2) 如果两个句子意思联系紧密，也可用分号分开，分号后用小写字母开头。

a. The exam was postponed, the class was cancelled as w ell. (x)b. The exam was postponed; the class was cancelled as well.(√)3）两个句子若同等重要，也可用并列连词and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so 等连成并列句。

a. Tom decided to stop smoking he didn’t want to die of cancer. (x)b. Tom decided to stop smoking, for he didn’t want to die of cancer.(√)4)可根据句子内容将其中的一部分用主从连词because, when, while, since, even though, as soon as , but, while 和if等变成从句。

a. Andy forgot the time he missed the final exam. (x)b. Because Andy forgot the time, he missed the final exam./ Andy missed the final exam because he forgot the time.(√)5) 根据句子内容，可以用分号再加上consequently, therefore, likewise, furthermore, nevertheless 或moreover 等连接词和逗号。

a. The item you requested is no longer available we are returning your check. (x)b. The item you requested is no longer available; therefore, we are returning your check. (√)c. The house is too small for a family of four, it is in a bad condition. (x)d. The house is too small for a family of four; furthermore, it is in a bad condition. (√).二．句子要符合规范1）要注意英汉两种语言的差异性。

在进行英语写作时，首先要将主谓语确立下来，若有从句就要抓住连接词，不管多么复杂的句子，只要把它们的位置固定了，其他的成分就会按关系就位，要打破原来汉语的语序。

（同时也要注意一些倒装句的准确表达）2）句子的一致性关系句子的标志是具有主谓结构，而主谓必须保持一致。

充当谓语的动词总是无一例外地表现出数、时态、语态、五个特点。

在写谓语动词或动词词组时要注意这五个方面应保持一致。

下功夫掌握谓语动词的特点，是写好句子的基本功，它和运用英语句型一样，具有非常重要的意义。

a.Somebody hold that one should read selectively. (x)b.Somebody holds that one shou ld read selectively. (√)c.Many students complained that the canteen service is terribly awful. (x)d.Many students complained that the canteen service was terribly awful. (√)e.The computer is reported in the newspaper to have developed since its advent. (x)f.The computer is reported in the newspaper to have been developed since its advent. (√)g.No conclusions have arrived at so far. (x)h.No conclusions have been arrived at so far. (√)i.It is high time that the government takes effective measures to protect our environment.(x)j.It is high time that the government took effective measures to protect our environment. (√) 3)主次分明，从属得当不同的思想放在不同的结构中，表示出它们的相对的重要性。

重要的思想一般放在主句中表达，次要的思想由从句表达，或由其它修饰结构或伴随状语来表达；同等重要的思想出现在相同的语法结构中，否则会主次不分，内容混乱。

有时很难决定句中哪些部分内容更重要些。

一般结果要比原因重要，所以常放在主句中，而时间、地点、伴随状况属于次要内，应安排在从句中或做补充说明。

从属必须得当，一是要立意明确，二是要合乎逻辑，三是要中心突出，主从分明。

a.The meeting having been brought to a close, no further discussion arose. (x) (该句的因果关系不合逻辑)b.No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought to a close. (√)c.The proposal being regarded as feasible, all things are considered. (x)（该句的条件和结果关系不合乎逻辑）d.All things considered, this proposal is regarded as feasible. (√)e.I read in today’s newspaper about a position with your company for which I am applying. (x)f.I am applying for the position with your company which I read about in today’s newspaper. (√)(该句要表达的主要思想显然是I am applying for the position，而不是I read in today’s newspaper about a position，所以应将主要信息放在主句中。