2017-1995年英语专业八级改错真题及答案 持续更新(部分详解)文字答案校对版

可可英语专八改错练习第一期About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1 pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking University. ____2The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Center s for Disease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high risk categories. ____6 The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than two years apart.____10第二期'Home, sweet home" is a phrase that express an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1has great importance for many people.This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2for one's family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to ___4support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth. When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their way of life._____10第三期We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _____1that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _____2with comparable education in Western Europe.There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers—how to build them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3them to explain about the rinciples of physics that have gone into creating the _____4computer, you don’t have faintest idea. _____5The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _____7tec hnology. Lots of people don’t differ between the two. Science is the production of _____8new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a faculty for the others. _____9Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology,it’s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet earned to forecast the consequences of new technology, which can be enormous._____10第四期What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon __1are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is __2a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can __3escape—not even light. But we can’t see a black hole. A black hole __4exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space—or thus we think. How can this happen? __5 The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs.The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”—a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of __6its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the __7size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger __8gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. __9And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. __10第五期The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the c oasts of England was designated “the King’s fish” because it automatically belonged to the Crown.Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5 wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6Even though some species are protected by the regulations of the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale hunting is regulated, but the earth's stock of whales is still being __7depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9awe-inspiring creature that always fed man's imagination and made the world a more exciting place__10第六期We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, __7language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8 Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which takes language as its object of investigation.__10第七期Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can’t help being strucked by the __1 appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too short__2 ;their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8decrees of the designers are unpredictable anddictatorial.Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10 第八期Demographic indicators show that Americans in the post war period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height __1after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the "baby boom." __2These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but temporary __3reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a ounger age than their __4Europe counterparts. __5Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who formed__6families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a __7postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of __8couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United States __9maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world,the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. __10 Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.第九期When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately startmeeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked alady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the __1way they occupied the space around them—for example, when such a personwalks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never __2bump into other people.However, a second person thought that this was more a question ofcivilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, __3it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited __4 to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American __5hasn't been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had __6known about American food, he might have behaved better. __7Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, tohim, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that __8it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, __9said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. __10And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.第十期A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is __1going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of __2prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of __3seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is __4the scale. Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very __5 dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today—the poor can still be numbered __6in millions.The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies __7two myths; the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants __8from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the __9country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them flood __10-ing out again to the suburbs.第十一期Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect__1while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence __2of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact __3the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through __4the eighteenth and nineteenth century, becoming enormously popular in __5the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially, this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and __6magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his __7portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was __8close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the __9string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended __10by amiable attacks.第十二期Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They __1would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid calledice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. __2However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned thatwater consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen __3and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam.Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, andthe solid, all of which is made up of molecules with the formula H2O. __4This is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist asgases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as asolid, but if we will heat it in a furnace, it will melt and become a __5liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. Nothingvery permanent occurs when a gas changes into a liquid or a solid.Everyone knows that ice, which has been made by freezing water,can be melted again by warmed and that steam can be condensed __6on a cold surface to become liquid water. In fact, it is only becausewater is so a familiar substance that different names are used for __7the solid, liquid and gas. Most substances are only familiar with __8us in one state, because the temperatures requiring to turn them __9into gases are very high, or the temperatures necessary to turn theminto solids are so low. Water is an exception in this respect, whichis another reason why its three states have given three different names. __10第十三期Classic Intention MovementIn social situations, the classic Intention Movement is “the chair-grasp”. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an ppointment to keep and can get away. His urge __1to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest. If he did __2not care of his guest’s feelings he would simply get up out of his chair __3and to announce his departure. This is what his body wants to do, __4therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him __5raise. It is at this point that he performs the chair-grasp Intention __6Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. __7This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not __8hesitating, it would only last the fraction of the second. He would lean, __9push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. It is as if his __10body had frozen at the get-ready moment.第十四期The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human __1ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods __2An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed thatone-half emphasize gathering plants foods,one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from __3plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible __4 calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. __5Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no __6one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence __7of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). __8If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly __9could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. __10第十五期There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronun-ciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt ‘naturally’ and unconsciously, and orthography __1is learnt deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds __2like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when we __3firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, __4whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We __5begin the "natural" learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and __6practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every __7day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling.This is "natural", therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our im- __8mediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates a means of holding a community and to give a sense of "belonging". We learn quite early to recognize a __9 "stranger", someone who speaks with an accent of a different community—perhaps only a few miles far. __10 第十六期Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior.Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised __1hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, __2enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey. __3To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million __4year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success __5in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their __6bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group __7attackers.Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative __8period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence,so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use—that of penning, __9controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms,awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer __10essential for survival.第十七期In addition to learn how to cope with daily__1work, I've also know to handle study sessions for__2big tests. My all-night study sessions in high school are experiment in self-torture. Around __32:00A.M., My mind, as a soaked sponge, simply__4 stopped absorb things. Now, I space out exam__5study sessions over several days. That way, the night before can be devoted to a overall review__6rather than raw memorizing. Most important,though, I've changed my attitude toward tests. In high school, I thought tests were mysterious things with completely predictable questions. Now, I ask __7teachers the kinds of questions that will be on the __8 exam, and I try to "psych out" which areas or facts teachers are like to ask about. These practices really__9work, and for me they've taken many of the __10fear and mystery out of tests第十八期For the last fifteen or twenty years the fashion in criticism or appreciation of the arts have been to deny the existence of any valid criteria and to make the __1__ words “good” or “bad” irrelevant, immaterial, and inapplicable. There is no such thing, we are told, like a set of standards first acquired through experience and __2__ knowledge and late imposed on the subject under discussion. This has been a __3__popular approach, for it relieves the critic of the responsibility of judgment and the public by the necessity of knowledge. It pleases those resentful of disciplines, it __4__flatters the empty-minded by calling him open-minded, it comforts the __5__confused. Under the banner of democracy and the kind of quality which our forefathers did no mean, it says, in effect, “Who are you to tell us what is good or bad?” This is same cry used so long and so effectively by the producers of mass __6__media who insist that it is the public, not they, who decide what it wants to hear __7__and to see, and that for a critic to say that this program is bad and that program is good is pure a reflection of personal taste. Nobody recently has expressed this __8__ philosophy most succinctly than Dr. Frank Stanton, the highly intelligent __9__president of CBS television. At a hearing before the Federal Communications Commission, this phrase escaped from him under questioning: “One man’s mediocrity __10__is another man’s good program”.第二十期The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical __1__words have “less meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them __2__“empty”words as opposed in the “full”words of vocabulary. But this is a rather __3__misled way of expressing the distinction. Although a word like the is not the name __4__of something as man is, it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a __5__sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile”and “the man is vile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. Moreover, grammatical words __6__differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they have even in __7__the lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been “little words.”But size is by no mean a good criterion for distinguishing the grammatical words.”__8__of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. __9__Apart from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say:we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them. This is __10__illustrated not only in the poetry of Robert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.第二十一期More people die of tuberculosis than of any other disease caused by a single agent. This has probably been the case in quite a while. During the __1__early stages of the industrial revolution, perhaps one in every seventh __2__deaths in Europe’s crowded cities were caused by the disease. From __3__now on, though, western eyes, missing the global picture, saw the trouble __4__going into decline. With occasional breaks for war, the rates of death and infection in the Europe and America dropped steadily through the 19th and __5__20th centuries. In the 1950s, the introduction of antibiotics strengthened the trend in rich countries, and the antibiotics were allowed to be imported to __6__ poor countries. Medical researchers declared victory and withdrew.They are wrong. In the mid1980s the frequency of infections and deaths __7__started to pick up again around the world. Where tuberculosis vanished, it came __8__back; in many places where it had never been away, it grew better. The World __9__Health Organization estimates that 1.7 billion people (a third of the earth’s population)suffer from tuberculosis. Even when the infection rate was falling,population growth kept the number of clinical cases more or less constantly at 8 __10__million a year. Around 3 million of those people died, nearly all of them in poor countries.tuberculosis n.肺结核antibiotics n.抗生素, 抗生学第二十二期One of America’s most important export is her modern music. __1__American popular music is playing all over the world. It is enjoyed __2__by people of all ages in all countries. Because the lyrics are English, __3__nevertheless people not speaking English enjoy it. The reasons for its popularity are its fast pace and rhythmic beat.The music has many origins in the United States. Country music,coming from the suburban areas in the southern United States, is one __4__source. Country music features simple themes and melodies describing day-to-day situations and the feelings of country people. Many people appreciate this music because the emotions expressed by country __5__ music songs. A second origin of American popular music is the blues. It depicted __6__mostly sad feelings reflecting the difficult lives of American blacks. It is usually played and sung by black musicians, but it is not popular with __7__all Americans.Rock music is a newer form of music. This music style, featuring fast and repetitious rhythms, was influenced by the blues and country music. It is first known as rock-and- roll in the 1950’s. Since then there __8__ have been many forms of rock music, hard rock, soft rock, punk rock,disco music and others. Many performers of popular rock music are young musicians.American popular music is marketed to a demanding audience.Now popular songs are heard on the radio several times a day. Some songs become popular all over the world. People hear these songs sing __9__in their original English or sometimes translated into other languages.The words may coincide but the enjoyment of the music is universal. __10__第二十三期Cities can be frightened places. The majority of __1__the population live in noisy massive tower blocks. The sense of belonging to a community tends to appear __2__ when you live thirty floors up in a skyscraper. Strange __3__enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks even say hello to each __4__other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally keep the inhabitants of a small village together. __5__People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. So __6__ country life has disadvantages too. For example, shopping becomes a major problem and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go for an expe- dition__7__to the nearest large town. The country has the advantage of peaceful and quiet, but suffers from the __8__isadvantages of being cut off. The city has noise and population which do harm to human health. But one of their main advantages is that you are at the centre of __9__things and that life doesn’t come to an end even at ten at night. Some people have found a compromise be-tween the two: they expressed their preference for the quiet life by leaving for the city and moving to the __10__ country within commuting distance of the large city.第二十四期Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It can give pleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severe headaches. __1The most significant the task ahead, the more careful the planning __2required. Getting to school or to work on time is a task requiring few __3or no planning, it is almost routine. A month’s touring holiday abroad,or better still, getting married, is a different matter altogether. If the matter involve a church wedding, a reception, a honeymoon in Venice, __4and returning a new home, this requires even more planning to make __5sure that it is successful. Planning is our way of trying to ensure success and of avoiding costly failures we can not suffer. It is equally essential __6to individual nations and families; the scale may be vary, but the degree __7of importance does not. In the essence, a nation planning its resources __8and needs do not differ from the familiar weekly shopping or monthly __9household budget. Both are designed to ensure an adequate supply of essentials, and if improperly carried out, will avoid shortages, wastage __10and over-expenditure.第二十五期Tracing missing persons can take much patient detective work. But a special kind of "private eye" can trace the missing ancestors of whole peoples by studying the clues。

英语专业八级的改错练习及参考答案英语专业八级的改错练习及参考答案We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we ive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as __1__ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular __2__ message: the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a __3__ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his __4__ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English __5__ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activetly and that which he recognises, increases in size as he grows old as a result of education and experience. __6__ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for tike inpidual, unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another __7__ member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a concrete transmission form. We take it for granted two most __8__ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are __9__ among most striking of human achievements. __10__答案：1. agreeing --------agreed2. ∧words----------these/those words3. in the disposal --------at the disposal4. enables--------enable5. “the” before “other English speakers”6. old------ older7. seen ------ perceived, understood, comprehended8. “it” before “for granted”9. And ----- Yet; However10. ∧most ------ the most striking。

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economical causes: it is not due simply to the badinfluence of this or that individual writers. But an effect can becomea cause, reinforce the original cause and producing the same effectin an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take drinkbecause he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the mostcompletely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that ishappening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccuratebecause our thoughts are foolish, but the sloven of our languagemakes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that theprocess is irreversible. Modern English, especially written English,is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can beavoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one getsrid of these habits one can think more clearly, and think clearly is anecessary first step towards political regeneration: so that the fightagainst bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concerningof professional writers. I will come back to this present, and I hopethat by that time the meaning of what I have said here will have becomeclearer.答案及解析:1.economical－economiceconomical的意思是“节约的，经济的，省钱的”，而此处应选择economic表示“经济的，有关经济的”。

英语专业八级改错（1）It is difficult to think of a nation as an abstract collection of people living on a patch of territory. It is easier to think of as a person. This is why we sometimes call Great Britain __1__ "Britannia" and the United States "Columbia", and think of it as stately women. We also use masculine symbols in our __2__ personification of nations. In 1712 John Arbuthont, a Scot,wrote a political satire in that the characters were supposed __3__ to be typical members of different nationalities. The Englishman was John Bull. This name, which was sufficient flattering to be __4__ adopted generally, combined the most common English first name with a last name indicated strength. John Bull is usually __5__ pictured as a partly businessman with a Union Jack on his hatband.After the American War of Independence began in 1783, the United __6__States was knownfor "Brother Jonathan". Jonathan was a biblical __7__ name associated with simple people from rural areas, and it seemed fitting since the United States is rural and unsophiscated, and since __8__American considered their type of simplicity a virtue compared to __9__ the wickedness of European cities. It is possible, however, that the name was originated with President George Washington,who would __10__often say, when faced with a hard problem, "Let us consult Brother Jonathan", referring to his secrectary, Johnathan Trumbull.英语专业八级（1）答案和解析:1. of和as之间加上it.代替前文的a nation2. it—both.指代上文的US和Great Britain3. that—which4.sufficient—sufficiently.修饰形容词用副词5. indicated—indicating来源：考试大6. began—ended.根据历史知识，美国独立战争开始于1776年7月4日(《独立宣言》发表)，直到1783年英国正式承认美国独立才结束。

1995-2017年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字/答案校对版）2017年改错真题The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguisheshumanbeings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which1.________distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs tobe equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is2.________what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction3.________in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, th e more one accepts one’s strengths and works4._______towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of 5.________communication skills, the better will be their interactions andthe more their social popularity.The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve6.________communication skills? The answer is simple. One can findplenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conductworkshops and seminars based on communication skills of menand women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing intrainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to 7.________help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective communication skills have become a predominantfactor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicatewith.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but abilityto 8.________communicate well is important, as every employee becomes therepresenting face of the company.There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made9._______programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look intothe problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively.10._______2016年改错真题All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships,a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships,1._________for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences,language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special2._________character—a character that differs it in various ways from 3._________other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places,songs, or events that come to have a unique andimportant symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any4._________social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, orsociety—develops a culture with the passage of time.While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique,all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between5.__________communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. 6.__________Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication isthe means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics7.__________are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to createa culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, orsocieties,but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._________In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication.Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to9.__________another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped,10._________transmitted, and learned through communication.2015年改错真题When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular showon ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round at the lux ury of the 1. ________rink, my friend’s mother remarked on the “plush”seats we had beengiven. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my 2.________vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. “Plush”was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluatio n; that 3. ________much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the conte xt. So I 4. ________started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, andso are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters, aren ’t they? Myfriend’s mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her 5. ________expression that I had not got the word quite right.Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughlymeans, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquir e both 6. ________new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially in our 7. ________own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I sho uld haveasked for plush, and this is particularly true in the8._______ _aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surroun ded by 9________speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly,but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner o f English.So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap.10. _________2014年改错真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions 1.__________have possessed the most attention of researchers in this are a: 2.__________◆Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language?3.__________◆What is the explanation for the fact adults have 4.__________more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?◆What motivates people to acquire additional languages?◆What is the role of the language teaching in the 5.___________acquisition of an additional language?◆What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all 6.__________the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do 7.___________so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additional language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under 8.___________focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities are involving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning 9.___________or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in the classroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 10.___________2013年改错真题Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,production and remembering language, and hence are concerned1.__________with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for l anguage.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually 2.__________happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately.3.__________Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, 4.________you normally cannot help but understand it.It is only in exceptional circumstances we might beco me aware of 5._________the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannotremember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has 6._________influenced their language; if we observe a child acquire l anguage; 7._________if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adu lt; or if weare visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyo ne else 8._________who is. As we shall see, all these examplesof what might be called“language in exceptional circumstances”reveal a great dea l about theprocesses evolved in speaking,listening, writing and reading. But 9.__________given that language processes were normally so automatic, w e also 10.__________need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is ha ppening.2012年改错真题The central problem of translating has always been whethe r totranslate literally or freely. The argument has been going s ince at least 1.__________the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th cen tury, manywriters favored certain kind of “free”translation: the spi rit, not the 2.__________letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter 3.__________not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who 4.___________wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 5.___________19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was 6.__________entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible 7.__________gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted atall, it must 8.__________be asliteral as possible. This view culminated the statement of the 9._________extreme “literalists”Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation,the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed.Too often, writer,translator and reader were implicitly identified with eachother. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problemremains. 10. _________2011年改错真题From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, Iknew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages1._____________of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon thisidea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my2._____________true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down3._____________and write books.I was the child of three, but there was a gap offive years on either side, and I barely saw my father 4._____________before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhatlonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which5._____________made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had thelonely child's habit of making up stories and holdingconversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the 6._____________very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling 7._____________of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facilitywith words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I 8._____________felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get 9._____________my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the 10.____________volume of serious — i.e. seriously intended — writing whichI produced all through my childhood and boyhood would notamount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poemat the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2010年改错真题So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other tosay 1____________the things their speakers want to say.2____________There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3_____________peoples or cultures, but that isanother matter. Certainly, not allgroups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics orpsychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is notthe 4____________fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_____________English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of thosesometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise andsubtle than English. This example does not come to light adefect 6____________in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English livein similar 7___________environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8____________for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environmentsin whichEnglishwas habitually used made such distinction as importan t. 9___________Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo l anguagecould be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor man ufactureor cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. 10____________For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth centurycould not talk about motorcars with the minute discriminationwhich is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture.But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicleswhich send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when weare reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?2009年改错真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passe s fromone school child to the next and illustrates the further di fference 1.__________between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a v erse,learnt inearly childhood, is not usually passed on again when the li ttle listener 2.__________has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grand child 3.___________The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmittingit maybe something from twenty to seventy years.With the playground lore, 4.__________therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passedon within the very hour it is 5._________learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of t he same age, 6.___________or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age betweenplaymates to be more than five years. If,therefore, a playground rhymecan be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, o r even just 7.___________for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over a nd over; very 8.___________possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundr ed younghearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live after so much 9.__________handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the10.___________2008年改错真题The desire to use language as a sign of national identi ty is avery natural one, and in result language has played a promi nent 1.__________part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cu ltivate 2.__________a given language to show that they are distinctive from ano ther 3.__________race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United Sta tes 4.__________split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals th atindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a 5.__________different language from those of Britain. There was even one6.__________proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favoured the adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things w ouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to Engl ish 7.__________and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone8.__________knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfac torysolution of carrying with the same language as before.9.__________Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world 10.__________that political independence and national identity can be comp letewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a commo n language.2007年改错真题From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earl iest 1.__________records of ancient languages show us language in a new and2.__________emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the lan guage 3._________originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4.__________necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries5.__________than we find in English. It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds 6.___________too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that7.___________such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference8.___________between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent,9.____________whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that arewholly conventional. 10.___________2006年改错真题We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing c onventions as 1.________to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2.________message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3._________set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4._________thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5._________speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognises, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience.6 ._________But, whether the language store is relatively small or l arge, the systemremains no more than a psychological reality for the individ ual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7._________member of his linguistic community; he has to give the syst em aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8.___________common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And thes e are 9.___________among most striking of human achievements.10.___________2005年改错真题The University as BusinesA number of colleges and universities have announced stee p tuitionincreases for next year—much steeper than the current, very low rate ofinflation. They say the increases are needed because of a l oss in value ofuniversity endowments heavily investing in common stock. I am skeptical. 1._______A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net re venues,irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outl ook of 2._________universities in the United States is indistinguishable from t hose of 3._________business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact e conomic 4._________uncertaintyincreases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this i s primarily a 5._________factor in graduate and professional-school tuition);the poor one's job prospects,the more sense it makes to 6.__________reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive t o students7._________include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa governance role, and eliminate required courses. Sky-high t uitions 8.____________have caused universities to regard their students as customer s. Just asbusiness firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of co mpetition, 9.___________universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the at hleteswhom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the bestathletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtai n salariesearlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by theantitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to l imit competitionfor the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basisof merit rather than purely of need—just like businessfirms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer.10 ___________2004年改错真题One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S.Congressis the power to investigate. The power is usually delegtated tocommittees — either stading committees,special committees set for a specific purpose, 1.___________or joint committees consisted of members of both houses.2.___________Investigations are held to gather information on the need forFuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualification and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the3.___________groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings4.___________and to make out detailed studies of issues.5.____________There are important corallaries to the investigative power.One is the power to publicize investigations and its results.6.___________most committee hearings are open to public and are reported7.___________widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakes8.___________to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in nationalissuses.9.__________Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite fro contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony.10.__________2003年改错真题Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwarperiod were more eager than ever to establish families. Theyquicklybrought down the age at marriage for both men and women an d broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more tha n a hundred 1.________years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.”Thes e young 2.________adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that went for more than two decades and caused a major 3.___________but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. Fromthe 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a h igh rate 4.__________ and at a younger age than thei r Europe counterparts.5.__________Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who 6._________formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced th e 7._________divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in e arlier as well 8.__________as later decades. Since the Un ited States maintained its dubious 9.______ ____distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same exte nt in 10._________Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.2002年改错真题There are great impediments to the general use of a sta ndardin pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “naturally”and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt1.____________deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what2.____________our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often3.____________comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. 4.____________It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own h andwritingis something which we almost always know. We begin the “na tural” 5.___________learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read orwrite, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 6.___________practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hoursper every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult 7.__________English spelling. This is “natural”therefore, that our speech-sounds 8.__________should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as wehave seen,speech operates as a means of holding a community and9.__________giving a sense of“belonging”. We learn quite early to recognize a“stranger”,someone who speaks with an accent of a differentCommunity—perhaps only a few miles far.10.__________2001年改错真题During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yieldsand the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers.1.________The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.2.______War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain sellingas carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat priceswere generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for 3.____________markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, 4.____________just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On variousoccasions,5.________producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to6.________become involving, at least not until wartime when wheat pricesthreatened7.________to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal8.___________government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveriesfrom the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended,and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the cropof 9._________1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board,with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices.10.___________2000年改错真题The grammatical words which play so large a part in Englishgrammar are for the most part sharply and obviously differentfrom the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which mayseem the most obvious is that grammatical wordshave“ less 1.___________meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them2.___________“empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary.3.__________But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction.4.__________Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp5.__________difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man isvile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this diff erence in meaning.6.___________Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the7.___________lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been“little words”. But size is by no mean a g ood criterion for8.___________distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when weconsider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart9.___________from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some。

2017 英语专业八级考试短文改错真题解析去年的短文改错有一定的难度。

原材料选自很多年前的一本书，而且不是完全照搬，真题对原材料做了较大的改编和补充。

个别几个地方设计很有区分度。

我们先来看看2017 年短文改错真题的来源，直接上图PARTIII LANGUAGE USAGE [15 MIN] 10%The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case onln and write the correct on in the blankFor an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word the slash/ and out the word in the blankProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THREEas instructed.2017 年英语专业八级统一考试真题及解析PART III LANGUAGE USAGE [15 MIN] 10%The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In eachcase only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the followingway.For a wroe slash / and out the word in the blankProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THREE as instructed.The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguish human。

专八英语考试改错试题附答案2017年专八英语考试改错试题附答案知不足者好学，耻下问者自满。

以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年专八英语考试改错试题附答案，希望对正在关注的您有所帮助!“ The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human __1__ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods __2__An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung ofsouthern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize gathering plants foods,one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from __3__plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the Universityof London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible __4__calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. __5__Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no __6__one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infectionsor accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence __7__of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). __8__If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly __9__coulduse their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. __10__ 参考答案及解析:1. 将as 改为like此处的意思是“像史前人类祖先那样生活”。

英语专业八年级改错练习题及答案解析Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries couldbe avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____ pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____ University.The report indicates that million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternalDeaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____ families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the million infant and maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Controlrespectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____two years apart.参考答案及解析:1 将had used 改为 used。

Because the air in the country is really clean, we ought to live there much as is possible. Since, however, a great deal of the worlds (26)work must be done indoor in cities, it is important that we take every (27)precaution to ventilate our houses properly. Some people have thought that night air is injurious. But careful study shows that night air is identical with that which we breath during the day. In face the (28)proper ventilation of a bedroom is one of the first necessity for good (29)health. Since the exhaled air is usually warmer and lighter than the inhaled air, it rises to the top of the room. Therefore it is better to open a window both at the top to let the warm up air out and also at (30)the bottom to admit the fresh air in. Of course, this does not mean (31)that one should sleep in a strong draft. In many places it is feasible to sleep out-of-the-doors on a sleeping porch and so to secure perfect (32)ventilation. In recent years we have seen steady progress made in the development of equipments to supply proper conditioned air not only in large (33)auditoriums, class-rooms, and factories, but also in railroad trains and in private homes. This equipment cleans the air off dust, keeps (34)the temperature comfortable, holds the humidity at the right point, and keeps the air in the motion. Such a condition is conductive to (35)efficiency as well as good health.答案：26.much前加as27.indoor改为indoors28.breath改为breathe29.necessity改为necessities30.up改为upper31.去掉in32.out-of-the-doors改为out-of-doors33.equipments改为equipment34.off改为of35.去掉the。

All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships, a culture develops over time. In friendship and romantic relationships, for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, rituals, habits, and customs that give that relationship a special character—a character that differentiates it in various ways from other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a unique and important symbolic meaning for two individuals. Thus, any social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, or society—develops a culture over time. While the defining characteristics—or combination of characteristics—of each culture are unique, all cultures share certain common functions. The relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction through which cultural characteristics are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction. In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to preserve and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another. One can say, therefore, that culture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication.The ability to comiiiunicnte is the primary factor that distinguishes humaiibeings fiom arrivals. And it is the ability to coiumiuiicate well which 1.distiiiguishes one iiidividual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs tobe equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is 2.what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they iieed to iiiiprove commiuiication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they interact arid the direction 3.in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, the more vie accepts one’s strengths and works towards dealing w ith their shortcomings, specially in the aren of comiiiunicntion skills, the better will be their interacñons andthe more their social p opularity. The dominated question that comes here is: How to improvecommunication skills? The nnswer is simple. One cm find plenty of litmature on this. There are also experts, who conduct workshops and s eminar’s based on c ommunication skills o f m en and wommi. In fact, a large number of companies are briiqqng intrainers to regularly make sessions oii the subject, in order to help their work force iiiaintain better interpersonal work relations. Today effective communication skills h ave becoiiie a p redominant 4.5.d. 7.factor even while recruiting employees. While iiiterviewing candidates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they commiuiicate with. They b elieve that s ome skills c an b e i mprovised on the j ob; but a bility t o 8. comiiiunicnte well is important, as every employee becomes thempresenting face of the company.Then are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made 9.programs on the siibject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look intothe problems in the mariner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10.The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes human beings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well that distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs to be equipped with habits for good communication skills, as this is what will make them a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledge the fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time. They need to take stock of the way they interact and the direction in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constant in life is change, and the more one accepts on e’s strengths and works towards dealing with their shortcomings, especially in the area of communication skills, the better will be their interactions and the more their social popularity.The dominating question that comes here is: How to improve communication skills? Well, the answer is simple. One can find plenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conduct workshops and seminars based on communication skills of men and women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing in trainers to regularly conduct sessions on the subject, in order to help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today, effective communication skills have become a predominant factor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates, most interviewers judge them on the basis of the way they communicate. They believe that skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to communicate well is important, as every employee becomes the representing face of the company.There are trainers, who specialize in delivering custom-made programs on the subject. Through the session they not only facilitate better skills in the department of communications, but also look into the problems that come in the way of being able to convey messages effectively.When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular show on ice by the mother of a friend. Looking around at the luxury of the rink, my friend’s mother remarked onthe‘plush’ seats we had been given. I did not know what she meant, but being proud of my vocabulary and not wanting to lose face by admitting ignorance, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. ‘Plush’ was clearly intended as a compliment, a positive evaluation; that much I could tell from the tone of voice and the context. So I started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, and so are the ice rink and thec ostumes of the skaters, aren’t they? My friend’s mother was too polite to correct me, but I could tell from her expression that I had not got the word quite right.Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughly means, and that is in fact the way in which we usually acquire both new words and new meanings for familiar words, particularly in our own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should have asked about plush, and this is particularly true in the case of a second or foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by speakers of the language you are learning, you can of course ask them directly, but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English. So dictionaries, such as the one in your hands, have developed to fill the gap.1. is 添加also2. possessed 改为attracted 词汇搭配attract one’s attention3. the same sense 后添加as one 固定搭配(介词)：the same as4. the fact 后添加that adults 从句：同位语从句，关系代词that 不可省略5. the language 去掉the , 此处泛指不特指，非特指6. check 改为review 词汇：纵览，回顾，综述7. attempts 改为attempting 介词后+名词/动名词短语8. or 改为and 连词：顺应关系9. involving 改为involved 非谓语动词：被动关系，用过去分词10.touch 改为interaction 词汇interaction 指交流，互动；touch 触碰，指身体接触Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psycholopical processes involved in language. Psycholingiiistics study iuiderstanding,production and reiiiembering language, and hence are c oncerned 1.with listening, reading, speaking. writing, and inemory for language.One reasou why we take the lam iage for granted is that it usually 2. happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accuiately. 3. Indeed. whmi you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, 4.you normally cannot help but undeistand it.It is only in exceptional ciiciunstances we miglit become awaie of 5.the coniplexity involved: if we are senmhing for a word but cnnnotremembei it: if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has ö. influenced their lanpuage; if we observe a child acqnire language; 7.if we tiy to leam a second lanpunge ourselves as an adult: or if w eare visually iinpaired or hearing-impnired or if we meet anyone else g.who is. As we shall see, all these exainples of what might be called“language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, listening, writing and reading. But 9.given t hat language p rocesses were n ormally so a utomatic, we also 10.need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.Psycholinguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguists study understanding, producing, and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take language for granted is that it usually happens so effortlessly, and, most of the time, so accurately. Indeed, when you listen to someone speaking, or look at this page, you normally cannot help but understand it.It is only in exceptional circumstances that we might become aware of the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has affected their language; if we observe a child acquiring language; if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet someone else who is. As we shall see, all of these examples of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about the processes involved in speaking, listening, writing, and reading. But given that language processes are normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happeningThe central problem of trmislating has always been whether totranslate literally or freely. The argument has bemi going shice at least the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many1.writers favoied ceitañi kind of “five” translation: the spiriL not the 2.letter. the sense not the word: the message zather the fomi: the matter 3.not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writei=s who 4.wanted the truth to be read and uiiderstood. Then in the turn of 19th century. when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that5.the linguistic barriers were insuperable rind that the language was 6.entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible 7.gained some currmicy. and with it that, if was attmnpted at all, it must g.be as literal as possible. This view culnfiriated the statemmit of the extreme “literalists” Walter Bmijainiii and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation,the nature of the readership. the type of the text, was not discussed.9.Too often, writer, tmnslator and render were implicitly identified with eachother. N ow, the c ontext has changed. and the basic problem i ts. 10.2012 Key:4. is — @ was7, view/\translation — J JQ that- view 10 translation !“o \)JhN that. fJ “fianslation was impossible ” ” -, -- “9, culminated /\the — ))P A inThe main problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going on since at least the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the nineteenth century, many writers favoured some kind of "free" translation, namely, the spirit, not the letter; the sense not the words; the message rather than the form; the matter not the manner.This was the often revolutionary slogan of writers who wanted the truth to be read and understood--Tyndale and Dolet were burned at the stake, Wycliff's works were banned. Then at the turn of the nineteenth century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that language was entirely the product of culture, the view that translation was impossible gained some currency, and with it that, if attempted at all, it must be as literal as possible. This view culminated in the statements of the extreme "literalists" Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nabokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, the nature of the readership, the type of text, was not discussed. Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each other. Now the context has changed, but the basic problem remains.From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew up I should be a writer. Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon thisidea, but I did so with the consciousness that I was outraging my true nature and that sooner or later I should have to settle down and write books. I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeable mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had the lonely child’s habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure.So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be as well equipped as any other to say the things its speakers want to say. It may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass. But this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not bring to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in different environments. The English language would be just as rich in terms for different kinds ofsnow, presumably, if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinction important.Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed part of the Eskimos' life. For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?4 somet›«ag «x ‹ »vaag «t»ir —+»i«+ye/%n/s2108The desire to use language as a sipn of national identity is avery natural one, and in result lanpiiage has played a prominent 1. part in n ational moves. Men h ave o ften f elt the n eed to c ultivate 2. a given l anguage to show t hat t hey are d istinctive fiom a nother 3. race w hose h egemony t hey r esent. A t the t ime t he U nited S tates 4. split off from Britain, for example, there weie proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use ofa5. different language from t hose o f B ritain. There w as e veli o ne proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others toured the a doption o f G reek, t hough, as one m an p ut i t, t hings would certainly be simpler for Ameiacans if they stuck on to English6.7.and made tire British learn Greek. At the end. as everyone 8.knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solutimi of carrying with the same language as before. 9.Since nenrly two hundred years now, they have shown the world that political independence and national identity can b e c omplete10. without sacrificing the enormous muttul advantages of a common langtuge. 2008 Q Key1.in result @Jik in consequence,2.moves @JiJ movements.3.distiiictive @JiJ distinct different4. /fi time @ J)0 when5.accepted pick realized ,acknowleged, confined6.those pJ k that7. J@ on,8 .At play In9.carrying with j caring on with10 .uow JJiJ ago Since ForFrom what h as b emi said, it must b e c lear t hat no o ne c anmake very positive statements about how language originnted.There i s n o m aterial in a ny l anguage today and i n t he earliest 1. records of ancient lan rages show us lan iage in a new and 2. emerging state. It is o ften sail of course, that the language 3. originated in c ries o f a nger, fean pain a nd p leasure, and t he 4. necessary evidence is entirely lackiiig: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a lnrge proportion of s uch c ries5. than w e f ind i n R nplish. It is t rue t hat the a bsenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds 6. too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that7. such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysiaas whose languages are utterly different.。