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Useful V ocabulary about Lithium-ion Battery锂离子电池常用词汇一、Classification of Batteries 电池的分类1．Physical battery 物理电池A．Solar battery 太阳能电池B．Thermal battery 热电池2．Chemical battery 化学电池A．Non-rechargeable battery（Primary battery）原电池/一次电池●Zinc-Air Battery 锌空气电池●Carbon-Zinc Battery 碳锌电池●Alkaline Battery 碱性电池●Silver Oxide Battery 氧化银电池●Lithium Battery 锂电池B．Rechargeable battery（secondary battery）蓄电池/可充电电池/二次电池●Lithium Ion battery 锂离子电池●Lithium Polymer Battery 锂聚合物电池●Nickel Cadmium battery 镍镉电池●Nickel Metal hydride battery 镍氢电池●Lead-acid battery 铅酸电池C．Fuel cell燃料电池二、Components组成篇Positive electrode正极Negative electrode负极Cathode (Oxidation takes place here) 阴极Anode (Reduction takes place here) 阳极Positive terminal 正极端Positive tab 正极极耳Negative terminal 负极端Negative tab 负极极耳Current collector 集流体(collector electrode)Copper foil铜箔Aluminum foil 铝箔Cathode active material 正极（阴极）活性物质Lithium cobalt oxide锂钴氧lithium manganese oxide锂锰氧Lithium nickel oxide锂镍氧Lithium iron phosphate锂铁磷氧Anode active material 负极（阳极）活性物质Conductive assistant (Conductive additive)导电剂Conducting polymer（Conductive polymer）导电聚合物Graphite 石墨Natural graphite天然石墨Artificial graphite人造石墨Modified graphite 改性石墨Mesophase-pitch-based carbon fiber（MCF）中间相沥青碳纤维Soft carbon软碳coke 焦炭Mesophase carbon micro beads（MCMB）中间相碳微球Hard carbon硬碳Acetylene black乙炔黑Binder黏结剂/粘合剂Poly-vinylidene fluoride（PVDF）聚偏二氟乙烯Poly-tetrafluoroethylene（PTFE）聚四氟乙烯Separator 隔膜；隔板Poly Propylene（PP）聚丙烯Poly Ethylene（PE）聚乙烯Steel jacket (Steel-Can)钢壳Aluminum jacket（Al-Can）铝壳Gasket 垫圈Top cap 盖板Electrolyte injection hole注液孔Non-aqueous Electrolyte 非水电解液Solute溶质Lithium hexafluorophosphate（LiPF6）六氟磷酸锂Lithium tetrafluoroborate（LiBF4）四氟硼酸锂Solvent溶剂Additive 添加剂N-methyl pyrrolidone（NMP）N-甲基吡咯烷酮/ 1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮Ethylene carbonate（EC）乙烯碳酸酯/碳酸乙烯酯Propylene carbonate（PC）丙烯碳酸酯/碳酸丙烯酯γ-Butyrolactone（γ-BL）γ-丁内酯Dimethyl carbonate（DMC）二甲基碳酸酯/碳酸二甲酯Diethyl carbonate（DEC）二乙基碳酸酯/碳酸二乙酯Ethyl methyl carbonate（EMC）乙基甲基碳酸酯/碳酸甲乙酯Vinylene carbonate（VC）亚乙烯碳酸酯/碳酸亚乙烯酯Propane sultone（PS）丙烷磺内酯Fluoro benzene（FB）氟苯Biphenyl（BP）联苯（Diphenyl 联苯/苯基苯）Cyclohexyl benzene（CHB）环己基苯/苯基环己烷三、Manufacture Process制备过程篇The second workshop（二车间）Slurry Mixing 混料Positive slurry mixing 正极配料Negative slurry mixing 负极配料Positive slurry coating 正极拉浆Negative slurry coating 负极拉浆Positive electrode preparing 正极制片Cutting into big pieces 裁大片Cutting into small pieces 裁小片（滚切）Weighing & grading 称重分档Pressing 压片slicingPositive spot welding 正极点焊（Al tape Jointing）焊接铝带Positive drying正极烤片Rubberized fabric affixing （Positive tape affixing ）贴胶布Negative electrode preparing 负极制片Automatically cutting 自动分切Automatically cutting and pressing自动裁压片Weighing & grading 称重分档Riveting 铆接Negative spot welding 负极点焊Rubberized fabric affixing（Negative tape affixing ）贴胶布Negative drying负极烤片The third workshop（三车间）Winding 卷绕Rubberized fabric enveloping 包胶布Gasket Installing（Gasket setting）放隔圈Batch number Marking打批号Encasing 套壳Sinking 沉底Cover board Jointing 点盖板Tab folding 折极耳Cover pressing 压盖板Cover beat 敲电池The fourth workshop（四车间）Laser welding激光焊The fifth workshop（五车间）Silica gel drip 点硅胶Sealant smearing 涂密封剂Weighing 称重Washing 清洗Ring 套胶圈Drying 烘烤Electrolyte injection 注液The sixth workshop（六车间）First aging/Aging before sealing 一次陈化CC charging（constant current charging）恒流化成Sealing 封口Ocv check( open circuit voltage check) 测电压Steel ball inserting 敲钢珠Steel ball pressing 压钢珠Rubberized fabric tearing 撕胶纸Washing 清洗Extract vacuum抽真空Appearance check 外观检查Washer pasting 贴面垫CV charging 恒压化成Second aging/Aging after sealing 二次陈化Capacity check 分容四、Test测试篇1．Basic Characteristics基本特性Charge 充电Discharge 放电Current 电流V oltage 电压Potential 电势；电位Open circuit voltage（OCV）开路电压Constant current（CC）恒流Constant voltage（CV）恒压Trickle charge涓流充电Series and parallel 串并联Depth of discharge（DOD）放电深度State of charge（SOC）荷电状态Memory effect 记忆效应C-rate 表示电池充放电时电流大小的比率单位Charge method 充电方式Nominal capacity额定容量Nominal voltage 额定电压Charge voltage充电电压General charge current常规充电电流Max charge current最大充电电流Discharge cut-off voltage放电截至电压Operating temperature 工作温度Storage temperature 储存温度Relative humidity 相对湿度Energy density 能量密度Specific energy比能量Specific power比功率Specific capacity比容量Self discharge 自放电2．Shape and Physical Dimensions 外形及物理参数Model 型号Prismatic 棱柱形的；方形的Cylindrical 圆柱形的Thickness厚度Width宽度Height高度Weight 重量Diameter 直径3．E lectrical Characteristics 电气特性Electrical tests 电性能测试Full charged 满充电Initial Capacity 初始容量Cycle life 循环寿命Capacity recovery rate 容量回复率Internal impedance 内阻General temperature storage 常温储存High temperature storage 高温储存V oltage of shipment出货电压4．S afety Characteristics 安全特性Mechanical tests 机械试验Crush test挤压测试Impact test冲击测试Drop test跌落测试Vibration test振动测试Humidity test潮湿试验External short circuit test外部短路测试Overcharge test过充测试Over discharge test过放测试（Reverse Charge 反充电；Forced discharge 强制性放电）Nail penetration test针刺测试Environmental tests 环境试验Hot oven 炉温测试Temperature cycling test 温度循环测试（Thermal impact test 热冲击/温度冲击测试）Low pressure (altitude simulation)test 低压（高空模拟）试验Rupture 破裂Leak 漏液Smoke 冒烟Heat 发热Catch fire 着火Burn 燃烧Explode 爆炸Safety valve 安全阀Fuse 保险丝Positive Temperature Coefficient（PTC）正温度系数Negative Temperature Coefficient（NTC）负温度系数Current interrupt device（CID）电流切断装置Thermal Resistor热敏电阻。
Alkaline batteries：碱性电池Capacitor batteries：电容电池Carbon zinc batteries：碳锌电池Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池Lithium batteries：锂电池Lithium ion batteries：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池Nickel cadmium batteries：镍镉电池Nickel iron batteries：镍铁电池Nickel metal hydride batteries：金属氧化物镍氢电池/镍氢电池Nickel zinc batteries：镍锌电池Primary batteries：原电池Rechargeable batteries：充电电池Sealed lead acid batteries：密封铅酸电池Silver cadmium batteries：银钙电池Silver oxide batteries：银氧化物电池Silver zinc batteries：银锌电池Zinc chloride batteries：银氯化物电池Zinc air batteries：锌空电池Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池Lithium batteries：锂电池Lithium ion batteries：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid battery起动铅酸电池Lead-acid starter batteries摩托车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles内燃机车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive电动道路车辆用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles 小型阀控密封式铅酸电池small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries航空用铅酸电池Aircraft lead-acid batteries固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated铅酸电池用极板plate for lead-acid battery铅锭lead ingots牵引用铅酸电池Lead-acid traction batteies电解液激活蓄电池electrolyte activated batteryvent valve排气阀filling device for pleral cells电池组填充装置negative electrode负电极negative plate负极板addition reagent for negative plate负极板添加剂indicator 指示器top cover上盖vent plug液孔塞expanded grid扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator电解液液面指示器electrolyte level sensor电解液液面传感器hard rubber container硬橡胶槽envelope separator包状隔板woven cloth tube纺布管spongy lead海绵状铅partition 隔壁over the partition type越过隔壁型through the partition type贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage蓄电池架/蓄电池底垫active material活性物质glass fiber separator玻璃纤维隔板glass mat玻璃纤维绵glass mat tube玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate极性标记板pole 极柱pole insulator极柱绝缘子pole nut极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot极板足plate supporter极板支撑件element 极板群/极群组pole bolt极柱螺栓plate lug极板耳dilute sulfuric acid稀硫酸steel can金属罐steel container金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest鞍子/极群组座tubular plate管状极板gelled electrolyte胶体电解液grid 板栅caution label警告标签synthetic resin separator合成树脂隔板plastics container塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator合成纤维隔板connector sunken type沉没型连接器connetor exposed type露出型连接器safety valve test安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency安时效率one charge distance range一次充电行程gas recombination on negative electrode type阴极气体再化合型/阴极气体复合型cut-off discharge终止放电/截止放电(1）specific characteristic (2)energy density (1)比特性（2）能量密度recovering charge恢复充电(1)open circuit voltage(2)off-load voltage开路电压/空载电压overcharge 过充电gassing 析气overcharge life test过充电寿命试验accelerated life test加速寿命试验active material utilization活性物质利用率theoretical capacity of active material活性物质的理论容量over discharge过放电intermittent discharge间歇放电full charge完全充电full discharge完全放电reverse charge反充电/反向充电quick charge快速放电allowable minimum voltage允许最小电压equalizing charge均衡充电creeping 蠕变group voltage组电压shallow cycle endurance轻负荷寿命/轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease电解液减少特性nominal voltage标称电压high rate discharge高率放电high rate discharge characteristic高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge放电5秒电压（1）cold cranking ampere（2）cold cranking performance（1）冷启动电流（2）冷启动性能cycle life test循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge放电30秒电压residual capacity残存容量(1)hour rate(2) discharge rate（1）小时率（2）放电率(1) self discharge (2) local action（1）自放电（2）局部自放电(1) self discharge rate(2) local action rate（1）自放电率（2）局部自放电率actual capacity实际容量(1)starting capability(2)cranking ability启动能力cranking current启动电流battery clamp test电池夹钳测试power density功率密度momentary discharge瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge修正恒定电压充电initial capacity初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type触媒气体复合式initialcharge 初始充电viberation test振动试验predetermined voltage预定电压total voltage总电压activation test for dry charged battery干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test电介质耐压试验short time discharge短时间放电escaped acid mist test酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage端子电压cell voltage单电池电压step charge阶段充电short-circuit current短路电流storage test保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature低温高率放电rated voltage额定电压rated capacity额定容量fixed resistance discharge定阻抗放电constant voltage charge恒压充电constant voltage life test恒压寿命测试constant current charge恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge恒流恒压充电constant current discharge恒流放电constant watt discharge恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics低率放电特征trickle charge涓流充电trickle charge current涓流充电电流trickle charge life test涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway热失控driving pattern test运行测试capacity in driving pattern test运行测试boost charge急充电floating charge浮充电floating charge voltage浮充电电压floating charge current浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage平均电压on-load voltage负载电压discharge duration time放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltage终止电压/截止电压depth of discharge放电深度discharge voltage放电电压discharge current放电电流discharge current density放电电流密度discharge watt-hour放电瓦时discharge characteristics放电特性discharged ampere-hour放电安时explosion proof test防爆测试auxiliary charge补充电maintenance factor维护率storage characteristics保存特性gas recombinating efficiency气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge 充电charge acceptance test充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current充电开始电流charge efficiency充电效率end-of-charge voltage充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge充电结束时电解液比重charge voltage充电电压charge current充电电流charged watt-hour充电瓦时charge characteristic充电特性charge ampere-hour充电安时deep cycle endurance重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density重量能量密度rubber pad橡胶垫lower level line下液面线side terminal侧端子collective exhaust unit公共的排放单元sintered plaque烧结极板sintered separator烧结隔板sintered plate烧结极板catalyst plug催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带spacer 隔离物insulating tube绝缘管intercell connector连接线/连接条connector cover连接管盖float mounted plug浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate涂膏式极板braidd tube编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug安全塞explosion and splash proof construction防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate袋式极板bottom hole-down底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal螺栓连接端子male blade阳片monoblock container整体槽positive electrode正极positive plate正极板leading wire terminal引线端子retainer mat止动垫片ribbed separator肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire跳线end plate端板filling plug注液塞plante plate形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate管式极板low electric resistance separator低电阻隔板tapered terminal post锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器；(2)插座式连接器connector wire连接线connecting bar连杆connecting bar cover连杆帽lead 引线/连接线edge insulator绝缘卡side frame侧框架battery cubicle蓄电池箱perforated separator多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal 端子terminal connector端子连接条terminal cover端子盖terminal base端子座tab 接线片lead bushing铅套corrugated separator波形隔板(1)lead dioxide;(2)lead peroxide (1)二氧化铅；(2)过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1)织物隔板；(2)非织物隔板vent hole通气孔exhaust tube排气管antipolar mass反极性物质output cable输出电缆microporous rubber separator微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator比重计leaf separator叶片式隔板lid sealing compound密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid系列的盖方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流(倍率)放电discharge in highrate current标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity放电容量discharge capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge放电下限电压terminating voltage in discharge 恒流充电constant current charge恒压充电constant voltage charge恒流放电constant current discharge放电曲线discharge curve充电曲线charge curve放电平台discharge voltage plateau容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding超声焊ultrasonic weldingThe terminating voltage in discharge of the battery is 3.0 volt.The limited voltage in charge of the battery is 4.2 volt.三元素Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese Lithium Oxidethree elements materials钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide石墨graphite烘箱oven真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing devicevacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀paper knife ,,,,,,cutting knife分条机equipment for cutting big piece to much pieces辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪Battery inner resistance tester万用表Multimeter转盘式真空封口机Turntable type vacuum sealing machine自动冲膜机Automatic aluminum membrane shaper序号首字母英文中文1 A aging老化2 B battery charger充电器3 black-fleck黑斑4 C cap盖板5 capacity density能量密度6 capacity grading分容7 cathode tab welding极耳超焊8cell 电芯9 charge(capacity) retention荷电（容量）保持10 checking code检码11 concave spot凹点12 constant current charge恒流充电13 constant current discharge恒流放电14 constant voltage charge恒压充电15 corrective measures纠正措施16 crack裂纹17 cut-off voltage终止电压18 cycle life 循环寿命19 D dark trace暗痕20 degrade降级21 dent凹痕22 discharge depth放电深度23 distortion变形24 drape打折25 E Electrical and Mechanical Services Department机电部26 electrolyte电解，电解液27 empaistic压纹28 end-off voltage放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly对环境友好30 equipment first inspection设备首检31 erode腐蚀32 explosion-proof line防爆线33 F first inspection首检34 formation化成35 fracture断裂36 I inspection检验37 insulate绝缘38 internal resistance内阻39 J jellyroll卷芯40 joint接缝，结合点41 L laser deflecting偏光42laser reticle激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld激光焊接-立焊44 leakage漏液45 leak-checking测漏46 leaving out of welding漏焊47 limited charge voltage充电限制电压48 local action自放电49 M margin turnly翘边50 measuring the dimension of cells电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement达到要求52 memory effects记忆效应53 N nick划痕54 nominal voltage标称电压55 notice-board confirmation看板确认56 nugget硬块57 O obverse正面58 open circuit voltage开路电压59 over charge过充60 over discharge过放61 over the thickness超厚62 P particle颗粒63 PE membrane PE膜64 pit坑点65 placing cells into the box电芯装盒66 point inspection点检67 preventive measures预防措施68 pricking the tapes扎孔69 process inspection制程检验70 put the battery piled up将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products合格品72 quality assurance质量保证73 quality control质量控制74 quality improvement质量改进75 quality match品质配对76 quality planning质量策划77 R rated capacity额定容量78 recharge再充电79 refitting the can of cell电芯壳口整形80 requirement要求81 reverse背面，反面82 rework返工83ringing cells into pyrocondensation films套热缩膜84 S safety vent安全阀85 sand aperture砂眼86 scar疤痕87 secondary battery二次电池88 select appearance选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking测短路90 smudginess污物91 spot welding by laser激光点焊92 spot welding place 点焊位置93 spraying the code喷码94 spur毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards贴面垫96 storing陈化97 storing with high voltage高压储存98 T tabs deflection极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion极耳错位100 technics requirement工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength超焊强度103 unqualified products不合格品104 W wave波浪105 working procedure工序Voltage：Units of measuring electrical current, all batteries are rated in volts DC. (Direct Current). This determines how much energy is needed to power your equipment. Voltage plateau:（电压平台）A slow decrease in voltage over a long period of time. As a rule, the plateau extends from the first voltage drop at the start of the discharge to the bend of the curve after which the voltage drops rapidly at the end.Nominal Voltage（标称电压）The voltage of a battery, as specified by the manufacturer, discharging at a specified rate and temperature.Working voltage（工作电压）The working voltage of a cell or battery begins at its electrical connections as soon as an electrical consumer is connected to it.Discharging voltage, average voltage (放电电压)The average discharging voltage is the average value of the discharging voltage during the entire discharging process with a related discharging current. Open circuit voltage (OCV开路电压)The voltage of a battery when there is no current flowing.Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV闭路电压)The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging. State of charge:The rate of charge capacity vs. whole capacity.Initial voltage（起始电压）A battery＇s initial voltage is the working voltage when discharging begins. End-point voltage (End voltage, Cutoff voltage, Final voltage)截止电压Specified closed circuit voltage at which a service output test is terminated. End-of-discharge voltageThe battery voltage when discharge is terminated.End-of-charge voltageThe battery voltage when charge is terminated.Cutoff voltage (V)The battery voltage at which charge or discharge is terminated.Definition: Capacity(容量）The capacity of a cell is defined as how many mill-amp-hours (mAh) of current the cell can store and subsequently deliver.One mill-amp (mA) is 1/1000th of an Amp. Some larger cell capacities are expressed in Amp-hours(Ah).“Rated capacity” is varies with discharge rate, temperature, and cutoff voltage.Rated capacity is different from power or energyExample:If a cell is rated at 1000 mAh, then it can deliver the following:1000 mA of current for 1 hour500 mA of current for 2 hours200 mA of current for 5 hours2000mA of current for 1/2 hourDefinition: Energy Density(能量密度，包括体积比能量和质量比能量）The energy density of a cell is a measure of how much energy can be stored in the cell per unit volume or per unit weight.E (watt-hours) = cell voltage x capacity ratingEnergy density per unit volume is called the “volumetric energy density” and is expressed in terms of watt-hours/liter (wh/l).Energy density per unit weight is called the “gravimetric energy density” and is expressed in terms of watt-hours/kilogram (wh/kg).These measurements are useful when you are trying to determine which cell has the most capacity per unit volume or weight.1.Self Discharge自放电2.Uniformity of the Li-ion Batteries锂离子电池的一致性3.steel strap钢带4.Burst vent防爆阀5.Filling port注液孔6.spirally wound type cylindrical wound type圆柱形7.foil 箔8.parallel-plate prismatic design方形叠片式设计Ageing （老化）-Permanent loss of capacity with frequent use orThe passage of time due to unwanted irreversible chemical reactions in the cell. Anode （阳极）-The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place, releasing electrons.During discharge the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge the situation reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode.Cathode（阴极）-The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction takes place, gaining electrons.During discharge the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. During charge the situation reverses andThe negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.Cycle （循环）-A single charge and discharge of a battery.Depth of discharge DOD（放电深度）-The ratio of the quantity of electricity overcharge removed from a cell on discharge to its rated capacity.Internal impedance（交流内阻）-Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes. Internal resistance（直流内阻）-Resistance to the flow of DC electric current within a cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the current drain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.锂离子电池的内阻英语概念到底用哪个概念，是Internal resistance还是Internal impedance，一些电池说明书内阻用Internal resistance，也有的用Internal impedance，我认为Internal impedance较好些，因为国内测的电池内阻基本都是交流内阻，而外文也有这样定义的（我在别的帖子也粘贴过）：Internal impedance（交流内阻）-Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）-Resistance to the flow of DCelectric current within a cell, causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the current drain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.在IEC6196002中，只定义为Internal resistance，而用交流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal a.c. resistance（交流内阻）用直流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal d.c. resistance（直流内阻），其实Internal a.c. resistance 测得就是阻抗，这样看来不如用Internal impedance（交流内阻）和Internal resistance（直流内阻）这两个概念把它们进行分清，以免混淆。
太阳能电池行业英语词汇A,Ampere的缩写, 安培a-Si:H, amorphous silicon的缩写, 含氢的, 非结晶性硅.Absorption, 吸收.Absorption of the photons:光吸收;当能量大于禁带宽度的光子入射时，太阳电池内的电子能量从价带迁到导带，产生电子——空穴对的作用，称为光吸收。
Absorptions coefficient, 吸收系数, 吸收强度.AC, 交流电.Ah, 安培小时.Acceptor, 接收者, 在半导体中可以接收一个电子. Alternating current, 交流电，简称“交流. 一般指大小和方向随时间作周期性变化的电压或电流. 它的最基本的形式是正弦电流. 我国交流电供电的标准频率规定为50赫兹。
交流电随时间变化的形式可以是多种多样的。
不同变化形式的交流电其应用范围和产生的效果也是不同的。
以正弦交流电应用最为广泛，且其他非正弦交流电一般都可以经过数学处理后，化成为正弦交流电的迭加。
AM, air mass的缩写, 空气质量.直射阳光光束透过大气层所通过的路程，以直射太阳光束从天顶到达海平面所通过的路程的倍数来表示。
当大气压力P=1.013巴，天空无云时，海平面处的大气质量为1。
amorphous silicon solar cell:非晶硅太阳电池（a—si 太阳电池）用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池称为非晶硅太阳电池，亦称无定形硅太阳电池，简称a—si太阳电池。
Angle of inclination, 倾斜角，即电池板和水平方向的夹角，0-90度之间。
Anode, 阳极, 正极.BBack Surface Field, 缩写BSF, 在晶体太阳能电池板背部附加的电子层, 来提高电流值.Bandbreak, 在半导体中, 价带和导带之间的空隙,对于半导体的吸收特性有重要意义.Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond, 法国物理学家, 在1839年发现了电池板效应.BSF, back surface field的缩写.Bypass-Diode, 与太阳能电池并联的二极管, 当一个太阳能电池被挡住, 其他太阳能电池产生的电流可以从它处通过.CCadmium-Tellurium, 缩写CdTe; 位于II/VI位的半导体, 带空隙值为1,45eV, 有很好的吸收性, 应用于超薄太阳能电池板, 或者是连接半导体.Cathode, 阴极，或负极，是在电池板电解液里的带负电的电极，是电池板电解液里带电粒子和导线里导电电子的过渡点。
新能源产业专业词汇1.单晶硅片 mono-crystalline silicon wafer多晶硅片 polycrystalline silicon wafer晶向 orientation少数载流子寿命 lifetime导电类型 conductivity type位错密度 dislocation硅单晶片厚度 thickness硅单晶片的弯曲度 surface camber准方单晶硅片 : quasi-square mono-crystalline silicon wafer2.太阳电池 solar cell3.薄膜太阳电池 film solar cell4.光电转换 photo-electricity conversion5.太阳电池组件 solar module多晶硅太阳电池组件 polycrystalline solar module单晶硅太阳电池组件mono-crystalline solar module6.太阳能户用系统solar home system（分为：太阳能直流户用系统；太阳能交流户用系统；太阳能交直流户用系统）7.太阳能电站solar power station（分为：离网型太阳能电站 off-grid solar power station ；并网型太阳能电站 grid-connected solar power station ）8.太阳能热水器solar water heater9.太阳能热水系统：solar heating system10.太阳能直流式热水系统 : solar direct heating system11.太阳能强迫循环热水系统 solar compelling cycle heatingsystem12.太阳能自然循环热水系统 solar spontaneously cycle heatingsystem13.真空管太阳能集热器 vacuum tube solar centralized heatingsystem14.平板型太阳能集热器 flat type solar centralized heatingsystem15.全玻璃真空太阳能集热器full-glass vacuum solarcentralized heating system16.热管式真空管太阳集热器heat-tube vacuum solarcentralized heating system17.采光面积 : lighting area18.太阳能幅照度 solar radiant intensity19.太阳能控制器：solar controller20.太阳能逆变器：solar inverter21.太阳能通讯基站 solar telecommunication power systems22.石油和天然气管道太阳能阴极保护电站：solar power stationsfor cathode protection of the oil and gas feeding pipes23.太阳能电池方阵 solar array24.太阳能通讯电源 solar communication power station25.太阳能自动跟踪装置 solar automatic tracker26.太阳能移动电源车（站） solar mobile electrical vehicle(station)27.光伏水泵 solar pump28.太阳能杨水系统 solar pumping system29.光—网---柴互补系统complementary system for solar–grid-diesel oil30.风---光互补系统 complementary system for solar - wind31.太阳能交通信号灯 solar traffic signal light32.太阳能交通警示标志 solar traffic warning symbol33.太阳能道钉 solar road mark34.太阳能庭院灯 solar garden light35.太阳能路灯 solar street light36.太阳能草坪灯 solar lawn light37.太阳能广告牌 solar billboard38.太阳能电话亭 solar telephone booth39.综合楼 Management and Control building40.管理区Living quarter41.132kV升压站 132kV substation42.支架 The mounting structure43.围栏 Railing44.围墙 Enclosure45.平面布置图 layout46.水泵房 Water Pump House47.门卫室 Guard house48.砂砾碎石Graded crushed gravel49.泥结碎石 Glay mixing gravel50.场地平整 ground leveling51.原始高程（自然地面高程）Natural Ground Level.（简写：N.G.L）52.升压变压器 Step-up transformer53.逆变器 Inverter54.临设区域 The laydown area55.边界线 Boundary line56.等高线 Gontour57.子方阵 Sub-arrays58.电缆 cable59.汇流箱 Combiner Box60.发电单元Generating Unit61.主控室 Local control room62.33KV配电室 33KV Switchgear room63.电缆沟 Cable Trenchesyout drawing 平面布置图65.主变压器 Main transformer66.SVC reactive compensation device SVC无功补偿装置67.Ground connection transformer 接地变压器68.guard room 门卫室69.SF6 breaker SF6 断路器70.132kv current transformer 132KV电流互感器71.132kv disconnecting switch 132KV隔离开关72.132kv zinc oxide arrester 132KV氧化锌避雷器73.132kv voltage transformer 132KV电压互感器74.Meter Panel 电度表屏75.太阳能扬水和照明综合应用系统：the comprehensive utilization system of solar pumping and lighting76.变频调速交流异步电机：high-efficient frequency conversion alternating asynchronous motors（这个产品不是太阳能产品）77.送电到乡: Power Supply to Township78.丝绸之路光明工程： Silk Road Brightness Project79.太阳能亮化工程 solar brightness project80.太阳能与建筑一体化 integrate solar energy with building81.活动Activity82.活动定义：Activity Definition83.活动描述/说明：AD=Activity Description84.活动历时估算：Activity Duration Estimating85.箭线网络图（双代号网络图）：AOA=Activity-On-Arrow86.节点式网络图（单代号网络图）：AON=Activity-on-Node87.已执行工作实际成本：ACWP=Actual Cost of Work Performed88.实际完成日期：AF=Actual Finish Date89.实际开始日期：AS=Actual Start Date90.行政收尾：Administrative Closure91.箭线：Arrow92.箭线图示法：ADM=Arrow Diagramming Method93.逆推计算法：Backward Pass94.横道图：Bar Chart95.基准计划：Baseline96.完工预算：BAC=Budget At Completion97. 概算：Budget Estimate98.已执行预算成本：BCWP=Budgeted Cost of Work Performed99.计划执行预算成本：BCWS= Budgeted Cost of Scheduled 100.日历单位：Calendar Unit101.变更控制委员会：CCB=Chang Control Board102.沟通规划：Communications Planning103.并行工程：Concurrent Engineering104.意外费用：Contingencies105.意外准备金：contingency Allowance106.意外规划：Contingency Planning107.意外储备：Contingency Reserve108.合同：Contract109.合同管理：Contract Administration110.合同收尾：Contract Close-out111.控制：Control112.控制图：Control Chart113.纠正措施：Corrective Action114.费用预算：Cost Budgeting115.费用控制：Cost Control116.费用做算：Cost Estimating117.质量成本：Cost of Quality118.费用绩效指数：CPI=Cost Performance Index119.费用偏差：CV=Cost Variance120.赶工：Crashing121.关键工序：Critical Activity122.关键路线：Critical Path123.关键路线法：CPM=Critical Path Method124.当前完成日期：Current Finish Date125.当前开始日期：Current Start Date126.数据日期：DD=Data Date127.交付物：Deliverable128.依赖关系：Dependency129.虚活动：Dummy Activity130.延续时间：DU=Duration131.延续时间压缩：Duration Compression132.最早完工日期：EF=Early Finish Date133.最早开始日期：ES=Early Start Date134.挣值法：EV=Earned Value135.挣值分析：Earned Value Analysis136.人工量：Effort137.估算：概算：Estimate138.在完成时的费用估算：EAC=Estimate At Completion 139.到完成时的估算：ETC=Estimate To Complete140.单节点事件图：Event-on-Node141.例外报告：Exception Report142.完成日期：Finish Date143.完成到完成关系：FF=Finish-to-Finish144.完成到开始关系：FS=Finish-to-Start145.时差：机动时间：浮动时间：Float146.顺推计算法：Forward Pass147.自由时差：FF=Free Float148.职能经理：Functional Manager149.职能组织：Functional Organization150.甘特图：Gantt Chart151.图解评审技术：GERT=Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique152.集合工作：Hammock153.悬摆：Hanger154.信息分发：Information Distribution155.立项：Initiation156.成本/进度综合报告：Integrated Cost/Schedule Reporting 157.邀标：IFB= Invitation for Bid158.关键事件进度计划：Key Event Schedule160.滞后量：Lag161.最晚完成日期：LF=Late Finish Date162.最晚开始日期：LS=Late Start Date163.提前量：Lead164.全生命期成本估算：Life-cycle Costing165. 产品经理：Line Manager166. 逻辑图：Logic Diagram167.逻辑关系：Logical Relationship168.回路：Loop169.管理储备量：Management Reserve170.主进度计划：Master Schedule171.矩阵型组织：Matrix Organization172.里程碑：Milestone173.里程碑进度计划：Milestone Schedule174.现代项目管理：MPM=Modern Project Management175.监控：Monitoring176.蒙托卡罗分析：Monte Carlo Analysis177.次关键工作：Near-Critical Activity178.网络：Network179.网络分析：Network Analysis180.网络逻辑：Network Logic181.网络路线：Network Path182. 节点：Node183.组织分解结构：OBS=Organizational Breakdown Structure 184.组织规划：Organizational Planning185.整体变更控制：Overall Change Control186.重叠：Overlap187.参数估算法：Parametric Estimating188.线路：Path189.线路时差：Path Float190.完成百分比：PC=Percent Complete191.执行报告：Performance Reporting192.执行机构：Performing organization193.计划评审技术图：PERT Chart194.计划的完成日期：PF=Planned Finish Date195.计划的开始日期：PS=Planned Start Date196.优先图示法：PDM=Precedence Diagramming Method197.优先关系：Precedence Relationship198.紧前工作：Predecessor Activity199.采购规划：Procurement Planning200.工程：Program201.计划评审技术：PERT=Program Evaluation and Review Technique 202.项目：Project203.项目许可证、项目章程：Project Charter204.项目沟通管理：Project Communication Management205.项目费用管理：Project Cost Management206.项目人力资源管理：Project Human Resource Management 207.项目综合管理：Project Integration Management208.项目生命周期：Project Life Cycle209.项目管理：PM=Project Management210.项目管理知识体系：PMBOK=Project Management Body of Knowledge211.项目管理软件：Project Management Software212.项目管理团队：Project Management Team213.项目经理：PM=Project Manager214.项目网络图：Project Network Diagram215.项目阶段：Project Phase216.项目计划：Project Plan217.项目计划开发：Project Plan Development218.项目计划实施：Project Plan Execution219.项目规划：Project Planning220.项目采购管理：Project Procurement Management221.项目质量管理：Project Quality Management222.项目风险管理：Project Risk Management223.项目进度计划：Project Schedule224. 项目范围管理：Project Scope Management225.项目团队成员：Project Team Member226.项目时间管理：Project Time Management227.项目型组织：Project Organization228.质量保证：QA=Quality Assurance229.质量控制：QC=Quality Control230.质量规划：Quality Planning231.剩余持续时间：RDU=Remaining Duration232.请求建议书：RFP=Request for Proposal233.请求报价单：RFQ=Request for Quotation234.储备量：Reserve235.资源平衡：Resource Leveling236.资源约束进度计划：Resource-Limited Schedule237.资源规划：Resource Planning238.责任分配矩阵：RAM=Responsibility Assignment Matrix 234.责任图：Responsibility Chart235.责任矩阵：Responsibility Matrix236.保留金：Retain age237.突发事件：Risk Event238.风险识别：Risk Identification239.风险应对控制：Risk Response Control240.风险应对开发：Risk Response Development241.曲线：S-Curve242.进度计划：Schedule243.进度计划分析：Schedule Analysis244.进度计划压缩：Schedule Compression245.进度计划控制：Schedule Control246.进度执行指数：SPI=Schedule Performance Index247.进度偏差：SV=Schedule Variance248.计划完成日期：SF=Scheduled Finish Date249.计划开始日期：SS=Scheduled Start Date 250.范围：Scope251.范围基准计划：Scope Baseline252.范围变更：Scope Change253.范围变更控制：Scope Change Control 254.范围定义：Scope Definition255.范围规划：Scope Planning256.范围验证：Scope Verification257.时差：Slack 258.询价：Solicitation259.询价规划：Solicitation260.工作人员招募：Staff Acquisition261.项目相关者：Stakeholder262.开始日期：Start Date263.开始到完成关系：Start-to-Finish264.开始到开始关系：Start-to-Start265.工作说明：SOW=Statement of Work266.子网：Subnet 267.子网络：Subnet Work268.后续工作：Successor Activity269.目标完成日期：TC=Target Completion Date 270.目标时度计划：Target Schedule271.任务：Task 272.团队建设：Team Development273.团队成员：Team members274.时标网络图：Time-Scaled Network Diagram 275.目标完成日期：TF=Target Finish Date 276.目标开始日期：Ts=Target Start Date277.总时差：TF=Total Float278.全面质量管理：TQM=Total Quality Management 279. 权变措施：Workaround280.工作分解结构：WBS=Work Breakdown Structure 281.工作包：Work Package。
英语词汇大全—电池1.Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池2.Capacitor batteries：电容电池3. secondary battery 二次电池4. Rechargeable batteries ：充电电池5. Primary batteries ：原电池6. Lithium batteries ：锂电池7. Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池8. Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池9. Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池10. Nickel iron batteries ：镍铁电池11. Nickel cadmium batteries ：镍镉电池12. Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池13. Nickel zinc batteries：镍锌电池14. Zinc air batteries：锌空电池15. Silver zinc batteries：银锌电池16. Zinc chloride batteries：银氯化物电池17.Silver oxide batteries ：银氧化物电池18. Silver cadmium batteries ：银钙电池19. Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池20. Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池21. Lead-acid starter batteries：起动铅酸电池22. Lead-acid traction batteies：牵引用铅酸电池23. Aircraft lead-acid batteries：航空用铅酸电池24. Sealed lead acid batteries：密封铅酸电池25. Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated：固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池26. small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries：小型阀控密封式铅酸电池27. Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles：摩托车用铅酸电池28. Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive：内燃机车用铅酸电池29. Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles：电动道路车辆用铅酸电池。
Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池Capacitor batteries：电容电池Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池Nickel cadmium batteries ：镍镉电池Nickel iron batteries ：镍铁电池Nickel metal hydride batteries ：金属氧化物镍氢电池/镍氢电池Nickel zinc batteries：镍锌电池Primary batteries ：原电池Rechargeable batteries ：充电电池Sealed lead acid batteries：密封铅酸电池Silver cadmium batteries ：银钙电池Silver oxide batteries ：银氧化物电池Silver zinc batteries：银锌电池Zinc chloride batteries：银氯化物电池Zinc air batteries：锌空电池Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid battery起动铅酸电池Lead-acid starter batteries摩托车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles内燃机车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive电动道路车辆用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles小型阀控密封式铅酸电池small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries航空用铅酸电池Aircraft lead-acid batteries固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated 铅酸电池用极板plate for lead-acid battery铅锭lead ingots牵引用铅酸电池Lead-acid traction batteies电解液激活蓄电池electrolyte activated batteryvent valve 排气阀filling device for pleral cells 电池组填充装置negative electrode 负电极negative plate 负极板addition reagent for negative plate 负极板添加剂indicator 指示器top cover 上盖vent plug 液孔塞expanded grid 扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator 比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe 电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator 电解液液面指示器electrolyte level sensor 电解液液面传感器hard rubber container 硬橡胶槽envelope separator 包状隔板woven cloth tube 纺布管spongy lead 海绵状铅partition 隔壁over the partition type 越过隔壁型through the partition type 贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage 蓄电池架/蓄电池底垫active material 活性物质glass fiber separator 玻璃纤维隔板glass mat 玻璃纤维绵glass mat tube 玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer 间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator 强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate 极性标记板pole 极柱pole insulator 极柱绝缘子pole nut 极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot 极板足plate supporter 极板支撑件element 极板群/极群组pole bolt 极柱螺栓plate lug 极板耳dilute sulfuric acid 稀硫酸steel can 金属罐steel container 金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest 鞍子/极群组座tubular plate 管状极板gelled electrolyte 胶体电解液grid 板栅caution label 警告标签synthetic resin separator 合成树脂隔板plastics container 塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator 合成纤维隔板connector sunken type 沉没型连接器connetor exposed type 露出型连接器safety valve test 安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency 安时效率one charge distance range 一次充电行程gas recombination on negative electrode type 阴极气体再化合型/阴极气体复合型cut-off discharge 终止放电/截止放电(1）specific characteristic (2)energy density (1)比特性（2）能量密度recovering charge 恢复充电(1)open circuit voltage(2)off-load voltage 开路电压/空载电压overcharge 过充电gassing 析气overcharge life test 过充电寿命试验accelerated life test 加速寿命试验active material utilization 活性物质利用率theoretical capacity of active material 活性物质的理论容量over discharge 过放电intermittent discharge 间歇放电full charge 完全充电full discharge 完全放电reverse charge 反充电/反向充电quick charge 快速放电allowable minimum voltage 允许最小电压equalizing charge 均衡充电creeping 蠕变group voltage 组电压shallow cycle endurance 轻负荷寿命/轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease 电解液减少特性nominal voltage 标称电压high rate discharge 高率放电high rate discharge characteristic 高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge 放电5 秒电压（1）cold cranking ampere（2）cold cranking performance（1）冷启动电流（2）冷启动性能cycle life test 循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge 最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge 放电30 秒电压residual capacity 残存容量(1)hour rate(2) discharge rate （1）小时率（2）放电率(1) self discharge (2) local action （1）自放电（2）局部自放电(1) self discharge rate(2) local action rate （1）自放电率（2）局部自放电率actual capacity 实际容量(1)starting capability(2)cranking ability 启动能力cranking current 启动电流battery clamp test 电池夹钳测试power density 功率密度momentary discharge 瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge 修正恒定电压充电initial capacity 初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type 触媒气体复合式initialcharge 初始充电viberation test 振动试验predetermined voltage 预定电压total voltage 总电压activation test for dry charged battery 干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics 防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test 电介质耐压试验short time discharge 短时间放电escaped acid mist test 酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage 端子电压cell voltage 单电池电压step charge 阶段充电short-circuit current 短路电流storage test 保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温高率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage charge 恒压充电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试constant current charge 恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge 恒流恒压充电constant current discharge 恒流放电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test 涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test 运行测试capacity in driving pattern test 运行测试boost charge 急充电floating charge 浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压floating charge current 浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage 平均电压on-load voltage 负载电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltage 终止电压/截止电压depth of discharge 放电深度discharge voltage 放电电压discharge current 放电电流discharge current density 放电电流密度discharge watt-hour 放电瓦时discharge characteristics 放电特性discharged ampere-hour 放电安时explosion proof test 防爆测试auxiliary charge 补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性gas recombinating efficiency 气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge 充电charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current 充电开始电流charge efficiency 充电效率end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge 充电结束时电解液比重charge voltage 充电电压charge current 充电电流charged watt-hour 充电瓦时charge characteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour 充电安时deep cycle endurance 重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density 重量能量密度rubber pad 橡胶垫lower level line 下液面线side terminal 侧端子collective exhaust unit 公共的排放单元sintered plaque 烧结极板sintered separator 烧结隔板sintered plate 烧结极板catalyst plug 催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带spacer 隔离物insulating tube 绝缘管intercell connector 连接线/连接条connector cover 连接管盖float mounted plug 浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate 涂膏式极板braidd tube 编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug 安全塞explosion and splash proof construction 防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate 袋式极板bottom hole-down 底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal 螺栓连接端子male blade 阳片monoblock container 整体槽positive electrode 正极positive plate 正极板leading wire terminal 引线端子retainer mat 止动垫片ribbed separator 肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire 跳线end plate 端板filling plug 注液塞plante plate 形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate 管式极板low electric resistance separator 低电阻隔板tapered terminal post 锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container 成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug 透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器；(2)插座式连接器connector wire 连接线connecting bar 连杆connecting bar cover 连杆帽lead 引线/连接线edge insulator 绝缘卡side frame 侧框架battery cubicle 蓄电池箱perforated separator 多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal 端子terminal connector 端子连接条terminal cover 端子盖terminal base 端子座tab 接线片lead bushing 铅套corrugated separator 波形隔板(1)lead dioxide;(2)lead peroxide (1)二氧化铅；(2)过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1)织物隔板；(2)非织物隔板vent hole 通气孔exhaust tube 排气管antipolar mass 反极性物质output cable 输出电缆microporous rubber separator 微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator 比重计leaf separator 叶片式隔板lid sealing compound 密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket 密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid 系列的盖方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流(倍率)放电discharge in high rate current标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity放电容量discharge capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge放电下限电压terminating voltage in discharge恒流充电constant current charge恒压充电constant voltage charge恒流放电constant current discharge放电曲线discharge curve充电曲线charge curve放电平台discharge voltage plateau容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding超声焊ultrasonic weldingThe terminating voltage in discharge of the battery is 3.0 volt. The limited voltage in charge of the battery is 4.2 volt.三元素Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese Lithium Oxidethree elements materials钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide石墨graphite烘箱oven真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing devicevacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀paper knife ,,,,,,cutting knife分条机equipment for cutting big piece to much pieces 辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪battery inner resistance tester万用表multimeter转盘式真空封口机turntable type vacuum sealing machine自动冲膜机automatic aluminum membrane shaper序号首字母英文中文1 A aging 老化2 B battery charger 充电器3 black-fleck 黑斑4 C cap 盖板5 capacity density 能量密度6 capacity grading 分容7 cathode tab welding 极耳超焊8 cell 电芯9 charge(capacity) retention 荷电（容量）保持10 checking code 检码11 concave spot 凹点12 constant current charge 恒流充电13 constant current discharge 恒流放电14 constant voltage charge 恒压充电15 corrective measures 纠正措施16 crack 裂纹17 cut-off voltage 终止电压18 cycle life 循环寿命19 D dark trace 暗痕20 degrade 降级21 dent 凹痕22 discharge depth 放电深度23 distortion 变形24 drape 打折25 E Electrical and MechanicalServices Department 机电部26 electrolyte 电解，电解液27 empaistic 压纹28 end-off voltage 放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly 对环境友好30 equipment first inspection 设备首检31 erode 腐蚀32 explosion-proof line 防爆线33 F first inspection 首检34 formation 化成35 fracture 断裂36 I inspection 检验37 insulate 绝缘38 internal resistance 内阻39 J jellyroll 卷芯40 joint 接缝，结合点41 L laser deflecting 偏光42 laser reticle 激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld 激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld 激光焊接-立焊44 leakage 漏液45 leak-checking 测漏46 leaving out of welding 漏焊47 limited charge voltage 充电限制电压48 local action 自放电49 M margin turnly 翘边50 measuring the dimension of cells 电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement 达到要求52 memory effects 记忆效应53 N nick 划痕54 nominal voltage 标称电压55 notice-board confirmation 看板确认56 nugget 硬块57 O obverse 正面58 open circuit voltage 开路电压59 over charge 过充60 over discharge 过放61 over the thickness 超厚62 P particle 颗粒63 PE membrane PE 膜64 pit 坑点65 placing cells into the box 电芯装盒66 point inspection 点检67 preventive measures 预防措施68 pricking the tapes 扎孔69 process inspection 制程检验70 put the battery piled up 将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products 合格品72 quality assurance 质量保证73 quality control 质量控制74 quality improvement 质量改进75 quality match 品质配对76 quality planning 质量策划77 R rated capacity 额定容量78 recharge 再充电79 refitting the can of cell 电芯壳口整形80 requirment 要求81 reverse 背面，反面82 rework 返工83 ringing cells into pyrocondensation films 套热缩膜84 S safety vent 安全阀85 sand aperture 砂眼86 scar 疤痕87 secondary battery 二次电池88 select appearance 选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking 测短路90 smudginess 污物91 spot welding by laser 激光点焊92 spot welding place 点焊位置93 spraying the code 喷码94 spur 毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards 贴面垫96 storing 陈化97 storing with high voltage 高压储存98 T tabs deflection 极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion 极耳错位100 technics requiment 工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding 超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength 超焊强度103 unqualified products 不合格品104 W wave 波浪105 working procedure 工序Voltage：Units of measuring electrical current, all batteries are rated in volts DC. (Direct Current). This determines how much energy is needed to power your equipment. Voltage plateau:（电压平台）A slow decrease in voltage over a long period of time. As a rule, the plateau extends from the first voltage drop at the start of the discharge to the bend of the curve after which the voltage drops rapidly at the end.Nominal Voltage（标称电压）The voltage of a battery, as specified by the manufacturer, discharging at a specified rate and temperature.Working voltage（工作电压）The working voltage of a cell or battery begins at its electrical connections assoon as an electrical consumer is connected to it.Discharging voltage, average voltage (放电电压)The average discharging voltage is the average value of the discharging voltage during the entire discharging process with a related discharging current.Open circuit voltage (OCV 开路电压)The voltage of a battery when there is no current flowing.Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV 闭路电压)The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging.State of charge:The rate of charge capacity vs. whole capacity.Initial voltage（起始电压）A battery＇s initial voltage is the working voltage when discharging begins. End-point voltage (End voltage, Cutoff voltage, Final voltage)截止电压Specified closed circuit voltage at which a service output test is terminated. End-of-discharge voltageThe battery voltage when discharge is terminated.End-of-charge voltageThe battery voltage when charge is terminated.Cutoff voltage (V)The battery voltage at which charge or discharge is terminated.Definition: Capacity(容量）? The capacity of a cell is defined as how manymilli-amp-hours (mAh) of current the cell canstore and subsequently deliver.? One milli-amp (mA) is 1/1000th of an Amp. Somelarger cell capacities are expressed in Amp-hours(Ah).? “Rated capacity” is varies with discharge rate,temperature, and cutoff voltage.? Rated capacity is different from power or energy? Example:? If a cell is rated at 1000 mAh, then it can deliverthe following:? 1000 mA of current for 1 hour? 500 mA of current for 2 hours? 200 mA of current for 5 hours? 2000 mA of current for 1/2 hourDefinition: Energy Density(能量密度，包括体积比能量和质量比能量）? The energy density of a cell is a measure of howmuch energy can be stored in the cell per unitvolume or per unit weight.? E (watt-hours) = cell voltage x capacity rating? Energy density per unit volume is called the“volumetric energy density” and is expressed interms of watt-hours/liter (wh/l).? Energy density per unit weight is called the“gravimetric energy density” and is expressedin terms of watt-hours/kilogram (wh/kg).? These measurements are useful when you aretrying to determine which cell has the mostcapacity per unit volume or weight.1.Self Discharge 自放电2.Uniformity of the Li-ion Batteries 锂离子电池的一致性3.steel strap 钢带4.Burst vent 防爆阀5.Filling port 注液孔6.spirally wound type cylindrical wound type 圆柱形7.foil 箔8.parallel-plate prismatic design 方形叠片式设计Ageing （老化）- Permanent loss of capacity with frequent use orthe passage of time due to unwanted irreversible chemical reactions in the cell.Anode（阳极）- The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place, releasing electrons.During discharge the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge the situation reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode.Cathode（阴极）- The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction takes place, gaining electrons.During discharge the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. During chargethe situation reverses andthe negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.Cycle （循环）- A single charge and discharge of a battery.Depth of discharge DOD （放电深度）- The ratio of the quantity of electricity or charge removed from a cell on discharge to its rated capacity.Internal impedance（交流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current within a cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.锂离子电池的内阻英语概念到底用哪个概念，是Internal resistance 还是Internal impedance，一些电池说明书内阻用Internal resistance，也有的用Internal impedance，我认为Internal impedance 较好些，因为国内测的电池内阻基本都是交流内阻，而外文也有这样定义的（我在别的帖子也粘贴过）：Internal impedance（交流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell.It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates forming the electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）- Resistance to the flow of DC electric current withina cell,causing a voltage drop across the cell in closed circuit proportional to the currentdrain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.在IEC6196002 中，只定义为Internal resistance，而用交流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal a.c. resistance（交流内阻）用直流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal d.c. resistance（直流内阻），其实Internal a.c. resistance 测得就是阻抗，这样看来不如用Internal impedance（交流内阻）和Internal resistance （直流内阻）这两个概念把它们进行分清，以免混淆。
1. 电池行业常用词汇（battery vocabulary）: discharge放电charge充电rechargeable可充电的unrechargeable不可充电的table表格Battery Discharge Record Table电池放电数据汇总表station位置battery type 电池型号voltage电压nominal voltage标准电压end-point voltage=cut-off voltage终止电压OCV=open-circuit voltage 开路电压CCV=closed-circuit voltage 闭路电压current 电流SCC=short-circuit current 电路电流resistance电阻load 负载（电阻）circuit 电路V=volt 伏特A=ampere 安培Ω=ohm欧姆duration=discharge time 放电时间discharge pattern/way/method 放电方式discharge condition 放电条件end-point type 结束模式normal end 正常结束shelf-life 保质期storage time 保存期structure 结构dimension=size=measurement 大小尺寸height 高度diameter 直径weight 重量packing / package 包装carton 纸箱inner box内盒inner packing 内包装outer carton=main carton 外包装main mark主麦头size mark侧麦头feature 特性function 功能distortion 变形，扭曲constant temperature test 恒温测试high temperature test 高温测试rust 生锈crinkle皱纹，起皱纹vertical 垂直的full packing 完整包装column=pillar 圆柱columnar=cylindrical 圆柱型的scar 伤疤、伤痕appearance 外观reserve=store 保存reservation=storage保存inflate 充气，膨胀gas inflating 气胀protrude 突出bottom protruding 鼓底G.W.=gross weight 毛重N.W.=net weight 净重discharge curve 放电曲线polarity 极性capacity 容量3. 电池种类词汇：碱性的：alkaline酸性的：acidic碱：alkali酸：acid泄漏：leak, leakage; spill, spillage防漏：leakage-proof, spillage-proof一次电池（原电池）：primary battery二次电池（充电电池）：secondary battery, rechargeable battery干电池：dry battery湿电池：wet battery环保的：nature-friendly, environment-friendly, environmental protected 铅酸电池：lead acid battery锌锰糊式电池/ S型：Zinc-Manganese battery锌锰纸板式电池（C型电池/ 铵型电池）：heavy duty battery锌锰纸板式电池（P型电池/ 锌型电池）：super heavy duty battery碱性锌锰电池（碱性电池/ 碱锰电池）：alkaline battery水银电池：Silver Oxide Button Cell锂电池：Lithium Battery镍镉充电电池：Ni-Cd (Nickel Cadmium Battery)镍氢充电电池：Ni-MH (Nickel Metal Hydroxide)锂离子充电电池：Rechargeable Lithium ion battery 铅酸蓄电池：Sealed Lead-acid Battery。
Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池Capacitor batteries：电容电池Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池Lead acid batteries：铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries：铅钙电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium polymer batteries：锂聚合物电池Nickel cadmium batteries：镍镉电池Nickel iron batteries ：镍铁电池Nickel metal hydride batteries ：金属氧化物镍氢电池/镍氢电池Nickel zinc batteries：镍锌电池Primary batteries ：原电池Sealed lead acid batteries：密封铅酸电池Silver cadmium batteries：银钙电池Silver oxide batteries ：银氧化物电池Silver zinc batteries：银锌电池Zinc chloride batteries：银氯化物电池Zinc air batteries：锌空电池Environmental Protection batteries:环保电池起动铅酸电池Lead-acid starter batteries摩托车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles 航空用铅酸电池Aircraft lead-acid batteries 内燃机车用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive电动道路车辆用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles小型阀控密封式铅酸电池small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve-regulated铅酸电池用极板plate for lead-acid battery 铅锭lead ingots牵引用铅酸电池Lead-acid traction batteries 电解液激活蓄电池electrolyte activated batteryvent valve 排气阀filling device for pleral cells 电池组填充装置negative plate 负极板addition reagent for negative plate 负极板添加剂indicator 指示器top cover 上盖vent plug 液孔塞expanded grid 扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator 比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe 电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator 电解液液面指示器electrolyte level sensor电解液液面传感器hard rubber container 硬橡胶槽envelope separator 包状隔板woven cloth tube纺布管spongy lead 海绵状铅partition 隔壁over the partition type 越过隔壁型through the partition type 贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage 蓄电池架/蓄电池底垫glass fiber separator 玻璃纤维隔板glass mat 玻璃纤维绵glass mat tube 玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer 间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator 强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate 极性标记板pole极柱pole insulator 极柱绝缘子pole nut极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot 极板足plate supporter 极板支撑件element 极板群/极群组pole bolt 极柱螺栓plate lug 极板耳dilute sulfuric acid稀硫酸steel can 金属罐steel container 金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest 鞍子/极群组座tubular plate 管状极板gelled electrolyte 胶体电解液grid板栅caution label 警告标签synthetic resin separator 合成树脂隔板plastics container 塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator 合成纤维隔板connector sunken type 沉没型连接器connetor exposed type 露出型连接器safety valve test 安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency 安时效率positive plate 正极板one charge distance range 一次充电行程gas recombination on negative electrode type阴极气体再化合型/阴极气体复合型specific characteristic比特性energy density能量密度recovering charge 恢复充电off-load voltage空载电压gassing 析气active material utilization 活性物质利用率overcharge life test过充电寿命试验accelerated life test 加速寿命试验theoretical capacity of active material 活性物质的理论容量intermittent discharge 间歇放电reverse charge 反充电/反向充电quick charge快速放电allowable minimum voltage 允许最小电压equalizing charge 均衡充电creeping蠕变group voltage 组电压shallow cycle endurance 轻负荷寿命/轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease 电解液减少特性nominal voltage 标称电压high rate discharge 高率放电high rate discharge characteristic 高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge 放电5秒电压cold cranking ampere冷启动电流cold cranking performance冷启动性能cycle life test 循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge 放电30秒电压residual capacity 残存容量hour rate小时率discharge rate放电率(1) self discharge（rate）自放电(率)(2) local action（rate）局部自放电（率）actual capacity 实际容量starting capability(2)cranking ability 启动能力cranking current启动电流battery clamp test 电池夹钳测试power density 功率密度momentary discharge 瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge修正恒定电压充电initial capacity初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type 触媒气体复合式initial charge 初始充电viberation test 振动试验predetermined voltage 预定电压total voltage 总电压activation test for dry charged battery 干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics 防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test 电介质耐压试验short time discharge短时间放电escaped acid mist test 酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage端子电压cell voltage单电池电压step charge阶段充电short-circuit current 短路电流storage test保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温高率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试floating charge current 浮充电电流constant current (dis)charge 恒流(放)充电constant voltage constant current charge恒流恒压充电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test运行测试capacity in driving pattern test运行测试boost charge急充电floating charge 浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压mean（average）voltage 平均电压on-load voltage负载电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间final（end）voltage 终止电压discharge watt-hour放电瓦时discharge characteristics放电特性discharged ampere-hour放电安时explosion proof test防爆测试auxiliary charge补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性gas recombinating efficiency气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current 充电开始电流end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge充电结束时电解液比重charged watt-hour充电瓦时chargecharacteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour充电安时deep cycle endurance重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density 重量能量密度rubber pad 橡胶垫lower level line下液面线side terminal 侧端子collective exhaust unit 公共的排放单元sintered plaque 烧结极板sintered separator 烧结隔板sintered plate 烧结极板catalyst plug 催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带spacer 隔离物insulating tube 绝缘管intercell connector 连接线/连接条connector cover 连接管盖float mounted plug 浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate 涂膏式极板braidd tube 编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug 安全塞explosion and splash proof construction 防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate 袋式极板bottom hole-down底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal 螺栓连接端子male blade 阳片monoblock container 整体槽leading wire terminal 引线端子retainer mat止动垫片ribbed separator肋隔板jumping wire (2)inter low wire 跳线end plate 端板filling plug注液塞plante plate形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate 管式极板low electric resistance separator 低电阻隔板tapered terminal post 锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug 透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器；(2)插座式连接器connector wire 连接线connecting bar 连杆connecting bar cover连杆帽lead引线/连接线edge insulator 绝缘卡side frame 侧框架battery cubicle 蓄电池箱perforated separator多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal端子terminal connector 端子连接条terminal cover 端子盖terminal base 端子座tab 接线片lead bushing铅套corrugated separator 波形隔板lead dioxide二氧化铅lead peroxide过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1)织物隔板；(2)非织物隔板vent hole 通气孔exhaust tube排气管antipolar mass 反极性物质output cable输出电缆microporous rubber separator微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator比重计leaf separator 叶片式隔板lid sealing compound密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket 密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid 系列的盖方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流(倍率)放电discharge in high rate current标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge Voltage plateau:电压平台Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV闭路电压)Initial voltage（起始电压）放电下限电压terminating voltage in discharge恒流（压）充电constant current （voltage）charge 放电平台discharge voltage plateau容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity Anode阳极Cathode阴极positive electrode 正极Internal impedance交流内阻Internal resistance直流内阻钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding自动冲膜机automatic aluminum membrane shaper超声焊ultrasonic welding 真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing device vacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀paper knife ,cutting knife分条机equipment for cutting big piece tomuch pieces辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪battery inner resistance tester万用表multimeter 转盘式真空封口机turntable type vacuum sealing machine aging 老化storing 陈化battery charger 充电器black-fleck 黑斑cap 盖板capacity density 能量密度capacity grading 分容cathode tab welding 极耳超焊cell电芯charge(capacity) retention荷电（容量）保持checking code检码concave spot 凹点corrective measures 纠正措施crack裂纹dark trace 暗痕degrade 降级dent 凹痕distortion 变形drape打折Electrical and MechanicalServices Department 机电部empaistic压纹environmentally friendly 对环境友好equipment first inspection 设备首检erode腐蚀explosion-proof line 防爆线first inspection 首检formation化成fracture 断裂inspection 检验insulate 绝缘internal resistance 内阻jellyroll 卷芯joint接缝，结合点laser deflecting 偏光laser reticle激光刻线laser welding-flatwise weld 激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld 激光焊接-立焊leakage 漏液leak-checking测漏leaving out of welding 漏焊limited charge voltage 充电限制电压local action 自放电margin turnly 翘边measuring the dimension of cells 电芯卡尺寸meet requirement 达到要求memory effects 记忆效应nick 划痕nominal voltage 标称电压notice-board confirmation 看板确认nugget 硬块obverse正面reverse 背面，反面over the thickness 超厚PE membrane PE膜pit 坑点placing cells into the box 电芯装盒point inspection 点检preventive measures 预防措施pricking the tapes 扎孔process inspection 制程检验put the battery piled up 将电芯叠放在一起qualified products 合格品quality assurance质量保证quality control 质量控制quality improvement 质量改进quality match品质配对quality planning 质量策划rated capacity 额定容量refitting the can of cell电芯壳口整形rework 返工ringing cells into pyrocondensation films 套热缩膜safety vent安全阀sand aperture砂眼scar 疤痕select appearance选外观sharp-set 批锋short circuit checking 测短路smudginess 污物spot welding by laser激光点焊spot welding place 点焊位置spraying the code喷码spur 毛刺sticking the PVC cover boards贴面垫storing with high voltage高压储存tabs deflection极耳歪斜tabs excursion 极耳错位technics requiment 工艺要求ultrasonic welding超声波焊接ultrasonic welding strength 超焊强度unqualified products不合格品wave 波浪working procedure 工序Uniformity of the Li-ion Batteries 锂离子电池的一致性steel strap 钢带Burst vent防爆阀.Filling port 注液孔spirally wound type cylindrical wound type 圆柱形.parallel-plate prismatic design 方形叠片式设计。
太阳能电池行业英语词汇A,Ampere的缩写, 安培a-Si:H, amorphous silicon的缩写, 含氢的, 非结晶性硅.Absorption, 吸收.Absorption of the photons:光吸收;当能量大于禁带宽度的光子入射时，太阳电池内的电子能量从价带迁到导带，产生电子——空穴对的作用，称为光吸收。
Absorptions coefficient, 吸收系数, 吸收强度.AC, 交流电.Ah, 安培小时.Acceptor, 接收者, 在半导体中可以接收一个电子.Alternating current, 交流电，简称“交流. 一般指大小和方向随时间作周期性变化的电压或电流. 它的最基本的形式是正弦电流. 我国交流电供电的标准频率规定为50赫兹。
交流电随时间变化的形式可以是多种多样的。
不同变化形式的交流电其应用范围和产生的效果也是不同的。
以正弦交流电应用最为广泛，且其他非正弦交流电一般都可以经过数学处理后，化成为正弦交流电的迭加。
AM, air mass的缩写, 空气质量.直射阳光光束透过大气层所通过的路程，以直射太阳光束从天顶到达海平面所通过的路程的倍数来表示。
当大气压力P=1.013巴，天空无云时，海平面处的大气质量为1。
amorphous silicon solar cell:非晶硅太阳电池（a—si太阳电池）用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池称为非晶硅太阳电池，亦称无定形硅太阳电池，简称a—si太阳电池。
Angle of inclination, 倾斜角，即电池板和水平方向的夹角，0-90度之间。
Anode, 阳极, 正极.BBack Surface Field, 缩写BSF, 在晶体太阳能电池板背部附加的电子层, 来提高电流值. Bandbreak, 在半导体中, 价带和导带之间的空隙,对于半导体的吸收特性有重要意义. Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond, 法国物理学家, 在1839年发现了电池板效应. BSF, back surface field的缩写.Bypass-Diode, 与太阳能电池并联的二极管, 当一个太阳能电池被挡住, 其他太阳能电池产生的电流可以从它处通过.CCadmium-Tellurium, 缩写CdTe; 位于II/VI位的半导体, 带空隙值为1,45eV, 有很好的吸收性, 应用于超薄太阳能电池板, 或者是连接半导体.Cathode, 阴极，或负极，是在电池板电解液里的带负电的电极，是电池板电解液里带电粒子和导线里导电电子的过渡点。
Stoichiometry 化学计量学Cyclability 循环特性Rate capability 倍率性能Life-span 寿命The state of the art 目前的工艺水平Overall assessment 综合评价Basis for 为…打基础Rational selection 合理的选择辅助动力混合电动车（Power-Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles ，包括HEV和FCV）；•插电式混合电动车（Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles ，包括PHEV 和FCV)•纯电动车（Battery Electric Vehicles ，包括各类EV)R&D （research and development），指在科学技术领域，为增加知识总量（包括人类文化和社会知识的总量），以及运用这些知识去创造新的应用进行的系统的创造性的活动，包括基础研究、应用研究、试验发展三类活动。
可译为“研究与开发”、“研究与发展”或“研究与试验性发展”。
DOE 美国能源部Passivation 钝化Hydrophobic 疏水性Lipophobic 疏酯性Solvophobic 疏溶剂的Aggregate 聚集Micelle 胶团微团Fluorosurfactant 氟表面活性剂Impermeable 不可渗透的Electrolyzer 电解槽Redox flow battery 氧化还原液流电池Intrinsic 本质的固有的Novel approach 新方法Delocalization 离域移位Steric shield 空间屏蔽Nucleophilic attack 亲核攻击Spur 鼓舞马刺刺激鞭策Resurgence 复活再现New platform 新平台Fuel flexibility 燃料灵活性Cusp 风口浪尖Power generator 电力发电机Forklift 铲车Stumbling block 绊脚石Methanol 甲醇Formic acid 甲酸Dimethyl ether 二甲醚Performance decline 绩效下滑Peroxide 过氧化物过氧化氢Chloromethylation氯甲基化Aromatic polymer 芳族聚合物Styrene 苯乙烯Quaternization 碱化反应Benzylchloride 氯化苄Tertiary amine 叔胺Quaternary 四进制的四元的Ammonium 铵Tether 范围Linkage 连接Facile 温和的灵巧的Monomer 单体Precursor 前驱体Brominated 溴化Benzylhalide 苄基氯Subsequent 随后的Backbone 支柱中坚Bucket 水桶Susceptible 易受。
Alkaline batteries ：碱性电池Capacitor batteries ：电容电池Carbon zinc batteries ：碳锌电池Lead acid batteries ：铅酸电池Lead calcium batteries ：铅钙电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries ：锂聚合物电池Nickel cadmium batteries ：镍镉电池Nickel iron batteries ：镍铁电池Nickel metal hydride batteries：金属氧化物镍氢电池/ 镍氢电池Nickel zinc batteries ：镍锌电池Primary batteries ：原电池Rechargeable batteries ：充电电池Sealed lead acid batteries ：密封铅酸电池Silver cadmium batteries ：银钙电池Silver oxide batteries ：银氧化物电池Silver zinc batteries ：银锌电池Zinc chloride batteries ：银氯化物电池Zinc air batteries ：锌空电池Environmental Protection batteries: 环保电池Lithium batteries ：锂电池Lithium ion batteries ：锂离子电池Lithium polymer batteries ：锂聚合物电池铅酸蓄电池 Lead-acid battery起动铅酸电池 Lead-acid starter batteries摩托车用铅酸电池 Lead-acid batteries for motorcycles内燃机车用铅酸电池 Lead-acid batteries for disel locomotive电动道路车辆用铅酸电池Lead-acid batteries for electric road vehicles 小型阀控密封式铅酸电池small-sized valve-regulated lead-acid batteries 航空用铅酸电池 Aircraft lead-acid batteries固定型阀控密封式铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid batteries for stationary valve- regulated 铅酸电池用极板plate for lead-acid battery铅锭 lead ingots牵引用铅酸电池Lead-acid traction batteies电解液激活蓄电池electrolyte activated batteryvent valve排气阀filling device for pleral cells电池组填充装置negative electrode负电极negative plate负极板addition reagent for negative plate负极板添加剂indicator指示器top cover上盖vent plug液孔塞expanded grid扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator电解液液面指示器electrolyte level sensor电解液液面传感器hard rubber container硬橡胶槽envelope separator包状隔板woven cloth tube纺布管spongy lead海绵状铅partition隔壁over the partition type 越过隔壁型through the partition type 贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage 蓄电池架 / 蓄电池底垫active material 活性物质glass fiber separator 玻璃纤维隔板glass mat 玻璃纤维绵glass mat tube 玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer 间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator 强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate 极性标记板pole 极柱pole insulator 极柱绝缘子pole nut 极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot 极板足plate supporter 极板支撑件element 极板群 / 极群组pole bolt 极柱螺栓plate lug 极板耳dilute sulfuric acid 稀硫酸steel can 金属罐steel container 金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest 鞍子 / 极群组座tubular plate 管状极板gelled electrolyte 胶体电解液grid 板栅caution label 警告标签synthetic resin separator 合成树脂隔板plastics container 塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator 合成纤维隔板connector sunken type 沉没型连接器connetor exposed type 露出型连接器safety valve test 安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency 安时效率one charge distance range 一次充电行程gas recombination on negative electrode type 阴极气体再化合型 /阴极气体复合型 cut-off discharge 终止放电 /截止放电(1 ） specific characteristic (2)energy density (1) 比特性（ 2）能量密度recovering charge 恢复充电(1)open circuit voltage(2)off-load voltage开路电压/空载电压overcharge过充电gassing 析气overcharge life test 过充电寿命试验accelerated life test 加速寿命试验active material utilization 活性物质利用率theoretical capacity of active material 活性物质的理论容量over discharge 过放电intermittent discharge 间歇放电full charge 完全充电full discharge 完全放电reverse charge 反充电 /反向充电quick charge 快速放电allowable minimum voltage 允许最小电压equalizing charge 均衡充电creeping 蠕变group voltage 组电压shallow cycle endurance 轻负荷寿命 /轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease 电解液减少特性nominal voltage 标称电压high rate discharge 高率放电high rate discharge characteristic 高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge放电5秒电压（1） cold cranking ampere （ 2） cold cranking performance（1）冷启动电流（ 2 ）冷启动性能cycle life test 循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge 最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge 放电 30 秒电压residual capacity 残存容量(1)hour rate(2) discharge rate （ 1 ）小时率（ 2）放电率(1) self discharge (2) local action （ 1 ）自放电（2）局部自放电(1) self discharge rate(2) local action rate （ 1）自放电率（2）局部自放电率 actual capacity 实际容量(1)starting capability(2)cranking ability 启动能力cranking current 启动电流battery clamp test 电池夹钳测试power density 功率密度momentary discharge 瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge 修正恒定电压充电initial capacity 初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type 触媒气体复合式initialcharge 初始充电viberation test 振动试验predetermined voltage 预定电压total voltage 总电压activation test for dry charged battery 干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics 防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test电介质耐压试验short time discharge 短时间放电escaped acid mist test 酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage 端子电压cell voltage 单电池电压step charge 阶段充电short-circuit current短路电流storage test 保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温高率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage charge 恒压充电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试constant current charge 恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge 恒流恒压充电constant current discharge 恒流放电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test 涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test 运行测试capacity in driving pattern test 运行测试boost charge 急充电floating charge 浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压floating charge current 浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage平均电压on-load voltage 负载电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltage 终止电压 / 截止电压 depth of discharge 放电深度discharge voltage 放电电压discharge current 放电电流discharge current density 放电电流密度discharge watt-hour 放电瓦时discharge characteristics 放电特性discharged ampere-hour 放电安时explosion proof test 防爆测试auxiliary charge 补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性gas recombinating efficiency 气体复合效率 / 气体再化合效率charge 充电charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current 充电开始电流charge efficiency 充电效率end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge 充电结束时电解液比重 charge voltage 充电电压charge current 充电电流charged watt-hour 充电瓦时charge characteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour 充电安时deep cycle endurance 重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density 重量能量密度rubber pad 橡胶垫lower level line 下液面线side terminal 侧端子collective exhaust unit 公共的排放单元sintered plaque 烧结极板sintered separator 烧结隔板sintered plate 烧结极板catalyst plug 催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带spacer 隔离物insulating tube 绝缘管intercell connector 连接线 /连接条connector cover 连接管盖float mounted plug 浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate涂膏式极板braidd tube 编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug 安全塞 explosion and splash proof construction 防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate 袋式极板bottom hole-down 底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal 螺栓连接端子male blade 阳片monoblock container 整体槽positive electrode 正极positive plate 正极板leading wire terminal 引线端子retainer mat 止动垫片ribbed separator 肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire 跳线end plate 端板filling plug 注液塞plante plate 形成式极板 /普朗特极板tubular plate 管式极板low electric resistance separator 低电阻隔板tapered terminal post 锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽 /蓄电池壳set of container 成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1) 连接器； (2) 插座式连接器connector wire 连接线connecting bar 连杆connecting bar cover 连杆帽lead 引线 /连接线edge insulator 绝缘卡side frame 侧框架battery cubicle 蓄电池箱perforated separator 多孔隔板burning rod ( 铅)焊条terminal 端子terminal connector 端子连接条terminal cover 端子盖terminal base 端子座tab 接线片lead bushing 铅套corrugated separator 波形隔板(1)lead dioxide;(2)lead peroxide (1) 二氧化铅；(2) 过氧化铅(1)woven separator;(2)nonwoven separator (1) 织物隔板；(2) 非织物隔板vent hole通气孔exhaust tube排气管antipolar mass反极性物质output cable输出电缆microporous rubber separator微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator比重计leaf separator叶片式隔板lid sealing compound密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid系列的盖方通盖板cover board底板solepiece钢珠steel ball压钢珠press steel ball防爆阀valve preventing explosion大电流 (倍率 )放电discharge in highrate current标称电压Normal voltage标称容量normal capacity放电容量discharge capacity充电上限电压limited voltage in charge放电下限电压terminating voltage in discharge 恒流充电constant current charge恒压充电constant voltage charge恒流放电constant current discharge放电曲线discharge curve充电曲线charge curve放电平台discharge voltage plateau容量衰减capacity attenuation起始容量initial discharge capacity流水线pipelining传送带carrying tape焊极耳welding the current collector卷绕wind叠片layer贴胶带stick tape点焊spot welding超声焊ultrasonic weldingThe terminating voltage in discharge of the battery is 3.0 volt.The limitedvoltage in charge of the battery is 4.2 volt.三元素Nickle-Cobalt-Manganese Lithium Oxidethree elements materials钴酸锂Cobalt Lithium Oxide锰酸锂Manganese Lithium Oxide石墨graphite烘箱oven真空烘箱vacuum oven搅拌机mixing devicevacuum mixing device涂布机coating equipment裁纸刀分条机equipment for cutting big piece to much pieces辊压机roll press equipment电阻点焊机spot welding machine超声点焊机ultrasonic spot welding machine卷绕机winder自动叠片机auto laminating machine激光焊机laser welding machine注液机infusing machine真空注液机vacuum infusion machine预充柜pre-charge equipment化成柜formation systems分容柜grading systems测试柜testing systems内阻仪Battery inner resistance tester万用表Multimeter转盘式真空封口机Turntable type vacuum sealing machine自动冲膜机Automatic aluminum membrane shaper序号首字母英文中文1 A aging 老化2 B battery charger 充电器3 black-fleck 黑斑4 C cap 盖板5 capacity density 能量密度6 capacity grading 分容7 cathode tab welding极耳超焊8cell电芯9 charge(capacity) retention荷电（容量）保持10 checking code检码11 concave spot 凹点12 constant current charge 恒流充电13 constant current discharge 恒流放电14 constant voltage charge 恒压充电15 corrective measures 纠正措施16 crack 裂纹17 cut-off voltage 终止电压18 cycle life 循环寿命19 D dark trace 暗痕20 degrade 降级21 dent 凹痕22 discharge depth 放电深度23 distortion 变形24 drape 打折25 E Electrical and Mechanical Services Department 机电部 26 electrolyte 电解，电解液27 empaistic 压纹28 end-off voltage 放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly 对环境友好30 equipment first inspection 设备首检31 erode 腐蚀32 explosion-proof line 防爆线33 F first inspection 首检34 formation 化成35 fracture 断裂36 I inspection 检验37 insulate 绝缘38 internal resistance 内阻39 J jellyroll 卷芯40 joint 接缝，结合点41 L laser deflecting 偏光42laser reticle 激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld 激光焊接 -平焊laser welding-standing weld 激光焊接 -立焊44 leakage 漏液45 leak-checking 测漏46 leaving out of welding 漏焊47 limited charge voltage 充电限制电压48 local action 自放电49 M margin turnly 翘边50 measuring the dimension of cells电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement 达到要求52 memory effects 记忆效应53 N nick 划痕54 nominal voltage 标称电压55 notice-board confirmation 看板确认56 nugget 硬块57 O obverse 正面58 open circuit voltage 开路电压59 over charge 过充60 over discharge 过放61 over the thickness 超厚62 P particle 颗粒63 PE membrane PE 膜64 pit 坑点65 placing cells into the box 电芯装盒66 point inspection 点检67 preventive measures 预防措施68 pricking the tapes 扎孔69 process inspection 制程检验70 put the battery piled up 将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products 合格品72 quality assurance 质量保证73 quality control 质量控制74 quality improvement 质量改进75 quality match 品质配对76 quality planning 质量策划77 R rated capacity 额定容量78 recharge 再充电79 refitting the can of cell 电芯壳口整形80 requirement 要求81 reverse 背面，反面82 rework 返工83ringing cells into pyrocondensation films 套热缩膜84 S safety vent 安全阀85 sand aperture 砂眼86 scar 疤痕87 secondary battery 二次电池88 select appearance 选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking 测短路90 smudginess 污物91 spot welding by laser 激光点焊92 spot welding place 点焊位置93 spraying the code 喷码94 spur 毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards 贴面垫96 storing 陈化97 storing with high voltage 高压储存98 T tabs deflection 极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion 极耳错位100 technics requirement 工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding 超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength 超焊强度103 unqualified products 不合格品104 W wave 波浪105 working procedure 工序Voltage ：Units of measuring electrical current, all batteries are rated in volts DC.(Direct Current). This determines how much energy is needed to power your equipment. Voltage plateau:（电压平台）A slow decrease in voltage over a long period of time. As a rule, the plateau extends from the first voltage drop at the start of the discharge to thebend of the curve after which the voltage drops rapidly at the end.Nominal Voltage（标称电压）The voltage of a battery, as specified by the manufacturer,discharging at a specified rate and temperature.The working voltage of a cell or battery begins at its electrical connections as soon as an electrical consumer is connected to it.Discharging voltage, average voltage (放电电压)The average discharging voltage is the average value of the dischargingvoltage during the entire discharging process with a related discharging current. Open circuit voltage (OCV开路电压)The voltage of a battery when there is no current flowing.Closed-Circuit Voltage (CCV闭路电压)The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging.State of charge:The rate of charge capacity vs. whole capacity.（起始电压）A battery ＇ s initial voltage is the working voltage when discharging begins. End-point voltage (End voltage, Cutoff voltage, Final voltage)截止电压Specified closed circuit voltage at which a serviceoutput test is terminated. End-of-discharge voltageThe battery voltage when discharge is terminated.End-of-charge voltageThe battery voltage when charge is terminated.Cutoff voltage (V)The battery voltage at which charge or discharge is terminated.Definition: Capacity(容量）The capacity of a cell is defined as how many mill-amp-hours (mAh) ofcurrent the cell can store and subsequently deliver.One mill-amp (mA) is 1/1000th of an Amp. Some larger cellcapacities are expressed in Amp-hours(Ah).“ Rated capacity is” varies with discharge rate, temperature, and cutoff voltage.Rated capacity is different from power or energyExample:If a cell is rated at 1000 mAh, then it can deliver the following:1000 mA of current for 1 hour500 mA of current for 2 hours200 mA of current for 5 hours2000mA of current for 1/2 hourDefinition: Energy Density( 能量密度，包括体积比能量和质量比能量）The energy density of a cell is a measure of how much energy can bestored in the cell per unit volume or per unit weight.E (watt-hours) = cell voltage x capacity ratingEnergy density per unit volume is called the “ volumetric energy density ”and is expressed in terms of watt-hours/liter (wh/l).Energy density per unit weight is called the “ gravimetric energy density ”and is expressed in terms of watt-hours/kilogram (wh/kg).These measurements are useful when you are trying to determine whichcell has the most capacity per unit volume or weight.1.Self Discharge 自放电2.Uniformity of the Li-ion Batteries 锂离子电池的一致性3.steel strap 钢带4.Burst vent 防爆阀5.Filling port 注液孔6.spirally wound type cylindrical wound type 圆柱形7.foil 箔8.parallel-plate prismatic design 方形叠片式设计Ageing （老化） -Permanent loss of capacity with frequent use orThe passage of time due to unwanted irreversible chemical reactions inthe cell. Anode （阳极） -The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place, releasing electrons.During discharge the negative electrode of the cell is the anode.During charge the situation reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode.Cathode（阴极）-The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reductiontakes place, gaining electrons.During discharge the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. Duringcharge the situation reverses andThe negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.Cycle（循环）-A single charge and discharge of a battery.Depth of discharge DOD （放电深度） -The ratio of the quantity of electricity overcharge removed from a cell on discharge to its rated capacity.Internal impedance （交流内阻） -Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates formingthe electrodes. Internal resistance （直流内阻） -Resistance to the flow of DCelectric current within a cell,the current drain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.锂离子电池的内阻英语概念到底用哪个概念，是Internal resistance还是Internal impedance，一些电池说明书内阻用Internal resistance，也有的用Internal impedance，我认为Internal impedance较好些，因为国内测的电池内阻基本都是交流内阻，而外文也有这样定义的（我在别的帖子也粘贴过）：Internal impedance（交流内阻）-Resistance to the flow of AC current within a cell. It takes into account the capacitive effect of the plates formingthe electrodes.Internal resistance（直流内阻）-Resistance to the flow of DCelectric current within a cell, causing a voltage drop across the cell in closedcircuit proportional to the current drain from the cell.A low internal impedance is usually required for a high rate cell.在 IEC6196002 中，只定义为 Internal resistance ，而用交流的方法测得的内阻，叫 Internal a.c. resistance （交流内阻）用直流的方法测得的内阻，叫Internal d.c. resistance （直流内阻），其实Internal a.c. resistance 测得就是阻抗，这样看来不如用 Internal impedance （交流内阻）和Internal resistance （直流内阻）这两个概念把它们进行分清，以免混淆。
电池结构plate for lead-acid battery：铅酸电池用极板lead ingots：铅锭vent valve 排气阀filling device for pleral cells 电池组填充装置negative electrode 负电极negative plate 负极板addition reagent for negative plate 负极板添加剂electrolyte level sensor 电解液液面传感器hard rubber container 硬橡胶槽envelope separator 包状隔板woven cloth tube 纺布管spongy lead 海绵状铅partition 隔壁over the partition type 越过隔壁型through the partition type 贯通隔壁贯通型separator 隔板(1)battery rack(2)battery stand(3)battery stillage 蓄电池架/蓄电池底垫active material 活性物质glass fiber separator 玻璃纤维隔板glass mat 玻璃纤维绵indicator 指示器top cover 上盖vent plug 液孔塞expanded grid 扩展式板栅specific gravity indicator 比重指示器electrolyte level control pipe 电解液液面控制管electrolyte level indicator 电解液液面指示器glass mat tube 玻璃纤维绵管spacing washer 间隔垫圈reinforced fiber separator 强化纤维隔板polarity mark plate 极性标记板pole 极柱pole insulator 极柱绝缘子pole nut 极柱螺母plate 极板plate foot 极板足plate supporter 极板支撑件element 极板群/极群组pole bolt 极柱螺栓plate lug 极板耳dilute sulfuric acid 稀硫酸steel can 金属罐steel container 金属蓄电池槽(1)madribs(2)element rest 鞍子/极群组座tubular plate 管状极板gas recombination on negative electrode type 阴极气体再化合型/阴极气体复合型cut-off discharge 终止放电/截止放电(1）specific characteristic (2)energy density (1)比特性（2）能量密度recovering charge 恢复充电(1)open circuit voltage(2)off-load voltage 开路电压/空载电压overcharge 过充电gassing 析气overcharge life test 过充电寿命试验accelerated life test 加速寿命试验active material utilization 活性物质利用率theoretical capacity of active material 活性物质的理论容量over discharge 过放电intermittent discharge 间歇放电full charge 完全充电full discharge 完全放电reverse charge 反充电/反向充电quick charge 快速放电gelled electrolyte 胶体电解液grid 板栅caution label 警告标签synthetic resin separator 合成树脂隔板plastics container 塑料蓄电池槽synthetic fiber separator 合成纤维隔板connector sunken type 沉没型连接器connetor exposed type 露出型连接器safety valve test 安全阀测试ampere-hour efficency 安时效率one charge distance range 一次充电行程allowable minimum voltage 允许最小电压equalizing charge 均衡充电creeping 蠕变group voltage 组电压shallow cycle endurance 轻负荷寿命/轻负荷循环寿命characteristic of electrolyte decrease 电解液减少特性nominal voltage 标称电压high rate discharge 高率放电high rate discharge characteristic 高率放电特性5 second voltage at discharge 放电5 秒电压（1）cold cranking ampere（2）cold cranking performance（1）冷启动电流（2）冷启动性能cycle life test 循环寿命测试maximum voltage at discharge 最大放电电压30 second voltage at discharge 放电30 秒电压residual capacity 残存容量(1)hour rate(2) discharge rate （1）小时率（2）放电率(1) self discharge (2) local action （1）自放电（2）局部自放电(1) self discharge rate(2) local action rate （1）自放电率（2）局部自放电率actual capacity 实际容量(1)starting capability(2)cranking ability 启动能力activation test for dry charged battery 干式荷电蓄电池活化试验salting 盐析earthquake-proof characteristics 防震性能dielectric voltage withstand test 电介质耐压试验short time discharge 短时间放电escaped acid mist test 酸雾逸出测试terminal voltage 端子电压cell voltage 单电池电压step charge 阶段充电short-circuit current 短路电流storage test 保存测试high rate discharge at low temperature 低温高率放电rated voltage 额定电压rated capacity 额定容量fixed resistance discharge 定阻抗放电constant voltage charge 恒压充电constant voltage life test 恒压寿命测试constant current charge 恒流充电constant voltage constant current charge 恒流恒压充电constant current discharge 恒流放电constant watt discharge 恒功率放电low rate discharge characteristics 低率放电特征trickle charge 涓流充电trickle charge current 涓流充电电流trickle charge life test 涓流充电寿命测试thermal runaway 热失控driving pattern test 运行测试capacity in driving pattern test 运行测试boost charge 急充电floating charge 浮充电floating charge voltage 浮充电电压floating charge current 浮充电电流(1)mean voltage (2)average voltage 平均电压on-load voltage 负载电压cranking current 启动电流battery clamp test 电池夹钳测试power density 功率密度momentary discharge 瞬间放电modified constant voltage charge 修正恒定电压充电initial capacity 初始容量gas recombination by catalyser type 触媒气体复合式initialcharge 初始充电viberation test 振动试验predetermined voltage 预定电压total voltage 总电压discharge duration time 放电持续时间(1)final voltage(2)cut-off voltage(3)end voltage 终止电压/截止电压depth of discharge 放电深度discharge voltage 放电电压discharge current 放电电流discharge current density 放电电流密度discharge watt-hour 放电瓦时discharge characteristics 放电特性discharged ampere-hour 放电安时explosion proof test 防爆测试auxiliary charge 补充电maintenance factor 维护率storage characteristics 保存特性gas recombinating efficiency 气体复合效率/气体再化合效率charge 充电charge acceptance test 充电可接受性试验start-of-charge current 充电开始电流charge efficiency 充电效率end-of-charge voltage 充电结束电压specific gravity of electrolyte at the end of charge 充电结束时电解液比重charge voltage 充电电压charge current 充电电流charged watt-hour 充电瓦时sintered plaque 烧结极板sintered separator 烧结隔板sintered plate 烧结极板catalyst plug 催化塞spine 芯骨strap 带spacer 隔离物insulating tube 绝缘管intercell connector 连接线/连接条connector cover 连接管盖float mounted plug 浮动安装的栓(1)pasted plate (2)grid type plate 涂膏式极板braidd tube 编织管(1)flame-arrester vent plug (2)flam-retardant vent plug 安全塞explosion and splash proof construction 防爆防溅结构baffle 保护板pocket type plate 袋式极板bottom hole-down 底孔向下（固定）bolt fastening terminal 螺栓连接端子male blade 阳片monoblock container 整体槽charge characteristic 充电特性charge ampere-hour 充电安时deep cycle endurance 重负荷循环寿命/重复合寿命weight engergy density 重量能量密度rubber pad 橡胶垫lower level line 下液面线side terminal 侧端子collective exhaust unit 公共的排放单元positive electrode 正极positive plate 正极板leading wire terminal 引线端子retainer mat 止动垫片ribbed separator 肋隔板(1)jumping wire (2)inter low wire 跳线end plate 端板filling plug 注液塞plante plate 形成式极板/普朗特极板tubular plate 管式极板low electric resistance separator 低电阻隔板tapered terminal post 锥形接线柱electrolyte 电解液container 蓄电池槽/蓄电池壳set of container 成套蓄电池槽level-scope mounted plug 透视塞/透视栓handle 手柄jug 取液管(1)connector;(2)plug concent (1)连接器；(2)插座式连接器connector wire 连接线connecting bar 连杆connecting bar cover 连杆帽lead 引线/连接线edge insulator 绝缘卡side frame 侧框架battery cubicle 蓄电池箱corrugated separator 波形隔板lead dioxide：二氧化铅lead peroxide ：过氧化铅woven separator：织物隔板nonwoven separator ：非织物隔板vent hole 通气孔exhaust tube 排气管antipolar mass 反极性物质output cable 输出电缆microporous rubber separator 微孔像胶隔板specific gravity indicator 比重计leaf separator 叶片式隔板perforated separator 多孔隔板burning rod (铅)焊条terminal 端子terminal connector 端子连接条terminal cover 端子盖terminal base 端子座tab 接线片lead bushing 铅套lid sealing compound 密封剂/封口剂sealing gasket 密封衬垫/垫圈lid 蓄电池盖set of lid 系列的盖cover board：盖板solepiece：底板steel ball：钢珠press steel ball：压钢珠valve preventing explosion：防爆阀。
序号首字母英文中文1 A aging 老化2 B battery charger 充电器3 black-fleck 黑斑4 C cap 盖板5 capacity density 能量密度6 capacity grading 分容7 cathode tab welding 极耳超焊8 cell 电芯9 charge(capacity) retention 荷电（容量）保持10 checking code 检码11 concave spot 凹点12 constant current charge 恒流充电13 constant current discharge 恒流放电14 constant voltage charge 恒压充电15 corrective measures 纠正措施16 crack 裂纹17 cut-off voltage 终止电压18 cycle life 循环寿命19 D dark trace 暗痕20 degrade 降级21 dent 凹痕22 discharge depth 放电深度23 distortion 变形24 drape 打折25 E Electrical and MechanicalServices Department 机电部26 electrolyte 电解，电解液27 empaistic 压纹28 end-off voltage 放电截止电压29 environmentally friendly 对环境友好30 equipment first inspection 设备首检31 erode 腐蚀32 explosion-proof line 防爆线33 F first inspection 首检34 formation 化成35 fracture 断裂36 I inspection 检验37 insulate 绝缘38 internal resistance 内阻39 J jellyroll 卷芯40 joint 接缝，结合点41 L laser deflecting 偏光42 laser reticle 激光刻线43 laser welding-flatwise weld 激光焊接-平焊laser welding-standing weld 激光焊接-立焊44 leakage 漏液45 leak-checking 测漏46 leaving out of welding 漏焊47 limited charge voltage 充电限制电压48 local action 自放电49 M margin turnly 翘边50 measuring the dimension of cells 电芯卡尺寸51 meet requirement 达到要求52 memory effects 记忆效应53 N nick 划痕54 nominal voltage 标称电压55 notice-board confirmation 看板确认56 nugget 硬块57 O obverse 正面58 open circuit voltage 开路电压59 over charge 过充60 over discharge 过放61 over the thickness 超厚62 P particle 颗粒63 PE membrane PE膜64 pit 坑点65 placing cells into the box 电芯装盒66 point inspection 点检67 preventive measures 预防措施68 pricking the tapes 扎孔69 process inspection 制程检验70 put the battery piled up 将电芯叠放在一起71 Q qualified products 合格品72 quality assurance 质量保证73 quality control 质量控制74 quality improvement 质量改进75 quality match 品质配对76 quality planning 质量策划77 R rated capacity 额定容量78 recharge 再充电79 refitting the can of cell 电芯壳口整形80 requirment 要求81 reverse 背面，反面82 rework 返工83 ringing cells into pyrocondensation films 套热缩膜84 S safety vent 安全阀85 sand aperture 砂眼86 scar 疤痕87 secondary battery 二次电池88 select appearance 选外观sharp-set 批锋89 short circuit checking 测短路90 smudginess 污物91 spot welding by laser 激光点焊92 spot welding place 点焊位置93 spraying the code 喷码94 spur 毛刺95 sticking the PVC cover boards 贴面垫96 storing 陈化97 storing with high voltage 高压储存98 T tabs deflection 极耳歪斜99 tabs excursion 极耳错位100 technics requiment 工艺要求101 U ultrasonic welding 超声波焊接102 ultrasonic welding strength 超焊强度103 unqualified products 不合格品104 W wave 波浪105 working procedure 工序。
Fuel Cell Glossary Activation voltage loss: 活化电压损失Activation energy: 活化能Activation impedance loop：活化阻抗回路Activation kinetics: 活化反应动力学Activation barrier: 活化壁垒Activation overpotential: 活化过电位Air relative permeability: 空气相对渗透率Air-water two-phase flow: 水-气两相流Anode heat exchanger: 阳极热交换器Anode subsystem: 阳极子系统Arrhenius relationship: 阿伦尼乌斯关系Associative pathway: 旁路，侧路Atmospheric CO2 concentration: 大气CO2浓度Automotive fuel cells: 汽车用燃料电池Avogadro’s number: 阿伏伽德罗常数AC/DC converter: 交流/直流转换器Alkaline fuel cell: 碱性燃料电池AFM: atomic force microscopy: 原子力显微镜Air blower: 风机Air pollution: 空气污染Air supply: 供气Aqueous potassium hydroxide: 氢氧化钾溶液Ammonium borohydride:NH4BH4硼氢化铵Anaerobic digester gas(ADG): 厌氧沼气Anode Galvani potential: 阳极伽伐尼电位Anode supported MEA: 阳极支撑膜电极Aqueous alkaline electrolyte: 含水的碱性电解质Aqueous electrolyte/ionic liquids: 含水电解质/离子溶液Area-normalized reaction rates: 面积归一化的反应速率Area-specific resistance: 面阻抗Arhenius conductivity equation: 阿伦尼乌斯导电率方程Aromatic hydrocarbon membranes: 芳香族碳氢化合物膜Asiplex(Asahi Chemical Industry): 朝日化工Back-diffusion water fluxes: 反扩散水通量Backward flux: 反向通量Batteries: 电池Binary diffusion coefficient: 二元扩散系数Biological fuel cells: 生物燃料电池Bipolar plates: 双极板Blocking electrode: 阻断电极Boltzmann’s constant: 波尔兹蔓常数Bonding energy: 键能Bottleneck processes: 瓶颈技术Boundary conditions: 边界条件Boundary layer theory: 边界层理论Bonding energy: 键能Built-in voltage: 内置电压Bulk reactant: 总体反应物Butler-Volmer equation: 巴特勒-沃尔默方程Bypass valve: 旁通阀BYZ:Yttrium doped barium zirconate：钇掺杂的锆酸钡Bruggeman correlation: 布鲁格曼相关系数Capacitive double-layer impedance: 电容式双层阻抗Capacitors: 电容器Carbon cloth（paper）: 碳布（纸）Carbon dioxide: 二氧化碳Carbon monoxide tolerance: 一氧化碳耐受度Carbon emission: 碳排放Carnot cycle: 卡诺循环Carrier-gas based fuel-processing subsystem: 载气燃料处理系统Carrier hydrogen storage system: 载波储氢系统Carriers concentration：载流浓度Catalyst layer: 催化层Catalyst layer interface: 催化层界面Catalyst reactant: 催化反应物Catalyst deactivation: 催化剂失活Catalytic electrode: 催化电极Catalytic fuel reformer: 催化燃料重整器Cathode Galvani potential: 阴极伽伐尼电位Cathode-membrane interface: 阴极-膜界面Cathode subsystem: 阴极子系统Cathode intercooler: 阴极中冷器Cathode degradation: 阴极衰减Cathode intercooler: 阴极中冷器Cathode activation overvoltage: 阴极活化过电位Cathode supported MEA: 阴极支撑的膜电极Ceramic electrolytes: 陶瓷电解质Ceramic materials: 陶瓷材料Chemisorptions: 化学吸附Current density: 电流密度Cell voltage variation: 电池电压变化Cluster-network model: 串网络模型Cold-start cell voltage: 冷启动电池电压Ceria-based anodes: 铈基阳极CFD: computational fluid dynamics: 计算流体动力学Charged species: 带电粒子Charge flux: 电荷通量Charge carriers: 电荷载体Charge conservation: 电荷守恒Charge transfer mechanisms: 电荷传输机理Charge transfer reactions: 电荷传输反应Charge transport: 电荷传输Chemical bonds: 化学键Chemical determinations: 化学测定法Chemical energy: 化学能Chemical free energy difference: 化学自由能差Chemical potential: 化学电位Chemical reaction: 化学反应Chemical surface oxidation: 化学表面氧化Chemical Structure:化学结构Chemisorbed hydrogen charge transfer reaction: 基于化学吸附的氢气传输反应CHP: combined heat and power: 热电联产（供）Chromium-based metallic interconnects: 铬基金属连接Circuit diagram: 电路图Climate change: 气候变化Climate mitigation: 减缓气候变化Closed system: 封闭系统Coal gasification plant: 煤气化工厂Cold stream：冷流Compressed hydrogen/air: 压缩氢气/空气Compression force: 压缩力Composite membranes: 复合膜Concentration gradient: 浓度梯度Concentration losses: 浓度损失Condenser heat: 冷凝热Conductivity: 导电率Conservation laws: 守恒定律Conservation equations: 守恒方程Constant-current-density assumption: 恒电流密度假设Constant flow rate condition: 流量恒定条件Constant and variable-flow models: 恒流-变流模型Constant-pressure process: 恒压过程Constant stoichiometry: 恒定化学计量比Constitutive equations：本构方程Continuity equation: 连续性方程Continuum diffusion coefficient: 连续性扩散系数Control volume method: 体积控制法Consumption rate: 消耗速率Contact resistance: 接触电阻Convection diffusion: 对流扩散Convective-dominated flow: 对流控制流体Convective fluid transport: 对流流体传输Convective forces: 对流力Convective heat transfer: 对流换热Convective heat-transfer coefficient: 对流传热系数Convective mass transport process: 对流传质过程Convective transport: 对流传输Cooling requirement: 冷却条件Cooling systems: 冷却系统Coupling coefficients: 耦合系数Coupled thermal-water management: 耦合的水热管理Crystal structure: 晶体结构Cross-membrane interconnections: 膜间互连结构Cross section: 断面Crystalline electrolyte: 晶体电解质Current interrupt technique: 电流中断技术Current-voltage curve: 电流-电压曲线Cyclic voltammetry: 循环伏安（法）Capillary flux: 毛细通量Darcy’s law: 达西定律Derivation: 衍生，推导Diffusion coefficients: 扩散系数Diffusion mechanism: 扩散机理Diffusion transport: 扩散传输Diffusivity: 扩散系数Diffusion flux: 扩散通量Diffusion Layers：扩散层Dimensionless groups: 无量纲组Dimensionless factor: 无量纲因子Dissociative pathway: 分解途径Dual-layer cathode electrode: 双层阴极Dusty-fluid model: 尘流模型DC-DC converter: 直流-直流转换器Dead zones: 盲端Decay rate: 衰减速率Dependent variables: 独立变量Dielectric breakdown: 介电击穿Dilute solution(ideal solution): 稀溶液（理想溶液）Direct alcohol fuel cells: 直接醇燃料电池Direct electro-oxidation: 直接电氧化Direct formic acid fuel cells: 直接甲酸燃料电池Direct methanol fuel cells: 直接甲醇燃料电池Dopant ions: 掺杂离子Doped carbon: 碳掺杂Double-layer capacitance: 双层电容Dual-layer approach: 双层接触Durability: 耐久性Dynamic equilibrium: 动态平衡Economic trade-off: 经济权衡（效益/性价比）Electro-osmotic flow: 电渗流Electrochemical reaction kinetics: 电化学反应动力学Electrode-electrolyte interface: 电极-电解质界面Electrolyte membrane: 电解质膜Electromotive force: 电动势Empirical correlation: 经验相关性Energy balance: 能量平衡Enthalpy change: 焓变Entropic heat: 熵热Effective diffusivity: 有效扩散Effective porosity: 有效孔隙率Effective resistance: 有效阻抗Efficiency loss: 效率损失EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy:电化学阻抗谱图分析Electrochemical reaction kinetics: 电化学反应动力学Electrical efficiencies: 发电效率Electrical driving forces: 电子驱动力Electrical potential: 电压Electrical field force: 电场力Electric power: 电功Electric wall conditions: 电壁条件Electrical work: 电功Electrochemical half reactions: 电化学半反应Electrochemical reaction heterogeneity: 电化学反应异质性Electrode-electrolyte microstructure: 电极-电解质微观结构Electrode materials: 电极材料Electro-osmotic drag: 电渗拖拽Endothermic reaction: 吸热反应Exothermic reaction: 放热反应Energy buffers: 能量缓冲器Energy conversion device: 能量转换装置Equivalent circuit elements: 等效电路元件Equivalent circuit (fuel cell) model: 等效电路（燃料电池）模型Equivalent weight: 当量Exponential Boltzmann factor: 指数波尔兹曼因子External heat transfer: 外部传热Extrinsic carriers: 外源载体Exchange current: 交换电流Experimental visualization: 可视化实验Extrinsic carriers: 外源载体Faraday’s law: 法拉第定律Fick’s law: 费克定律Fickian diffusion (coefficients): 费克扩散系数First law of thermodynamics: 热力学第一定律Flooding: 水淹Flow equations: 流量方程Fluid mixer: 混合流、流体混合器Four-point membrane –conductivity measuring cell: 四点法膜导电率测定Fourier’s law: 傅里叶定律Freezing point depression: 冰点抑制法Free-electron model: 自由电子模型Free volumes: 自由体积Frictional pressure drop: 摩擦压降Feedback loop: 反馈回路Fermi level: 费米能级Fixed stoichiometry condition: 固定化学计量比Flip-flop designs: 触发器设计Flow channels: 流道Flow field plates: 流场板Forced convection: 强迫对流Formation enthalpy: 生成焓Formic acid: 甲酸Forward activation barriers: 正向活化能Forward current density: 正向电流密度Forward flux: 正向通量Freezing/thawing: 冻结/融化Fuel crossover: 燃料穿透性Fuel processors: 燃料处理器Fuel reformers: 燃料重整器Fuel cell vehicles: 燃料电池汽车Fuel cell stacks: 燃料电池堆Fuel cell systems: 燃料电池系统Galvanostatic techniques: 恒流技术Gas-phase mole fraction of species i: i粒子气相摩尔分数GDL de-wetting and voltage loss: 气体扩散层脱湿及电压损失Green house gas emissions: 温室气体排放Gross heating value: 总热值Gibbs free energy: 吉布斯自由能Gadolinium-doped ceria: 钇掺杂的氧化铈Galvanic cell: 原电池（伽伐尼电池）Galvani potential: 伽伐尼电压Gas flow channels: 气体流道Gas diffusion layer: 气体扩散层Gasification: 气化Gasoline vehicle supply chain: 汽油车供应链Generalized mass-transfer driving force: 广义的传质驱动力Geometric design guidelines: 几何设计指南Global warming potential: 全球变暖潜力Governing equations: 控制方程Gravimetric energy density(specific energy): 重量能量密度（比能量）Gravimetric Power density(specific power): 重量功率密度（比功率）Gravimetric Ragone plots: 重量比功率-比能量曲线图Heat capacity: 热容Heat capacity effects：热容效应Heat and mass transfer: 传热传质Hydrogen reduction reaction: 氢还原反应Heat conduction: 热传导Heat pipe effect: 热管效应Heat radiation: 热辐射Heat spreaders cooling: 散热器冷却Heat transfer modes: 传热模式Heat engine: 热机Heat management: 热管理Heat release: 放热Heat exchangers: 热交换器Henry’s constant: 亨利常数Heat recovery efficiency: 热回收效率Helmholtz free energy: 亥姆霍兹自由能Heterpoly acid catalyst: 杂聚酸催化剂High current density region: 高电流密度区High-frequency intercept: 高频截距High-potential-energy initial state: 高势能初始状态High-temperature fuel cells: 高温燃料电池High-temperature oxidizing: 高温氧化Honda Home Energy Station: 本田家庭能源电站Hopping activation barrier: 跃迁活化能垒Hopping mechanisms: 跃迁机理Hopping model: 跃迁模型Hot reformate stream: 热重整气流Heuristic percolation theory: 启发式渗流理论High-frequency resistance: 高频阻抗Higher heating value: 高热值Hydrocarbon fuel: 碳氢燃料Hydrocarbon polymer: 碳氢高聚物Hydrogen-oxygen combustion reaction: 氢-氧燃烧反应Hydrogen-oxygen electrochemical reaction: 氢-氧电化学反应Hydrogen oxidation reaction: 氢气氧化反应Hypothetical condition: 假设条件Hydrogen utilization: 氢气利用率Humidification changes: 湿度变化Hydraulic permeation: 液压渗透Hydrogen and oxygen concentration contours: 氢气氧气浓度轮廓图Hydrophilic GDL: 亲水气体扩散层Hydrophobic GDL: 疏水气体扩散层Hydrostatic pressure: 静水压Hydrogen-hydrogen bond: 氢键能Hydrophobic treatment: 疏水处理Hydroscopic oxide: 吸湿氧化物Hydroxide compounds: 氢氧化物Hydroxy radicals: 氢氧自由基ICE(internal combustion engines):内燃机Ideal gas: 理想气体Impedance behavior: 阻抗行为Impedance response: 阻抗反应Incremental voltage loss: 增量式电压损失Inertial forces: 惯性力Infinite Warburg impedance element: 无限沃伯格阻抗元素Infinite Warburg behavior: 无限沃伯格行为Ink deposition: （催化剂）喷墨技术Inlet condition: 入口条件In situ electrochemical characterization techniques: 电化学原位表征技术Interdigitated flow: 交指型流动Interfacial potential: 界面电压Intermediate-strength bond: 中强化学键Internal fluid friction: 内流摩擦Internuclear separation: 核间距Intrinsic carriers: 內源载体Internal energy: 内能Intrinsic hopping rate: 内在跃迁速率Irreversible reaction process: 不可逆反应过程Isothermal reaction: 等温反应Ice dynamics and removal: 成冰动力学及除冰Ice formation: 结冰Ice melting: 冰融化Ice volume fraction: 冰体积分数Impedance model: 阻抗模型Ionic conduction: 离子传导Ionic conductors: 离子导体Ionic/electronic conductivities: 离子/电子导电率Ionic charge transport: 离子电荷传输Iterative process: 迭代过程Joules heat: 焦耳热Jump attempt frequency: 频率跃变Kinetic energy: 动能Kinetic Monte Carlo technique: 动力学蒙特卡洛技术Kinetic properties: 动力学性质KOH aqueous solution: 氢氧化钾水溶液Kinematic viscosity: 动力学粘度Knudsen diffusion: 努森扩散Lambert-Beer law: 朗伯-比尔定律Laminar flow: 层流Lanthanum gallate(LaGaO3): 酯酸镧Lanthanum Strontium Manganite(LSM):掺锶的亚锰酸镧Law of conservation of energy: 能量守恒定律Life cycle assessment: 生命周期评价Linear approximation: 线性逼近Linear voltage gradient: 线性电压梯度Linear Tafel fit: 线性塔菲尔拟合Liquid-gas transport models: 气-液传输模型Liquid-tin anode SOFC: 液态锡阳极SOFCLiquid water dynamics and removal: 液态水动力学及除水Liquid water transport model: 液态水传输模型Liquid saturation contours: 液态饱和廓线Lumped-system model: 总系统模型Logarithmic form: 对数形式Lone pair substitution: 孤对电子取代Low carbon fuels: 低碳燃料Low current densities: 低电流密度Low-potential-energy final state:低势能终态Low-temperature fuel cells: 低温燃料电池Lower heating value: 低热值Lumped-system model: 总系统模型Mass transfer: 传质Mass and momentum conservation: 质量和动量守恒Membrane hydration: 膜的湿化Microporous layers: 微孔层Macroscopic model prediction：宏观模型预测Mass and momentum conservation:质量与动量守恒Maxwell-Stefan flux equations: 麦克斯韦-斯特凡通量方程Molten carbonate fuel cells: 熔融碳酸盐燃料电池Membrane electrode assembly: 膜电极Membrane ionic conductivity: 膜离子导电率Membrane resistance profiles: 膜阻抗特征Methane: 甲烷Methanol: 甲醇Migration energy barrier: 迁移能垒Micro- , macro-transport: 微观，宏观传输Multiphase flow: 多相流Multiple-layered cathode catalyst layers: 多层阴极催化层Mass flow controllers: 质量流量控制器Matrix material: 基体材料Mechanical integrity: 机械优异性Membrane degradation: 膜降解Metal-air cells: 金属-空气电池Metal-based GDL materials: 金属基扩散层材料Metal hydride: 金属氢化物Metallic electron conductor: 金属电子导体Metal surfaces: 金属表面MEA fabrication: 膜电极制备Minimum temperature difference: 最小温差Mixed ion-conducting and electronically conducting: 混合离子-电子传导Molecular weight: 分子量Mobile fuel cell application: 手机燃料电池应用Modeling two-phase flow: 模拟两相流Monitoring system: 检测系统Molar concentration: 摩尔浓度Molar flow rate: 摩尔流速Molar flux: 摩尔通量Molar reaction quantities: 摩尔反应量Molar-weighted reactant: 摩尔加权反应Multicomponent gas diffusion: 多组分气体扩散Multiphase mixture formulation: 多相混合物配制Nafion：杜邦公司生产的质子交换膜，商品名，分117，115，112，212系列Nafion-based fuel cell system: 基于Nafion膜的燃料电池系统Natural desulfurized gas fuel: 天然脱硫气体燃料Natural gas fuel: 天然气燃料Natural greenhouse effect: 天然气温室效应Negative energy change: 负能量变化Nernst equation: 能斯特方程Nernstian concentration losses: 能斯特浓度损失Nernst voltage: 能斯特电压Net electrical efficiencies: 净电效率Net flux: 净通量Net reaction rate: 净反应速率Neutral water balance: 中性水平衡Net current extraction: 静电流输出Neutron radiography: 中子照相Net water transport coefficient: 净水传输系数Neutron radiography: 中子成相Newton’s law of cooling: 牛顿冷却定律Nickel-based electrodes: 镍基电极Nitrates: 硝酸盐Nitrogen flux: 氮气通量Nonplatinum ORR catalysts: 非铂氧气还原反应催化剂Nonuniformities: 非均一性Nonspontaneous reaction: 非自发反应Norminal diffusivity: 校正扩散Numerical analysis: 数值分析Nusselt number：努赛尔数Nyquist diagram/plot: 奈奎斯特图One-dimensional analysis: 一维分析Operational sweet spot: 操作优化点Ohmic loss: 欧姆损失Ohm’s law: 欧姆定律Ohmic voltage loss: 欧姆电压损失Ohmic activation loss: 欧姆活化损失Ohmic overvoltage: 欧姆过电位Ohmic resistance: 欧姆电阻Overall efficiency: 整体效率Oxygen/water concentration: 氧气/水浓度ORR(oxygen reduction reaction): 氧气还原反应Open circuit voltage: 开路电压Ordinary differential equation: 常微分方程Optical microscopy: 光学显微镜On-board fuel processor: 板载燃料处理器One-phase AC power: 单相交流电源Operating temperature: 操作温度Organic matter: 有机物质Orthorhombic tungsten bronze: 斜方晶钨青铜Outlet condition: 出口条件Oxidant species: 氧化剂粒子Oxide electrolytes: 氧化物电解质Oxide ions: 氧离子Oxygen-deficient perovskites: 缺氧型钙钛矿Oxygen-oxygen bonds: 氧-氧（共价）键Oxygen vacancies: 氧空位（穴）PEM fuel cell: 质子交换膜燃料电池Parasitic nonelectrochemical reactions: 寄生的非电化学反应Parasitic power: 寄生功率Partially humidified air: 部分加湿的空气Partial oxidation: 部分氧化PBI(polybenzimidazole): 聚苯并咪唑（一种高温质子交换膜）Phase change：相变Phase equilibrium: 相平衡Phase mobility: 相流动性Phase-change-based cooling: 基于相变的冷却Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell: 聚合物电解质膜燃料电池Pore-level heat transfer: 孔隙传热Pore-scale transport: 孔尺度传输Porous media: 多孔介质Power density: 功率密度Power-law conductivity model: 幂律特征的导电率模型Proton conductivity models: 质子导电模型Proton transport: 质子传输Phosphoric acid fuel cell: 磷酸燃料电池Palladium membrane: 钯膜Parallel flow: 平行流Power control unit: 动力控制单元PEEK(polyether ether ketone): 聚醚醚酮（一种低温质子交换膜）Perfectly smooth electrode-electrolyte interface: 完美的电极-电解质界面Perfluorinated polymers: 全氟聚合物（以Nafion为代表）Permeability: 渗透率Perovskite anode materials: 钙钛矿阳极材料Perovskite structure: 钙钛矿结构PTFE(Polytetrafluoroethylene): 聚四氟乙烯Phase-shifted current response: 基于相转移的电流响应Phosphoric acid doped PBI: 磷酸掺杂PBI膜Phosphotungstic acid: 磷钨酸Pinch point analysis: 夹点分析Planar connection designs: 面连接设计Planck’s constant: 普朗克常数Platinum-free catalysts: 非铂催化剂Poisoning effect: 中毒效应Polarization curve: 极化曲线Polymer: 高分子，聚合物Polymer chains: 高聚物链Power density: 功率密度Polymer ion conductors: 高聚物离子导体Pore size distributions: 孔径分布Porosity: 孔隙率Portable fuel cell: 可携带燃料电池Potassium hydroxide: 氢氧化钾Potential energy: 势能Pre-leaching process: 预浸工艺Pressure gauges: 压力表Pressure-swing absorption: 变压吸附Pressurized fuel cell system: 增压燃料电池系统Primary fuel reforming reactions: 主要燃料重整反应Proton conducting polymer: 质子导电聚合物Pt-based catalyst: 铂基催化剂Pulse-width voltage modulation: 脉宽电压调制方式Pyrochlore-type oxides: 焦绿石型氧化物Physical properties: 物理性质Planar structures: 面内结构Platinum electrodes: 铂电极Potentiostatic techniques: 恒压技术Proton transport: 质子传输Phase-change-based cooling: 基于相变的冷却Quantum mechanics: 量子力学Radiator: 散热器Reaction spontaneity: 反应自发性Reduction reaction: 还原反应Relative humidity：相对湿度Renewable fuel: 可再生燃料Reversible thermodynamic efficiency: 可逆热力学效率Reversible voltage: 可逆电压Reaction enthalpy: 反应焓Reverse current density: 反向电流密度Reynolds number: 雷诺数Radial frequency: 径向频率Reactants concentration: 反应物浓度Reaction rates: 反应速率Real fuel cell efficiency: 真实燃料电池效率Redox active dye molecules: 氧化还原活性染料分子Reforming process: 重整工艺Relaxation parameters: 松弛参数Resistors: 电阻器Reverse current density: 可逆电流密度Reverse reaction: 可逆反应Reversible thermodynamic efficiency: 可逆热力学效率Rotational diffusion transfer mechanisms: 旋转扩散传输机制Ruthenium: 钌Salt bridge: 盐桥Salt water battery: 盐水电池Scenario analysis: 方案分析Sealing method: 密封方法Solid state ionic conductor: 固态离子导体Spatially varying properties: 空间变化特性Species convection: 离子对流State of subfreezing water: 零下水状态Steady-state galvanostatic measurement: 静态恒流测试Steady-state properties：静态性质Stoichiometric number: 化学计量数Sulfonic group: 磺酸基Supply chain: 供应链Species transport equation: 粒子传输方程Stochastic material reconstruction: 随机材料重构Scaling and dimensionless groups: 缩放及无量纲组Schmidt number: 施密特数Second law of thermodynamics: 热力学第二定律Serpentine flow: 蛇形流Sherwood number: 舍伍德数Solid oxide fuel cells: 固体氧化物燃料电池Stanton number: 斯坦顿数Stefan-Boltzmann constant: 斯特凡-波尔兹曼常数Stefan-Boltzmann law: 斯特凡-波尔兹曼定律Samaria-doped ceria: 氧化钐掺杂的氧化铈Scanning electron microscopy: 扫描电子显微镜Sealant degradation: 密封胶降解Selective oxidation reactor: 选择性氧化反应器Semi-empirical expression: 半经验方程Shear force: 剪切力Shorting: 短路Silicotungstic acid: 硅钨酸Sintering: 烧结Sinusoidal current response:正弦电流响应Step-down converter: 降压转换器Step-up converter: 升压转换器Sulfonated polymer: 磺化聚合物Sulfonated hydrocarbon polymers: 磺化碳氢聚合物Symmetry condition: 对称条件Tafel equation: 塔菲尔方程Tafel slope: 塔菲尔斜率Thermal expansion coefficient: 热膨胀系数Thermal subsystem: 热系统Thermal conductivity: 热导率Thermodynamic voltage: 热力学电压Transport delay: 传输延迟Thermodynamics: 热力学Teflon: 聚四氟乙烯Temperature evolution and voltage loss: 温度变化与电压损失Transient phenomena: 瞬态现象Transversal membrane hydration: 横向膜加湿Transmission electron microscopy: 透射式电子显微镜Triple phase boundary: 三相界面Triple phase zones: 三相反应区Temperature-enthalpy diagram: 热-焓图Thermal balances: 热平衡Thermodynamics: 热力学Three-dimensional analysis: 三维分析Test conditions: 测试条件Turbulent flow: 湍流Two-fluid modeling：双流体模型Two-phase flow patterns: 两相流模式Vapor-phase diffusion: 气相扩散Vapor-liquid phase change: 气-液相变Variable-flow model: 变流模型Vehicular-diffusion mechanism: 汽车式扩散机制Volumetric condensation/evaporation rate: 体积冷凝/蒸发速率Volumetric storage capability: 容积储存能力Vacancies：空穴Vaporization latent heat: 蒸发潜热Viscous drag interaction: 粘性阻力作用Viscous forces: 粘性力Volatile organic compounds: 挥发性有机物Volumetric air flow rate: 体积空气流速Volumetric power density: 体积功率密度Void space: 空隙间隔Vulcan XC-72: 炭黑催化剂，商品名Water content: 含水量Water droplet dynamics: 水滴动力学Water holding capacity: 保水容量Water vapor saturation concentration: 水气饱和浓度Weber number: 韦伯数Wall condition: 壁面（边界）条件Water back diffusion: 水的反扩散Water gas shift reactors: 水气转换反应器X-ray diffraction(XRD): X射线衍射X-ray imaging: X射线成像Yttria-stabilized zirconia: 氧化钇稳定的氧化锆Zinc-air cell: 锌空电池Zirconia: 氧化锆Zirconium cations: 氧化锆阳离子Zr4+。
正极车间positive electrode workshop发泡镍nickel foamPTFE PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)分条pieces division配制confecting正极粉positive electrode powder镍片nickel ribbon裁镍片nickel ribbon cutting胶布rubberized fabric混粉powder mixing拉片pressing and rolling ( pulling & rolling)裁片slice cutting软化slice intenerating烘干slice drying裁小片electrode slice cutting修边shearing electrode edge点焊极耳nickel ribbon welding裁极耳nickel ribbon modifying （nickel ribbon cutting—前面的都是用CUT）称重slice weighing整形slice refit齐片retest dimension （placing slice orderly）划贴胶布attaching rubberized fabric可选工序working procedure for choosing (choice procedure)来料incoming material工序working procedure来料/批量检查incoming material/lots inspection流程检查production flow inspection流程加检查production flow reinspection ( additional inspection)边角料leftover material废片waste slices裁刀cutting reamer半成品semi-manufactured goods拉力测试pull test拉片车间pulling and rolling workshop(前面拉片选用的是processing，更改为Pulling and rolling workshop))配粉房powder mixing workshop消防器材fire control equipment拉浆pulling slice with plasm手刷粉brushing powder by hand烘箱oven真空箱vacuum case上粉机powder attaching machine对辊机opposite roller machine叉车forklift智能型风淋室brain power air shower room (Intelligent air shower room) 集流体current collector负极车间negative electrode workshopSBR SBR(Styrene Butadiene Rubber)铜网copper net负极粉negative electrode powder上粉attach powder浸胶PTFE dipping烘干slice drying二次辊压second pressing and rolling裁片slice cutting装配车间assembling workshop纯水pure water氢氧化钾potassium hydroxide配制碱液electrolyte confecting密封胶Sealant盖帽cap密封圈sealing circle圈帽组合circle and cap assembling沥青pitch隔膜纸separator裁隔膜separator cutting钢壳steel can底片bottom plate放底片bottom plate putting负极片negative electrode slice正极片positive electrode slice卷绕curling测零电short circuit test弯极耳electrode tap curling滚槽steel tube rolling涂壳口pitching steel can挑极耳pick up the electrode tap点焊盖帽cap welding排扳battery array插针筒injection tube inserting注碱electrolyte injection离心下碱centrifugal electrolyte injection放面片cover plate putting拔扳pulling out injection tube压帽cap pressing封口seal清洗battery cleaning装盒box packing ( inner box packing) 送化成deliver to formation workshop化成车间formation workshop封口电池Sealed battery硼酸boric acid纯水pure water配制清洗液cleaning liquid confecting常温陈化normal temperature aging测零电short circuit testT1化成T1 formation高温陈化high temperature aging搁置lay aside限压放电discharge with restricted voltage 测高压high voltage testT2化成T2 formation分容capacity classifying补电complementary charge清洗battery cleaning进仓deliver to warehouse包装车间packing workshop套管sleeve裁剥套管sleeve cutting and peeling面圈cover plate成品电池finished battery挑外观battery appearance selection测电压voltage test测内阻internal resistance testing喷码mark printing贴面圈putting cover plate定位过机PVC tube orienting and heat-shrinking (改orientation 冷吹散热heat dispersing排电池battery arraying挂卡paperboard making (blister packing)标贴mark attaching挑外观battery appearance selection纸盒inner box纸箱outer carton装盒inner box packing数量检查count ( quantity inspection)装箱outer carton packing and strapping（outer carton packing 称重weighing进仓deliver to warehouse全自动包装packaging automatically自动测电压内阻automatic test of voltage and internal resistance挂卡吸塑blister packing and mold (blister packing )冲孔punch组装车间battery assembling workshop插头线plug wire ( connector wire)镍片nickel tab绝缘胶布insulated rubberized fabric胶水glue成品电池finished battery电压分档battery classifying by voltage ( voltage classifying)粘电池battery sticking贴胶布rubberized fabric attaching点焊welding焊线nickel tab welding线定位lead wire welding ( lead wire orientation)套套管putting outer PVC tubing (sleeve covering)定位PVC tubing orienting ( sleeve orientation)过收缩机PVC tubing heat-shrinking ( sleeve heat- shrinking)挑外观battery pack appearance selection印/喷码code printing/spraying测电压内阻voltage and internal resistance test贴标marks sticking ( adhesive label)称重weighing进仓deliver to warehouse隔膜separator厚度thickness面密度basis weight ( surface density)孔径pore size ( pore diameter)离子交换能力ion exchange capacity捕氨能力ammonia absorption capacity吸碱速率wicking rate ( electrolyte absorption speed) 吸碱量electrolyte absorption抗拉强度tensile strength伸长率elongation电阻electrolytic resistance ( resistance)表观密度apparent density发泡镍nickel foam面密度area density ( surface density)孔数pore per inch厚度thickness宽度width抗拉强度tensile strength伸长率elongation柔韧性firmness ( flexility)氢氧化镍Ni(OH)2镍nickel钴cobalt锌zinc镉cadmium铁iron铜copper铅lead钙calcium镁magnesium钠sodium硫酸盐sulfate振实密度tap density容积密度bulk density结晶粒度grain size表面积surface area半最大值全波XRD-FWHM硝酸盐nitrate合金粉hydrogen storage alloy powderPCT pressure-composition-isotherm单体蓄电池(Secondary) cell /(Rechargeable) cell 蓄电池组(Secondary) battery/(Rechargeable) battery/Storage battery 铅酸蓄电池Lead-acid battery碱性蓄电池Alkaline Secondary battery铁镍蓄电池Nickel-iron battery镍镉蓄电池Nickel-cadmium battery镍氢蓄电池Nickel- Metal Hydride battery锌银蓄电池Silver-zinc secondary battery镉银蓄电池Silver-cadmium secondary battery锌镍蓄电池Nickel-zinc secondary battery反极Reversal开路电压Open circuit voltage/Off-load voltage 标称电压Nominal voltage专用蓄电池Battery for specific application固定型蓄电池stationary battery携带式蓄电池portable battery启动用蓄电池starter battery牵引用蓄电池traction battery摩托车用蓄电池motorcycle battery火车照明用蓄电池train lighting battery航空用蓄电池aircraft battery特技飞行用蓄电池aerobatic battery整体蓄电池Monoblock battery开口式蓄电池Open cell无泄露蓄电池Unravel cell密封蓄电池Sealed cell全密封蓄电池Hermetically sealed cell干式荷电蓄电池Dry charged battery带液荷电蓄电池Filled and charged battery湿荷电蓄电池Charged drained battery干式非荷电蓄电池Dry discharged battery带液非荷电蓄电池Filled and discharged battery湿式非荷电蓄电池Discharged drained battery未化成干态蓄电池Unformed dry battery储备蓄电池Reserve battery免维护蓄电池Maintenance-free battery活性物质Active material极板Plate (of a battery)正极板Positive plate负极板Negative plate形成式极板，普朗特极板Plante plate涂膏式极板Grid type plate Pasted plate富尔极板Faure plate管式极板Tubular plate箱式负极板Box negative plate有极板盒式极板；袋式极板Pocket type plate烧结式极板Sintered plate极板对Plate pair (of a battery)/Plate couple极板群极板组Plate group隔离物Spacer隔板Separator (of a battery)组合极板组Plate pack端子：极柱Terminal (of a battery)氢镍、密封可再充电池sealed rechargeable nickel-metal hydride 电池型号cell designation额定容量rated capacity标称电压nominal voltage极性polarity充电率和时间charge rate and time电气试验electrical tests充电charge放电discharge荷电（容量）保持能力charge(capacity) retention循环寿命endurance in cycles ( cycle life)充电态搁置stand in charged condition过充电overcharge安全装置工作safety device operation贮存storage内阻internal resistance机械试验mechanical test碰撞试验bump testBET公式BET formulaDLVO理论DLVO theoryHLB法hydrophile-lipophile balance methodpVT性质pVT propertyζ电势zeta potential阿伏加德罗常数Avogadr o’number阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro law阿累尼乌斯电离理论Arrhenius ionization theory阿累尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation阿累尼乌斯活化能Arrhenius activation energy阿马格定律Amagat law艾林方程Erying equation爱因斯坦光化当量定律Einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence 爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程Einstein-Stokes equation安托万常数Antoine constant安托万方程Antoine equation盎萨格电导理论Onsager’s theory of conductance半电池half cell半衰期half time period饱和液体saturated liquids饱和蒸气saturated vapor饱和吸附量saturated extent of adsorption饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure爆炸界限explosion limits比表面功specific surface work比表面吉布斯函数specific surface Gibbs function比浓粘度reduced viscosity标准电动势standard electromotive force标准电极电势standard electrode potential标准摩尔反应焓standard molar reaction enthalpy标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standard Gibbs function of molar reaction标准摩尔反应熵standard molar reaction entropy标准摩尔焓函数standard molar enthalpy function标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standard molar Gibbs free energy function 标准摩尔燃烧焓standard molar combustion enthalpy标准摩尔熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation enthalpy标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standard molar formation Gibbs function标准平衡常数standard equilibrium constant标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode标准态standard state标准熵standard entropy标准压力standard pressure标准状况standard condition表观活化能apparent activation energy表观摩尔质量apparent molecular weight表观迁移数apparent transference number表面surfaces表面过程控制surface process control表面活性剂surfactants表面吸附量surface excess表面张力surface tension表面质量作用定律surface mass action law波义尔定律Boyle law波义尔温度Boyle temperature波义尔点Boyle point玻尔兹曼常数Boltzmann constant玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann distribution玻尔兹曼公式Boltzmann formula玻尔兹曼熵定理Boltzmann entropy theorem玻色－爱因斯坦统计Bose-Einstein statistics泊Poise不可逆过程irreversible process不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 不可逆相变化irreversible phase change布朗运动brownian movement查理定律Charle’s law产率yield敞开系统open system超电势over potential沉降sedimentation沉降电势sedimentation potential沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium触变thixotropy粗分散系统thick disperse system催化剂catalyst单分子层吸附理论mono molecule layer adsorption单分子反应unimolecular reaction单链反应straight chain reactions弹式量热计bomb calorimeter道尔顿定律Dalton law道尔顿分压定律Dalton partial pressure law德拜和法尔肯哈根效应Debye and Falkenhagen effect德拜立方公式Debye cubic formula德拜－休克尔极限公式Debye-Huckel’s limiting equation等焓过程isenthalpic process等焓线isenthalpic line等几率定理theorem of equal probability等温等容位Helmholtz free energy等温等压位Gibbs free energy等温方程equation at constant temperature低共熔点eutectic point低共熔混合物eutectic mixture低会溶点lower consolute point低熔冰盐合晶cryohydric第二类永动机perpetual machine of the second kind第三定律熵third-law entropy第一类永动机perpetual machine of the first kind缔合化学吸附association chemical adsorption电池常数cell constant电池电动势electromotive force of cells电池反应cell reaction电导conductance电导率conductivity电动势的温度系数temperature coefficient of electromotive force 电动电势zeta potential电功electric work电化学electrochemistry电化学极化electrochemical polarization电极电势electrode potential电极反应reactions on the electrode电极种类type of electrodes电解池electrolytic cell电量计coulometer电流效率current efficiency电迁移electro migration电迁移率electromobility电渗electroosmosis电渗析electrodialysis电泳electrophoresis丁达尔效应Dyndall effect定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant volume定容温度计Constant voIume thermometer定压摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant pressure定压温度计constant pressure thermometer定域子系统localized particle system动力学方程kinetic equations动力学控制kinetics control独立子系统independent particle system对比摩尔体积reduced mole volume对比体积reduced volume对比温度reduced temperature对比压力reduced pressure对称数symmetry number对行反应reversible reactions对应状态原理principle of corresponding state多方过程polytropic process多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers 二级反应second order reaction二级相变second order phase chang。
