语言学教程试题及答案

WORD格式胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题第一章：语言学导论I.Choose the best answer. (20%)nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people presentare likely to say “碎碎（岁岁）平安” as means of controlling the forces whichthey believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcomethe barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers ofa language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to thefunctions of language?— A nice day, isn ’ t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user knowledge’of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.It couldn ’ t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics C. SociolinguisticsB. Anthropological linguistics D. Applied linguistics10.__________ deals with language application to other fields,particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)nguage is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.nguage change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communicationsystems.nguage is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the detailsof any language system can be genetically transmitted.16.Only human beings are able to communicate.17. . De Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III.Fill in the blanks. (10%)nguage, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed __________.nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. Thisfunction is __________.24.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performingheavy work has been called the __________ theory.25.Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26.Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries todiscover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________over writing.28.The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29.Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure ’ s langue and Chomsky ’ s ________ IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Design feature32.Displacementpetence34.Synchronic linguisticsV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of humanlanguage? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?（南开大学， 2004 ）36. Why is it difficult to define language?（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific?（青岛海洋大学，1999）第二章：语音I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the centerare known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________. A.minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A.Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Auditory phonetics D.None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of aspeech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and donot contrast, namely,the substitution of one for the other does not produce adifferent word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17.When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18.According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax orlong vs. short.19.Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20.The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where toplace a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowelsounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing__________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24.One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without__________.26.In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simplybecause of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating__________.27.In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by movingfrom one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influenceof their neighbors.29.__________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Sound assimilation32.Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34.Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开 04）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学， 1999 ）(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2)low front vowel(3)lateral liquid(4)velar nasal(5)voiced interdental fricative第三章：词汇I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. functionwords D. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectional C. boundB. freeD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4.In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and__________. A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7.The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________. A.blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10.All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12.Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectionalaffixes are removed.14.In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23.Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26.__________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a processof shortening.27.__________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28.Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a__________.30.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Blending32.Allomorph33.Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35.How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?（厦门大学， 2003 ）36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II（武汉大学， 2004 ）I II(1)acronym a. foe(2)free morpheme b. subconscious(3)derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4)inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5)prefix e. calculation第四章：句法I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1.The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2.The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3.The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4.A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5.A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A.how words and phrases form sentences.B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC.how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD.all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “ the city RomeA. the cityB. RomeC.city ” is __________.D. the city Rome9.The phrase “ on the shelflongs”tobe__________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10.The sentence “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves. is a __________sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexWORD格式II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is nolimit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able toproduce and comprehend.13.In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinatingthe other.14.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognizedand discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct objectusually follows the verb.18.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a completelist of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20.It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22.A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command.23.A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25.A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the other.26.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normallycalled an __________clause.27.Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new wordsare constantly added.28.__________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29.__________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operatein one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between andWORD格式among natural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appearonly in subject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Syntax32.IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?（武汉大学，2004）36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “ more beautiful flowers ”by means IC analysis. （北京二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of thesentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.第五章：意义I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps. ” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3.Which of the following is NOT true?A.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C.Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D.Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4.“Can I borrow your bike?A. is synonymous with C.entails ” _______ “ You have a bike. ”B. is inconsistent withD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6.“Alive”and “ dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8.___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semanticrules D. semantic featuresII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the varietyitself, for example, within British English or American English.12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element andthe non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with theinherent meaning of the linguistic form.13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references indifferent situations.14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic andinherent relation to the physical world of experience.15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as thesituation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of allits components.18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but rankeddifferently according to their degree of formality.19.“It is hot. ”-placeisnopredication because it contains no argument.20.In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between alinguistic form and what it refers to.23.__________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called__________.26.__________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.27.__________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called__________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence.30.According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a language aretaken to be labels of the objects they stand for.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Entailment32.Propositionponential analysis34.ReferenceV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are the sense relations between the following groups of words?Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots（青岛海洋大学，1999 ）36.What are the three kinds of antonymy?（武汉大学， 2004 ）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (a)words and (b) words.(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb. bull, rooster, drake, ram(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, carb. milk, alcohol, rice, soup(3) a. book, temple, mountain, road, tractorb. idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear （青岛海洋大学，1999）第七章：语言、文化和社会[注：第六章无测试题]I.Choose the best answer. (20%)1._______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. General linguistics2.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD.morphemes3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variation C. Social variationB. Language variation D. Register variation4._______ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB. Loyalty to and confidence in one ’ s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interference C. Language planningB. Language changes D. Language transfer6._________ in a person ’ s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation7.A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language8.Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects9.In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old10.A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited bythe “ polite ” society generalfrom use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations. 13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term“speechotbevarietyused to”can n refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammarand uses of vocabulary.15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choiceof linguistic features.16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.17.A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country forcommunication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.18.A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language inits lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionallysyntax.19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech __________.22. Speech __________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by aspeaker or group of speakers.23.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a__________ variety of a language.nguage standardization is also called language __________.25.Social variation gives rise to __________ which are subdivisible intosmaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational,occupational background, etc.26. __________ variation in a person ’ s speech or writing usuallyon range continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the typeof communicative situation.27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or。

语言学入门考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 数学答案：A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学研究的是哪类现象？A. 物理现象B. 自然现象C. 社会现象D. 文化现象答案：C4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A5. 以下哪个术语不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言死亡答案：D6. 语言的哪一层级负责表达意义？A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案：C7. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 描述事物C. 命令他人D. 所有选项答案：D8. 以下哪个选项是语言的内部结构？A. 音位B. 词汇C. 语音D. 语法答案：D9. 以下哪个选项是语言的外部功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令控制D. 所有选项答案：D10. 语言的哪一层级负责表达关系？A. 语音层B. 语法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的最小意义单位是________。

答案：音素2. 语言学研究的最小语音单位是________。

答案：音位3. 语言学研究的最小语法单位是________。

答案：词4. 语言学研究的最小语义单位是________。

答案：词义5. 语言学研究的最小语用单位是________。

答案：句子6. 语言学研究的最小社会单位是________。

答案：方言7. 语言学研究的最小文化单位是________。

答案：语言8. 语言学研究的最小交际单位是________。

答案：话语9. 语言学研究的最小心理单位是________。

答案：概念10. 语言学研究的最小认知单位是________。

答案：思维三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语言学的主要研究内容。

语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 短语答案：C2. 语言学中，研究语言的结构和规律的学科是：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 应用语言学D. 结构语言学答案：D3. 语言的语音系统包括：A. 音位和音节B. 音素和音节C. 音素和音位D. 音节和音位答案：C4. 下列哪个选项不是语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 记录历史答案：D5. 语言的词汇系统包括：A. 基本词汇和一般词汇B. 基本词汇和古语词汇C. 一般词汇和古语词汇D. 基本词汇和新词新义答案：D6. 语言的语法系统主要研究：A. 词的构成B. 句子的构成C. 词和句子的构成D. 词、短语和句子的构成答案：D7. 语言的语用功能主要研究：A. 语言的形式B. 语言的意义C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：C8. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及：A. 语言的准确性B. 语言的清晰性C. 语言的生动性D. 语言的逻辑性答案：C9. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 人口迁移D. 所有以上因素答案：D10. 语言的标准化通常包括：A. 语音标准化B. 词汇标准化C. 语法标准化D. 所有以上因素答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是一种__________的社会现象。

答案：符号系统2. 语言的语音单位包括音素、音节和__________。

答案：音位3. 语言的词汇系统由__________词汇和一般词汇构成。

答案：基本4. 语言的语法单位包括词、短语和__________。

答案：句子5. 语言的交际功能包括表达思想、传递信息、__________和娱乐消遣。

答案：表达情感6. 语言的语用功能主要研究语言的__________和语境的关系。

答案：使用7. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及语言的__________和表达效果。

语言学教程试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的中心是（）。

A. 语言B. 文字C. 语音D. 语法答案：A2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 词汇学C. 心理学D. 社会语言学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是（）。

A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C4. 语言的交际功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会身份标识D. 艺术创作5. 以下哪个术语不是索绪尔语言学理论中的概念？A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言行为D. 语言结构答案：C6. 语言的演变过程不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 文化变化答案：D7. 以下哪个选项不是语言的交际方式？A. 口头交流B. 书面交流C. 非言语交流D. 内心独白答案：D8. 语言的规范性主要体现在（）。

A. 语法规则B. 词汇使用C. 语音系统D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 以下哪个选项不是语言的变异现象？B. 社会方言C. 语言混合D. 语言的统一答案：D10. 语言的生成性是指（）。

A. 语言的创造性B. 语言的稳定性C. 语言的规范性D. 语言的交际功能答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是一门研究人类语言的科学，其研究对象包括语言的结构、功能、起源和发展等。

2. 语言的音位学研究的是语言的_________系统。

答案：语音3. 语言的词汇学研究的是语言的_________单位。

答案：词4. 语言的句法学研究的是语言的_________结构。

答案：句子5. 语言的语用学研究的是语言在_________中的使用。

答案：交际6. 语言的语料库语言学研究的是语言的_________数据。

答案：实际7. 语言的语义学研究的是语言的_________关系。

答案：意义8. 语言的语篇分析研究的是语言的_________结构。

答案：连贯9. 语言的对比语言学研究的是不同语言之间的_________关系。

语言学教程试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 以上都是答案：D2. 下列哪一项不是语言的要素？A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 逻辑答案：D3. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 娱乐D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的变异性指的是什么？A. 语言随时间的变化B. 语言在不同地域的变化C. 语言在不同社会群体中的变化D. 以上都是答案：D5. 以下哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 规律性D. 可变性答案：D6. 语言学中“音位”指的是什么？A. 语言中最小的音义结合单位B. 语言中最小的意义单位C. 语言中最小的语音单位D. 语言中最小的语法单位答案：C7. 语言的“语法”指的是什么？A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的词汇规则C. 语言的句法规则D. 语言的语义规则答案：C8. 以下哪一项是语言的语义学研究的内容？A. 音位的分类B. 词义的演变C. 句法结构的规则D. 语言的交际功能答案：B9. 语言的“方言”是指什么？A. 一种语言的不同变体B. 一种语言的书面形式C. 一种语言的口头形式D. 一种语言的文学形式答案：A10. 以下哪一项不是语言的语用学研究的内容？A. 语境对语言使用的影响B. 语言的交际功能C. 语言的词汇规则D. 语言的交际策略答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支学科包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：语用学2. 语言的任意性是指语言的______和意义之间没有必然的联系。

答案：形式3. 语言的创造性表现在人们可以创造新的______来表达新的概念。

答案：词汇4. 语言的规律性是指语言具有______的规则。

答案：系统性5. 语言的变异性包括语言随时间的______、地域的______以及社会群体的______。

Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanA. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “ Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade. ” isA. interrogative (疑问)B. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likelyto say 碎“碎(岁岁)平安” as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. Performative VD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?— A nice day, isn 't it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. ________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user knowledge of the rules'sof his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that existshear and now. It couldn ' twbfuel sf or rsoome lost love or lost bone. This indicates the designfeature of _________ .A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. _________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. _______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language.F12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.T F??13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communicationsystems.FT??14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of anylanguage system can be genetically transmitted. F16. Only human beings are able to communicate. F17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20thcentury, was a French linguist. F Swiss18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare ' s time is an example of thediachronic study of language. F19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. F20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. FIII. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _ _verbal_ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed__creativity_ _____ .23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is___metalingual function_ _____ .24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy workhas been called the __yo-he-ho ________ theory.25. Linguistics is the _ scientific __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is _ descriptive _________ in the sense that the linguist tries todiscover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __ _speech _________ overwriting.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a_diachronic_linguistic ________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. _ langue _________ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure ' s langue and Chomsky ' s__competence _______ .IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design featureDesign feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the differencebetween human language and any system of animal communication.32. DisplacementDisplacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. CompetenceCompetence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker ' s knowledge of his or he language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generallyunconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence. 34.Synchronic linguistics Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The timestudied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time. V. Answer the following questions. （20%）35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us whatlanguage will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学， 2004） Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements -for instanee, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomieal number of possible sentenees and phrases, whieh in turn ean eombine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal eommunieation systems do not have this design feature of human language. If language has no sueh design feature, then it will be like animal eommunieational system whieh will be highly limited. It eannot produee a very large number of sound eombinations, e.g. words, whieh are distinet in meaning.36. Why is it diffieult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学， 2004）It is diffieult to define language, as it is sueh a general term that eovers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own speeial emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations. VI. Analyze the following situation. （20%）37.How ean a linguist make his analysis seientifie? （青岛海洋大学， 1999）It should be guided by the four prineiples of seienee: exhaustiveness, eonsisteney, eeonomy and objectivity and follow the seientific procedure: form hypothesis -collect data -cheek against the observable facts -come to a con clusi on.6~10 BACAC16~20 FFFFF22. productivity / creativity 24. yo-he-ho 26. descriptive28. diachronic linguistic 30. competenceChapter 2 Speech Sounds I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2.Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophone B. phone [] C. phoneme // D. morphemeI.1~5 BACCC II.11~15 FFTFF III.21. verbal23. metalingual function 25. scientific 27. speech 29. langue3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to asA. glottis 声门B. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as diphthongs.??A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ________ .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units largerthan the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.T12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound. T13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do notcontrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. F16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. T17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. T18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short. T19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. F20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. FIII. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either _voiceless _________ or ___voiced _______, while allvowel sounds are ___voiced _____ .22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are broughtclose together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _friction_ ______ .23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ___tongue ______ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highestpoint in the mouth. A second element is the __ _height__ _____ to which that part of the tongue israised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __obstruction_ .26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of thetwo phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __ minimal pairs _________ .27. In English there are a number of diphthongs ________ , which are produced by movingfrom one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. Coarticulation _________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show theinfluence of their neighbors.29. __Phonemes _______ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. Thesemovements have an effect on the __air stream _______ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilationSound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental featureSuprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distributionComplementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive featuresDistinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics? (中国人民大学，2003)Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? (南开大学，2004)When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; thengive an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学，1999)(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative答案I.36.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ______________ .A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ________________ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational3. There are ________ morphemes in the word denationalization.de+nation+al+iz+ation A. three B. four C. five D. six4.In English -se and -ion are called ___________ . A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ________ . A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation6._________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word. A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ . A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending 8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _________ .A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is _________ . A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement 10.All of them are meaningful except for __________ . A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph 11. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. 14.In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-1~5 ACDAA II. 11~15 TTTFF III.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 23. tongue 25. obstruction 27. diphthongs 29. Phonemes6~10 DBABB 16~20 TTTFF 22. friction 24. height26. minimal pairs 28. Co-articulation 30. air streamclass of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An _________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with ________ .23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ___________ , _________ and24. All words may be said to contain a root _________ .25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to _______________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to ________ class.26. ________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. ________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a ________________ , and a word formed by compounding is called a ________ .30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: _________ and _________ .IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? (厦门大学，2003)36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II (武汉大学，2004)(1) acronym(2) free morpheme(3) derivational morpheme(4) inflectional morpheme(5) prefixKey:I.IIa. foeb. subconsciousc. UNESCOd. overwhelmede. calculation31.Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining themeanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch) 32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34.Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type ofbase to form a new word, e.g. -y can be added to a noun to form an adjective. V. Omit. VI. 37. (1) c(2) a(3) e(4) d(5) bChapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1.The sentence structure is _______ . A. only linear B. only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are __ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite 3.The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammaticalsentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational 4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A _________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ___ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional7.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand ____________ .1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADB II.11~15 FTFTT III.21. initialism, acronym 23. solid, hyphenated, open 25. close, open 27. conversion29. derivative, compound IV. 16~20 FTFFF22. vocabulary 24. morpheme26. back-formation 28. morpheme30. affix, bound rootA. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome ” is ____________ .A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf ”o b_e_l_o_n_g_s_t___ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “ Theywere wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves. is”a sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicateand stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words toform a complete statement, question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes thepredicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called _________________________________ .25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into theother.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called anclause. 27. Major lexical categories are ____________ categories in the sense that new words areconstantly added.28.________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. ________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only insubject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? (武汉大学， 2004)36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “ more beautiful flowers ” by means of IC analysis (北京第二外国语大学， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.6~10 ADDBA16~20 FTFTT 22. sentence 24. predicate 26. embedded 28. Adjacency 30. Case 31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in alanguage, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents - word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP. Key:I.1~5 DCDDDII.11~15 TTTTFIII.21. simple23. subject25. complex27. open29. ParametersIV.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G gr ammar. It ' s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowersChapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from IxmlO OOw' s exercises, icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1, The naming theory is advanced by ________ ,A, Plato B, Bloomfield C, Geoffrey Leech D, Firth2, “We shall know a word by the company it keeps, ateme”nt rTehpirse s et nts ,A, the conceptualist view B, contexutalismC, the naming theory D, behaviorism3, Which of the following is NOT true?A, Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form,B, Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form,C, Sense is abstract and decontextualized,D, Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in,4, “Can I borrow your bike? ” _____________ “You have a bike, ”A, is synonymous with B, is inconsistent withC, entails D, presupposes5, __________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features,。

语言学教程测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A4. 语言的三大功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 表达功能B. 交际功能C. 思考功能D. 娱乐功能答案：D5. 下列哪个术语用于描述一个语言项目在特定语境中的意义？A. 语义B. 句法C. 语音D. 语用答案：D6. 语言的系统性表现在哪些方面？A. 语言规则B. 语言结构C. 语言使用D. 所有选项答案：D7. 语言的变异性主要体现在哪些方面？A. 地域B. 社会C. 时间D. 所有选项答案：D8. 语言的任意性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的系统性C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系D. 语言的变异性答案：C9. 语言的双重性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性与变异性B. 语言的任意性与象似性C. 语言的表达性与交际性D. 语言的系统性与使用性答案：B10. 下列哪个术语描述了语言符号与其所指对象之间的关系？A. 语义关系B. 句法关系C. 语音关系D. 语用关系答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、_______和语用学。

答案：语义学2. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系。

答案：任意3. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间存在某种程度的相似性。

答案：象似4. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于表达思想和情感。

答案：表达5. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于传递信息和交流思想。

答案：交际6. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于思考和认识世界。

答案：认知7. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于社会互动和建立社会关系。

大学语言教程考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 英语中“book”的中文意思是：A. 书B. 笔C. 纸D. 墨答案：A2. 下列哪个选项是正确的英语语法结构？A. She don’t like apples.B. She doesn’t like apples.C. She don’t likes apples.D. She doesn’t likes apples.答案：B3. 在英语中，表示“明天”的词是：A. yesterdayB. todayC. tomorrowD. tonight答案：C4. 以下哪个词组表示“在图书馆”？A. in the libraryB. on the libraryC. at the libraryD. to the library答案：A5. 英语中“Please”的意思是：A. 请B. 不C. 谢谢D. 对不起答案：A6. 英语中“goodbye”的中文意思是：A. 你好B. 再见C. 晚安D. 早安答案：B7. 下列哪个词是形容词？A. runB. fastC. catD. jump答案：B8. 英语中“Thank you”的中文意思是：A. 你好吗B. 谢谢C. 对不起D. 再见答案：B9. 英语中“library”的中文意思是：A. 图书馆B. 学校C. 医院D. 银行答案：A10. 以下哪个词组表示“在周末”？A. on the weekendB. in the weekendC. at the weekendD. to the weekend答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 英语中“happy”的反义词是______。

答案：sad2. 英语中“big”的反义词是______。

答案：small3. 英语中“many”的比较级形式是______。

答案：more4. 英语中“good”的最高级形式是______。

答案：best5. 英语中“run”的过去式是______。

语言学教程3试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 句法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 索绪尔认为语言的两个基本要素是什么？A. 语音和语义B. 符号和意义C. 语法和词汇D. 语言和言语答案：D4. 语言的任意性原则是指什么？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的系统性C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系D. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有必然联系答案：C5. 语言的层级结构理论是由哪位学者提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 德里达答案：B6. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令与请求D. 艺术欣赏答案：D7. 语言的同义现象是指什么？A. 同音词B. 同义词C. 反义词D. 多义词答案：B8. 语言的演变过程是：A. 从简单到复杂B. 从复杂到简单C. 从单一到多样D. 从多样到单一答案：A9. 语言的交际功能包括哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令与请求D. 所有以上选项答案：D10. 语言的方言差异主要体现在哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上选项答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 语言学是研究的科学。

答案：语言2. 语言的两个基本功能是和。

答案：表达思想、交流信息3. 语言的性是语言符号的一个显著特点。

答案：任意4. 语言的性决定了语言的多样性。

答案：社会5. 语言的性是语言能够传递信息的基础。

答案：结构6. 语言的性使得语言能够表达复杂的思想。

答案：创造性7. 语言的性使得语言能够适应不断变化的社会环境。

答案：动态8. 语言的性是语言学研究的重要内容。

答案：系统9. 语言的性是语言能够被学习和使用的基础。

答案：规则10. 语言的性是语言能够适应不同交际场合的关键。

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版)1(总19页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)Chapter I IntroductionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study oflanguage.2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguistthinks.4.In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based onlanguage facts and checked against the observed facts.5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research ofother areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7.7.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studiesthe combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningfulsentences.9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to formwords is called morphology.10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former notonly studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13.Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmaticsstudies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.15.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation tosociety.16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimesdescriptive.17.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of languageat some point in time.19.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary,not the written language.20.The distinction between competence and performance wasproposed by Saussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’sk__________ of the rules of his language.refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete useof the conventions and application of the rules.is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower levelof meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the detailsof language have to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of suchapplications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Inother words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguisticof the following is not a design feature of human languageA. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC.Duality D. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparativetook a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmatic and linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B IV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43.Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45.Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48.Morphology 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 53 Productivity 54.Displacement 56. Design Features 57.Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of languageas primary, not the written66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole67. How do you understand competence and performance68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similarto Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. Whatdo you think are their major differences69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary WhyI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary25. syntax 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement.IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics isgenerally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology:The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words arecombined to form sentences is called syntax. : The study of meaning incontext of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The studyof language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are usedin linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: Thestudy of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language iscalled semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the applicationof linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning,especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness:It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is nological connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to referto contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence asthe ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shar ed by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of co nventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langueis relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Paro le: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; paroleis the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the r ules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to sit uation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Gi ve examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal sym bols used for human communication. Explain it in of all, language i s a system, because elements of language are combined according to r ules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same o bject in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrar y nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of lang uage: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, acti ons, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings onl y and is very different from the communication systems of other livi ng creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their commu nicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language Illustrate th em with examples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the a rbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connect ion between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not ent irelyarbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation o f sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some co mpound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of languagemakes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expres sions. 2) Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new s ignals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted wi th respect to the number of different signals that their users can s end and receive. 3) Duality The duality nature of language m eans that language is a system, which consists of two sets of struct ure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which ar e meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of langua ge can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged in to sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of la nguage enables its users to talk about anything within their knowled ge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Displacement means that langua ge can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contex ts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal call s are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmission Human beings were born with the abi lity to acquire language, but the details of any language are not ge netically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitt ed.63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammarTraditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "hi gh "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical r ules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguist ics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken lang uage data and then it studies and describes the data in an object ive and scientific way.64.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a langua ge as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particul ar point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the stu dy of the historical development of language over a period of time.65.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of languageas primary, not the written First, the spoken form is pri or to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. Second, the spoken form plays a gre ater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conv eyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue. 66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole Thedistinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous li nguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a sp eech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue inactual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which lan guage users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. L angue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situat ion.67. How do you understand competence and performance Americanlinguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This i nternalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Cho msky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of h is mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes b ecause of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarr assment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68.Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at lea st in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, co mpetence is a property of the mind of each individual.69.Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary Why Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, becau se there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the bas is of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)Chapter 2：PhonologyI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments andthey distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of thestream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulationand the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alv eolar.12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the positionof tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the li ps, and the length of the vowels.13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into closevowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two wordsare said to form a phonemic contrast.19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over asequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with t he letter given:21.A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22.A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , theyare all b_______ sounds.24.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulationor in terms of p____ of articulation.26.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete,the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>27.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31.P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effec t linguistic communication.32.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasa l cavity.33.T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]>34.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stressIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark t he choice that can best complete the statement.35.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords36.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.38. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/39. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. s imilar40.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.41.A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution42.C. the allophones D. minimal pair43.The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop44. C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative45. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle46.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________. A. phonetic components B.immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features47.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme48.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones <![endif]>IV. Define the terms below:49. phonology 46. phoneme 48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. p honetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing58.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels59.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or notI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26.stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. inton ation 31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:IV.Define the terms below:: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these s ounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.50. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phonemeis not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.51.allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.52.international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.53. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as in tonation.54.55. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages56. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er. 57. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are tran smitted through the air from one person to another.58. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use whenspeaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.59.phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between twophonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distin guish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.60.tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.61.minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:。