2011年5月1.One important outcome of the work on the expression of genes in developing embryos is sure to be knowledge that can help preventing birth defects. Just as promising (26) is the possibility of unraveling the complicated writing (27) of the brain. A mechanic gets valuable insight how an (28) automobile works by rebuilding car engines; similarly, neuroscientists can learn how the brain functions from (29) the way it is put together. The next step pursuing the (30) goal is to find out how the blueprint genes, the home box genes, control the expression of other genes that create the valves and piston of the working cerebral engine.The protein encoded by the latter genes could change the (31) stickiness of the cell surface, the shape of the cell or its metabolism to create the characteristic peculiar to, say, neurons or neural-crest cell. Surface proteins may be the (32) mechanism, whereby similar programmed cells stick together to form specific structures; they might also sense (33) the local environment to help the cell decide what is to do.Clarifying those mechanisms will engage the best talents in(34) embryology and molecular biology for some times to come. (35) What is perhaps the most intriguing question of all is if the brain is powerful enough to solve the puzzle of its own creation.2.Cities can be frightened places. The majority of the population live in noisy massive towe r blocks. __1__The sense of belonging to a community tends to appear when you live thirty floors u p in a skyscraper. __2__Strange enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, __3__nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks even say hello to each other. __ 4__Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally keep the inhabitants of a small village together. __5__ People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help.So country life has disadvantages too. For example, shopping becomes a major proble m and __6__for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go for an expedition to the nearest large town. __7__The country has the advantage of peaceful and quiet, but suffers from the is advant ages of being cut off. __8__The city has noise and population which do harm to human health. But one of their main advantages is th at __9__ you are at the centre of things and that life doesn‟t come to an end even at ten at night. Some people have found a compromise be-tween the two: they expressed their preference for the quiet life by leaving for the city and moving to the __10__country within commuting distance of the large city.3、Successful aging is a psychological feat. Fear for death, for example, may sometimes oppr ess you.__1__even when this is successfully overcome, there is still something for you to deal with -loneliness.Loneliness can speed your demise no matter conscientiously you care for your body. __2__“We go through life surrounded by protective convoys of others,” says Robert Kahn,a psychologist of the University of Michigan who studied the health effects of compa nionship. __3__“People who manage to maintain a network of social support do best.” One study of elderlyheart-attack patients found that those with two or more close associations enjoyed twi ce __4__the one-year survival rate of those who were completely panionship aside, healthy oldsters seem to share a knack for managing stress, poison that contributesme asurably to heart disease, __5__cancer and accidents. Researchers have also been kinked successful aging to mental st imulation.__6__An idle brain will deteriorate just as sure as an unused leg, __7__notes Dr. Gene Cohen, Head of the gerontology center at George ashington Universit y.But just as exercise can prevent muscle atrophy, mental challenges seem to preserve __8__both the mind and the immune system. But what most impresses researcherswho study the oldest old is his simple drive and resilience. “People who reach 100 a re not quitters,”__9__says Adler of the National Centenarian Awareness Project. “They sha re a remarkable ability to renegotiate life in every turn, to accept the inevitable losses And move on.”__10__4In the United States there are, strict speaking, __1__no national holiday, for each state must, through legislative enactment or executive pr oclamation, __2__appoint the day which each holiday is celebrated. Congress and the president may est ablish legal holidays__3__for the District of Columbia and for federal employees throughout the states and territ ories;and by long custom,days that receive nationwide observation, such as Christmas, Than ksgiving, __4__Labor Day, Independent Day, and New Year‟s Day, are uniformly set __5__apart by all states as legal, or public holidays. In 1968, federal legislation established Columbia Day __6__as a legal holiday for the District of Columbia and for the federal government beginn ing at 1971. __7__The law also provided begun in 1971 federal employees would be granted__8__three-days weekends by observing Washington‟s Birthday on the third Monday in Feb ruary, __9__Memorial Day on the last Monday in May, Columbus Day on the second Monday in October,and Veteran Day on the forth Monday on October. By 1971, most of the states also adopted the new dates. __10__5、One of our main arguments is that we in Western countries actually have part to play in causing the __1__problems of the Third World. Many Third World countries are saddle with immense debt burdens, for __2__example. They were lent money with low interest rates in the 1970s, when money fl ooded into Western banks__3__from the oil-producing countries and was lent out to the Third World. The interest ra tes have then been risen __4__dramatically. So you have a situation where a country in many cases can‟t even repa y the interest, letting alone__5__the capital, on the debt. And I suppose the best example from what I have come acr oss is a country inWest Africa where the consumption, the local consumption of peanuts was banned, be cause peanuts,if they are imported can bring in a great deal of foreign income. The peanut is a ma jor source of __6__protein in this country.So you have people go hungry as a result of that. __7__The peanuts were exported to Great Britain and the United States to feed our cattle.T hose cattle then produceda surplus of milk which we do not know what to do with.We have enough milk, mo re milk than we can copewith in the Western World.And also that milk was transformed into dried milk powd er and then taken back to this country __8__to help feed children who were suffering from malnutrition. So that‟s the kind of ins anely economic relationship__9__that we have got ourselves in the Third World. __10__6Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately,that message has not gotten through to the average American, that would rather try s witching to __1__"light" beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for D isease Control, for example,found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults were trying to shed __2__ pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by calorie-expending charts; __3__for example, one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work the 275 calorie s in one __4__delicious Danish pastry. Even exercise professionals concede half a point here."Exercise in itself is a very tough way to lose weight," says York Onnen, __5__ the program director of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. __6__ Therefore, exercise's supporting role in weight reduction is vital. __7__A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other publicemployees confirmed that those who diet without exercise regained almost all their ol d weight, __8__while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weig ht.If you decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burnan extra 100 calories daily. In a year's time, assumed no increase in __9__food taken, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks grad ually __10__and making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight7Henry Fielding, the famous novelist who was also26) a London magistrate, once made a night raid to two known hideouts in this city-within-a-city; he found seven men, women, and children packed away in a few tiny27) stinking rooms. All of these people, included little children of five and six who were trained as pick-pockets, were wanted for crime. Conditions like these bred more crim inals. One of the28) typical cases was that Jack Shepard, whose execution in 1724 was watched by t wo hundred thousand people. Shepard, the son of honest working people, was an29) apprentice in a respectful trade. He ran away from it because he fancied that he had been ill-treated, and soon30) found it was easy to make more money by thieving31) as his father had done by a lifetime of honest work.32) In Shepard‟s day highwaymen committed robberies at broad daylight, in sight ofa crowd, and rode solemnly and33) triumphantly through the town with danger of molestation. If they were chased, t wenty or thirty armed men were ready34) to come to their assistance. Murder was a everyday affair,35) and there were many people who made heroes from the murderers.8I think it is true to saying that, in general, language teachers (26)have paid little attention to the way sentences are used in combination to form stretc hes of disconnected discourse. They have tended to take (27)their cue from the grammarian and have concentrated to the teaching (28)of sentences as self-contained units. It is true that these are often represented in "cont exts" and strung together in dialogues and (29)reading passages, but these are essentially setting to make the formal properties of th e sentences stand out more clearly, properties which are then established in the learners br ain(30)by means of practice drill and exercises. Basically, the language teaching unit is the (31)sentence as a formal linguistic object. The language teachers view of what that consti tutes knowledge of a language is essentially the same (32)as Chomskys knowledge of a syntactic structure of sentences, (33)and of the transformational relations which hold them. Sentences are seen as paradig matically rather than syntagmatically related. Such a knowledge "provides the basis for the actual use of language by the speaker-hearer".The assumption that the language appears to make (34)is that once this basis is provided, then the learner will have no difficulty in the deal ing with the actual use of language. (35)9What is corporate c ulture? At its most basic, it‟s described like the personality of an orga nization, __1__or simply as “how things are done around here.” It guides what employees think, act, and feel. __2__Corporate culture is a wide term used to define the unique personality __3__or character of a particular company or organization, and include such elements as co re values __4__and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior. Corporate culture can be expresse d in thecompany‟s mission statement and other communications, in the architectural style or interior decoration,by what people wear to work, by how people address to each other, and in the title s given to various __5__employees. How do you uncover the corporate culture of a potential employer? The truth is that you will never really know the corporate culture after you have worked at t he company for a number of months, __6__but you can get close to it through research and observation. Understanding culture is atwo-step process, starting with the research before the interview and ending with obse rvation __7__at the interview. The bottom line is that you are going to spend a lot of time on the work environment- __8__and to be happy, successful, and productive, you will want to be ina place where yo u fit for the culture, __9__a place where you can have voice, be respected, and have opportunities for growth. _ _10__10Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child h as good parents,heis fed, looked after and loved, what he may do, It is improbable that he will ever again in his life __1__be given so much without having to do anything in turn. In addition, life is always presenting __2__new things to the child—things that have lost their interesting for older people becaus e __3__they are too well-known. A child finds pleasure in playing in the rain, or in the sn ow.His first visit to the seaside is a marvelous adventure. But a child has his pains:He i s not so free to do__4__as he wishes as he thinks old people do; he is continually being told not to do thing s,or being punished for that he has done wrong. His life is therefore __5__not longer perfectly happy. When the young man starts to earn his own living, __6 __he becomes free from the discipline of school and parents;but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities.He can not longer expect others to pay for his foo d, his clothes,and his room,but has to work if he wants to live comfortable. If he spends most of his time playing about in __7__the way that he used to as a child, he will suffer hungry. __8__And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to breakthe laws of his parents, he may go to prison. If, therefore, __9__he works hard, keeps out of trouble and has good health,he can have the great happiness of seeing himself making steady progress in his job __10__and of building up for himself his own position in society.11Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whoseproductivity and social harmony are the envy of the United Statesand Europe.But increasingly the Japanese is seeing a decline __1__of their traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago youngpeople were hardworking and saw their jobs as theirprimary reason for being,but now Japan has large __2__fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go nex t.The coming of the age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into __3_ _the male-dominated job market has limited the opportunities of teen-agers who __4__ are already questioning the heavy personalsacrifices involved climbing __5__Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey,it was found that only 24.5percent Japanese students were fully satisfied with__6__ school life,compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States.In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 countries surveyed. While often__7__praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics.Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanic learning __8__over creativity and self-expression. Last year Japan experienced 2,125incidentsof school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers.Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewaremphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Detoyama,who was then education minister, raised his eyebrow when he argued that liberal reforms introduced__9__by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakenedthe "Japanese morality of respect of parents." __10__12About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided i f women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2___ _University.The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths coul d be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4__ __families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternaldeaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____ the United Nation‟s Children‟s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Controlrespectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6___ _risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____ maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____ pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____ mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10___ _two years apart.13“Home, sweet home” is a phrase that express an essentialattitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in thefamily house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1_____has great importance for many people.This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream,dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlersof American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2_____for one‟s family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3_____ portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to _____4_____ support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5_____of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in theUnited States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6_____ is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7_____they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8_____a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically inthe suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9_____ a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their _____10_____ way of life.14The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1__ have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2__monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when oneoccasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3__found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat fromone whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4__“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of Englandwas designated “the King‟s fish” because it automatically belongedto the Crown.Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5__wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, andexploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6__Even though some species are protected by the regulations ofthe International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whalehunting is regulated, but the earth‟s stock of whales is still being __7__depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8__there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind willbe blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9__awe-inspiring creature that always fed man‟s imagination and __10__made the world a more exciting place15We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any moment passes wit h someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1__languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and suc cessful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2__more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3__is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4__animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5__and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6__understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, __7__language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and whenlanguage started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of languageis that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8__Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9__of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel thenecessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most peoplehave probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater thansome people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which __10__takes language as its object of investigation.16The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1__ have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2__monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when oneoccasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3__found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat fromone whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4__“great fish,” and any whale beachin g along the coasts of Englandwas designated “the King‟s fish” because it automatically belonged to the Crown.Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5__wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, andexploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6__Even though some species are protected by the regulations ofthe International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whalehunting is regulated, but the earth‟s stock of whales is stil l being __7__depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8__there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind willbe blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9__awe-inspiring creature that always fed man‟s imagination and __10__made the world a more exciting place17We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1__languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and suc cessful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2__more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3__is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4__animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5__and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6__understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, __7__language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and whenlanguage started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of languageis that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8__Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9__of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel thenecessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most peoplehave probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater thansome people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which __10__takes language as its object of investigation.18Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can‟t hel p being strucked by the __1__appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__short; their general appe arance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__ha ve successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__style of dress. The sam e cannot be said for women. Each year, a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and Lon don lay down __7__on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8__decr ees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial.Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__waists will be hei ght; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__19Demographic indicators show that Americans in the post war period were more eager th an ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both me n and womenand brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height __1___after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” __2 __These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but temporary __3__ reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than their __4__Europe counterparts. __5__Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who formed __6__families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a __7__ postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of __8 __couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United States __9_ _maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. __10__ Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not aba ndoned.When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start meeting diffi culties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a lady, who replied tha t she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the __1__way they occupied the space around them—for example, when such a person walks d own a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never __2__ bump into other people.However, a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, __3__it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited __4__ to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American __5__ hasn‟t been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had __6__ known about American food, he might have behaved better. __7__Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, tohim, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that __8__ it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, __9__said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. __10__And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.。
