词汇学作业2017

1. London Olympic GamesHer Majesty the queen, your highness, distinguished guests, ladies, gentlemen! In a memorable 17 days later, tonight we appreciate. The London Olympic Organizing Committee in the public institutions under the strong support, have done a fantastic job. Thank you, Chris Duke, great London Olympic team. We will never forget the great volunteers smile, kindness and support. They are the Olympics really need heroes. Your public and public groups for this Olympic Games provided the best channel, in order to participant enthusiasm whoop, for the participants to provide strength, for every venue brings holiday half atmosphere. You show the world the hospitality of the people of the best, I know that the spirit of generosity will continue, especially when the US Paralympics athletes when admiration and support. Dear athletes, you win the global audience's respect and admiration, you as history of the Olympic Games and writing a new chapter in history, which began three thousand years ago in the ancient Olympic Games. Through your commitment to fair competition, respect for the opponent and the failure and success to show grace, you will have the right to become Olympic man. This is a happy game!happy and glorious2. Beijing Olympic GamesDear Chinese Friends,Tonight, we come to the end of 16 glorious days which we will cherish forever.Thank you to the people of China, all the wonderful volunteers and BOCOG! Through these Games, the world learned more about China, and China learned more about the world. Athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees came to these dazzling venues and awed us with their talent.New stars were born. Stars from past Games amazed us again. We shared their joys and their tears, and we marveled at their ability. We will long remember the achievements we witnessed here.As we celebrate the success of these Games, let us together wish the best for the talented athletes who will soon participate in the Paralympics Games. They also inspire us.To the athletes tonight: You were true role models. You have shown us the unifying power of sport. The Olympic spirit lives in the warm embrace of competitive rivals from nations in conflict. Keep that spirit alive when you return home.These were truly exceptional Games!And now, in accordance with tradition, I declare the Games of the XXIX Olympiad closed, and I call upon the youth of the world to assemble four years from now in London to celebrate the Games of the XXX Olympiad.3.Greek Olympic Games●1988年汉城(现称首尔)奥运会历史上最好的覆盖面最广的奥运会———萨马兰奇●1992年巴塞罗那奥运会历史上勿庸置疑最出色的奥运会———萨马兰奇●1996年亚特兰大奥运会最有特色的奥运会———萨马兰奇●2000年悉尼奥运会最成功的一届———萨马兰奇●2004年雅典奥运会心满意足，非常非常满意———罗格●2008年北京奥运会真正的无与伦比的奥运会———罗格2008IOC chief: Beijing Olympic Games "truly exceptional Games"罗格：这是一届真正的无与伦比的奥运会2004罗格说：雅典奥运会是令人难忘的“梦”奥运Olympic Games in Athens are unforgettable dream Olympic Games. 2000萨马兰奇:悉尼奥运会是历史上最好的一届奥运会Olympic Games in Sydney are in history best a Olympic Games 1988These were a veriest incomparable Olympic Games。

（完整word版）词汇学练习Chapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.C 1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2.B_____is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective worldin the human mind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships ____D_the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be __A_____.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. related5. Trumpet is a(n) ____C___motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD.etymologically6.Hopeless is a ____A__motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD.etymologically7. In the sentence ‘He is fond of pen ’, pen is a _C_____ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a ___D___motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong __A___ whereas content words haveboth meanings, and lexical meaning in particular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaning10.____B___is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s __C_____towards the person or thing in question.A. feelingB. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _B_____ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that D_______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaning14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ____D__.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different words15.Reference is the relationship between language and the __C____.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific country16.P olysemy is a common feature peculiar to ___C___.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages17.F rom the ___B___ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the resultof growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional18.___A____ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning standsat the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A .Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection19.. ____D_____ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenation20. One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their _____CA. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage21. ___B___refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms22. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is ___A____.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy23. _____B____ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms24. The antonyms: male and female are __A____.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms25. The antonyms big and small are ___B___.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD.connected terms26. The antonyms husband and wife are _____C_.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms27. Composition and compounding in lexicology are words of A__.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms28. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly __B____, they are often employed in a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms29.F rom the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it wasendowed with only one meaning . The first meaning is called __A____.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. basic meaning30.S ynchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core ofword-meaning called____C___.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. secondary meaningII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggesttheir ______/doc/6c9d2664148884868762caaedd3383c4bb4cb4f0.html pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings ofmany are the sum total of the morphemes combined.3._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by theconceptual meaning of a word.4.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. Inother words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.5.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and_________.6.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms frompolysemants is to see their ____, the second principal consideration is ________.7.In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one______whereas homonyms are listed as separate ______.8.The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas : _______,connotation ,and _____.9.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is,the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the_____terms and the more specific words are called the _____ terms.III. Match the words or expression in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) discrimination of synonyms 2) types of antonyms 3) sources of synonyms.A B1. difference in denotation A. dead/alive2. borrowing B. handy/ manual3. dialects and regional English C. old / young4. contradictory terms D. answer the letter / reply to the letter5. figurative and euphemistic use of words E. jim6. contrary terms F. want/wish/desire7. difference in connotation G. dreamer /star-gazer8. coincidence with idiomatic expressions H. employer / employee9. difference in application I. help/ lend one a hand10. relative terms J. foe / enemyIV. Define the following terms .1. motivation2. hoponymy 4. semantic fieldV.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What is reference ?2. What are sources of synonyms ?VI. Question:1. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.2. Write the following words into a tree-like graph:vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes, cereal.Key to exercises:I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C 16. C 17.B 18.A 19.D 20.C 21.B22.A 23.B 24.A 25.B 26 .C 27.A 28.B 29. A 30.CII. 1. meanings 2.multi-morphemic 3.Semantic motivation4.origins5.associative meaning6. etymology, semanticrelatedness 7.headword, entries 8.denotation, application 9.superordinate, subordinateIII.21. F 22.J 23.E 24.A 25.G 26.C 27.B 28.I 29. D30.H1. . Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associationssuggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, isoften associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, manywords have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards theperson or thing in question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquiresin its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.2. food________________________________________________________ _meat vegetable cerealpork beef turnip carrot breadcake cornflakes。

从方框内选择词的适当形式填空Animals possess sensory powers that humans lack. 1 pigeons fly with great speed and accuracy when 2 with messages to faraway places. How do pigeons orient themselves in unfamiliar regions? This remains something or an enigma. The mystery, however, is partly explained by a pigeon’s ability to see ultraviolet 3 which reveals the sun’s position even through clouds. In addition, pigeons can hear 4 waves that have traveled hundreds of miles. These waves enhance a pigeon’s 5 of direction by indicating distant mountains and seas. Pigeons even appear to discern 6 in the earth’s magnetic field.Bats have impressive 7 equally worthy of acclaim. As nocturnal animals, they search for food in complete darkness. They do so by screeching in tones higher than any human can hear and then locating prey by the returning echoes.Scorpions also 8 the night hunter. Tiny leg hairs enable them to feel vibrations in the sand made by a 9 insect as far as two feet away.People with knowledge of the pigeons, bat, and scorpion can attest to the fact that such “innovations” as the magnetic 10 , radar, and the motion detector are nothing new.。

1、“lose face” is a(n) _________.1. semantic loan2. denizen3. alien4. translation loan2、The United Nations has appealed for help from the ________ community.1. A. within-national2. intra-national3. international4. in-national3、Come on! Cheer up! Don’t just sit here as stiff as a ________.1. poker2. patient3. queen4. king4、You were not seriously injured. Don’t make a _________ out of a _________.1. mountain, molehill2. mount, molehill3. hill, molehill4. molehill, mountain5、After a meal in a restaurant, you ask the waiter for the _________.1. note2. receipt3. bill4. menu6、W ords with such clusters as “ch”, “ph”, “pn”, “rh” as in chasm, phone, pneumatic and rhetoric are most proba1. German2. Chinese3. Greek4. Latin7、In “Tom’s family keep a good table”, the word table means ________.1. food and drinks served at meals2. none of the above3. people assembled around a table, as at meals4. the piece of furniture with a flat horizontal surface supported by one or more vertical legs8、We eventually ran out of patience with his ________ behaviour.1. childish2. childlike3. child4. childy9、He was ________ of having asked such a silly question.1. miserable2. guilty3. sorry4. ashamed10、I took only a _________ of beans with me and left.1. hand2. handful3. handy4. handed11、The missiles missed their _________, so the research group did not reach its _________.1. target, target2. goal, goal3. goal, target4. target, goal12、No new ideas _______ from the meeting.1. merged2. submerged3. emerged4. immerged13、Which of the following words has gone through the semantic change of subjectification?1. corn2. gossip3. maid4. very14、Having lost the match, the team went home in ________ spirits.1. D. dark2. deep3. low4. empty15、The Old English word stān means ________ in modern English.1. stalig2. stole3. stain4. stone16、After his recovery from illness, he ________ his former position.1. C. presumed2. resumed3. assumed4. consumed17、In “Elizabeth could hear voices through the open door”, the word door means ________.1. the moveable barrier in the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, car, etc.2. the channel to a certain place3. None of the above4. the panel board18、Among the synonymous group, old man, daddy, dad, father and male parent, ________ would most probably u1. B. male parent2. father3. old man4. dad19、Which of the following usually appears in poems?1. nag2. steed3. horse4. gee-gee20、The main characters in the novel seem so true to life, but actually, they are entirely ________.1. imaginative2. imagined3. imaginable4. imaginary判断题21、Old English is a non-inflectional language.1. A.√2. B.×22、Many words in English vocabulary are compositional.1. A.√2. B.×23、In “I haven’t seen you for ages”, hyperbole is employed.1. A.√2. B.×24、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called “generalization”.1. A.√2. B.×25、In the Middle English period, English lost most of its inflections.1. A.√2. B.×26、Latin element was first brought into English by Germanic tribes.1. A.√2. B.×27、Connotative meaning of a word is relatively stable and insensitive to the change of context.1. A.√2. B.×28、London dialect began to spread as Standard English in the Middle English period.1. A.√2. B.×29、Farewell is shortened from Fare thee well.1. A.√2. B.×30、AmE and BrE shares all grammatical rules.1. A.√2. B.×31、Comparatively speaking, ask is more formal than interrogate.1. A.√2. B.×32、“Just a second!” is a case of litotes (understatement).1. A.√2. B.×33、Answering the question “Will you marry me?”with “Yes, I will”, the speaker is using su bstitution.1. A.√2. B.×34、The vocabulary of any language never remains stable; it is constantly changing.1. A.√2. B.×35、In the sentence, “I presume that you are Dr. Livingstone”,presume can be replaced by “suppose”.1. A.√2. B.×36、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding –er to air-condition.1. A.√2. B.×37、A word, car for example, may mean differently to different people.1. A.√2. B.×38、According to cognitive semantics, our mind can be explored via the study of linguistic meanings.1. A.√2. B.×39、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.1. A.√2. B.×40、For an English word, the shift of stress may indicate a change of part of speech; export is a perfect example.1. A.√2. B.×主观题41、grammatical meaning参考答案：Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships of functions, such as tense mea plural meanings of words, etc.42、translation loan参考答案：A translation loan is a word or an expression formed from the material already existing in the English language but according t way of literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. Examples are “land-reform”, “mutual-aid” team, “national bourgeoisi43、blending参考答案：Blending refers to process of making a new word by combining parts of two or more words. For example, the word “brunch”“lunch”.44、jargon参考答案：Jargon are languages peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group. For example, RAM, ROM, Hard Disk, CPU, etc. are all ja45、free phrase参考答案：Free phra ses refer to any group of words or expressions carrying meaning. For example, “three British experts” is a free phras needed, can be altered, such as “two Chinese students”, “100 African men”, “20 read apples”, etc., each of which carries a me46、Stylistics参考答案：The systematic study of styles of words, expressions and text.47、meronymy参考答案：Meronymy refers to the part-whole sense relationship. For example, the word “body”and “head”, “arm”, “leg”, etc. have a pa relationship is called “meronymy”.48、affix参考答案：An affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole. According to its position, an a word, or suffix, because it appears following the word. For example, in “enlarge”, the affix “en”is a prefix, because it is adde because of the ad dition of “en”that the new verb “enlarge” is made with causative meaning.49、What is lexical meaning and what are its different types?参考答案：Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is regarded as being identical can be divided into five different types, i.e. conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning and c illustrated in the following:1) Conceptual meaning, also known as denotative meaning or logical meaning, is assumed to be the most basic and central fact the core of semantic study. The conceptual meaning of a word indicates the concept, and is thus relatively stable. See the followbachelor: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE, –MARRIED]spinster: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE,–MARRIED]wife: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE, +MARRIED]2) Connotative meaning or connotation is the additional meaning that a word possesses beyond its central or conceptual meani associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of the word. See the following examples:boy conceptual meaning [+HUMAN, +MALE, –ADULT]connotative meaning lovable, naughty, noisy, irritating, etc.Connotative meanings or connotations often tend to be variable according to society, time, culture, and even the experience of e.g. “西风” vs. “west wind”: share the same denotation, the win d blowing from the west“西风”: sadness, bitterness, coldness, departure, etc.“west wind” in Britain: agreeable figure associated with spring and flowers3) Social meaning of words refers to the information about the potential social circumstances where the words are appropriate the following factors:DIALECT (e.g. the language of geographical region or of a social class)TIME (e.g. the language of the eighteenth century, etc.)PROVINCE (e.g. language of law, of science, of advertising, etc.)STATUS (e.g. polite, colloquial, slang, etc.)SINGULARITY (e.g. the style of Dickens, of Hemingway, etc.)4) Affective meaning conveys the personal emotions and attitudes of a language user, including his attitude to the listener, or h about. In the following, words in Column A are affective positive while those in Column B are negative in meaning.A Bslim skinnynew unproveninexpensive cheap5) Collocative meaning is part of the word meaning suggested by its relations with the words it can co-occur. It refers to the gr words can be used together.e.g. pretty vs. handsome.Although these two words s hare common ground in expressing the meaning of “good-looking”, they may be distinguished by t linguists’ term) collocate with.50、What is a word?参考答案：A word can be simple defined as the minimal meaningful free unit of language. This definition is to be understood in the from1) A word is the sound unit of language.(1) A word is a sound unit (or unit of speech) for the purpose of communication. In this sense, a word sound in nature and eac purpose(s). Even the first word uttered by a baby is for communication.(2) A word is a sound cluster conventionally sequenced. In this sense, the order of sound elements in a word is fixed and abid example, for the word /ɡəu/, the sequence /ɡ/must precede /əu /, otherwise, it is not the word “go” at all.(3) A word is a combination of sound and meaning according to the conventions of specific languages. For example, the soun “enough (够)” in Chinese.2) A word is the smallest free form of language.(1) Words are free forms of a language, i.e., forms that can be moved without destroying the grammaticality of the sentence. I “saw”and “Bill” can all move freely and each sentence is grammatically correct.(2) In contrast, the letters that form a word are fixed with rigid sequential order. A word is the smallest free form of language its meaning or even its status as a word. For example, only “John”is a boy’s name, but not “Jonh”, “Jhon”, “Jhno”or “Joan”.3) A word is the building block for phrase and sentence.When separate d from the phrase, sentence or passage, a word will be difficult to understand since it is no more than a “dead” d sentences and passages are contexts for the interpretation of words. In sum, words are the building blocks out of which phrases51、Once in the office, President Obama embarked right away on de-Clintonization.参考答案：就职以后，奥巴马总统立即着手去克林顿化。

20110512044 张莉敏8班Discussion. To distinguish the origin of words,Latin or French ?state, power, prince, duke, judge, crime, angel, bacon, fry, roast, dress, coat. solar, lunar, abbot(修道院男院长), candle, altar, amen, apostle(传道者).stateearly 13c., "circumstances, temporary attributes of a person or thing, conditions," from Latin status"manner of standing, position, condition,"noun of action from past participle stem of stare "to stand" from PIE root *sta- "to stand" (see stet). Some Middle English senses are via Old French estat (French état; see estate).The Latin word was adopted into other modern Germanic languages (e.g.German, Dutch staat) but chiefly in the political senses only. Meaning "physical condition as regards form or structure" is attested from late 13c.Meaning "mental or emotional condition" is attested from 1530s (phrase state of mind first attested 1749); colloquial sense of "agitated or perturbed state" is from 1837.Prince prince[prins]PRINCE=Parts Reliability Information Center 零件可靠性情报中心([美]NASA)A male member of a royal family other than the monarch, especially a son of the monarch. 王子，亲王：王室中非君主的男性成员，尤指君主的儿子The ruler of a principality.国君，君主，诸候：公国的统治者A hereditary ruler; a king.君主，帝王：世袭的统治者；国王A nobleman of varying status or rank.贵族：各种爵位或地位的贵族An outstanding man, especially in a particular group or class:巨头，名家：杰出的人，尤指在某一特定团体或阶层中：a merchant prince.巨商prince来自拉丁语princepsprinceps【王子】注：古罗马共和国的时候意思是【统领】；奥古斯特被称为princeps，作为元老院的最有权力的元老；当他死后此词就通称皇帝的儿子了，也就是王子。

英语词汇学试题I.Write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions. (20 points)1. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )2. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )3. a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )4. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )5. a morpheme attached to a stem alone ( )6. an affix that indicates grammatical relations ( )7. an affix that forms new words with a stem or root ( )8. what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes ( )9. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )10. the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words ( ) II.Form negatives pf each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-. (40 points)smoker capable practical obeysecurity relevant mature abilityofficially willingness legal agreementlogical loyal convenient athleicmoral regular honest likeIII.D ecide whether the following statements are true or false. (20 points)1.English is more closely related to German than French.2.Old English was a highly inflected language.3.Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but withlittle change in word endings.4.Conversions refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.5.Words mainly involved in conversation are nouns, verbs, and adverbs.6.Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.7.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable andindeterminate.8.Perfect homonyms share the same spelling and pronounciation.9.Contradictory terms do not show degrees.10.Antonyms should be opposites of similar intensity.IV. Study the sentences below and give and antonyms to the word in bold type in each context. (20 points)1.The discussion enabled them to have a clear idea of the nature of the problem.2.They are faced with clear al ternatives.3.His grandfather’s mind was not clear during the time he made the will.4.I’d like to get a clear plastic bag to carry this.5.Wash the substances with clear cold water.6.The singer’s voice remained pure and clear throughout the evening.7.All colors were clear, the river below her was brilliant blue.8.Her eyes behind the huge spectacles are clear a nd untroubled.9.Now that I’ve told her everything, I can leave with a clear c onscience.10.He is a shortish man of clear complexion.参考答案英语词汇学I.1.morpheme 2. allomorph 3. bound morpheme 4. free morpheme 5. affix6. inflectional affix7. derivational affix8. root9. stem 10. etymologyII. nonsmoker, incapable, impractical, discovery, insecurity, irrelevant, immature, inability/disability, unofficially, unwillingness, illegal, disagreement, illogical, disloyal, inconvenient, nonathletic, immoral, irregular, dishonest, dislikeIII.1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.T 9.T 10.TIV.1. confusing 2. ambiguous 3. muddled 4. opaque 5. dirty6. harsh7. dull8. shifty9. guilty 10. blemished。

A B（）1．Ultr- A. backformation（）2．burgle B. initialism（）3．pop C. transfer of sensation（）4．clear-sounding D. before（）5．VOA E. brim (water’s edge—the top edge of a cup) （）6．fore- F. mistress（）7．degradation G. succeed（）8．kick the bucket H. clipping（）9．extension I. die（）10．make it J. extreme1~5:JAHCB 6~10:DFIEGA B11.Scandinavian（） A. mill（place where things are made）12.Germanic（） B. grammatical13.extension（） C. double meaning14.narrowing（） D. Swedish15.linguistic（） E. comprehend/understand16.ambiguity（） F. Dutch17.participants（） G. determined18.difference in denotation（） H.pigheaded19.appreciative（） I.non-linguistic20.pejorative（） J.iron（a device for smoothing clothes）11~15:DFAJB 16~20:CIEGHStudy the following words or expressions and identify 1) historical stage of English vocabulary; 2) origins of homonyms; 3) types of meanings; 4) sources of synonyms;5) causes of ambiguity and 6) types of motivations.1．ball, ball (Old English, old French(origins of homonyms)）2．a hard businessman （Polysemy）3．friend or foe （Old English）4．miniskirt （Morphologically motivated）5．an attractive ball （Homonymy）6．lie –distort the fact（Figurative and euphemistic use of words (source of synonyms)）7．occupation-walk of life（Figurative and euphemistic use of words (source of synonyms)）8．coffee （Modern English）9．mother (love, care) （Connotation）10．enrich (Middle English）Study the following words or expressions and identify 1）types of boundmorphemes underlined, and 2）types of word formation or prefixes.1.predict（bound root ）2.motel（ (head+tail)blinding）3.potatoes（ inflectional affix/morpheme）4.blueprint（ adjective+noun）5.preliminaries（ full conversion）6.Southward（ suffix）7.demilitarize（ reversative prefix）8.hypersensityve（prefix of degree ）9.retell（prefix ）10.multi-purposes（number prefix ）Define the following terms1.loan words2.specialized dictionary3.conversion4.lexical context5. amelioration6. semantic change (referring to modes of vocabulary development)7. compounding8. synonyms9. grammatical context10. phrasal verbs1.Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan or simply borrowing.2.It is a dictionary that covers a relatively restricted set of phenomena.It concentrates exclusively on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language, and special subjects like architecture, engineering, gardening and literature.3.It is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.4.It refers to the lexical items that co-occur with the word in question.The meaning of the word is often sffected and defined by the neighboring words.5.It refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.6.It means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.7.It is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases.8.One of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.9.In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the syntactic structure in which it occurs.10.A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and an adverb or preposition, for example ’shut up’ or ’look after’, which together have a particular meaning 1．What are bound morphemes? Illustrate your point.2．Why is context very important for the understanding of word-meaning?3. What is the difference between associative meaning and conceptual meaning?4. Give the definition of a stem and point out the stem(s) in the word “internationalist”.5. Explain the difference between initialisms and acronyms with the examplewords VOA, AIDS, N-bomb, UFO, CORE, ID.6. Arrange each of the following groups of synonyms according to their degree ofintensity, from the weakest to the strongest.1) astonish, amaze, surprise2) pardon, forgive, excuse3) genius, ability, talent4) sadness, grief, sorrow5) pleasure, rapture, delight7. What are the three major functions of context?1.Bound morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morpheme or morphemes to from words.Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix.2.Because most words have more than one meaning, it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in a given context.3.Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.It is usually constant and relatively stable.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.It is open-ended and indeterminate.4.A stem is a part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.Stems: nation, national, international.5.Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, hence the name. For example VOA,UFO,ID.Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, for example AIDS, CORE,N-bomb.6. 1) surprise-amaze-astonish 2)pardon-excuse-forgive 3) ability-talent-genius 4) sadness-sorrow-grief 5)pleasure-delight-rapture7.Elimination of ambiguity; indication of referents; provision of clues for inference of word meaning.Analyze and comment on the following.1. Some people hold that Shakespeare is more difficult to read than contemporary writings. Do you agree or disagree to this comment? State your reason(s) with at least three examples.2．Use examples to illustrate the similarity and difference between absolute synonyms and relative synonyms.3. Comment on the following two sentences to illustrate the two sub-categories of affective meaning.A) Knowledge of inequality has stimulated envy, ambition and greed.B) One who is filled with ambition usually works hard.4. What characteristic of antonyms does the following pairs of sentences demonstrate?A) How tall is his brother?B) How short is his brother?1.I agree with this comment. Shakespeare is more difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different senses from what they have now been used in daily life.For example jump means ’just’ ,vulgar means ’common’, and rival means ’partner’ in Hamlet.2.Absolute synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects,i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceptual and associative meanings. Synonyms of this type are interchangeable in every way. Absolute synonyms are rare in natural languages and restricted to highly specialized vocabulary, such as word-building-word formation in lexicology. Relative synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. Take change-alter-vary for example. To change a thing is to put another thing in its place; to alter a thing is to make it different from what it was before; to vary a thing is to alter it in different manner and at different times.3.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative. The appreciative or pejorative meanings of the words are usually brought out in context.In sentence A, ambition conveys a pejorative meaning, along with the other two word s ’envy’ and ’greed’; while in sentence B, the word ambition is used in good sense, showing approval, along with the words ’works hard’.4.Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Some pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively, on the grounds that one member is more specific than the other and the meaning of the marked term is found in that of the unmarked.So far as the meaning is concerned, sentence A is inclusive.The use of tall does not exclude the possibility of his brother being very short. But sentence B is much more restricted in meaning and is considered abnormal unless the speaker is particularly interested in the shortness of his brother or curious enough to find how short his brother is.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. Newly-created words or expressions in English vocabulary, such as AIDS and E-mail are called neologisms.2. In modern times, borrowings brings less than ten percent of modern English vocabulary from other languages.3. In the words prewar, bloody, impossible, pre-, -y, im- are called derivational affixes.4. Compounds differ from phrases in three aspects: phonetic, semantic, and grammatical features.5. The sense of an expression is not a thing, so it is difficult to say what sort of identity it is. For example, and, if, yes don’t refer to anything in the world, but all have meaning.6. The problem of interrelation of the various meaning of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach.7. Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.8. The extra-linguistic context may be extended to embrace the entire culture background, which may also affect the meaning of words.9. The main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.10. All sentence idioms are complete sentences. They are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases.11．The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is the morpheme.12．Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and transfer.13．In the word “post-war”, “post-” is a prefix of time.14．Functional words such as preparations, conjunctions, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning.15．Relative synonyms also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different degrees of a given quality.16.Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and transfer.17.The language used in England between 450 and 1150 is called old English.ELD is a monolingual dictionary.19.In the phrase "the mouth of the river", the word "mouth" is semantically motivated.20.Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is extralinguistic context.。

浅谈英语新词的形成摘要：英语新词新语的大量出现丰富了当代英语词库，也给英语词汇系统带来了巨大影响。

新词新语的来源有新造词语、增加新意义的旧词语、跨域方言词语、外来词、数字词语等。

新词新语的特点有新颖生动、衍生能产、形式简洁、语义的动态性以及中外语言交融。

新词语的产生有社会背景、语言系统、人类认知以及文化传播诸方面原因。

关键词：新词新语；来源；特点；产生原因新词无时无刻不在被创造着、引用着。

有时新词是由一个人独自创造出来的，有时新词又是由一起工作的某个群体创造出来。

这个新词可以只为某一特殊场合而产生，此后再不出现，也可以成为语言的一部分，被辞典收录下来，成为固有词（林承璋，1997：90）。

英语词汇中新词的来源主要有以下几个方面：1）现代科学技术的进步；2）政治经济形势的变化；3）社会其他方面的发展。

1．现代科学技术的进步现代科学技术是新词最重要的来源。

20世纪后期科技的发展日新月异，英语中随之涌现出大量新词。

以电子工业为例，仅计算机的发展，就带来了许多新词新义：browser（浏览器），data highway（信息高速公路），desktop（桌面），dialog box（对话框），filename（文件名），flash memory（瞬时记忆），home page（主页），hypertext（超文本），Internet（因特网，国际互联网），modem（调制解调器），mouse pad（鼠标垫），netiquette（网上礼节），newbie （电脑新手，网上新手），notebook（笔记本电脑），page（网页），screen saver（屏幕保护），virtual reality（虚拟现实）。

此外，电话的种类越来越多，其功能也在不断增加：auto-dial（自动拨号），call forwarding （呼叫转移），caller ID（来话识别），car phone（车载电话），cellular phone（蜂窝电话），cordless phone（无绳电话），mobile call（移动电话），picturephone（可视电话），push-button phone（按键电话），speakerphone（免提电话），touch tone（音频电话），wall phone（壁挂电话）。