A Multi-Level And Multi-Scale Evolutionary Modeling System For Scientific Data

医学专业英语单词随着全球化的发展,各国间的学术交流在形式与领域方面日益深入,医学英语作为促进国际间医学技术和知识交流的重要途径发挥着重要作用。

下面小编为大家分享医学专业英语单词，希望对大家有用。

医学专业英语单词如下：miniature ①微型②缩影③小型的，袖珍的miniature aorta clamp 小型主动脉夹miniature biomicroscope 微型生物显微镜miniature camera 微型照像机miniature diagnostic X-ray unit 小型X 射线诊断机miniature electrocardiograph 微型心电图机miniature hemostat 微型止血钳miniature needle holder 微型持针钳miniature radio transmitter 小型无线电发报机miniature roentgenography 缩影X 射线照像术miniaturization 小型化，微型化miniaturized intraocular surgicalsystem 眼内显微手术器械minicamera 微型照像机minicomputer 小型计算机mini-electrocentrifuge 微型电动离心机minim ①量滴（液量最小单位，美制=0.6ml,英制=0.ml）②最小的，微小的minimal 最低的，极微的minim pipette 滴液量管minimum (abgr. Min; min) 最小值，最小的minimum standard 最低标准minimum temperature 最低温度minimum thermoimeter 最低温度计minipump 微型真空泵miniscope 微型示波器ministry of foreign trade 外贸部ministry of public health 卫生部minitype 微型，小型minor 较小的，辅助的minor electro-surgical unit 小型手术电凝器minor forceps 小钳Minor's tremor pickup 米诺氏震颤传感器minus 减的，负的minus lens 负透镜，凹透镜minute ①分钟②微小的，精密的minute volume (abbr. MV) 分钟量（每分钟肺呼出气体量）MIO(million) 百万，北miophone 肌音听测器mirror 镜，反光镜mirror haploscope 镜面式视轴测定器mirror image 裂隙灯像，镜像mis- 错误，不利misadjustment 失调，误调谐misclmisc(miscellany) 杂物miscarriage pipet 流产吸引管mischance 故障，障碍miscible 可混合的misc medical supplies 医疗设备杂品misconnection 错接，误接mismatch （使）失配，失谐，不重合missile 投射器mission 任务，使命mist 雾，湿气mistranslation 错译，译误mist tent 喷雾帐篷mist separator 湿气分离器mist spray 喷雾mist extractor 湿气提取器mitella 臂吊带mitochondrial oscillator 线粒体振荡器mitral 二尖瓣的mitral inadequacy 二尖瓣关闭不全mitral stenosis valvuliotome 二尖瓣狭窄手术心瓣膜刀mitral valve dilator 二尖瓣瓣膜扩张器mitral valve scissors 二尖瓣膜扩张器mitten 连指手套（拇指分开，其它四指连在一起）mix 混合mixer 混合器，调拌器mixer-granulator 混合制粒机mixer mill 混合磨mixing tablet 调合板mixture 混合，混合物mixture indicator 混合物成分指示器MMF (maximum midexpiratoryflow) 最大呼气中期流速mm.Hg (milimetres of mercury) 毫米汞柱（压力单位，等于1/ 大气压）M-mode echocardiography M-型超声心动图机mm.P.P. (millimetres partial pressure) 毫米汞柱分压Mn(manganese) 锰mmeme 记忆力Mo(molybdenum) 钼mobile 移动的，流动的mobile mass radiography 流动集体X 射线检查mobile recorder 移动或记录器mobile type X-ray unit 流动式X 光机mobile X-ray condenser discharge unit 电容放电式流动X 光机mobility 运动性，移动性mobilometer 淌度计mock-up 模型，模型机modality ①形式，方式②物理疗法，物理治疗设备mode 方式，模型model 型号，模型，样品model alloy 模型合金model former 成模器modelling compound 印模膏model machine 样机model trimmer 模型修整器modem 调制解调器mode number 模数moder 脉冲编码装置moderator 缓和器，减速器modern 现代的，近代的modernization 现代化modified bone clamp 骨固定夹modified circumflex scissors 变型卷曲剪modified vascular clamp 变型血管夹modifier 调节器modify 改变，限制modulation 调节，调整，适应modulation level 调制电平modulator 调节器，调幅器modle 模数，组件moist 湿的，潮湿的moist dressing 湿敷料moistener 湿润器moist heat sterilizer 湿热灭菌器moisture 潮湿，湿度，水分moisture analyser 湿度分析仪moisture balance 测湿度天平moisture evolution analyzer 湿气散出分析器，水分放出分析器moisture meter 湿度计moistureproof 防潮的moisture resistant 防潮的moisture test apparatus 水分测定仪moisture tester 水分试验器moisture trap 除潮器，脱水器mole ①克分子②模molectron 集成电路，组合件molecular distillation apparatus 分子蒸溜器molecular still 分子蒸溜器molecular structure instruments 生物分子结构分析仪器molecular weight (abbr. mol. wt) 分子量molecular weight apparatus 分子量测定仪molecule 分子molybdenum(abbr. Mo) 钼moment ①瞬间，片刻②力矩momentary 瞬时的，暂时的moment of force 力矩monangle 单角器（牙科）Monday(abbr. Mon.) 星期一money 金钱，货币monitor 监护仪，监视器，探测器monitor controller 监控仪monitor for photography 摄像用监视器monitoring catheters 监护用导管monitoring oscilloscope 监测示波器，监视镜monitoring station 监测台monitoring system 病人监护系统monitor-scope 监护示波器monitor screen 监视屏monocardiogram 心电向量图，向量图monochord 单音听觉器monochrouic 单色的monochromatic 单色的，单染色的monochromatic light 单色光monochromatic objective 单色物镜monochromatic rays 单色射线monochromator ①单色器②单色镜monochrome ①单色②单色镜片monochromic 单色的monocle ①单眼镜②单眼绷带monocrystal silicon 单晶硅monocular 单眼的，单目镜的monocular ear microscope 单管窥耳显微镜monocular indirct ophthalmoscope 单目间接检目镜monocular microscope 单目显微镜monocular tube 单筒目镜monoculus 单眼绷带monocyte 单核细胞，单核白细胞monograph ①专题论文②记录monomer 单体，单分子物体monomodal oscillator 单峰振荡器monophase 单相的monophone 送受话器monopolar 单极的monopolar forceps 单极钳monopoly ①专利权②垄断，独占monoscope 单象管，存储管式示波器monoterminal 单极的monovalent element 一价元素montage ①安装，装配②剪辑画面month 月份，月monthly ①每月的②月刊mop ①拖把，拖布②刷mope-eyed 近视的morbidity 发病，发病率morgue 停尸室，太平间morpho- 形，形态morphology 形态学Morr's burette 摩尔氏滴定管mortal 致死率mortality 死亡率mortar 乳钵，研钵mortar-grinder 研磨器mortuary 停尸房，太平间mortuary refrigerator 尸体冷藏柜mosaic structure 镶嵌型结构mOsm (milliosmol) 毫渗（一个渗透压的千分之一）mosquito clamp 蚊嘴夹，蚊嘴钳mosquito forceps 蚊式止血钳motarium 绒布（外科用布）motile 自动的，能动的motion 运转，运动，机动motionless 固定的，不活动的motoceptor 运动感受器motometer 转数计motor 马达，电动机motor analysor 运动分析器motor-driven arc therapy unit 电动式电弧治疗装置motor-driven operating table 电动手术台motor-driven surgery instruments 电动手术器motor for the dental laboratory 牙科技工室马达motor generator 电动发电机motorgraphic 描记运动的motormeter 运动力计motor pump 马达泵motor rescue boat 机动救护船motor stirrer 电动搅拌器motortherapy 运动疗法mould 模型moulded tablet 模印片moulding compound 牙科油泥mould paste 印模膏，打样膏mount 支架，座，装置mountain 山，高山mouse cage 鼠笼mouse tooth forceps 鼠牙钳mouth 口，嘴mouth adapter 口用麻醉接头mouth blowpipe 吹火管（牙科用）mouth gag 开口器，张口器mouth jaw 张口器mouth lamp 口腔灯mouth mirror 口腔镜mouthpiece 牙垫，接口管，口器mouthpiece tubing 接口吸管mouth prop 张口器mouth shade 口罩mouth speculum 窥口器，口腔镜movable support 可动支架movement ①运动，移动②机构，机械装置mover ①搬运车②发动机movie 影片，电影（院）moving boundary electrophoresis 移动区带电泳moving film camera 电影摄影机moving grid 活动X 线滤线栅moving-iron type hot stylus recorder 热笔描绘动铁式记录器moxa 灸料，灼烙剂moxosphyra 灸锤Mrna (messenger ribonucleic acid) 信使核糖核酸MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) 磁共振成像技术M-scan echocardiogram M 型扫描超声心动图MT (microtome) 切片机mucilage 胶水mucosa 粘膜mucotome 粘膜刀mucous membrane knife 鼻粘膜刀mucous plug 宫颈粘液塞mu-factor 放大系数，放大率muff 袖套，套筒muffle electric furnace 电热炉muffler 消音器，减声器mug 有柄杯，大杯Mules's scoop 谬耳斯氏眼刮匙mull 软布mulla 药布mull dressing 软布敷料muller 平底乳钵（研磨器）multi- 多，多数multibeam oscilloscope 多束示波器multicavity magnetron 多腔磁控管multichannel 多信道的，多路的multichannel amplifier 多通道放大器multichannel analyzer ①（针灸用）多经分析器②多波道分析器multichannel monitor 多道监视器multichannel oscilloscope 多线示波器multichannel recorder 多道记录器multi-crystal scanning gammacamer 多晶体扫描伽玛照像机multidiaphragm collimator 多叶集光筒multi-direction planigraphic device 多方向平面摄影装置multiformat camera 多规格照相机multiformat gamma camera 多幅伽玛照像机multiformat changing device 多幅幻灯片变换装置multifunctional 多功能的multifunction generator 多功能发生器multifunction system 多功能系统multi-heads curette 多头刮匙multi-heads tooth forceps 多头拔牙钳multiimage 重复图像multi-input 多端输入multi-level 多能极的multilocular 多腔的multiloop 多回路的，多匝的，多环的multimeter 万用表multimicroelectrode 微电极组multi-orbit tomographic unit 多轨迹断层摄影机multipath 多通道的，多途径的multi-pen recorder 多笔式记录器multiphasic screening 多项普检（以多种方式检诊）multiplane tomographic scanner 多平面断层扫描仪multiplanimat 多轨迹体层摄影装置（商品名）multiple aliquot sample harvester 多用等分试样标本采集器multiple electronic acupunctoscope 多用电子的位测定治疗仪multiple point electrode 多头电极multiple screening 多项普检（以多种方式检诊）multiple sheet filter 多层滤器multiple stethoscope 多管听诊器（教学用）multiplexer ①多路扫描装置，多路调制器②倍增器multiplicator 倍增器multiplier 乘法器，倍增器multiplier tube 倍增管multiply 增加，扩大multipoint combustible gas alarm 多点可燃气体报警器multipoint indicator 多点指示器multipoint trend recorder 多点式病情趋向记录器multipole 多极的multiprobe detector 多探头检测器multipurpose 多用途的，万用的multipurpose clamp 多用夹multipurpose computer 通用计算机multipurpose electroacupuncture apparatus 综合电针仪multipurpose electrostimulator 多用电刺激器multiopurpose operating table 综合手术台multipurpose oscilloscope 多用示波器multipurpose peripheral vascular retractor 多用外周血管牵开器multipurpose polygraph 多导生理记录仪multipurpose retractor 多用牵开器multipurpose scanning microscope 多用途扫描显微镜multipurpose scintillation counter 多用途闪烁计数器multipurpose therapy unit 综合治疗机muotipurpose tractor 多用牵引器multipurpose ultrasonic diagnostic equipment 多用途超声诊断仪multirange 多波段的multiscaler 万能定标器，多用定标器multiscan ultrasonic diagnostic unit 超声波断层诊断仪multispirograph 多用肺活量计multistage 多级的multistage amplifier 多级放大器multiterminal electrode 多端电极multivibrator 多谐振荡器multiway socket 多脚插座murmur 杂音muscle 肌muscle biopsy 肌肉活组织检查muscle booster 肌肉助力器muscle boosting device 肌肉助力装置muscle clamp 肌肉夹，肌肉钳muscle forceps 肌肉镊（眼科）muscle hook 肌钩muscle stimulator 肌肉刺激器mush 噪音，干扰mushroom catheter 蕈头导管music 音乐muslin 细薄棉布，软棉布muslin bag 棉布袋mutable 易变的，不定的mutual 相互的，不定的MV(millivolt) 毫伏MV(minute volume) 每分钟量（每分钟肺呼出气体量）MVE(mitral valve echogram) 二尖瓣回波描记图MVV(maximum voluntary ventilation) 最大随意通气量myasthenia 有无力mycology 真菌学，霉菌学mydriasis 瞳孔放大，散瞳myel-;myelo- 骨髓，脊髓myelin nucleus drill 髓核钻myelogram 脊髓X 射线造影片myelography 脊髓X 射线造影术myeloid biopsy needle 骨髓活检针myeloscintigram 脊髓闪烁图myelotome 脊髓刀mylar 聚酯薄膜myo- 肌肉myocardial 心肌的myocardial bloptome 心肌活检刀myocardial electrode 心肌电极myocardiogram 心肌运动描记图myocardiograph 心肌运动描记器myocardium 心肌myochronoscope 肌动时间测定器，肌兴奋时间测定器myocinesimeter 肌收缩计，肌动计myoculator 眼肌运动矫正器myodynamia 肌力myodynamometer 肌力计myoglobin 肌红蛋白myogram 肌动（描记）图myograph 肌动描记器myographion 肌记纹鼓myography 肌动描记法myohaemoglobin(abbr. MHb) 肌红蛋白myokinesimeter 肌收缩力计myoma forceps 肌瘤钳myomatome 肌瘤刀myometer 肌收缩计，肌力计myoneural junction 神经肌肉接点myophone 肌音听诊器myopia 近视myoscope 肌缩观测器myosis 瞳孔缩小myosthenic 肌力的myosthenometer 肌力测量器myotome 肌刀myotonometer 肌张力测量器myringa 鼓膜myringoscope 鼓膜镜myringotome 鼓膜刀MZE(microzone electrophoresis) 微区带电泳MZIS(medical interpretative information system) 医学解释的信息系统N(nitrogen) 氮Na(natrium) 钠nail ①指甲②钉子nail and wire nippers 穿钉和钢丝钳nail brush 指甲刷nail cleaner 指甲清洁器nail driver 骨髓钉打入器nail extension 导钉牵引术nail extension apparatus 穿钉牵引器mail extractor 骨穿钉拔出器nail file 指甲锉nail hammer 穿钉锤nailing 插钉术nailnippers 指甲钳nail-plate 鹅头针nail scissors 指甲剪nail set 穿针器naked 裸露的naked radiator 无保护罩散热器name 名称name of commodity 品名，货名name of goods 品名，货名nameplate 铭牌，商标nano- 小，毫微，十亿分之一nanoammeter 毫微安计nanogram(abbr.ng) 毫微克nanoprogram 毫微程序nanoscope 毫微秒示波器，超高频示波器nanosecond 毫微秒，10-9 秒nape 项，颈背napkin 餐巾narco- 麻醉，睡眠narcology 麻醉学narcosis 麻醉narcotic ①麻醉的②麻醉剂naris 鼻孔narrow ①狭窄的②变窄，限制narrow-nouth bottle 小口瓶narrow tube 小直径管nasal 鼻的nasal airway 鼻腔导气管nasal applicator 鼻卷棉子nasal bird-shape douche 鼻用鸟形冲洗器nasal cannula 输氧鼻管nasal catheter 鼻腔导管nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal cavity canula 鼻腔套管nasal chisel 鼻平凿nasal cotton wool carrier 鼻卷棉子nasal curet 鼻刮匙nasal cutter 鼻甲剪nasal cutting forceps 鼻咬骨钳，鼻切钳nasal dilator 鼻扩张器nasal douche 鼻用冲洗器nasal douche nozzle 鼻冲洗管嘴nasal dressing forceps 鼻敷料钳nasal endoscope 鼻镜nasal ethnoid punch forceps 鼻筛窦咬取钳nasal feeding 鼻饲法nasal feeding tube 鼻饲管nasal flat round-bladed knife 鼻用扁平圆刃刀nasal foreign body forceps 鼻异物钳nasal glass nozzle 鼻用玻璃冲洗管嘴nasal gouge 鼻圆凿nasal instruments 鼻用器械nasal irrigator 鼻冲洗器nasal knife 鼻刀nasal mucosa knife 鼻粘膜刀nasal oxygen cannula 鼻腔给氧插管nasal periosteum elevator ①鼻骨膜起子②鼻骨膜分离器nasal plastic scissors 鼻整形剪nasal polypus forceps 鼻息肉钳nasal polypus snare 鼻息肉圈断器nasal probe 鼻探针nasal prosthesis 假鼻nasal punch forces 鼻咬取钳nasal rongeur 鼻咬骨钳nasal saw 鼻锯nasal scissors 鼻剪nasal scoop 鼻匙nasal septum 鼻中隔nasal septum cutting forceps 鼻中隔咬骨钳nasal septum gouge 鼻中隔凿nasal septum round chisel 鼻中隔圆凿nasal septum speculum 鼻中隔镜nasal snare 鼻息肉勒除器nasal speatula 鼻铲。

2024-2025学年江苏省南通海门市高三上学期第二次调研测试英语试题Join NSTA Now and Save $90 on Your Conference RegistrationComplete the membership application and your membership fee, and your Chicago national conference registration form/ payment included and send them to:National Science Teaching Association.Conference Dept., PO Box 90214.Washington, DC 20090-0214.FAX (传真):703-243-3924 or register online at /chicago.Why Join NSTA?·Practical teaching tools that you can use in the classroom TODAY and access online — anywhere, anytime.·Your subscription to one of NSTA’s award-winning journals (Science & Children, Science Scope. The Science Teacher, or Journal of College Science Teaching) for great lesson plans, classroom activities, and instructional support.·Instant classroom support from your peers through the members-only NSTA listservs (电子邮单). ·20% discounts on NSTA Press publications — our bestsellers include Translating the NGSS for Classroom Instruction; Picture-Perfect Science Lessons series; Uncovering Student Ideas in Primary Science: 25 New Formative Assessment Probes for Grades K-2; and Integrating Engineering and Science in Your Classroom.Membership Options·Individual Membership — $75/ yr.·Student — $35/ yr. For students enrolled (注册) in an accredited (官方认可的) college or university with an interest in science education only. Include proof of current registration with your payment.·New Teacher — $35/ yr. Teachers who are in their first five years of teaching. Send a copy of your teaching certificate or a letter from your administrator.·Retired Teacher — $35/ yr. Science educators who are fully retired and have been an NSTA member for at least five years.·International Regular Membership — $90/ yr.·International Electronic Membership — $35/ yr.Learn more at /membership.1. How many ways can you join NSTA?A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four.2. What benefit can a member obtain?A．Access to international conferences. B．NSTA’s award-winning journals for free.C．Online support from instructors anytime. D．NSTA Press publications of specialprices.3. What is required of retired teachers to be an NSTA member?A．Five-year membership in the past.B．Proof of being a qualified science educator.C．A recommendation letter from a school administrator.D．Teaching experience in an officially authorized school.After college, in 1969. I got a job in the office furniture industry and sold a small room marketed as having “speech privacy”. It didn’t work — people could overhear each other — but nobody knew why the design failed, or how to fix it. A couple of years later, in Minneapolis, I founded what’s now Orfield Laboratories, a multi-sensory research center, to tackle problems like these.We can test everything from consumer response to the sound of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle to how lights in retirement homes affect elderly residents’ cognitive functioning. But the lab is best known for its anechoic chamber — a room that allows no sound to be reflected off its inner surfaces. It absorbs 100 percent of sound waves at specific frequencies, so you can understand exactly what noise a product will make. It’s a six-sided box made of 4-inch-thick steel panels. Every surface is then covered in fiberglass wedges (楔形物) that are 3.2 feet deep. The whole system floats independently on springs. That structure is then enclosed twice, including by a layer of 12-inch-thick concrete.Most such chambers around today are about 30 decibels (分贝), similar to a quiet bedroom. Ours averages at about negative 13. That means any sound waves still present in the space are far below what most human cars can sense.People come from all over the world to tour our facility and step into the chamber. It’s sort of l ike being an astronaut. With the lights out, you can’t position yourself because you cannot see or hear. Folks stand still, and some even fall over. Within 10 minutes, your ears start making a continuous low sound, and after 30, you can hear your heart bea ting. I don’t go in often. I have a mechanical heart valve (瓣膜), and I cannot stand the movement of its machine like clicks for too long.4. What did the author do right after graduation?A．He worked as a salesperson. B．He did research on speech privacy.C．He established Orfield Laboratories. D．He made a living by fixing furniture.5. What is one feature of the lab’s anechoic chamber?A．It is around 30 decibels. B．It looks like an irregular box.C．It is lined with 1-inch-thick fiberglass. D．It is made of thick sound-absorbingwalls.6. How might the author feel after staying at the chamber for half an hour?A．Inspired. B．Awful. C．Peaceful. D．Sleepy.7. What would be the best title for the text?A．A research center is little known to the publicB．Why decibels matter in the anechoic chamberC．A room is so quiet that you can hear your heart beatingD．How Orfield Laboratories aids you in being an astronautFor decades, weight-loss drugs have been a disappointment, delivering ineffective or even dangerous treatments. The recent arrival of drugs that are both effective and safe is therefore a medical milestone. Some now talk of a long-term future in which obesity might be cured. That is no small claim: Obesity is a serious global problem, affecting about 14 percent of the world’s population.Two companies, Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly, are battling for a potential $77 billion market by 2030 with their drugs, Wegovy and Mounjaro, which are going to be massive hits. But they won’t be the only competitors. The size of the market is attracting a lot of competition and innovation.More than 70 other obesity treatments are in development. Most firms are chasing the same idea, namely glucagon-like peptide l (GLP-1), which imitates the hormones (激素) the body produces after a meal, thus regulating glucose (葡萄糖) in the blood. This is why GLP-1 drugs work so well in treating diabetes (糖尿病).Unexpectedly, though, GLP-1 drugs also work on weight loss. They do this by slowing down the emptying rate of the stomach, ke eping people fuller for longer. They also affect the brain’s hypothalamus, which controls hunger, and may increase fat breakdown.Raymond Stevens, the boss of Structure Therapeutics, says the challenge is to ensure the patients tolerate the medicine and find it easy to use. A number of biotech firms, including his are chasing oral versions of GLP-1 drugs, which will be cheaper to make and deliver, and will be more tolerated by patients, who don’t like injecting themselves.While the drugs are generally regarded as safe, there are risks of complications (并发症). Another problem is durability (耐久性). The drugs have to be taken continuously to keep weight off. Amgen, which is developing a longer-lasting drug, will get results from Phase II trials later this year.A recent paper on Wegovy showed that the drug can reduce the risk of cardiovascular (管的) diseases by 20 percent. Given widely, weight-loss injections in America could prevent hundreds of thousands of heart failures. More data on the obesity medicines will support the case for prescribing these drugs. For now, the revolution is just beginning.8. What does paragraph 1 aim to introduce?A．The security of obesity. B．The future of medicine.C．A breakthrough in the medical field. D．The ineffectiveness of diet drugs.9. What can be learned about GLP-1 drugs?A．They were originally used to treat diabetes.B．They can improve the mobility of the stomach.C．They will take the place of Wegovy and Mounjaro.D．They are currently available mainly in oral versions.10. Why is Amgen mentioned in the last but one paragraph?A．To show the risks of complications.B．To describe the difficulty of the research process.C．To present efforts made to improve the drugs.D．To introduce the usage of the drugs.11. What does the author want to do in the last paragraph?A．Show doctors’ feedback on the drug.B．Demonstrate the promise of the drug.C．Call attention to the problem of obesity. D．Ask for more supporting data on thedrug.A young mom stares out the window in an empty room, holding a baby. The striking image is meant to arouse sympathy for a charity campaign and to urge the viewer to ask: Who is this poor woman? How can I help her?But there is a catch: The woman is not real.Furniture Bank, a Toronto-based charity that collects used household items for people in need, switched to Al-generated images in its 2022 holiday campaign. The move raised a host of ethical (道德的) questions along with donations.Executive director Dan Kershaw said that the lifelike scenes show the isolation of clients (客户的孤立无援) without objectifying (具体化) real people. Charities often use images of economically disadvantaged individuals to win public sympathy. Kershaw noted, “Without this strategy, they wouldn’t raise funds.” Studies suggest that images of negative emotions lead to larger donations than those with smiling faces. But there has been recent resistance to this long-existing practice. Critics argue that it can reinforce harmful stereotypes (刻板印象) and hurt its subjects.In 2022, Kershaw took stories written by real clients, input them into the AI image generator Midjourney, and created 40 images. This allowed Furniture Bank to show some of the darkest moments in their clients’ lives without identifying them in any way.Jon Dean, a sociology professor, said that AI is a step in the right direction in this case. It, however, doesn’t necessarily improve Furniture Bank’s images above traditional ones. While they’ve solved an ethical problem by not identifying individuals, Dean pointed out that these images still put the focus on individual suffering, rather than the root causes of that suffering.Stowe Boyd, a researcher in tech evolution, noted that we are getting used to questioning every image we see online. While plagiarism (抄袭) has always existed, AI provides another wayto“degrade the authenticity” in photography and writing. Whether authenticity matters is a more complicated question. But a news reporter quoting a fictional straw man in an article, or a charity pretending an Al image was real, would cross an ethical line, said Boyd.12. What did Furniture Bank do in 2022?A．It hired a young mom to take more attractive photos.B．It adopted an unconventional way to drive donations.C．It bought a collection of useful household items for the poor.D．It asked the clients to enter their stories into an AI image generator.13. What is one of the problems of using individuals’ real photos in charity activities?A．It can trap donors in negative emotions. B．It is at a disadvantage in terms ofquantity.C．It can’t attract the attention of more groups. D．It harms the dignity of the people involved.14. What is Jon Dean’s attitude towards the AI approach in charity?A．Supportive. B．Indifferent. C．Objective. D．Critical.15. What does Stowe Boyd suggest in the last paragraph?A．Using AI with caution in charity activities.B．Holding more talks on the use of AI in charity.C．Applying AI to solve the problem of plagiarism.D．Developing people’s ability to spot virtual pictures.Most employers hope their employees excel in (擅长) critical thinking and problem-solving. 16 It’s the ability to look at issues objectively, without letting bias (偏见) or emotions cloud your judgment. Now read on to learn how to develop your critical thinking skills.Take time to evaluate your decision-making. Ask yourself a series of questions about your daily choices and decisions. What was your motivation? Did you achieve your goals? Take the extra time to really think about your answers. Keep a journal of these self-evaluations. 17Analyze the information. 18 Achieving a goal requires analyzing all that information. Cn a work environment, you have to carefully analyze each side of an issue, and then consider ow any decision would affect your colleagu es as well as the company’s bottom line.19 Any skill you want to master requires practice. Applying critical thinking in your daily interactions will help you improve, but a specific task is also useful. Think of an issue in your career and spend any free moments during the day, like during your commute (通勤) or at your lunch break, breaking that problem down into pieces you can analyze.Talk to a more diverse group of people. You can develop critical thinking skills with a lot of self-reflection, research and study. 20 So seek out people with different backgrounds, experiences and opinions to simply learn from them or to engage in some lively debate.There are plenty of things I miss about my childhood summers. What I do not miss is having to_________ a mango with my sister. My sister and I were _________ one cheek each.Recently, I called Mum and asked her the _________ that we always had to share the one mango. “They were too expensive,” she said. That _________. A mango was a _________ when there were four mouths to feed. Perhaps I should see even my one cheek as a _________, given that many in our country couldn’t _________ more than one meal a day.I am _________ enough to be able to buy mangoes for myself now. And especially because they are so _________ - I can keep the whole fruit to myself. My mango obsession (迷恋) has __________, too. I have one on my oats (麦片粥) for breakfast and __________ it in a salad for lunch.Sadly, I do have to cut the fruit myself now. Standing in my kitchen, I don’t even __________ with a plate. I __________ into the fruit, still scoring each cheek like Mum did, and eat it right off the cutting board.It’s a simple pleasure but eating whole mangoes is one of my greatest adult __________. And this holiday season, when I go back to my childhood home, I’m bringing a basket of mangoes.__________ for one each.21.A．pick B．seek C．share D．weigh22.A．allowed B．owed C．called D．shown23.A．chance B．occasion C．purpose D．reason24.A．does harm B．makes sense C．attracts interest D．causes trouble 25.A．necessity B．luxury C．solution D．reward26.A．gift B．guide C．challenge D．success27.A．waste B．notice C．afford D．skip28.A．strong B．free C．greedy D．lucky29.A．ripe B．fresh C．soft D．cheap30.A．diversified B．turned C．weakened D．disappeared 31.A．dry B．change C．serve D．clean32.A．play B．bother C．associate D．work33.A．cut B．look C．bite D．check34.A．adventures B．expenses C．enjoyments D．achievements 35.A．Grateful B．Thirsty C．Helpful D．Enough阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

ORIGINAL PAPERMolecular characterization and functional analysisby heterologous expression in E.coli under diverse abiotic stresses for OsLEA5,the atypical hydrophobic LEA protein from Oryza sativa L.Shuai He •Lili Tan •Zongli Hu •Guoping Chen •Guixue Wang •Tingzhang HuReceived:4June 2011/Accepted:12November 2011/Published online:30November 2011ÓSpringer-Verlag 2011Abstract In this study,we report the molecular charac-terization and functional analysis of OsLEA5gene,which belongs to the atypical late embryogenesis abundant (LEA)group 5C from Oryza sativa L.The cDNA of OsLEA5contains a 456bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 151amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 16.5kDa and a theoretical pI of 5.07.The OsLEA5polypeptide is rich in Leu (10%),Ser (8.6%),and Asp (8.6%),while Cys,Trp,and Gln residue contents are very low,which are 2, 1.3,and 1.3%,respectively.Bioinformatic analysis revealed that group 5C LEA protein subfamily contains a Pfam:LEA_2domain architecture and is highly hydro-phobic,intrinsically ordered with largely b -sheet and spe-cific amino acid composition and distribution.Real-time PCR analysis showed that OsLEA5was expressed in dif-ferent tissue organs during different development stages of rice.The expression levels of OsLEA5in the roots and panicles of full ripe stage were dramatically increased.The results of stress tolerance and cell viability assay demon-strated that recombinant E.coli cells producing OsLEA5fusion protein exhibited improved resistance against diverse abiotic stresses:high salinity,osmotic,freezing,heat,and UV radiation.The OsLEA5protein confers sta-bilization of the LDH under different abiotic stresses,such as heating,freeze–thawing,and drying in vitro.The com-bined results indicated that OsLEA5protein was a hydro-phobic atypical LEA and closely associated with resistance to multiple abiotic stresses.This research offered the valuable information for the development of crops with enhanced resistance to diverse stresses.Keywords Abiotic stresses ÁHeterologous expression ÁHydrophobic ÁLate embryogenesis abundant proteins ÁOryza sativa L.IntroductionFor a long time,higher plants have developed multi-path-way,multilevel,and multi-scale survival strategies for continual changes in response to adverse conditions (Scoltis and Soltis 2003).The evolution of late embryo-genesis abundant (LEA)proteins is one of these changes.LEA protein family is a large protein family that is closely associated with resistance to abiotic stresses in organisms (Boucher et al.2010;Su et al.2011;Tunnacliffe and Wise 2007).LEA protein was originally identified three decades ago in orthodox seeds during the maturation phase of embryogenesis (Dure et al.1981).Until now,great quantity novel LEA proteins have been characterized in maturing seeds and anhydrobiotic plants,animals,and microorgan-isms (Wise and Tunnacliffe 2004).Usually,accumulation of LEA proteins during mid to late embryogenesis corre-lates with increased levels of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA)and with the acquisition of dehydration toler-ance,which are also induced by freezing,high tempera-ture,high salinity,and osmotic stress (Su et al.2011;Communicated by R.Hagemann.Nucleotide sequence data are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession number JF776156.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00438-011-0660-x )contains supplementary material,which is available to authorized users.S.He ÁL.Tan ÁZ.Hu ÁG.Chen ÁG.Wang ÁT.Hu (&)Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology,Ministry of Education,College of Bioengineering,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044,China e-mail:tzhu2002@Mol Genet Genomics (2012)287:39–54DOI 10.1007/s00438-011-0660-xTunnacliffe and Wise2007).Upon germination these proteins are rapidly degraded(Bartels et al.1988).LEA proteins are mainly localized in cytoplasm,mitochondrion, or nuclear regions(Zhang et al.2002).They are relatively small proteins with low molecular weight ranging mainly from10to30kDa(He and Fu1996).Most common classifications are related to protein chemical characteristics.The traditional criterion was on the basis of amino acid sequence homology from different plant species and conserved motifs which presumably undertake different functions during the periods of water deficit.At present,the terminology of LEA proteins varies between different articles.Table1compares classification systems proposed by Dure,Bray,Bies-Ethe`ve,and Batta-glia,respectively(Battaglia et al.2008;Bies-Ethe`ve et al. 2008;Bray1993;Dure et al.1989).In this work,we adopt the nomenclature introduced by Battaglia,and LEA proteins are categorized into seven distinctive groups (Battaglia et al.2008).Groups1,2,3,4,6,and7,which share specific motifs within each respective group,are considered as typical or genuine LEA protein.While group 5lack significant signature motifs or consensus sequences, it is considered as an atypical LEA protein.Group5LEA proteins contain a significantly higher proportion of hydrophobic residues than typical LEA proteins and are hydrophobic proteins(Battaglia et al.2008).Compared with the categorical groups mentioned above,group5is relatively vague and lax.Therefore,this group has non-homologous proteins.The group5can further be divided into subgroups5A(SMP),5B(LEA_3),and5C(LEA_2) according to their Pfam(Table1).Cotton gD34,soybean GmPM25,Arabidopsis PAP140,ATDI21,SAG21,Prosopis juliflora LEA3,Picea glauca EMB11,tomato ER5,and Lemmi9are involved in group5proteins.As the most distinctive set of LEA proteins,in view of their physico-chemical properties,they show significant differences compared with the canonical LEA protein.Group5LEA proteins display relatively high hydrophobicity(Maitra and Cushman1994),which is precisely the opposite with the extensive hydrophilic characteristics of other LEA pro-teins.An additional peculiarity of the group5LEA pro-teins is that they are not soluble after boiling,suggesting that they are apparently not heat stable.Noteworthy,group 5LEA proteins are natively folded(Hundertmark and Hincha2008).Fourier-transformed infrared(FTIR)spec-troscopy shows that they contain a large quantity of b-sheet rather than a-helixed structure in the hydrated state(Boudet et al.2006).Currently,the group5C protein LEA14-A from Arabidopsis is the only LEA protein which was proven to have a defined secondary and tertiary structure in solution of the LEA proteins(Singh et al.2005).All of these dif-ferences imply that they are probably functionally different from the typical proteins.Therefore,a question was raised: whether this intriguing group of proteins should in the end be regarded as LEA proteins(Boucher et al.2010; Tunnacliffe and Wise2007).Although apparent similarities have not been detected between the members of the different LEA protein fami-lies,in general,hydrophilicity,cytosolic,thermal stability, high content of Gly,Ala,Ser,large net charge and intrin-sically unstructured in solution,are their unifying and outstanding characteristics(Battaglia et al.2008;Wise and Tunnacliffe2004).Advanced structure of such protein contains nonperiodic linear and a-helixed structure without thermal dominative state and the corresponding dehydrated proteins exist in a natural form of dimers(Hong-Bo et al. 2005).Despite the marked absence of a defined tertiary structure,a variety of roles of LEA proteins was proposed, such as they act as hydration buffer,molecular shield, antioxidant,metal ion binding and sequestering,and another important role might be their contribute to the formation of tight glass matrices together with sugars inTable1Different nomenclatures of the given LEA protein groupsPfam no.Pfam Dure Battaglia a Bray Bies-Ethe`ve Representative proteinPF00477LEA_5D-19Group1Group1Group1Wheat TaEmPF00257Dehydrin D-11Group2Group2Group2Tomato Dhn1,soybean PM12 PF02987LEA_4D-7or D-29Group3Group3or5Group3Carrot ECP63,barley HVA1 PF03760LEA_1D-113Group4Group4Group4Tomato le25PF04927SMP D-34Group5A Group6Group5Carrot ECP31PF03242LEA_3D-73Group5B–Group6Arabidopsis ATDI21PF03168LEA_2D-95Group5C–Group7Cotton LEA14-APF10714LEA_6–Group6–Group8Kidney bean PvLEA18PF02496ABA_WDS–Group7––Tomato Asr1,pine lp3-3a The nomenclature used in this work–Not been classified by authordesiccated cells(Buitink and Leprince2004).Thus,it has been speculated that LEA proteins mainly function in the protection of membrane integrity and macromolecular structures or ameliorate the effect of drought stress by re-naturing unfolded proteins and maintaining minimum cel-lular-water requirements.Increasing evidence has indicated a positive correlation between the LEA proteins and abiotic stress tolerance particularly dehydration(Dure et al.1989; Tunnacliffe and Wise2007).However,in most cases their precise functions have not yet been elucidated clearly and rely almost solely on deductions from expression data.In our ongoing research,we isolated,molecularly characterized and functionally analyzed the cDNA clone of a novel member of the atypical group5LEA protein from rice,namely OsLEA5.In order to make sense of the various defined functions of this enigmatic protein,the expression pattern of OsLEA5in rice was analyzed,the positive effect of OsLEA5on bacterial cell resistance to stresses was examined,and the protective effect of purified OsLEA5 protein on lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activity was tested under different stresses in vitro.Materials and methodsPlant materials and treatmentsThe seeds of Oryza sativa cv.Zhonghua11were sterilized, soaked in water at28°C for2days and then hydroponically grown at28°C under16/8h light/dark photoperiod at an intensity of250l E/m2/s.The roots and leaves from rice plant at the seedling stage;their roots,stems,and leaves at tillering stage;and their roots,stems,leaves,and panicles at the heading stage,filling stage,and full ripe stage were collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen,then stored at -80°C,respectively.Isolation of OsLEA5cDNATotal RNA was extracted from the seedling using the Trizol reagent(Invitrogen,USA).One microgram of total RNA was used forfirst-strand cDNA synthesis,and the reverse transcription reactions were performed using oli-go(dT)18as30primer following the manufacturer’s proto-col.To get the complete ORF of OsLEA5cDNA,a pair of PCR primers was designed based on the predicted nucle-otide sequence of OsLEA5cDNA(NP_001056449).The sense primer was50-GATAATTTCACTCCAGCGTGC-30 and the antisense primer was50-CGGAGTTGGTTGATGA GATTA-30.The amplicon obtained by RT-PCR was cloned into pMD18-T vector(Takara,Dalian,China),then intro-duced into E.coli DH5a and sequenced(Invitrogen, Shanghai,China).In silico analysis of protein sequencesClustalW2.0and GeneDoc softwares were used for amino acid comparison and multiple alignments(http://www. /Tools/msa/clustalw2/).Sequence identities and similarities were determined using the BLAST program and the GenBank database on the NCBI web server.Motif analysis was performed using the Pfam program(http:// /Tools/InterProScan/).Secondary structure predictions were run with the DSSP,PSIPRED(http:// www.ibi.vu.nl/programs)(Jones1999;Kabsch and Sander 1983),PDISORDER(),and DisEMBL(http://dis.embl.de/)programs(Linding et al. 2003).The isoelectric point and molecular mass predictions were made using compute pI/Mw tool(/ tools/pi_tool.html).Analysis of protein hydropathy was done by constructing hydropathy plots with Kyte and Doolittle algorithm(http://ipsort.hgc.jp/)(Kyte and Doolittle1982). The grand average of hydropathy(GRAVY)and instability index of deduced proteins as well as the signal peptide and subcellular localization were predicted using the SoftBerry (),ProtParam(http://au.expasy. org/tools/protparam.html),and PSORT(http://psort.nibb. ac.jp)programs.Phylogenetic tree was performed with the neighbor-joining method using the MEGA4.0program (Saitu and Nei1987).Real-time PCR analysisTotal RNA from the samples was isolated and subsequently treated with DNase I.The RNAs were reverse transcribed using the Superscript TM III RNase H-Reverse Transcriptase kit(Invitrogen,USA).The synthesized cDNAs were diluted five times with water.qPCR DNA amplification and anal-ysis was carried out using the CFX96TM Real-Time System (C1000TM thermal cycler).All reactions were performed with OsLEA5qf(50-GATAATTTCACTCCAGCGTGC-30) and OsLEA5qr(50-TGTAGGTGAGCTCGCAGATG-30) using the SsoFast TM EvaGreenÒSupermix according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Reactions were performed in triplicate using5l l SsoFast EvaGreen Supermix,0.5l M each primer,1l l diluted cDNA,and RNase/DNase-free water to afinal volume of10l l.PCR amplification was performed using two-step cycling conditions of98°C for 3min,followed by40cycles of98°C for2s,and58°C for 10s.Amplification was followed by a melting curve anal-ysis with continualfluorescence data acquisition during the 65–95°C melt.Melt curve analysis of qPCR samples revealed that there was only one product for each gene primer reaction.The PCR products were sequenced to confirm the specific amplifications.The gene expression was normalized to OsEF1a,which was amplified withprimers OsEF1a f(50-ACATTGCCGTCAAGTTTGCTG-30) and OsEF1a r(50-AACAGCCACCGTTTGCCTC-30). Construction of the OsLEA5overexpression vectorIn order to construct the expression vector pET32a-OsLEA5, primers with restriction enzyme sites were designed: 50-CATGCCATGGGCATGTCGAGCTTGATGGAC-30 (Nco I site underlined)and50-CCCAAGCTTCGGAGTTGG TTGATGAGA-30(Hin dIII site underlined).The PCR products were cloned into pET32a vector at Nco I-Hin dIII site to construct the expression vector pET32a-OsLEA5, which express OsLEA5protein fused with TrxÁTag TM thio-redoxin at the N-terminus.The PCR-derived DNA clone was sequenced.pET32a-OsLEA5plasmid and the empty vector of pET32a were transformed into applicable E.coli host strain BL21,respectively.The recombinant pET32a-OsLEA5was obtained.The transformant of pET32a was used as a control.Expression,identification,and purification of OsLEA5 fusion protein in E.coliTransformed E.coli BL21cells carrying pET32a-OsLEA5 and pET-32a were grown in LB(Luria-Bertani)liquid medium supplemented with100l g/ml of ampicillin at 37°C about16h.The bacterial cultures were diluted 100-fold using fresh liquid LB,and allowed to incubate for 2–3h at37°C until exponential growth phase(OD600= 0.6–0.8).Isopropylthio-b-D-galactoside(IPTG)was then added into the cell cultures to afinal concentration of 0.8mM to induce expression of the inserted gene in recombinants,and further grown at37°C for4h.The E.coli cells were harvested by centrifugation and resus-pended in buffer(100mM NaCl,1mM EDTA,50mM pH 8.0Tris–HCl),and then lysed by ultrasonic fragmentation. The lysates were centrifuged again to collect supernatants. The soluble fraction were mixed with SDS-PAGE(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropheresis)sample loading buffer(59)and boiled for5min.The overex-pressed proteins could be detected by SDS-PAGE according to standard methods.The OsLEA5protein was purified using HiTrap TM chelating HP column containing 1ml of Ni-IDA agarose resin(Amersham Biosciences)by following the manufacturer’s protocol.Protein concentra-tion in crude extracts was determined following the Brad-ford method(Bradford1976).Assay for abiotic stress tolerance of E.coli transformantsIPTG induction and cell cultures were prepared as descri-bed above.The concentration of all induced cultures in liquid LB was adjusted to OD600value of1.0.To measure responses to high salinity stress,the samples were diluted by tenfold with fresh LB medium supplemented with ampicillin at100l g/ml.One hundred microliters of the diluted sample were spotted on LB agar plates with 0.8mM IPTG,and containing additional100,200,300, 400,500,and600mM concentration gradient of KCl, 500mM NaCl,130mM MgCl2,and130mM CaCl2, respectively.To measure responses to hyperosmotic stress, 100l l of the diluted tenfold sample were plated on LB agar plates with0.8mM IPTG,containing additional600, 800,1,000,1,200,1,400,and1,600mM sorbitol,respec-tively.For the assay of the thermophylactic experiments, 1ml samples were transferred immediately to50°C.Ali-quots(100l l)were taken after0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,and3h successively,diluted tenfold,and then100l l of dilutions were spread onto IPTG LB agar plates.For the assay of cryophylactic experiments,1ml samples in a microfuge tube were immediately placed in the-80°C freezer.Each day the samples were kept frozen for22.5h and allowed to thaw at ambient temperature(about30°C)for1.5h,which constituted one freeze–thaw cycle(Sleight et al.2006). Aliquots(100l l)were taken after2,4,6,8,10,and12 cycles successively,diluted tenfold,and then100l l of diluted samples were spread onto IPTG LB agar plates.To quantitate responses to ultraviolet(UV)radiation stress, 100l l diluted tenfold samples were plated on IPTG LB agar plates and directly exposed to ultraviolet radiation at a wave length of254nm(80l W/cm2)for5,7.5,10,12.5, 15,and20min separately.Following the above treatments, the stressed cells spread on IPTG solid medium were incubated for24–48h at37°C.Simultaneously,100l l of the corresponding untreated samples were plated on unstressed IPTG LB agar plates as a control.After incu-bation,the plates were scanned and cell viability was estimated by calculating the number of colony-forming units.Cell viability was plotted as the percentage of col-ony-forming units on the stressed plates relative to the colony numbers of control appearing on the non-stressed plates(Soto et al.1999).The survival rates of transformed E.coli BL21cells carrying pET32a-OsLEA5and pET-32a were compared for the assay of OsLEA5gene stress tolerance.Assay for the protective effect of the OsLEA5proteinon LDH activityLactate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle was purchased from Sigma(USA)and diluted in100mM sodium phos-phate buffer(pH6.0)to afinal concentration of0.1mg/ml following the manufacturer’s recommendations.For the thermal inactivation assay,2l l of water or stock solutions of buffer,BSA,or OsLEA5were added to20l l of LDHdiluted solution in a microfuge tube.The enzyme mixture was incubated at43°C.At the specified time,2l l of ali-quots were collected and then kept on ice for5min.In order to measure the protective effect of the OsLEA5 protein on LDH activity after freeze–thawing and drying, BSA or OsLEA5were added to equal volumes of LDH at mass ratios of2:1,5:1,or10:1(test protein:LDH).Both water and stock solutions of buffer were used as control. For the freeze–thawing inactivation assay,the enzyme mixture wasflash-frozen in liquid N2,left for1min and then thawed for10min at room temperature.This consti-tuted one freeze–thaw cycle and was repeated up tofive times.For the desiccation-induced inactivation assay,the enzyme mixture was dried at25°C in an air stream at 50%relative humidity(RH)for5h,and then rehydrated immediately to the original volume with water before incubation for10min at ambient temperature.To determine LDH activity,2l l of the enzyme mixture was added to1ml of the assay buffer(100mM sodium phosphate buffer,0.1mM NADH,and2mM pyruvate). The LDH activity was monitored by the absorbance at 340nm for1min due to the conversion of NADH into NAD at37°C.During the experiments,water was used as controls to evaluate the dilution effect.All values given were expressed as percentage of the rate of the reaction measured for untreated samples.All samples were assayed in triplicate.ResultsBioinformatic analysis of OsLEA5Motif search analysis using InterProScan revealed that the novel LEA-like protein from Oryza sativa cv.Zhonghua 11contains a‘‘LEA_2’’motif(PF03168,1.9e-17),which was classified as group5C(D-95family)according to Battaglia’s classification(Battaglia et al.2008).Hence, the gene was named as OsLEA5.The full-length open reading frame(ORF)of OsLEA5cDNA is456bp(Gen-Bank Accession No.JF776156)and encodes a putative cytoplasmic polypeptide of151amino acids,with a cal-culated molecular mass of16.5kDa and a theoretical pI of5.07.The OsLEA5polypeptide is rich in Leu(10%), Ser(8.6%),and Asp(8.6%),while Cys,Trp,and Gln residue contents are very low,which are2,1.3,and1.3%, respectively.The predicted amino acid sequence shows 50–62%sequence identity with other members of atypical group5C.In addition,the conserved domain‘‘LEA_2’’was found in position about44–140amino acid of all proteins analyzed(Fig.1).Except for the identical region, the highly conserved Lys and Ala residues concentrate in the N-terminal regions and Gly residues in C-terminal regions,whereas the highly conserved acidic(Asp,Asn, Glu)and Pro residues distribute throughout the entire polypeptide(Fig.1).This feature may be involved in the molecular basis of primary structure,and thereby affect the protein folding type and the formation of spatial conformation.All members of the group5C predicted by Psipred’s analysis showed the significant secondary structural feature in mature proteins,that is increased content of b-sheet and with only1–4a-helical domains(Fig.1),which is in contrast to the canonical LEA proteins rich in a-helix.The structural data indicate that most LEA proteins including SMP(group5A)and LEA_3(group5B)are natively unfolded in a random coil structure(Boucher et al.2010; Boudet et al.2006),but it is striking that all members of the group5C are predicted by PDISORDERs analysis to be folded.Moreover,the instability index of group5C range from5.84to33.71,whereas other groups of proteins are generally up to35above(Table2).Protein targeting pre-dictions revealed that OsLEA5does not have N-terminal signal sequences and transmembrane domains.Currently, there is little structural information available for the LEA proteins.Kyte and Doolittle hydropathy plot revealed that the predicted OsLEA5protein is strongly hydrophobic throughout the length of the protein with the exception of the C-terminal region,with the GRAVY value of0.020 (Kyte and Doolittle1982).This is in coincidence with other groupfive members such as CaLEA6,IbLEA14,and PjLEA3,in which C-terminal is more hydrophilic than N-terminal(George et al.2009;Kim et al.2005;Park et al. 2011).In silico predictions show that the hydrophobic regions(I,II,and III)are found in the conserved motif of OsLEA5(Fig.2).Selecting several representative proteins of each group,we compared the hydrophilic degree and amino acid content of the group5C including OsLEA5with the various groups of LEA proteins.Among the LEAs shown in Table2,the most striking differences can be seen in the GRAVY values,the group5proteins especially5C (-0.360to0.075)are on average more hydrophobic than the rest of LEA groups,which show a wide range of GRAVY values(-1.494to-0.914)but are altogether quite hydrophilic.Among all of the LEA proteins listed, the group5C,represented by OsLEA5contains the lowest proportion of polar(hydrophilic)and small residues but the highest proportion of non-polar residues,whereas the content of the hydroxyl residues is little difference between groups.Groups5A and5C have their polar residues dis-tributed throughout the polypeptide,whereas group5B have more polar residues localized in the C-terminal half than the N-terminal half of the polypeptide(Fig.3).These features most likely contribute to hydrophobic character of the group5C proteins.The phylogenetic relationship between related group 5LEA proteins isolated from different plants was analyzed.An unrooted dendrogram showing clustering of OsLEA5with other group 5proteins was constructed (Fig.4).Group 5was easily separated into three distinct subgroups and thus suggests that the evolution of group 5proteins may come from various origins.OsLEA5is most closely related to the maize LOC100274480.In conclusion,rice OsLEA5belongs to the atypical group of hydrophobic LEA proteins,group 5C,which is significantly different from typical LEA proteins and even other members of group 5.The expression pattern of OsLEA5in riceIn order to well understand the function of this protein,the expression pattern of OsLEA5in rice was analyzed.Real-time PCR analysis showed that OsLEA5transcript was detected in the roots and leaves of rice plant at the seedling stage,their roots,stems,and leaves at the tillering stage,and their roots,stems,leaves,and panicles at the heading stage,filling stage,and full ripe stage,which demonstrated OsLEA5can express in different tissue organs during different development stages of rice (Fig.5).However,Fig.1Multiple sequence alignment of OsLEA5with its homologs belonging to group 5C LEA proteins from various higher plants.Asterisk identical residues,colon highly conserved residues,dot weakly conserved residues,dash gaps introduced for optimal alignment.The letters in the consensus sequence are as follows:capital letter completely identical amino acid residues,lower case letter chemically similar amino acid residues.N,D and E acidic and amide amino acid residues,R,K and H basic amino acid residues,A and G small amino acid residues,P proline residues.The secondary structure prediction using DSSP and PSIPRED algorithm for group 5C LEA proteins are shown in the sequences.The amino acids predicted to adopt a -helix conformation is gray and underlined ,and extended/b -sheet conformation is gray and non-underlined .The middle conserved ‘‘LEA_2’’motif (PF03168)is boxed .The GenBank accession numbers of proteins used for analysis in Online Resource 1significant differences were observed.The expression of OsLEA5in leaves at all times kept at a relatively higher level during the different development stages of rice.In both roots and panicles of full ripe stage,the expression levels of OsLEA5were dramatically upregulated,which were about17-fold and15-fold higher than those in leaves, respectively(Fig.5).These results illustrated that OsLEA5 might cope with various environmental stresses,matura-tion,and desiccation phases of rice seed development.Induction and SDS-PAGE analysis of fusion proteinin recombinant E.coliThe E.coli BL21transformants harboring the pET32a-OsLEA5and pET-32a were induced by0.8mM IPTG at 37°C for4h,respectively.The supernatants of sonicated lysates from bacterial cell were investigated to examine the presence of fusion protein by electrophoresing on SDS-polyacrylamide gels.According to the construction ofTable2Comparison of amino acid content(mol%),GRAVY and instability indexLEA group ResiduetypeSmall Non-polar ImionacidAcid?amide Basic Hydroxyl Hydrophilic GRAVY Instabilityindex ResiduegroupsAla,GlyIle,Leu,Met,ValPro Asn,sp,Gln,GluArg,Lys,HisSer,Thr Acid?amide?basic?hydroxyl5C OsLEA511.928.57.316.611.315.243.00.02023.54 BcLEA-29.832.0 5.918.312.414.445.10.01633.71 pcC27-4514.632.5 6.618.513.29.941.70.0759.25 Lemmi911.530.5 6.921.312.611.545.4-0.15726.47 ER510.030.0 6.920.612.513.146.3-0.14322.18 CaLEA610.430.5 6.722.011.613.447.0-0.19226.21 Lea14-A11.329.8 6.618.511.314.644.40.03219.30 D95-411.229.67.917.811.215.844.7-0.02119.37 GmLEA-213.126.9 6.422.114.110.646.8-0.28917.56 PcLEA1410.628.7 6.018.712.714.646.0-0.025 5.84 5A MtPM2526.221.2 5.822.38.814.245.4-0.26738.22 ECP3127.719.9 5.521.98.613.343.8-0.27539.82 PAP14026.120.2 5.022.610.511.444.5-0.26640.09 5B GhLea521.018.0 4.013.014.018.045.0-0.29349.10 SAG2122.619.6 3.116.614.417.548.5-0.36041.83 ATDI2122.221.1 3.814.513.518.246.2-0.25443.73 1TaEm25.511.7 1.125.517.016.058.5-1.30037.34 AhLEA1-223.412.8 1.129.818.112.760.6-1.37745.85 EMB56425.312.1 1.124.218.716.559.4-1.26541.65 2Dhn123.612.1 3.219.119.717.856.7-1.23421.12 GmPM1223.513.2 5.419.217.418.655.2-0.97134.10 ERD109.614.0 6.330.623.313.367.2-1.49463.21 3HVA130.27.40.024.815.820.360.9-1.03214.76 DcECP6326.511.30.726.820.69.256.6-1.14720.91 AtECP6322.713.7 1.125.019.913.658.5-1.02312.78 4GmPM2917.315.07.521.122.611.354.9-1.14050.15 BhLEA230.38.5 5.427.217.98.553.6-1.10931.50 PAP26019.414.89.018.623.99.752.2-1.04263.70 6PvLEA1820.99.3 4.723.318.617.459.3-1.35547.13 AhLEA8-118.110.77.428.815.016.059.8-1.38156.48 GmPM3521.111.7 6.326.412.717.957.0-1.11254.59 7Asr120.013.9 1.720.933.9 4.359.1-1.17439.49 lp3-322.413.9 3.224.521.28.554.2-0.91448.05 LLA2319.011.2 1.424.625.49.859.8-1.22735.45Similar residues are combined for simplicity,The GenBank。

1.复杂（事物的种类、头绪等）多而杂。

——辞海In general usage, complexity tends to be used to characterize something with many parts in intricate arrangement. The study of these complex linkages is the main goal of complex systems theory.在通常的用法中，复杂往往用于描述具有错综排列的很多部件的物体。

研究这些复杂的联系是复杂系统理论的主要的目标。

——维基百科事物的种类、头绪等多而杂;具有各种不同的,而且常是数量众多的部分、因素、概念、方面或影响是相互联系的,而这种相互联系又是难于分析、解答或理解。

——百度百科Neil Johnson describes complexity science as the study of the phenomena which emerge from a collection of interacting objects.[3]Neil Johnson将复杂科学描述成相互作用物体集合所产生现象的研究［3］。

从词源上，需要认识对象的数量过于巨大，和／或这些对象的性质存在差异且其组合关系又十分纠缠时，人们主观上形成一种缺乏统一性的不协调感，称为复杂。

复杂意指难于分割、分析或解决。

［4］2.复杂性在日常说法中，复杂或复杂性和简单相对立。

但在特定的场合，复杂的反面是各部分相互独立，而复杂化才与简单相对立。

日常生活中，“复杂（Complex）”经常与“复杂的（Complicated）”混用。

但在现今的系统科学中，它们一个是成千上万个相互连结着的“排烟管”，另一个则用来形容一些所谓高度“结合”在一起的解决方案。

(Lissack & Roos, 2000) 它是指，“复杂”（Complex）与“独立自主”相对的（译者注：在于突出系统各节点间错综复杂的联系），而“复杂的”（Complicated）才与“简单”相对（译者注：解决方案其内涵令人捉摸不清，让人产生一种复杂感，但是其结构却只是简单结合，并不复杂）。

用英语描述折线图变化的作文Title: Analyzing the Evolution of Trends through Line Charts.Line charts are a powerful tool for visualizing and understanding the evolution of trends over time. They allow us to identify patterns, trends, and outliers in data, enabling us to make informed decisions based on historical patterns and projections for the future. In this article, we will explore the use of line charts in detail, analyzing their components, strengths, limitations, and applications in various fields.Components of a Line Chart.A line chart typically consists of the following components:1. Axes: The line chart is plotted on a set of axes, usually with the x-axis representing time or some othercontinuous variable, and the y-axis representing the value of the variable being measured.2. Data Points: Each data point represents a specific value of the variable at a given point in time. These points are plotted on the chart and connected by lines.3. Lines: The lines connecting the data points show the trend or pattern in the data over time. They can be straight, curved, or exhibit various shapes depending on the nature of the data.4. Legends: Legends provide additional information about the data being plotted, such as the source of the data, the units of measurement, or any special notations or annotations.Strengths of Line Charts.Line charts have several strengths that make them useful for analyzing trends and patterns:1. VisualClarity: Line charts provide a clear and concise visual representation of data, enabling users to quickly identify trends and patterns.2. Easy toInterpret: The simplicity of line charts makes them easy to interpret, even for those who are not familiar with complex statistical techniques.3. Flexibility: Line charts can be customized to fit different types of data and analysis needs. For example, they can be used to plot multiple variables on the same chart, allowing for direct comparisons.4. Projections: By extrapolating the trends observed in the line chart, users can make projections about future values of the variable being measured.Limitations of Line Charts.While line charts are powerful tools for analyzing trends, they also have some limitations:1. Limited Data Representation: Line charts are best suited for representing continuous variables that change over time. They may not be effective for representing categorical or discrete variables.2. Scale Issues: If the scale of the y-axis is not set appropriately, line charts can be misleading. For example, using a different scale for each line in a multi-line chart can make it difficult to compare trends across variables.3. Outliers and Peaks: Line charts can sometimes hide outliers or peaks in the data if they are not plotted with sufficient detail or resolution.4. Subjective Interpretation: While line charts providea visual representation of data, the interpretation of trends and patterns can be subjective, depending on the observer's perspective and knowledge.Applications of Line Charts.Line charts are widely used in various fields toanalyze and visualize trends and patterns:1. Business Analytics: Line charts are commonly used in business analytics to track key performance indicators (KPIs) over time, such as sales, revenue, or customer growth.2. Medical Research: In medical research, line charts are used to plot patient outcomes over time, such as blood pressure, heart rate, or blood sugar levels.3. Financial Markets: Line charts are essential tools for financial analysts and traders, enabling them to track stock prices, market indices, or currency exchange rates over time.4. Scientific Research: Scientists often use line charts to plot experimental results, such as changes in temperature, pressure, or concentration over time.Conclusion.Line charts are a powerful tool for visualizing and understanding the evolution of trends over time. They provide a clear and concise visual representation of data, enabling users to quickly identify patterns and trends. However, it is important to recognize the limitations of line charts and use them appropriately, considering the nature of the data and the analysis needs. By combiningline charts with other statistical techniques and tools, we can gain a deeper understanding of the data and make more informed decisions based on historical patterns and projections for the future.。

n.晶体管n.二极管n 半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器alter nati ng adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器，放大器in tegrated circuit 集成电路lin ear time inv aria nt systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数tolera nee n 公差；宽容；容忍conden ser n 电容器；冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromag netic adj 电磁的deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差lin ear device 线性器件in tegrated circuits 集成电路an alog n 模拟digital adj 数字的，数位的horiz on tal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富atte nu ati on 衰减；变薄；稀薄化multimeter 万用表freque ney 频率，周率the cathode-ray tube dual-trace oscilloscope 阴极射线管双踪示波器sig nal gen erati ng device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输岀电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波trian gle wave 三角波square wave 方波amplifier 放大器，扩音器oscillator 振荡器feedback 反馈，回应phase 相，阶段，状态filter 滤波器，过滤器rectifier 整流器；纠正者1ban d-stop filter 带阻滤波器ban d-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n 十六进制的bin ary adj 二进制的；二元的1 octal adj 八进制的domai n n 域；领域code n代码，密码，编码v编码the Fourier tra nsform 傅里叶变换Fast Fourier Transform快速傅里叶变换microc on troller n 微处理器；微控制器beam n （光线的）束，柱，梁polarize v （使）偏振，（使）极化fuzzy adj模糊的|Artificial In tellige nee Shell 人工智能外壳程序Expert Systems 专家系统Artificial In tellige nee 人工智能Perceptive Systems 感知系统neural network 神经网络fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑in tellige nt age nt 智能代理electromag netic adj 电磁的coaxial adj同轴的，共轴的microwave n 微波charge v充电，使充电two-dime nsio nal 二维的；缺乏深度的three-dime nsio nal 三维的；立体的；真实的object-orie nted programm ing 面向对象的程序设计spectral adj 光谱的attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀释distortion n失真，扭曲，变形wavelength n 波长refractive adj 折射的ATM 异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer ModeADSL 非对称用户数字线Asymmetric digital subscriberlineVDSL 甚高速数字用户线very high data rate digitalsubscriber lineHDSL 高速数据用户线high rate digital subscriber lineFDMA 频分多址(Frequency Division Multiple Access)TDMA 时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA 同步码分多址方式(Code Division Multiple Access)WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统(WidebandCodeDivisio n Multiple Access)TD-SCDMA(Time Divisio n Sy nchro nous Code Divisio nMultiple Access)时分同步码分多址SDLC(sy nchro nous data link con trol) 同步数据链路控制HDLC(high-level data link con trol) 高级数据链路控制IP/TCP(i nter net protocol /tra nsfer Co ntrol Protocol)网络传输控制协议ITU (I nternatio nal Telecomm un icati on Union) 国际电彳言联盟ISO 国际标准化组织(In ter natio nal Sta ndardizatio nOrganization );OSI开放式系统互联参考模型(Open SystemIn terc onn ect )GSM 全球移动通信系统( Global System for Mobile Communi cati ons )GPRS 通用分组无线业务(Gen eral Packet Radio Service)FDD(freque ncy divisi on duplex) 频分双工TDD(time divisi on duplex) 时分双工VPI 虚路径标识符(Virtual Path Identifier )；ISDN ( Integrated Services Digital Network )综合业务数字网IDN 综合数字网(integrated digital network )HDTV (high defi ni tion televisi on) 高清晰度电视DCT(Discrete Cos ine Tra nsform) 离散余弦变换VCI(virtual circuit address) 虚通路标识MAN 城域网Metropolitan area networks LAN 局域网localarea network WAN 广域网wide area network 同步时分复统计时分复用STDM Statistical Time Divisio nMultiplexi ng 单工传输simplex transmission 半双工传输half-duplex tran smissi on 全双工传输full-duplex tra nsmissi on 交换矩阵Switching Matrix 电路交换circuit switchi ng 分组交换packet switching扌报文交换message switching 奇偶校验paritychecking 循环冗余校验CRC Cyclic Redu nda ncyCheck 虚过滤Virtual filter 数字滤波digital filtering伪随机比特Quasi Ra ndom Bit 带宽分配Bandwidth allocatio n信源information source 信宿destination 数字化digitalize 数字传输技术Digital tra nsmissio n techno logy 灰度图像Grey scale images 灰度级Greyscale level 幅度谱Magnitude spectrum 相位谱Phase spectrum 频谱frequency spectrum 智能设备Smart Device 软切换Soft handover 硬切换HardHa ndover 相干检测Cohere nt detecti on 边缘检测Edge detection 冲突检测collision detection 业务集合service integration 业务分离/综合serviceseparation/ integration 网络集合networkintegration 环形网Ring networks 令牌环网TokenRing network 网络终端Network Terminal 用户终端user terminal 用户电路line circuit 电路利用率channel utilization (通道利用率)相关性cohere nee 相干解调cohere nt demodulation 数字图像压缩digital image compressi on 图像编码image encoding 有损/无损压缩lossy/losslesscompression 解压decompression 呼叫控制CallControl 误差控制error eontrol 存储程序控制storedprogram eon trol 存储转发方式store-a nd-forwardmanner 语音视频传输voice\video transmission 视频点播video-on-demand(VOD) 会议电视VideoCon fere nee 有线电视cable television 量化quantization 吞吐量throughput 话务量traffic 多径分集Multipath diversity 多媒体通信MDM MultimediaCommu nicatio n 多址干扰Multiple AccessInterferenee 人机交互man machi ne in terface 交互式会话Conv ersati onal in teracti on 路由算法Routing Algorithm 目标识另U Object recognition 话音变换Voice transform 中继线trunkline 传输时延transmission delay 远程监控remote monitoring 光链路optical link 拓扑结构Topology 均方根rootmean square whatsoever=whatever 0switchboard (电话)交换台bipolar (电子)双极的tran sistor diode semic on ductoranode n 阳极，正极cathoden 阴极|breakdow n n 故障；崩溃terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器collect v 收集，集聚，集中oscilloscope 示波镜；示波器gain 增益，放大倍数forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN 结MOS( metal-oxide semiconductor ) 金属氧化物半导体enhan ceme nt and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型chip n 芯片，碎片modular adj 模块化的；模数的sensor n 传感器plug vt 堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的fiber n 光纤relay eon tact 继电接触器sin gle in structi on programmer 单指令编程器dedicated manu factures programm ing unit 专供制造厂用的编程单元in sulator n绝缘体，绝缘物noneon ductive adj非导体的，绝缘的antenna n天线；触角modeli ng n 建模，造型simulati on n仿真；模拟prototype n 原型array n排队，编队vector n 向量，矢量wavelet n微波，小浪sine 正弦cosine 余弦inv erse adj 倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v倒转high-performa nee 高精确性，高性能the in sulati on resista nee 绝缘电阻assembly lan guage in structi ons n 汇编语言指令premise （复）房屋，前提cursor （计算机尺的）游标，指导的elapse （时间）经过，消失vaporize （使）蒸发subsystem （系统的）分部，子系统，辅助系统metallic （像）金属的，含金属的，（声音）刺耳的dispatch （迅速）派遣，急件consen sus （意见）一致，同意deadli ne （最后）期限，截止时间tomographic X线体层摄像的alas 唉，哎呀cluster把…集成一束，一组，一簇，一串，一群en cyclopedia 百科全书millio nfold 百万倍的semic on ductor 半导体radius半径范围，半径，径向射线half-duplex tra nsmissi on 半双工传输accompa nime nt 伴随物，附属物reservati on 保留，预定quotatio n 报价单，行情报告，引语memora ndum 备忘录red undancy 备用be viewed as 被看作…be regards as 被认为是as such 本身；照此；以这种资格textual本文的，正文的verge 边界variati on 变化，变量conv ersi on 变化，转化ide ntity 标识；标志criterio n 标准，准则in parallel o n 并联到，合并到juxtapose 并置，并歹卩dial ing pulse 拨号脉冲wave-guide 波导wavele ngth divisi on multiplexed 波分复用baud rate 波特率playback 播放（录音带，唱片）no greater tha n 不大于update不断改进，使…适合新的要求，更新asymmetric 不对称的irrespective 不考虑的，不顾的in evitably 不可避免的in evitable 不可避免的，不可逃避的，必定的segme nt 部分abrasion 擦伤，磨损deploy采用，利用，推广应用take the form of 采用…的形式parameter 参数，参量layer 层dope 掺杂FET（field effect tra nsistors）场效应管audio recordi ng 卩昌片ultra-high-freque ncy（UHF）超高频in excess of 超过in excess of 超过hypertext 超文本in gredie nt 成分，因素in gredie nt 成分，组成部分，要素metropolita n-area n etwork（WAN）城域网metropolitan area network（WAN）城域网，城市网络con gestio n 充满，拥挤，阻塞collisio n 冲突extractive 抽岀；释放岀extract抽取，取岀，分离lease 出租，租约，租界期限，租界物pass on 传递，切换tran smissi on 传输facsimile 传真inno vative二inno vatory 仓新的，富有革新精神的track 磁道impetus 促进，激励cluster 簇stored-program con trol(SPC) 存储程序控制a large nu mber of 大量的peal 大声响，发岀supersede 代替suppla nt 代替，取代out-of-ba nd sig nali ng 带外信号simplex tran smissi on 单工传输con ductor 导体等级制度，层次底层结构，基础结构地理的，地区的地理上GIS(grou nd in strume ntation system) 地面测量系统gro und stati on 地面站earth orbit 地球轨道Lan d-sat 地球资源卫星rug 地毯，毯子ignite 点火，点燃，使兴奋electromag netic 电磁的in ductive 电感arc 电弧teleph ony 电话（学），通话dielectric 电介质，绝缘材料；电解质的，绝缘的capacitor 电容telecomm uni catio n 电信，无线电通讯sce nario 电影剧本，方案modem pool 调制解调器（存储）池superimpos ing 叠加，重叠pin 钉住，扣住，抓住customize 定做，定制mono lithic 独立的，完全统一的alumi nize 镀铝strategic 对全局有重要意义的，战略的substa ntial 多的，大的，实际上的multi-path fadi ng 多径衰落multi-path 多路，多途径；多路的，多途径的multi-access 多路存取，多路进入multiplex 多路复用multiplex 多路复用的degradation 恶化，降级dioxide 二氧化碳LED（light-emitti ng-diode）发光二极管evolution 发展，展开，渐进feedback 反馈，回授dime nsion 范围，方向，维，元sce nario 方案sce nario 方案，电影剧本amplifer 放大器nonin vasive 非侵略的，非侵害的tariff 费率，关税率；对…征税distributed fun ctio nal pla ne（DFP）分布功能平面DQDB（distributed queue dual bus）分布式队列双总线hierarchy 分层，层次partiti on 分成segme ntati on 分割in terface 分界面，接口asu nder 分开地，分离地detached 分离的，分开的，孤立的dispe nse 分配allocate 分配，配给；配给物cen tigrade 分为百度的，百分度的，摄氏温度的fractal 分形molecule 分子，微小，些微cellular蜂窝状的cellular蜂窝状的，格形的，多孔的auxiliary storage(also called sec on dary storage) 辅助存储器decay 腐烂，衰减，衰退n egative 负电vicinity附近，邻近vicinity附近地区，近处sophisticated 复杂的，高级的，现代化的high-freque ncy(HF) 高频high defi ni tion televisi on 高清晰度电视铬给…作注解根据，按照公布，企业决算公开公用网功能，功能度汞共鸣器共振古怪的，反复无常的管理，经营cursor光标（显示器），游标，指针opticalcomputer 光计算机photoco nductor 光敏电阻optical disks 光盘optically光学地，光地wide-area n etworks 广域网specification规范，说明书silicon 硅the in ter nati onal telecomm un icatio n union(ITU)际电信联盟excess过剩obsolete 过时的，废弃的maritime 海事的syn thetic 合成的，人造的，综合的syn thetic 合成的，综合性的rati onal 合乎理性的rati on alizati on 合理化streamli ne 合理化，理顺in frared 红夕卜线的，红外线skepticism 怀疑论ring n etwork 环形网hybrid混合物coun terpart 伙伴，副本，对应物electromecha nical 机电的，电动机械的Robot机器人Robotics 机器人技术，机器人学accumulati on 积累in frastructure 基础，基础结构substrate 基质，底质upheaval 激变，剧变compact disc 激光磁盘（CD）concen trator 集中器，集线器cen trex system 集中式用户交换功能系统conv erge on 集中于，聚集在…上lumped eleme nt 集总元件CAI(computer-aided in structio n) 计算机辅助教学computer-i ntegrated manu facturi ng(CIM) 计算机集成制造computer mediated comm un icatio n( CMC) 介通信record 记录register expedite weight 力口权acceleratecategorize in additi on hypothetical rigidly兼容性，相容性监视监视mono chromatic 单色的，单色光的，黑白的ballistic 弹道的，射击的，冲击的hierarchy infrastructuregeographicgeographicallyextraterrestrial 地球外的，地球大气圈外的chromiumanno tate interms ofdisclosurepublic n etworkfun cti on alitymercury res onator resonancewhimsicaladmi nistration计算机中记录器，寄存器加快，促进加速，加快，促进加以类别，分类加之，又，另外假设的坚硬的，僵硬的compatibilitysurveilla neesurveilla neeretrieval 检索，(可)补救 verificati on 检验 simplicity 简单，简明film胶片，薄膜 take over 接管，接任 rugged ness 结实threshold 界限，临界值 with the aid of 借助于，用，通过 wire line 金属线路，有线线路 cohere nt 紧凑的，表达清楚的，粘附的，相干的 compact 紧密的 approximati on 近似 un dertake 进行，从事 tran sistor 晶体管 elaborate 精心制作的，细心完成的，周密安排的 vigilant 警戒的，警惕的 alcohol 酒精，酒 local area n etworks(LANs) 局域网 local-area n etworks(LANs) 局域网 drama 剧本，戏剧，戏剧的演岀 focus on聚集在，集中于，注视in sulator 绝缘 root mean square 均方根 un iform 均匀的 ope n-system-i nterc onn ectio n(OSI) 开放系统互连 expire 开始无效，满期，终止 immu nity 抗扰，免除，免疫性 take …into account 考虑，重视… programmable in dustrial automati on 可编程工业自动化demo un table tun ablereliable 可靠 be likely tovideotex video n egligible可拆卸的可调的 可能，大约，像要 可视图文电视 可以忽略的deviate 偏离，与…不同 spectrum 频谱 come into play 其作用 en trepre neurial 企业的 heuristic methods启发式方法 play a •••role(part) 起…作用stem from 起源于；由…发生organic 器官的，有机的，组织的 hypothesis前提 fron t-e nd 前置，前级 pote ntial 潜势的，潜力的 inten sity 强度coin cide nee 巧合，吻合，一致scalpel 轻便小刀，解剖刀 inven tory 清单，报表spherical 球的，球形的 disti nguish 区别，辨别 succumb屈服，屈从，死global fun ctio nal pla ne(GFP) 全局功能平面 full-duplex tra nsmissi on 全双工传输hologram 全息照相，全息图 deficie ncy缺乏therm onu clear 热 核的 artifact 人工制品 AI(artificial in tellige nee)人工智能fusion 熔解，熔化 diskettes(also called floppy disk)软盘sector 扇区 en tropy 熵upli nk 上行链路 arsenic 砷simulta neous 同时发生的，同时做的 simulta neous 同时发生的，一齐的 coaxial 同轴的 copper 铜 statistical 统计的，统计学的 domin ate 统治，支配 in vest in 投资perspective 透视，角度，远景 graphics 图示，图解 pictorial图像的coat ing 涂层，层 deduce 推理reas oning strategies 推理策略 inference engine 推理机topology 拓扑结构 heterod yne 夕卜差法的peripheral 夕卜界的，外部的，周围的 gateway 网关 hazardous 危险的 microwave 微波(的)microprocessor 微处理机，微处理器 microelectro nic微电子nua nee 微小的差别(色彩等) en compass围绕，包围，造成，设法做到mai nte nance 维护；保持；维修satellite comm uni cati on 卫星通彳言 satellite network 卫星网络 tran sceiver无线电收发信机radio-relay tra nsmissi on 无线电中继传输without any doubt 无疑passive satellite无源卫星n eural n etwork神经网络very-high-freque ncy(VHF) 甚高频 sparse 稀少的， dow nli nk aerial 空气的，空中的，无形的，虚幻的；天线broadba nd 宽(频)带pervasive扩大的，渗透的 tensile 拉力的，张力的roma nticism 浪漫精神，浪漫主义discrete 离散，不连续 ion 离子 force 力量；力 stereoph onic 立体声的 contin uum 连续统一体，连续统，闭联集 smart 灵巧的；精明的；洒脱的 toke n 令牌on the other hand另一方面 hexago nal 六边形的，六角形的 hexag on 六角形，六边形 mon opoly 垄断，专禾U video-clip 录像剪辑 alumi num 铝pebble 卵石，水晶透镜 forum 论坛，讨论会logical relati on ships 逻辑关系 code book 码本pulse code modulatio n(PCM) 脉冲编码调制 roam 漫步，漫游bps(bits per sec on d) 每秒钟传输的比特 ZIP codes美国邮区划分的五位编码susceptible(to) 敏感的，易受…的 analog 模拟，模拟量patter n recog niti on 模式识另 U bibliographic 目录的，文献的 n eodymium 钕the europea n telecomm uni cati on sta ndardizati on in stitute(ETSI) 欧洲电信标准局coordi nate配合的，协调的；使配合，调整ratify 批准，认可 bias 偏差；偏置 upgrade distortio n iden tification 升级失真，畸变 识别，鉴定，验明precursor visualizati on pragmatic 实际的 impleme ntation 实施，实现，执行，敷设en tity 实体，存在 vector qua ntificati on 矢量量化mislead 使…误解，给…错误印象，引错vex使烦恼，使恼火defy 使落空 facilitate 使容易，促进 reti na 视网膜 compatible 适合的，兼容的tra nsceiver 收发两用机 authorize 授权，委托，允许 data security数据安全性data in depe ndence 数据独立 data man ageme nt 数据管理 database数据库database man ageme nt system(DBMS) 理信息系统database tran sacti on 数据库事务 data in tegrity 数据完整性，数据一致性 atte nu ati on衰减fadi ng 衰落，衰减，消失 dual 双的，二重的 tra nsie nt瞬时的determi ni stic 宿命的，确定的 algorithm 算法 dissipatio n 损耗carbon 碳 diabetes 糖尿病cumbersome 讨厌的，麻烦的，笨重的 razor 剃刀，剃 go by the name of通称，普通叫做commucati on sessi on 通信会话 traffic 通信业务(量) syn chr onous tra nsmissi on 同步传输con curre nt同时发生的，共存的数据库管feasibility lin earity con strain considerablegeo-stati onaryby con trast coorelati on mutual 相互的 稀疏的 下行链路 先驱，前任 显像现实性，可行性 线性度限制，约束，制约 相当的，重要的 相对地面静止 相反，而，对比起来 相关性相互的，共同的 相互连接，互连one after the other 相继，依次小型计算机 协议，草案 协议，规约，规程心理(精神)听觉的；传音的 通信信道选择行程编码mutually in terc onn ectmini computer protocolprotocol psycho-acoustic cha nn elizati on 信道化， run len gth en coding groom 修饰，准备虚拟许多， virtual ISDN multitude ISDN大批，大量whirl 旋转 prefere nee avalanche pursue 寻求， interrogation dumb 哑的， subcategory喜欢 选择， 雪崩从事 询问不说话的，无声的亚类，子种类，子范畴orbital 眼眶；轨道oxygen 氧气，氧元素service switchi ng and con trol poin ts(SSCPs) 控制点service con trol poi nts(SCPs) 业务控制点service con trol fun ctio n(SCF) 业务控制功能in con cert 一致，一齐 han dover移交，越区切换 at a rate of以 .... 的速率in the form of 以…的形式业务交换base on…以…为基础yttrium钇（稀有金属，符号Y）asyn chr onous tra nsmissi on 异步传输asyn chr onous 异步的exceptio nal 异常的，特殊的voice-grade 音频级indium 铟give rise to 引起，使产生cryptic隐义的，秘密的hard disk 硬盘hard automati on 硬自动化by means of 用，依靠equip with 用…装备subscriber 用户telex 用户电报PBX（private branch excha nge）用户小交换机或专用交换机be called upon to 用来…，（被）要求…superiority 优势predom inance 优势，显著active satellite 有源卫星in comparis on with 与…比较comparable to 与…可比prelim in ary 预备的，初步的prem on iti on 预感，预兆nu cleus 原子核vale nee 原子价circumfere nee 圆周，周围teleprocessi ng 远程信息处理，遥控处理perspective 远景，前途con strain 约束，强迫mobile运动的，流动的，机动的，装在车上的convey运输，传递，转换impurity 杂质impurity 杂质，混杂物，不洁，不纯rege nerative 再生的improve over 在 ....... 基础上改善play importa nt role in 在…中起重要作用in close proximity 在附近，在很近un derly ing 在下的，基础的in this respect 在这方面en tail遭遇，导致prese ntation 赠与，图像，呈现，演示n arrowba nd 窄（频）带deploy展开，使用，推广应用megabit 兆比特germa nium 锗positive 正电quadrature 正交orthog onal 正交的quadrature amplitude modulatio n（QAM）正交幅度调制on the right track 正在轨道上sustain支撑，撑住，维持，持续outgrowh 支派；长岀；副产品domin ate 支配，统治kno wledge represe ntati on 矢口识表示kno wledge engin eeri ng 矢口识工程kno wledge base 矢口识库in diameter 直径helicopter 直升飞机acro nym 只取首字母的缩写词as long as 只要，如果tutorial指导教师的，指导的coin 制造(新字符)，杜撰fabricatio n 制造，装配；捏造事实proton 质子in tellige nce 智能，智力，信息in tellige nt n etwork 智能网in termediate 中间的nu cleus(pl. nu clei) 中心，核心n eutr ons 中子termi nal 终端，终端设备overlay重叠，覆盖，涂覆highlight 重要的部分，焦点charge主管，看管；承载domi nant 主要的，控制的，最有力的cyli nder 柱面expert system 专家系统private network 专用网络tra nsiti on 转变，转换，跃迁relay 转播relay 转播，中继repeater 转发器，中继器pursue追赶，追踪，追求，继续desktop publish 桌面岀版ultraviolet 紫外线的，紫外的；紫外线辐射field 字段vendor自动售货机，厂商n aturally 自然的；天生具备的syn thesize 综合，合成in tegrate 综合，使完全ISDN（i ntergrated services digital n etwork）综合业务数字网as a whole 总体上bus network 总线形网crossbar 纵横，交叉impeda nce 阻抗ini tial 最初的，开始的optimum 最佳条件appear as 作为…岀现A An alog 模拟A/D An alog to Digital 模-数转换AAC Adva need Audio Codi ng 高级音频编码ABB Automatic Black Bala nce 自动黑平衡ABC American Broadcast ing Compa ny 美国广播公司Automatic Bass Compe nsati on 自动低音补偿Automatic Bright ness Con trol 自动亮度控制ABL Automatic Black Level 自动黑电平ABLC Automatic Bright ness Limiter Circuit 自动亮度限制电路ABU Asia n Broadcast ing Un io n 亚洲广播联盟（亚广联ABS American Bureau of Sta ndard 美国标准局AC Access Con ditio ns 接入条件Audio Cen ter 音频中心ACA Adjace nt Cha nnel Atte nuati on 邻频道衰减ACC Automatic Ce nteri ng Co ntrol 自动中心控制Automatic Chroma Control 自动色度（增益ACK Automatic Chroma Killer 自动消色器ACP Additive Colour Process 加色法ACS Access Co ntrol SystemAdva need Comm uni cati on Service 高级通信业务Area Comm uni cati on System区域通信系统ADC An alog to Digital Con verter 模-数转换器Automatic Degaussirng Circuit 自动消磁电路ADL Acoustic Delay Li ne 声延迟线ADS Audio Distribution System 音频分配系统AE Audio Erasi ng 音频（声音AEF Automatic Editi ng Fun ction 自动编辑功能AES Audio Engin eeri ng Society 音频工程协会AF AudioFreque ncy 音频AFA Audio Freque ncy Amplifier 音频放大器AFC Automatic Freque ncy Coder 音频编码器Automatic Freque ncy Co ntrol 自动频率控制AFT Automatic Fi ne Tuning 自动微调Automatic Freque ncy Track 自动频率跟踪Automatic Freque ncy Trim 自动额率微调AGC Automatic Ga in Con trol 自动增益控制AI ArtificialIn tellige nce 人工智能ALM Audio-Level Meter 音频电平表AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMS Automatic Music Se nsor置ANC Automatic Noise Ca nceller 自动噪声消除器ANT ANTe nna 天线AO An alog Output 模拟输岀APS Automatic Program Search 自动节目搜索APPS Automatic Program Pause System 自动节目暂停系统APSS Automatic Program Search System 自动节目搜索系统AR Audio Respo nse 音频响应ARC Automatic Remote Con trol 自动遥控ASCII American Standard Code for InformationIn tercha nge 美国信息交换标准AST Automatic Sca nning Tracki ng 自动扫描跟踪ATC Automatic Timi ng Co ntrol 自动定时控制Automatic Tone Correcti on 自动音频校正ATM Asy nchro nous Tra nsfer Mode 异步传输模式ATF Automatic Track Fi ndi ng 自动寻迹ATS Automatic Test System 自动测试系统ATSC Adva need Televisio n Systems Committee（美国高级电视制式委员会）***C Automatic Volume Con trol 自动音量控制***R Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动稳压器AWB Automatic White Bala nee 自动白平衡AZCAutomatic Zoomi ng Con trol 自动变焦控制AZSAutomatic Zero Setti ng 自动调零BA Bra nch Amplifier 分支放大器Buffer Amplifier 缓冲放大器BAC Bin ary-A nalog Co nversion 二进制模拟转换BB Black Burst 黑场信号BBC British Broadcast ing Corporation 英国广播公司BBI Beiji ng Broadcasti ng In stitute 北京广播学院BC Bin ary Code 二进制码Bala need Curre nt 平衡电流Broadcast Con trol 广播控制BCT Ban dwidth Compressi on Tech nique 带宽压缩技术BDB Bi-directio nal Data Bus 双向数据总线BER Basic En codi ng Rules 基本编码规则Bit Error Rate 比特误码率BF Burst Flag 色同步旗脉冲BFA Bare Fiber Adapter 裸光纤适配器Brilloui n Fiber Amplifier 布里渊光纤放大器BGM Backgrou nd Music 背景音乐BIOS Basic In put / Output System 基本输入输出系统B-ISDN Broadba nd-ISDN 宽带综合业务数据网BIU Basic In formation Un it 基本信息单元Bus In terface Unit 总线接口单元BM Bi-phase Modulation 双相调制BML Busi ness Man ageme nt Layer 商务管理层BN Backbo ne Network 主干网BNT Broadba nd Network Termi natio n 宽带网络终端设备BO Bus Out 总线输岀BPG Basic Pulse Gen erator 基准脉冲发生器BPS Ba nd Pitch Shift 分频段变调节器BSI British Sta ndard In stitute 英国标准学会BSS Broadcast Satellite Service 广播卫星业务BT Block Term in al 分线盒、分组终端British Telecom 英国电信BTA Broadba nd Termi nal Adapter 宽带终端适配器Broadcasti ng Tech no logy Associati on （日本BTL Bala need Tran sformer-Less 桥式推挽放大电路BTS Broadcast Tech nical Sta ndard 广播技术标接入控制系统自动音乐传感装BTU Basic Tra nsmission Un it 基本传输单元BVU Broadcasting Video Unit 广播视频型（一种3/4英寸带录像机记录格式BW Ban dWidth 带宽BWTV Black and White Televisio n 黑白电视CA Co nditio nal Access 条件接收CAC Con ditio nal Access Con trol 条件接收控制CAL Co nti nuity Accept Limit 连续性接受极限CAS Con ditio nal Access System 条件接收系统Co nditio nalAccess Sub-system 条件接收子系统CATV Cable Televisi on 有线电视，电缆电视Commu nity An te nna Televisio n 共用天线电视C*** Con sta nt An gular Velocity 恒角速度CBC Can adia n Broadcasti ng Corporati on 力口拿大广播公司CBS Columbia Broadcasti ng System （美国哥伦比亚广播公司CC Concen tric Cable 同轴电缆CCG Chi nese Character Gen erator 中文字幕发生器CCIR In ter nati onal Radio Con sultativeCommittee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT In ter nati onal Telegraph and Teleph oneCon sultativeCommittee 国际电话电报咨询委员会CCR Cen tral Co ntrol Room 中心控制室CCTV Chi na Ce ntral Televisio n 中国中央电视台Close-Circuit Televisio n 闭路电视CCS Cen ter Cen tral System 中心控制系统CCU Camera Con trol Un it 摄像机控制器CCW Cou nter Clock-Wise 反时针方向CD Compact Disc 激光唱片CDA Curre nt Dumpi ng Amplifier 电流放大器CD-E Compact Disc Erasable 可抹式激光唱片CDFM Compact Disc File Man ager 光盘文件管理（程序CDPG Compact-Disc Plus Graphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read Only Memory 只读式紧凑光盘CETV Chi na Educatio nal Televisio n 中国教育电视台CF Color Frami ng 彩色成帧CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形（显示卡CI Common In terface 通用接口CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形（显示卡CI Common In terface 通用接口CIE Chin ese In stitute of ElectronicsCII China Information Infrastructure础设施CIF Comm on In termediate FormatCIS Chin ese In dustrial Sta ndardCLV Con sta nt Lin ear Velocity 恒定线速度CM Colour Mon itor 彩色监视器CMTS Cable Modem Termi nation System 线缆调制解调器终端系统CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 载噪比CON Co nsole 操纵台Con troller 控制器CPB Corporation of Public Broadcasti ng （美国公共广播公司CPU Central Processi ng Un it 中央处理单元CRC Cyclic Redu nda ncy Check 循环冗余校验CRCC CRI Cyclic Redu ndan cy Check Code 循环冗余校验码CROM Chi na Radio In ter natio nal 中国国际广播电台CRT Con trol Read Only Memory 控制只读存储器CS Cathode-Ray Tube 阴极射线管CSC Commu nication Satellite 通信卫星CSS Color Sub-carrier 彩色副载波Cen ter Storage Server 中央存储服务器Con te nt Scrambl ing System 内容加扰系统CSU Cha nnel Service Un it 信道业务单元CT Color Temperature 色温CTC Cassette Tape Co ntroller 盒式磁带控制器Cha nnel Traffic Con trol 通道通信量控制Cou nter Timer Circuit 计数器定时器电路Cou nter Timer Con trol 计数器定时器控制CTE Cable Term in ation Equipme nt 线缆终端设备Customer Term inal Equipme nt 用户终端设备CTV Color Televisi on 彩色电视CVD Chi na Video Disc 中国数字视盘CW Carrie Wave 载波DAB Digital Audio Broadcast ing 数字音频广播DASH Digital Audio Statio nary Head 数字音频静止磁头DAT Digital Audio Tape 数字音频磁带DBMS Data Base Man ageme nt System 数据库管理系统DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星DCC Digital Compact Cassette 数字小型盒带Dyn amic Co ntrast Co ntrol 动态对比度控制DCT Digital Compo nent Tech nology 数字分量技术Discrete Cosi ne Tra nsform 离散余弦变换DCTV Digital Color Televisio n 数字彩色电视DD DirectDrive 直接驱动DDC Direct Digital C on trol 直接数字控制DDE Dy namic Data Excha nge 动态数据交换DDM Data Display Mon itor 数据显示监视器DES Data Eleme ntary Stream 数据基本码流Data En cryption Sta ndard 美国数据加密标准DF Dispersio n Flatte ned 色散平坦光纤DG Differe ntial Gai n 微分增益DI Digital In terface 数字接口DITEC Digital Televisio n Camera 数字电视摄像机DL Delay Line 延时线DLD Dyn amic Lin ear Drive 动态线性驱动DM Delta Modulation 增量调制Digital Modulation 数字调制DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasti ng 数字多媒体广播DMC Dyn amic Motio n Co ntrol 动态控制DME Digital Multiple Effect 数字多功能特技DMS Digital Masteri ng System 数字主系统DN Data Network 数据网络DNG Digital News Gatheri ng 数字新闻采集DNR Digital Noise Reducer 数字式降噪器DOB Data Output Bus 数据输岀总线DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service In terfaceSpecificatio ns 有线数据传输业务接口规范DOC Drop Out Compe nsati on 失落补偿DOS Disc Operat ing System 磁盘操作系统DP Differe ntial Phase 微分相位Data Pulse 数据脉冲DPCM Differe ntial Pulse Code Modulation 差值脉冲编码调制DPL Dolby Pro Logic 杜比定向逻辑DSB Digital Satellite Broadcasti ng 数字卫星广播DSC Digital Studio Con trol 数字演播室控制DSD Dolby Surrou nd Digital 杜比数字环绕声DSE Digital Special Effect 数字特技DSK Dow n-Stream Key 下游键DSP Digital Sig nal Process ing 数字信号处理Digital Sou nd Processor 数字声音处理器DSS Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统DT Digital Tech ni que 数字技术Digital Televisio n 数字电视Data Term in al 数据终端Data Tran smissi on 数据传输DTB Digital Terrestrial Broadcast ing 数字地面广播DTBC Digital Time-Base Corrector 数字时基校正器DTC Digital Televisio n Camera 数字电视摄像机DTS Digital Theater System 数字影院系统Digital Tuning System 数字调谐系统Digital Televisio n Sta ndard 数字电视标准DVB Digital Video Broadcast ing 数字视频广播DVC Digital Video Compressio n 数字视频压缩DVE Digital Video Effect 数字视频特技DVS Desktop Video Studio 桌上视频演播DVTR Digital Video Tape Recorder 数字磁带录像机EA Exte nsion Ampl ifier 延长放大器EB Electro n Beam 电子束EBS Emerge ncy Broadcast ing System 紧急广播系统EBU European Broadcast ing Un io n 欧洲广播联盟EC Error Correctio n 误差校正ECN Emerge ncy Comm un icati ons Network 应急通信网络ECS European Comm un icatio n Satellite 欧洲通信卫星EDC Error Detection Code 错误检测码EDE Electro nic Data Excha nge 电子数据交换EDF Erbium-Doped Fiber 掺饵光纤EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EDL Edit Decisi on List 编辑点清单EDTV Exte nded Defi niti on Televisi on 扩展清晰度电视EE Error Excepted 允许误差EFM Eight to Fourteen Modulation 8-14 调制EFP Electro nic Field Production 电子现场节目制作EH Ether net Hosts 以太网主机EIN Equivale nt m put Noise 等效输入噪声EIS Electro nic In formation System 电子信息系统EISA Exte nded In dustrial Sta ndard Architecture扩展工业标准总线EL Electro-Lum in esce nt 场致发光EM Error Mo nitori ng 误码监测EN End Node 末端节点ENG Electro nic News Gatheri ng 电子新闻采集EOT End of Tape 带尾EP Edit Poi nt 编辑点Error Protocol 错误协议EPG Electro nic Program Guides 电子节目指南EPS Emerge ncy Power Supply 应急电源ERP Effective Radiated Power 有效辐射功率ES Eleme ntary Stream 基本码流End System 终端系统ESA European Space Age ncy 欧洲空间局ETV Educati on Televisio n 教育电视FA Enhan ced Televisio n 增强电视FABM FAS Facial An imatio n 面部动画FC Fiber Amp li fier Booster Module 光纤放大器增强模块Fiber Access System 光纤接入系统Freque ncy Chan ger 变频器FCC Fiber Cha nnel 光纤通道FD Film Composer 电影编辑系统Federal Comm un icatio ns Commissio n 美国联邦通信委员会FDCT Freque ncy Divider 分频器FDDI FDM Fiber Duct 光纤管道FDP Forward Discrete Cos ine Tran sform 离散余弦正变换FE Fiber Distributed Data In terface 分布式光纤数据接口Freque ncy-Divisi on Multiplexi ng 频分复用中国电子学会中国信息基通用中间格式中国工业标准。

第４７卷　第５期２０２３年９月南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＮａｎｊｉｎｇＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ（ＮａｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓＥｄｉｔｉｏｎ）Ｖｏｌ．４７，Ｎｏ．５Ｓｅｐｔ．，２０２３　收稿日期Ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ：２０２１ １２ ０６ 修回日期Ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ：２０２２ ０４ ２６　基金项目：国家重点研发计划（２０２２ＹＦＣ３８０２６０２）。

　第一作者：樊柏青（ｂｏｑｉｎｇ０６０８＠１６３．ｃｏｍ）。

通信作者：刘东云（ｌａｕｒｓｔｕｄｉｏ＠ｓｉｎａ．ｃｏｍ），副教授。

　引文格式：樊柏青，刘东云，王思远，等．城市绿色空间地表温度的时空演变特征———以北京市六环内区域为例［Ｊ］．南京林业大学学报（自然科学版），２０２３，４７（５）：１９７－２０４．ＦＡＮＢＱ，ＬＩＵＤＹ，ＷＡＮＧＳＹ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｓｐａｔｉｏ ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａ ｔｕｒｅｉｎｕｒｂａｎｇｒｅｅｎｓｐａｃｅ：ａｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅＳｉｘｔｈＲｉｎｇＲｏａｄｉｎＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＮａｎｊｉｎｇＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ（ＮａｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓＥｄｉｔｉｏｎ），２０２３，４７（５）：１９７－２０４．ＤＯＩ：１０．１２３０２／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１０００－２００６．２０２１１２００８．城市绿色空间地表温度的时空演变特征———以北京市六环内区域为例樊柏青１，２，刘东云１，王思远２，穆罕默德·阿米尔·西迪基３（１．北京林业大学园林学院，北京　１０００８３；２．东南大学建筑学院，江苏　南京　２１００９６；３．天津大学建筑学院，天津３００２７２）摘要：【目的】随着城市化进程的不断推进，城市热岛效应逐渐加剧，地表温度作为表征城市热环境的常用因子，研究其与城市绿色空间之间的关系对于缓解城市热岛效应有着重要的参考价值。

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transistor n 晶体管diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器alternating adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路linear time invariant systems线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数tolerance n 公差；宽容；容忍condenser n 电容器；冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的adj 非传导性的deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差linear device 线性器件the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻anode n 阳极,正极cathode n 阴极breakdown n 故障;崩溃terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器gain n 增益,放大倍数forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN结MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型integrated circuits 集成电路analog n 模拟digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔,丰富attenuation n衰减；变薄;稀薄化multimeter n 万用表frequency n 频率，周率the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管dual—trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器signal generating device 信号发生器peak-to—peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波triangle wave 三角波square wave 方波amplifier 放大器，扩音器oscillator n 振荡器feedback n 反馈,回应phase n 相，阶段，状态filter n 滤波器，过滤器rectifier n整流器；纠正者band-stop filter 带阻滤波器band-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的binary adj 二进制的；二元的octal adj 八进制的domain n 域；领域code n代码,密码,编码v编码the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器；微控制器assembly language instrucionsn 汇编语言指令chip n 芯片，碎片modular adj 模块化的；模数的sensor n 传感器plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器single instruction programmer单指令编程器dedicated manufacturesprogramming unit 专供制造厂用的编程单元beam n （光线的）束,柱，梁polarize v（使）偏振，（使）极化Cathode Ray Tube（CRT）阴极射线管neuron n神经元;神经细胞fuzzy adj 模糊的Artificial Intelligence Shell人工智能外壳程序Expert Systems 专家系统Artificial Intelligence 人工智能Perceptive Systems 感知系统neural network 神经网络fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑intelligent agent 智能代理electromagnetic adj 电磁的coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的microwave n 微波charge v充电，使充电insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的antenna n天线;触角modeling n建模，造型simulation n 仿真；模拟prototype n 原型array n 排队，编队vector n 向量，矢量wavelet n 微波，小浪sine 正弦 cosine 余弦inverse adj倒转的,反转的n反面；相反v倒转high—performance 高精确性，高性能two—dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的three—dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的object—oriented programming面向对象的程序设计spectral adj 光谱的attenuation n衰减;变薄；稀释distortion n 失真，扭曲,变形wavelength n 波长refractive adj 折射的ATM 异步传输模式AsynchronousTransfer ModeADSL非对称用户数字线Asymmetricdigital subscriber lineVDSL甚高速数字用户线very highdata rate digital subscriberlineHDSL高速数据用户线 high ratedigital subscriber lineFDMA频分多址（Frequency DivisionMultiple Access）TDMA时分多址(Time DivisionMultiple Access）CDMA同步码分多址方式(CodeDivision Multiple Access)WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统（Wideband Code DivisionMultiple Access)TD—SCDMA（Time DivisionSynchronous Code DivisionMultiple Access）时分同步码分多址SDLC(synchronous data linkcontrol）同步数据链路控制HDLC(high—level data linkcontrol)高级数据链路控制IP/TCP（internet protocol/transfer Control Protocol）网络传输控制协议ITU (InternationalTelecommunication Union)国际电信联盟ISO国际标准化组织（InternationalStandardization Organization）;OSI开放式系统互联参考模型(OpenSystem Interconnect）GSM全球移动通信系统（GlobalSystem for Mobile Communications)GPRS通用分组无线业务（GeneralPacket Radio Service)FDD(frequency division duplex）频分双工TDD(time division duplex)时分双工VPI虚路径标识符（Virtual PathIdentifier）；ISDN（Integrated ServicesDigital Network）综合业务数字网IDN综合数字网（integrateddigital network）HDTV （high definitiontelevision)高清晰度电视DCT（Discrete Cosine Transform）离散余弦变换VCI(virtual circuit address）虚通路标识MAN城域网Metropolitan areanetworksLAN局域网local area networkWAN广域网wide area network同步时分复用STDM SynchronousTime Division Multiplexing统计时分复用STDM StatisticalTime Division Multiplexing单工传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission全双工传输full-duplex transmission交换矩阵Switching Matrix电路交换 circuit switching分组交换packet switching报文交换message switching奇偶校验parity checking循环冗余校验CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check虚过滤Virtual filter数字滤波digital filtering伪随机比特Quasi Random Bit带宽分配 Bandwidth allocation信源information source信宿destination数字化digitalize数字传输技术Digital transmission technology灰度图像Grey scale images灰度级Grey scale level幅度谱Magnitude spectrum相位谱Phase spectrum频谱frequency spectrum智能设备Smart Device软切换Soft handover硬切换 Hard Handover相干检测Coherent detection边缘检测Edge detection冲突检测collision detection业务集合service integration业务分离/综合service separation/ integration网络集合network integration环形网Ring networks令牌环网Token Ring network网络终端Network Terminal用户终端user terminal用户电路line circuit电路利用率channel utilization （通道利用率）相关性coherence相干解调coherent demodulation数字图像压缩digital image compression图像编码image encoding有损/无损压缩lossy/lossless compression解压decompression呼叫控制Call Control误差控制error control存储程序控制stored program control存储转发方式store-and-forward manner语音\视频传输voice\video transmission视频点播video—on-demand（VOD)会议电视Video Conference有线电视cable television量化quantization吞吐量throughput话务量traffic多径分集Multipath diversity多媒体通信MDM Multimedia Communication多址干扰Multiple Access Interference人机交互man machine interface 交互式会话Conversationalinteraction路由算法Routing Algorithm目标识别Object recognition话音变换Voice transform中继线trunk line传输时延transmission delay远程监控remote monitoring光链路optical link拓扑结构Topology均方根root mean squarewhatsoever=whatever 0switchboard （电话）交换台bipolar （电子）双极的premise （复）房屋，前提cursor （计算机尺的）游标,指导的elapse （时间）经过，消失vaporize (使)蒸发subsystem （系统的）分部,子系统,辅助系统metallic (像）金属的，含金属的，（声音)刺耳的dispatch (迅速）派遣，急件consensus （意见)一致,同意deadline (最后）期限，截止时间tomographic X线体层摄像的alas 唉，哎呀cluster把…集成一束，一组，一簇，一串，一群encyclopedia 百科全书millionfold 百万倍的semiconductor 半导体radius 半径范围,半径，径向射线half-duplex transmission 半双工传输accompaniment 伴随物，附属物reservation 保留，预定quotation 报价单，行情报告,引语memorandum 备忘录redundancy 备用be viewed as 被看作…be regards as 被认为是as such 本身;照此;以这种资格textual 本文的，正文的verge 边界variation 变化，变量conversion 变化，转化identity 标识；标志criterion 标准，准则in parallel on 并联到,合并到juxtapose 并置，并列dialing pulse 拨号脉冲wave-guide 波导wavelength division multiplexed波分复用baud rate 波特率playback 播放（录音带，唱片)no greater than 不大于update不断改进,使…适合新的要求，更新asymmetric 不对称的irrespective 不考虑的，不顾的inevitably 不可避免的inevitable 不可避免的，不可逃避的，必定的segment 部分abrasion 擦伤,磨损deploy 采用，利用,推广应用take the form of 采用…的形式parameter 参数，参量layer 层dope 掺杂FET（field effect transistors) 场效应管audio recording 唱片ultra—high—frequency(UHF）超高频in excess of 超过in excess of 超过hypertext 超文本ingredient 成分,因素ingredient 成分，组成部分，要素metropolitan—area network（WAN）城域网metropolitan area network（WAN)城域网，城市网络congestion 充满，拥挤，阻塞collision 冲突extractive 抽出；释放出extract 抽取，取出，分离lease 出租,租约，租界期限，租界物pass on 传递，切换transmission 传输facsimile 传真innovative=innovatory 创新的，富有革新精神的track 磁道impetus 促进,激励cluster 簇stored-program control(SPC）存储程序控制a large number of 大量的peal 大声响，发出supersede 代替supplant 代替，取代out—of—band signaling 带外信号simplex transmission 单工传输monochromatic 单色的，单色光的，黑白的ballistic 弹道的，射击的，冲击的conductor 导体hierarchy 等级制度，层次infrastructure 底层结构，基础结构geographic 地理的,地区的geographically 地理上GIS（ground instrumentationsystem) 地面测量系统ground station 地面站earth orbit 地球轨道extraterrestrial 地球外的，地球大气圈外的Land-sat 地球资源卫星rug 地毯，毯子ignite 点火,点燃，使兴奋electromagnetic 电磁的inductive 电感arc 电弧telephony 电话（学)，通话dielectric 电介质，绝缘材料；电解质的，绝缘的capacitor 电容telecommunication 电信，无线电通讯scenario 电影剧本，方案modem pool 调制解调器（存储）池superimposing 叠加，重叠pin 钉住，扣住，抓住customize 定做，定制monolithic 独立的，完全统一的aluminize 镀铝strategic 对全局有重要意义的，战略的substantial 多的，大的，实际上的multi-path fading 多径衰落multi—path 多路，多途径；多路的,多途径的multi-access 多路存取，多路进入multiplex 多路复用multiplex 多路复用的degradation 恶化，降级dioxide 二氧化碳LED(light—emitting—diode）发光二极管evolution 发展,展开，渐进feedback 反馈，回授dimension 范围，方向，维,元scenario 方案scenario 方案，电影剧本amplifer 放大器noninvasive 非侵略的，非侵害的tariff 费率，关税率；对…征税distributed functional plane(DFP）分布功能平面DQDB(distributed queue dual bus)分布式队列双总线hierarchy 分层，层次partition 分成segmentation 分割interface 分界面，接口asunder 分开地，分离地detached 分离的,分开的,孤立的dispense 分配allocate 分配，配给;配给物centigrade 分为百度的,百分度的，摄氏温度的fractal 分形molecule 分子，微小，些微cellular 蜂窝状的cellular 蜂窝状的,格形的，多孔的auxiliary storage（also called secondary storage) 辅助存储器decay 腐烂，衰减，衰退negative 负电vicinity 附近，邻近vicinity 附近地区,近处sophisticated 复杂的，高级的，现代化的high-frequency(HF) 高频high definition television 高清晰度电视chromium 铬annotate 给…作注解in terms of 根据,按照disclosure 公布,企业决算公开public network 公用网functionality 功能，功能度mercury 汞resonator 共鸣器resonance 共振whimsical 古怪的，反复无常的administration 管理，经营cursor 光标（显示器），游标，指针optical computer 光计算机photoconductor 光敏电阻optical disks 光盘optically 光学地，光地wide—area networks 广域网specification 规范,说明书silicon 硅the internationaltelecommunication union（ITU) 国际电信联盟excess 过剩obsolete 过时的，废弃的maritime 海事的synthetic 合成的，人造的，综合的synthetic 合成的，综合性的rational 合乎理性的rationalization 合理化streamline 合理化，理顺infrared 红外线的，红外线skepticism 怀疑论ring network 环形网hybrid 混合物counterpart 伙伴，副本，对应物electromechanical 机电的，电动机械的Robot 机器人Robotics 机器人技术，机器人学accumulation 积累infrastructure 基础，基础结构substrate 基质,底质upheaval 激变,剧变compact disc 激光磁盘(CD）concentrator 集中器，集线器centrex system 集中式用户交换功能系统converge on 集中于，聚集在…上lumped element 集总元件CAI(computer-aided instruction)计算机辅助教学computer—integratedmanufacturing（CIM）计算机集成制造computer mediated communication（CMC）计算机中介通信record 记录register 记录器，寄存器expedite 加快,促进weight 加权accelerate 加速，加快，促进categorize 加以类别，分类in addition 加之，又，另外hypothetical 假设的rigidly 坚硬的，僵硬的compatibility 兼容性，相容性surveillance 监视surveillance 监视retrieval 检索,（可）补救verification 检验simplicity 简单，简明film 胶片,薄膜take over 接管，接任ruggedness 结实threshold 界限，临界值with the aid of 借助于，用，通过wire line 金属线路,有线线路coherent 紧凑的，表达清楚的，粘附的,相干的compact 紧密的approximation 近似undertake 进行，从事transistor 晶体管elaborate 精心制作的，细心完成的，周密安排的vigilant 警戒的，警惕的alcohol 酒精,酒local area networks（LANs）局域网local-area networks(LANs）局域网drama 剧本,戏剧，戏剧的演出focus on 聚集在,集中于,注视insulator 绝缘root mean square 均方根uniform 均匀的open—system-interconnection(OSI）开放系统互连expire 开始无效，满期，终止immunity 抗扰，免除，免疫性take…into account考虑，重视…programmable industrialautomation 可编程工业自动化demountable 可拆卸的tunable 可调的reliable 可靠be likely to 可能，大约，像要videotex video 可视图文电视negligible 可以忽略的aerial 空气的，空中的,无形的,虚幻的；天线broadband 宽（频）带pervasive 扩大的，渗透的tensile 拉力的，张力的romanticism 浪漫精神，浪漫主义discrete 离散,不连续ion 离子force 力量；力stereophonic 立体声的continuum 连续统一体，连续统，闭联集smart 灵巧的；精明的；洒脱的token 令牌on the other hand 另一方面hexagonal 六边形的，六角形的hexagon 六角形，六边形monopoly 垄断，专利video-clip 录像剪辑aluminum 铝pebble 卵石，水晶透镜forum 论坛，讨论会logical relationships 逻辑关系code book 码本pulse code modulation(PCM）脉冲编码调制roam 漫步,漫游bps(bits per second) 每秒钟传输的比特ZIP codes 美国邮区划分的五位编码susceptible(to）敏感的，易受…的analog 模拟，模拟量pattern recognition 模式识别bibliographic 目录的,文献的neodymium 钕the european telecommunicationstandardization institute(ETSI)欧洲电信标准局coordinate 配合的，协调的;使配合，调整ratify 批准,认可bias 偏差；偏置deviate 偏离，与…不同spectrum 频谱come into play 其作用entrepreneurial 企业的heuristic methods 启发式方法play a …role(part)起…作用stem from 起源于；由…发生organic 器官的，有机的,组织的hypothesis 前提front-end 前置，前级potential 潜势的，潜力的intensity 强度coincidence 巧合，吻合，一致scalpel 轻便小刀，解剖刀inventory 清单,报表spherical 球的,球形的distinguish 区别，辨别succumb 屈服，屈从，死global functional plane（GFP) 全局功能平面full-duplex transmission 全双工传输hologram 全息照相，全息图deficiency 缺乏thermonuclear 热核的artifact 人工制品AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能fusion 熔解，熔化diskettes（also called floppy disk) 软盘sector 扇区entropy 熵uplink 上行链路arsenic 砷neural network 神经网络very-high—frequency(VHF) 甚高频upgrade 升级distortion 失真，畸变identification 识别，鉴定，验明pragmatic 实际的implementation 实施,实现，执行，敷设entity 实体，存在vector quantification 矢量量化mislead 使…误解,给…错误印象，引错vex 使烦恼，使恼火defy 使落空facilitate 使容易，促进retina 视网膜compatible 适合的，兼容的transceiver 收发两用机authorize 授权，委托,允许data security 数据安全性data independence 数据独立data management 数据管理database 数据库database management system(DBMS）数据库管理信息系统database transaction 数据库事务data integrity 数据完整性,数据一致性attenuation 衰减fading 衰落，衰减，消失dual 双的，二重的transient 瞬时的deterministic 宿命的，确定的algorithm 算法dissipation 损耗carbon 碳diabetes 糖尿病cumbersome 讨厌的，麻烦的,笨重的razor 剃刀，剃go by the name of 通称,普通叫做commucation session 通信会话traffic 通信业务(量）synchronous transmission 同步传输concurrent 同时发生的,共存的simultaneous 同时发生的，同时做的simultaneous 同时发生的，一齐的coaxial 同轴的copper 铜statistical 统计的，统计学的dominate 统治，支配invest in 投资perspective 透视，角度，远景graphics 图示，图解pictorial 图像的coating 涂层,层deduce 推理reasoning strategies 推理策略inference engine 推理机topology 拓扑结构heterodyne 外差法的peripheral 外界的，外部的，周围的gateway 网关hazardous 危险的microwave 微波（的）microprocessor 微处理机，微处理器microelectronic 微电子nuance 微小的差别（色彩等）encompass 围绕，包围，造成，设法做到maintenance 维护;保持；维修satellite communication 卫星通信satellite network 卫星网络transceiver 无线电收发信机radio—relay transmission 无线电中继传输without any doubt 无疑passive satellite 无源卫星sparse 稀少的，稀疏的downlink 下行链路precursor 先驱，前任visualization 显像feasibility 现实性,可行性linearity 线性度constrain 限制,约束，制约considerable 相当的,重要的geo-stationary 相对地面静止by contrast 相反，而,对比起来coorelation 相关性mutual 相互的mutually 相互的，共同的interconnect 相互连接,互连one after the other 相继，依次minicomputer 小型计算机protocol 协议，草案protocol 协议，规约,规程psycho-acoustic 心理（精神）听觉的;传音的channelization 信道化，通信信道选择run length encoding 行程编码groom 修饰，准备virtual ISDN 虚拟ISDNmultitude 许多，大批,大量whirl 旋转preference 选择，喜欢avalanche 雪崩pursue 寻求，从事interrogation 询问dumb 哑的，不说话的，无声的subcategory 亚类，子种类，子范畴orbital 眼眶；轨道oxygen 氧气,氧元素service switching and controlpoints(SSCPs）业务交换控制点service control points(SCPs) 业务控制点service control function（SCF) 业务控制功能in concert 一致，一齐handover 移交，越区切换at a rate of 以……的速率in the form of 以…的形式base on… 以…为基础yttrium 钇(稀有金属,符号Y）asynchronous transmission 异步传输asynchronous 异步的exceptional 异常的，特殊的voice—grade 音频级indium 铟give rise to 引起,使产生cryptic 隐义的,秘密的hard disk 硬盘hard automation 硬自动化by means of 用，依靠equip with 用…装备subscriber 用户telex 用户电报PBX（private branch exchange）用户小交换机或专用交换机be called upon to 用来…，（被）要求…superiority 优势predominance 优势，显著active satellite 有源卫星in comparison with 与…比较comparable to 与…可比preliminary 预备的，初步的premonition 预感,预兆nucleus 原子核valence 原子价circumference 圆周，周围teleprocessing 远程信息处理，遥控处理perspective 远景，前途constrain 约束，强迫mobile 运动的，流动的，机动的，装在车上的convey 运输，传递,转换impurity 杂质impurity 杂质,混杂物，不洁，不纯regenerative 再生的improve over 在……基础上改善play important role in 在…中起重要作用in close proximity 在附近，在很近underlying 在下的，基础的in this respect 在这方面entail 遭遇，导致presentation 赠与，图像,呈现，演示narrowband 窄（频)带deploy 展开，使用，推广应用megabit 兆比特germanium 锗positive 正电quadrature 正交orthogonal 正交的quadrature amplitudemodulation(QAM) 正交幅度调制on the right track 正在轨道上sustain 支撑，撑住，维持，持续outgrowh 支派；长出；副产品dominate 支配，统治knowledge representation 知识表示knowledge engineering 知识工程knowledge base 知识库in diameter 直径helicopter 直升飞机acronym 只取首字母的缩写词as long as 只要，如果tutorial 指导教师的，指导的coin 制造（新字符），杜撰fabrication 制造，装配；捏造事实proton 质子intelligence 智能,智力，信息intelligent network 智能网intermediate 中间的nucleus(pl.nuclei) 中心，核心neutrons 中子terminal 终端，终端设备overlay 重叠，覆盖，涂覆highlight 重要的部分，焦点charge 主管，看管;承载dominant 主要的,控制的，最有力的cylinder 柱面expert system 专家系统private network 专用网络transition 转变，转换,跃迁relay 转播relay 转播，中继repeater 转发器,中继器pursue 追赶,追踪，追求，继续desktop publish 桌面出版ultraviolet 紫外线的，紫外的；紫外线辐射field 字段vendor 自动售货机，厂商naturally 自然的；天生具备的synthesize 综合,合成integrate 综合，使完全ISDN(intergrated servicesdigital network) 综合业务数字网as a whole 总体上bus network 总线形网crossbar 纵横，交叉impedance 阻抗initial 最初的，开始的optimum 最佳条件appear as 作为…出现A Analog 模拟A/D Analog to Digital 模—数转换AAC Advanced Audio Coding高级音频编码ABB Automatic Black Balance 自动黑平衡ABC American Broadcasting Company 美国广播公司Automatic Bass Compensation 自动低音补偿 Automatic BrightnessControl 自动亮度控制ABL Automatic Black Level自动黑电平ABLC Automatic BrightnessLimiter Circuit 自动亮度限制电路ABU Asian BroadcastingUnion 亚洲广播联盟(亚广联ABS American Bureau ofStandard 美国标准局AC Access Conditions 接入条件Audio Center 音频中心ACA Adjacent ChannelAttenuation 邻频道衰减ACC Automatic CenteringControl 自动中心控制Automatic Chroma Control 自动色度(增益ACK Automatic Chroma Killer自动消色器ACP Additive Colour Process加色法ACS Access Control System接入控制系统Advanced CommunicationService 高级通信业务Area Communication System区域通信系统ADC Analog to DigitalConverter 模-数转换器Automatic DegaussirngCircuit 自动消磁电路ADL Acoustic Delay Line 声延迟线ADS Audio DistributionSystem 音频分配系统AE Audio Erasing 音频（声音AEF Automatic EditingFunction 自动编辑功能AES Audio EngineeringSociety 音频工程协会AF Audio Frequency 音频AFA Audio FrequencyAmplifier 音频放大器AFC Automatic FrequencyCoder 音频编码器Automatic Frequency Control自动频率控制AFT Automatic Fine Tuning自动微调Automatic Frequency Track自动频率跟踪Automatic Frequency Trim 自动额率微调AGC Automatic Gain Control自动增益控制AI Artificial Intelligence人工智能ALM Audio—Level Meter 音频电平表AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMS Automatic Music Sensor自动音乐传感装置ANC Automatic NoiseCanceller 自动噪声消除器ANT ANTenna 天线AO Analog Output 模拟输出APS Automatic ProgramSearch 自动节目搜索APPS Automatic ProgramPause System 自动节目暂停系统APSS Automatic ProgramSearch System 自动节目搜索系统AR Audio Response 音频响应ARC Automatic RemoteControl 自动遥控ASCII American StandardCode for InformationInterchange 美国信息交换标准AST Automatic ScanningTracking 自动扫描跟踪ATC Automatic TimingControl 自动定时控制Automatic Tone Correction自动音频校正ATM Asynchronous TransferMode 异步传输模式ATF Automatic Track Finding自动寻迹ATS Automatic Test System自动测试系统ATSC Advanced TelevisionSystems Committee （美国高级电视制式委员会）*＊*C Automatic VolumeControl 自动音量控制*＊*R Automatic VoltageRegulator 自动稳压器AWB Automatic White Balance自动白平衡AZC Automatic ZoomingControl 自动变焦控制AZS Automatic Zero Setting自动调零BA Branch Amplifier 分支放大器Buffer Amplifier 缓冲放大器BAC Binary-AnalogConversion 二进制模拟转换BB Black Burst 黑场信号BBC British BroadcastingCorporation 英国广播公司BBI Beijing BroadcastingInstitute 北京广播学院BC Binary Code 二进制码Balanced Current 平衡电流Broadcast Control 广播控制BCT Bandwidth CompressionTechnique 带宽压缩技术BDB Bi-directional Data Bus双向数据总线BER Basic Encoding Rules 基本编码规则Bit Error Rate 比特误码率BF Burst Flag 色同步旗脉冲BFA Bare Fiber Adapter 裸光纤适配器Brillouin Fiber Amplifier布里渊光纤放大器BGM Background Music 背景音乐BIOS Basic Input／OutputSystem 基本输入输出系统B—ISDN Broadband—ISDN 宽带综合业务数据网BIU Basic Information Unit基本信息单元Bus Interface Unit 总线接口单元BM Bi-phase Modulation 双相调制BML Business ManagementLayer 商务管理层BN Backbone Network 主干网BNT Broadband NetworkTermination 宽带网络终端设备BO Bus Out 总线输出BPG Basic Pulse Generator 基准脉冲发生器BPS Band Pitch Shift 分频段变调节器BSI British Standard Institute 英国标准学会BSS Broadcast Satellite Service 广播卫星业务BT Block Terminal 分线盒、分组终端British Telecom 英国电信BTA Broadband Terminal Adapter 宽带终端适配器Broadcasting Technology Association (日本BTL Balanced Transformer—Less 桥式推挽放大电路BTS Broadcast Technical Standard 广播技术标准BTU Basic Transmission Unit 基本传输单元BVU Broadcasting Video Unit 广播视频型(一种3/4英寸带录像机记录格式BW BandWidth 带宽BWTV Black and White Television 黑白电视CA Conditional Access 条件接收CAC Conditional Access Control 条件接收控制CAL Continuity AcceptLimit 连续性接受极限CAS Conditional Access System 条件接收系统Conditional Access Sub—system 条件接收子系统CATV Cable Television 有线电视，电缆电视Community Antenna Television 共用天线电视C*** Constant Angular Velocity 恒角速度CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 加拿大广播公司CBS Columbia Broadcasting System （美国哥伦比亚广播公司CC Concentric Cable 同轴电缆CCG Chinese Character Generator 中文字幕发生器CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone ConsultativeCommittee 国际电话电报咨询委员会CCR Central Control Room 中心控制室CCTV China Central Television 中国中央电视台Close-Circuit Television 闭路电视CCS Center Central System 中心控制系统CCU Camera Control Unit 摄像机控制器CCW Counter Clock—Wise 反时针方向CD Compact Disc 激光唱片 CDA Current DumpingAmplifier 电流放大器CD—E Compact Disc Erasable可抹式激光唱片CDFM Compact Disc FileManager 光盘文件管理（程序CDPG Compact—Disc PlusGraphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CD-ROM Compact Disc—ReadOnly Memory 只读式紧凑光盘CETV China EducationalTelevision 中国教育电视台CF Color Framing 彩色成帧CGA Color Graphics Adapter彩色图形（显示卡CI Common Interface 通用接口CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形(显示卡CI Common Interface 通用接口CIE Chinese Institute ofElectronics 中国电子学会CII China InformationInfrastructure 中国信息基础设施CIF Common IntermediateFormat 通用中间格式CIS Chinese IndustrialStandard 中国工业标准CLV Constant Linear Velocity恒定线速度CM Colour Monitor 彩色监视器CMTS Cable Modem TerminationSystem 线缆调制解调器终端系统CNR Carrier-to—Noise Ratio载噪比CON Console 操纵台Controller 控制器CPB Corporation of PublicBroadcasting (美国公共广播公司CPU Central Processing Unit中央处理单元CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check循环冗余校验CRCC CRI Cyclic RedundancyCheck Code 循环冗余校验码CROM China RadioInternational 中国国际广播电台CRT Control Read Only Memory控制只读存储器CS Cathode—Ray Tube 阴极射线管CSC Communication Satellite通信卫星CSS Color Sub-carrier 彩色副载波Center Storage Server 中央存储服务器Content Scrambling System 内容加扰系统CSU Channel Service Unit 信道业务单元CT Color Temperature 色温CTC Cassette Tape Controller盒式磁带控制器Channel Traffic Control 通道通信量控制Counter Timer Circuit 计数器定时器电路Counter Timer Control 计数器定时器控制CTE Cable TerminationEquipment 线缆终端设备Customer Terminal Equipment用户终端设备CTV Color Television 彩色电视CVD China Video Disc 中国数字视盘CW Carrie Wave 载波DAB Digital AudioBroadcasting 数字音频广播DASH Digital AudioStationary Head 数字音频静止磁头DAT Digital Audio Tape 数字音频磁带DBMS Data Base ManagementSystem 数据库管理系统DBS Direct BroadcastSatellite 直播卫星DCC Digital Compact Cassette数字小型盒带Dynamic Contrast Control 动态对比度控制DCT Digital ComponentTechnology 数字分量技术Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦变换DCTV Digital ColorTelevision 数字彩色电视DD Direct Drive 直接驱动DDC Direct Digital Control直接数字控制DDE Dynamic Data Exchange 动态数据交换DDM Data Display Monitor 数据显示监视器DES Data Elementary Stream数据基本码流Data Encryption Standard 美国数据加密标准DF Dispersion Flattened 色散平坦光纤DG Differential Gain 微分增益DI Digital Interface 数字接口DITEC Digital TelevisionCamera 数字电视摄像机DL Delay Line 延时线DLD Dynamic Linear Drive 动态线性驱动DM Delta Modulation 增量调制Digital Modulation 数字调制DMB Digital MultimediaBroadcasting 数字多媒体广播DMC Dynamic Motion Control动态控制DME Digital Multiple Effect数字多功能特技DMS Digital Mastering System数字主系统DN Data Network 数据网络DNG Digital News Gathering数字新闻采集DNR Digital Noise Reducer 数字式降噪器DOB Data Output Bus 数据输出总线DOCSIS Data Over CableService Interface Specifications有线数据传输业务接口规范DOC Drop Out Compensation 失落补偿DOS Disc Operating System 磁盘操作系统DP Differential Phase 微分相位Data Pulse 数据脉冲DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation 差值脉冲编码调制DPL Dolby Pro Logic 杜比定向逻辑DSB Digital Satellite Broadcasting 数字卫星广播DSC Digital Studio Control 数字演播室控制DSD Dolby Surround Digital 杜比数字环绕声DSE Digital Special Effect 数字特技DSK Down-Stream Key 下游键DSP Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理Digital Sound Processor 数字声音处理器DSS Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统DT Digital Technique 数字技术Digital Television 数字电视Data Terminal 数据终端Data Transmission 数据传输DTB Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting 数字地面广播DTBC Digital Time—Base Corrector 数字时基校正器DTC Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机DTS Digital Theater System 数字影院系统Digital Tuning System 数字调谐系统Digital Television Standard 数字电视标准DVB Digital Video Broadcasting 数字视频广播DVC Digital Video Compression 数字视频压缩DVE Digital Video Effect 数字视频特技DVS Desktop Video Studio 桌上视频演播DVTR Digital Video Tape Recorder 数字磁带录像机EA Extension Amplifier 延长放大器EB Electron Beam 电子束EBS Emergency Broadcasting System 紧急广播系统EBU European Broadcasting Union 欧洲广播联盟EC Error Correction 误差校正 ECN Emergency Communications Network 应急通信网络ECS European Communication Satellite 欧洲通信卫星EDC Error Detection Code 错误检测码EDE Electronic Data Exchange 电子数据交换EDF Erbium—Doped Fiber 掺饵光纤EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EDL Edit Decision List 编辑点清单EDTV Extended Definition Television 扩展清晰度电视EE Error Excepted 允许误差EFM Eight to Fourteen Modulation 8-14调制 EFP Electronic FieldProduction 电子现场节目制作EH Ethernet Hosts 以太网主机EIN Equivalent Input Noise等效输入噪声EIS Electronic InformationSystem 电子信息系统EISA Extended IndustrialStandard Architecture 扩展工业标准总线EL Electro—Luminescent 场致发光EM Error Monitoring 误码监测EN End Node 末端节点ENG Electronic NewsGathering 电子新闻采集EOT End of Tape 带尾EP Edit Point 编辑点Error Protocol 错误协议EPG Electronic Program Guides 电子节目指南EPS Emergency Power Supply应急电源ERP Effective Radiated Power 有效辐射功率ES Elementary Stream 基本码流End System 终端系统ESA European Space Agency 欧洲空间局ETV Education Television 教育电视FA Enhanced Television 增强电视FABM FAS Facial Animation 面部动画FC Fiber Amplifier BoosterModule 光纤放大器增强模块Fiber Access System 光纤接入系统Frequency Changer 变频器FCC Fiber Channel 光纤通道FD Film Composer 电影编辑系统Federal CommunicationsCommission 美国联邦通信委员会FDCT Frequency Divider 分频器FDDI FDM Fiber Duct 光纤管道FDP Forward Discrete CosineTransform 离散余弦正变换FE Fiber Distributed DataInterface 分布式光纤数据接口Frequency-Division Multiplexing频分复用FF Fiber Distribution Point光纤分配点FG Front End 前端FH Framing Error 成帧误差FIT Fast Forward 快进FN Frequency Generator 频率发生器FOA Frequency Hopping 跳频FOC Frame—Interline Transfer帧一行间转移Fiber Node 光纤节点Fiber Optic Amplifier 光纤放大器FOM Fiber Optic Cable 光缆FON Fiber Optic Communications光纤通信FOS Fiber Optic Coupler 光纤耦合器FOTC Fiber Optic Modem 光纤调制解调器FS Fiber Optic Net 光纤网Factor of Safety 安全系数Fiber Optic Trunk Cable 光缆干线FT Frame Scan 帧扫描FTP Frame Store 帧存储器FTTB Frame Synchro 帧同步机FTTC France Telecom 法国电信Absorber Circuit 吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter 交交变频电路AC power control交流电力控制AC Power Controller交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit贝克箝位电路Bi—directional Triode Thyristor双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor-—BJT双极结型晶体管Boost—Buck Chopper升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper升压斩波电路Boost Converter升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper降压斩波电路Buck Converter降压变换器Commutation换流Conduction Angle导通角Constant Voltage ConstantFrequency —-CVCF 恒压恒频Continuous Conduction—-CCM（电流)连续模式Control Circuit 控制电路Cuk Circuit CUK 斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI 电流（源）型逆变电路Cyclo convertor周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter直交直电路DC Chopping直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit直流斩波电路DC—DC Converter直流－直流变换器Device Commutation器件换流Direct Current Control直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode（电流）断续模式displacement factor 位移因数distortion power 畸变功率double end converter 双端电路driving circuit 驱动电路electrical isolation 电气隔离fast acting fuse 快速熔断器fast recovery diode快恢复二极管fast revcovery epitaxial diodes快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor快速晶闸管。

FEATURES• Robust bodypack receiver delivering clarity along thewhole frequency spectrum for daily use on stage • Easy and flexible wireless synchronization betweentransmitter and receiver via infrared • Compatible with Sennheiser WSM control software forflexible frequency allocation • Up to 16 compatible channels• Up to 42 MHz bandwidth with 1680 selectable frequen-cies, fully tunable in a stable UHF range • Transmission Range: up to 100 meters / 300 feet • High RF output power (up to 30 mW) depending oncountry regulationsDELIVERY INCLUDES• EK IEM G4 stereo receiver • 2 AA batteries • IE 4 earphones • quick guide • safety guide• manufacturer declaration sheetRobust bodypack receiver delivering clarity along the whole frequency spectrum for daily use on stage with evolution wireless G4 In Ear Monitoring systems.ACCESSORIESBA 2015rechargeable battery Art. no. 009950L 2015chargerArt. no. 009828PRODUCT VARIANTSEK IEM G4-A1470 - 516 MHz Art. no. 509621EK IEM G4-A 516 - 558 MHz Art. no. 509622EK IEM G4-AS 520 - 558 MHz Art. no. 509634EK IEM G4-G 566 - 608 MHz Art. no. 509623EK IEM G4-GB 606 - 648 MHz Art. no. 509911EK IEM G4-B 626 - 668 MHz Art. no. 509624EK IEM G4-C 734 - 776 MHz Art. no. 509625EK IEM G4-C-TH 748.2 - 757.8 MHz Art. no. 509918EK IEM G4-D 780 - 822 MHz Art. no. 509635EK IEM G4-E823 - 865 MHzArt. no. 509912SPECIFICATIONSRF characteristicsModulation Wideband FM Frequency ranges A1: 470 - 516 MHzA: 516 - 558 MHzAS: 520 - 558 MHzG: 566 - 608 MHzGB: 606 - 648 MHzB: 626 - 668 MHzC: 734 - 776 MHzC-TH: 748.2 - 757.8 MHzD: 780 - 822 MHzE: 823 - 865 MHz Receiving frequencies Max. 1680 frequencies,adjustable in 25 kHz steps20 frequency banks, eachwith up to 16 factory-presetchannels, no intermodula-tion6 frequency banks withup to 16 programmablechannelsSwitching bandwidth up to 42 MHzNominal/peak deviation±24 kHz / ±48 kHz Receiver principle Adaptive diversitySensitivity (with HDX, peak deviation)< 4 μV, typ. 1.6 μV for 52 dBArms S/NAdjacent channel selection Typically ≥ 65 dB Intermodulation attenua-tionTypically ≥ 70 dB Blocking≥ 80 dBSquelch 5 to 25 dBμV,adjustable in steps of 2 dB Pilot tone squelch Can be switched off AF characteristicsCompander system Sennheiser HDXSignal-to-noise ratio (1 mV,peak deviation)approx. 90 dBATotal harmonic distortion(THD)≤ 0.9 %Output power at 2.4 V,5 % THD, nominal deviation2 x 100 mW at 32 ΩHigh Boost+8 dB at 8 kHzLimiter–18 dB to –6 dB,adjustable in steps of 6 dB,can be switched off Overall deviceTemperature range-10 °C to +55 °CPower supply 2 AA batteries, 1.5 V orBA 2015 accupack Nominal voltage 3 V battery /2.4 V rechargeable battery Current consumption at nominal voltage:approx. 140 mAwith transmitter switchedoff: ≤ 25 μAOperating time approx. 4 to 6 hours(depending on volumelevel)Dimensions Approx. 82 x 64 x 24 mm Weight (incl. batteries)approx. 125 gDIMENSIONS3,5mm Klinke 3,5mm plugARCHITECT‘S SPECIFICATIONThe compact monitor receiver with adaptive diversity technology shall be for use with a companion transmitter as part of a wireless RF monitoring system.The receiver shall operate within ten UHF frequency ranges, with a switching bandwidth of up to 42 MHz: 470 – 516 M Hz, 516 – 558 M Hz, 520 – 558 M Hz, 626 – 668 M Hz, 734 – 776 M Hz, 748.2 - 757.8 MHz, 780 – 822 M Hz, 823 – 865 M Hz, 566 – 608 MHz, 606 – 648 M Hz; receiving frequencies shall be 1,680 per range and shall be tunable in 25 kHz steps. The recei-ver shall feature 20 fixed frequency banks with up to 16 compatible frequency presets and 6 user banks with up to 16 user programmable frequencies.The receiver shall be menu-driven with a backlit LC display showing the current frequency, frequency bank and channel number, metering of RF level, metering of AF level, lock status, battery status, muting function or audio channels, and pilot tone evaluation. An auto-lock feature shall be provided to prevent settings from being accidentally altered.The receiver parameters shall either be configurable in the associated transmitter’s menu and synchronized with the receiver via an integrated infrared interface or shall be programmable in the receiver menu.The earphone output shall utilize a 3.5 mm stereo jack socket with an output level of 2.4 V with 5 % THD at nominal devia-tion and an output power of 2x 100 mW at 32 Ω.Nominal/peak deviation shall be ±24 kHz/±48 kHz. Squelch threshold shall be defeatable (off) or adjustable from 5 -25 d BμV in steps of 2 dB.The receiver shall incorporate the Sennheiser HDX compander system and a defeatable pilot tone squelch. Sensitivity shall be < 4 μV, 1.6 μV (typical) for 52 dBArms S/N with HDX engaged at peak deviation. Adjacent channel rejection shall be ≥ 65 d B (typical). Intermodulation attenuation shall be ≥ 70 dB (typical); blocking shall be ≥ 80 dB.Signal-to-noise ratio at 1 mV and peak deviation shall be approx. 90 dB. Total harmonic distortion (THD) shall be ≤ 0.9 %. The earphone output shall utilize a 3.5 mm stereo jack socket with an output level of 2.4 V with 5 % THD at nominal devia-tion and an output power of 2x 100 mW at 32 Ω.The receiver shall include a switchable High Boost and a multi-level limiter. The High Boost shall be +8 dB at 80 kHz. The limiter shall be adjustable from –18 dB to –6 dB in 6 dB steps or defeatable (off). The receiver shall provide two audio output modes, stereo or Focus, and an adjustable balance.Power shall be supplied to the receiver by two 1.5V AA size batteries or by one Sennheiser BA 2015 rechargeable ac-cupack. Nominal voltage shall be 2.4 V, current consumption shall be typical 140 mA at nominal voltage; ≤ 25 μA when receiver is switched off. Operating time shall be approximately 4 to 6 hours (depending on volume level). The receiver shall have a rugged metal housing; dimensions shall be approximately 82 x 64 x 24 mm (3.23" x 2.52" x 0.94"). Weight including the batteries shall be approximately 125 grams (0.28 lbs). Operating temperature shall range from −10 °C to +55 °C (+14 °F to +131 °F).The receiver shall be the Sennheiser EK IEM G4.Sennheiser electronic GmbH & Co. KG · Am Labor 1 · 30900 Wedemark · Germany · 。

2022-2023学年河南省洛阳市高二（下）期中英语试卷学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________AFour Excellent Museums for Kids to ExploreAn injection of knowledge，LeedsThe Thackray Museum of Medicine in Leeds is giving a huge makeover recently.It features a Victorian street full of real smells and bugs，and presents shows of the impact of some terrible infectious diseases- cholera and smallpox before vaccinations.There are talks，displays，games as well as some information about health heroes over the years.Adults：12；children aged 5-15：10；children under 5：free.Follow that train，Walthamstow，LondonA huge steam engine stands at the entrance to the small，indoor-outdoor Walthamstow Pumphouse Museum.Two 1967 Victoria Line carriages sit side by side with the cabs open to the would-be train drivers.Fireman Frank displays the fire engine featured in TV programs such as London's Burning.Free entrance.Life through a lens，EdinburghThe Camera Obscura and World of Illusions experience in Edinburgh presents a unique view of the city in the past.With over 100 interactive exhibits on five floors，it is completely kid-friendly with no "don't touch" signs.There's a perspective room where younger children can dance with their own shadow，match their face with a monkey's，serve their head on a plate and even lie on a shark.Adults：16；children aged 5 - 15：12；children under 5：free.Go back in time，Chichester，West SussexAnybody who wants to see，touch and even smell what life was like in ancient times should head to the Weald and Downland Living Museum-a museum with rural buildings ranging from early medieval England to the Victorian Age，and a multisensory，living presentation.There are also farm animals to visit，a wood and playground to burn off energy，and traditional games in one big house if it rains. Family tickel：42.1. What is on show in the Thackray Museum of Medicine recently？______A. Information of inventors.B. Some epidemics years ago.C. Streets of the Victorian period.D. Vaccinations used to treat COVID-19.2. How much does it cost a parent with a child of five to experience the perspective room？______A. 76.B. 32.C. 28.D. 16.3. What's the common theme of the four museums？______A. Protecting the rural areas.B. Raising awareness of safety.C. Inspiring children to learn engineering.D. Learning about life in the ancient times.BI worked as a bartender/waitress at a bar inside an upscale health-food grocery store （it's a real thing，I promise）.Most of our customers were well-off retirees.Generally a nice group of customers，but definitely rich uptight people.Forgetting to bring salt to some might be a huge offense but automatically bringing it causes others to give you a lecture about sodium （钠）intake.It was St.Patrick's Day.Needless to say，it was an crazy evening with me rushing around serving corned beef and cabbage pouring Guinness.For some reason，the bar supervisor always liked to have food specials on display for people to see.While I got the concept，it generally just caused us to get mean looks when we told people they probably shouldn't eat it.As the night was beginning to slow down，I had an older couple sit at the only open seats -next to our food displays.I was clearing tables and leaned over to let them know I'd be right with them when a plate slid off the mountain of dishes I was carrying，dropping right into the food display.The 12-hour-old gravy and potatoes somehow still had some fluidity to them and flew up，then dropped -right into the man's lap.I was horrified and apologizing profusely （不停地）while trying to set down the mountain of dishes.The man looked up at me and said "I just have one thing to tell you."He slowly leaned in-at which point I was thinking he was about to spit in my face-and he said "I don't have to hiccup （打嗝）anymore.You scared it away."It was the laugh I needed that night and he wouldn't even let me give him a free beer as an apology.4. What's the purpose of writing Paragraph 2？______A. To tell senior citizens prefer food low in salt.B. To show the service was a hard balancing act.C. To complain the customers are difficult to deal with.D. To prove the rich retirees are particular about food.5. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3？______A. Customers might want to eat the food on show.B. The author was not working busily on that day.C. The author approved of laying out the food special.D. Waiters and waitresses were often looked down on.6. Why did the author apologize？______A. For her tolerance.B. For her ignorance.C. For her carelessness.D. For her misunderstanding.7. What idea does the author mainly convey by sharing her experience？______A. You should compromise sometimes.B. Conflicts are well-resolved by laugh.C. You should apologize when necessary.D. Forgiveness can bring pleasure in life.CIn the past months，humans have become quite familiar with the term "social distancing".But it turns out that we are not the only ones to avoid contacting our peers when our health may be at risk：Research suggests honeybees do it，too. "It's exciting to see that other animals are doing something analogous"，saidDr.Alessandro Cini，co-author of the research at University College London. Scientists have found that when a hive（蜂箱）of honeybees is under threat from the mite （螨虫）called Varroa destructor，which can cause the collapse of honeybee colonies，the bees will respond by changing the way they interact with one another. By examining videos recorded inside the hives，the researchers found that when hives had mites，foraging（觅食的）bees performed important dances to indicate the direction of food sources and kept themselves away from the centre of the colony where young bees and the queen stayed.This may help to keep the infection at a level that can be controlled，limiting the amount of damage. "Foragers are one of the main entrance routes for the mites，" said Cini.The team then carried out experiments in the laboratory，artificially infecting small groups of about 12 young bees with the mites and comparing them to uninfected groups.This time the team found no increase in social distancing among infected groups-which，says Cini，may reflect that it is more important for foragers and young bees to keep their distance when the mites are present and that bees rely on one another."Probably social distancing is too costly on a small scale，" he said.But there were differences in grooming（梳理）behaviour：Infected bees were groomed more，inspected more，and had food shared with them more than individuals in uninfected groups.Cini said the study showed the power of natural selection in the evolution of social behavior and also dynamic change in the social behaviour to adapt to anever-changing environment.8. What does the underlined word "analogous" in Paragraph 1 probably mean？______A. Similar.B. Adventurous.C. Meaningful.D. Creative.9. Why did foraging bees keep away from the center of the colony？______A. To quickly locate the food.B. To show respect for the queen.C. To minimize the potential risk.D. To shorten the entrance route.10. When do honeybees keep social distancing？______A. When mites appear among them.B. When they're artificially infected.C. When they depend on each other.D. When they're compared with others.11. What does the text mainly talk about？______A. Honeybees are able to communicate.B. Honeybees proved to be more social.C. Honeybees also have strict social rules.D. Honeybees also use social distancing.DMany contemporary amateur athletes would have broken world records if they had taken part in the first Olympic Games.Since then，records have fallen in track and field year after year as athletic performances have continually improved.Some experts predict a ceiling for many events such as 9.5 seconds for the 100 metres.However，past predictions have nearly always been proved wrong.When we talk about breaking records，we come across the issue ofperformance-enhancing drugs.These drugs are originally developed to help people with illnesses，but in the wrong hands，they create supreme athletes making them faster and stronger than is normal for human beings.Taking these drugs is known as "doping".The sports world does not tolerate doping as it is a fundamental form ofcheating.Ben Johnson would still be the 100 metres world record holder if he hadnot been caught taking drugs in the 1988 Olympics.Other records remain doubtful，like Florence Griffith's 100 metres record back in 1988.Did she take drugs？Unfortunately，it is not easy to catch athletes using illegal drugs.It is compulsory for winners to be tested but other participants are only tested at random.However，doping is not the only thing we need to worry about.Unless we are careful，"gene-therapy" will be the next big threat.For medical purposes，scientists have already found ways to build muscle and increase strength by changing people's genes.Gene-therapy is very controversial and many people oppose further research into it.If gene-therapy were used now，it would be almost impossible to find out.In the future，athletes who have their genes changed might be able to do the 100 metres dash in just 8 seconds.However，if a generation of sports stars with enhanced genes were created，it would contradict the whole spirit of sport.The Olympic spirit-the spirit of competition which emphasizes taking part ratherthan winning-has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.In today's world，winners are celebrated and treated as heroes，but if doping and gene-therapy continue to affect the outcomes of major sporting events，the word "hero" will have lost all meaning.12. What has happened to track and field since the first Olympics？______A. More supreme athletes have appeared.B. Athletic performances have been recorded.C. More athletes have risked breaking the law.D. Past predictions have always proved wrong.13. What's the author's purpose of mentioning Ben Johnson and Florence Griffith？______A. To explain different forms of cheating at that time.B. To emphasize their roles in the athletic performances.C. To clarify how super athletes influence world records.D. To show how drugs affected world records in the 1980s.14. Why was "gene-therapy" found？______A. For enhanced genes.B. For health purpose.C. For medical research.D. For improving performances.15. What would be a suitable title for the passage？______A. 100 Meters in 8 Seconds？B. To Change Genes Or Not？C. Doping-A Huge Problem？D. Gene-therapy-A New Threat？A study came out just a few days ago that found people who eat healthily about 80 percent of the time have a high protection on brain health. （1）______It doesn't mean that you should just go to crazy 80% of the time.But be more aware that you are more likely to stick to a healthy lifestyle if there's some relaxation here and there.That's all part of living.My name is Mark Mailstein and I'm a brain health researcher and the author of The Age-proof Brain.（2）______For breakfast，I try to eat oatmeal（麦片粥）.Usually it's the quick，the instant，but make sure that it's not the type with any added sugar. （3）______And then lunch and dinner.I pretty much try to keep really simple.I will look at my plate and have some sort of lean meat.I eat a lot of fish and chicken.And I really just try to think of mixed vegetables，like really colorful plates of fruits，vegetables you know. （4）______ There are these interesting studies that show it's the combinations of different types of vegetables，so I try to mix them in. Sometimes I think something that might be surprising is that I might have a smoothie （奶昔）for dinner as a way to get all those vegetables in.My go-to smoothie is that I take broccoli （西兰花）. （5）______ And I throw carrots and all sorts of vegetables in there.A.I really like sweet potatoes.B.They scored really high on memory tests.C.I try to keep it pretty simple in terms of eating.D.Your diet can definitely improve your brain health.E.There's more evidence that you get more brain health benefit.F.People always ask what's the best fruit and vegetable for my brain.G.So，no additive because we know those additives are not beneficial for brain health.16. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G17. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G18. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G19. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G20. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. GWhen 16-year-old Grayden Brunet joined a（1）______ fire department in Sackets Harbor，New York in 2017，he was the youngest.He（2）______ two classmates，Niklas Brazie and Dalton Hardison，to（3）______ ，too.A few years later，all the older firefighters （4）______ because of COVID-19.The three teens became the （5）______ members of the （6）______ department.They had their （7）______ and started to save people's lives.They responded to heart attacks and car accidents.Also，they sped COVID-19（8）______ to hospital.As far as the teens were concerned，they couldn't quit.If they （9）______ ，the community would （10）______ the ambulance.One year later，two more teensjoined them.They were all （11）______ to serve their neighbors. "When our（12）______ call 911，they're expecting someone to help them，" says Sophia DeVito，who was 16 when she joined the （13）______The job is tiring.One night，the crew （14）______ two ambulance calls and a fire.They got home at 5：30 am，just two hours before school（15）______ . "For the teens it's （16）______ hard to come back from the（17）______ and take a test，" said Grayden's younger brother Gannon when （18）______ by the local newspaper.But they don't （19）______ the hard work and think the experience is（20）______21. A. bakery B. murder C. volunteer D. frontier22. A. persuaded B. stretched C. qualified D. guaranteed23. A. pull up B. bring up C. sign up D. end up24. A. follow B. submit C. investigate D. quit25. A. random B. main C. bitter D. keen26. A. sale B. clothing C. butcher D. fire27. A. adventures B. licenses C. emotions D. options28. A. patients B. participants C. soldiers D. specialists29. A. deserved B. reacted C. did D. calculated30. A. dive B. infer C. adopt D. lose31. A. buried B. wandered C. polished D. motivated32. A. lawyers B. neighbors C. physicians D. assistances33. A. team B. army C. school D. match34. A. turned to B. occurred to C. responded to D. happened to35. A. appealed B. started C. revealed D. proceeded36. A. definitely B. frequently C. immediately D. annoyingly37. A. places B. ceremonies C. blessings D. calls38. A. interviewed B. recalled C. requested D. complained39. A. justify B. mind C. abuse D. forgive40. A. permanent B. desirable C. priceless D. ashamed41. Pillows have developed gradually over the ages，from wooden and porcelain（瓷的）versions to the most comfortable goose-hair pillows available in modern-day supermarkets.In China，porcelain pillows are among（1）______ best preserved from the records of history.In ancient China，people（2）______ （wear）complicated headwear，and pillows were usually placed under the neck instead （3）______ the head.Hard pillows not only provided a cooling effect but also helped to maintain their hairstyle and prevent it from getting messy.Porcelain pillows gained popularity and were used for more diverse functions during the Tang Dynasty.They were used to cushion patients' wrists when Chinese doctors checked （4）______ （they）pulses（脉搏）before giving diagnoses（诊断），and to support the arms of those（5）______ wrote with brushes to help give them a steadier hand.（6）______ （additional），travelers started carrying small porcelain pillows as sleeping aids.Much to our（7）______ （amaze），white porcelain pillow in the shape of a baby from the Northern Song Dynasty is considered one of the representative （8）______ （work）of that period.It isentirely covered with white glaze（釉），（9）______ （give）it a slightly yellow coloring and a smooth feel.Although porcelain pillows were still being produced in North China during the 1950s and 1960s，they（10）______ （disappear）from people's daily lives in recent decades.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)42. Parents should involve them in their children's education.单句改错______43. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ______ (pay) by the hour.44. The teacher demanded that the work being finished before 4 o'clock.单句改错______45. Unhappily，the facts do not whole support the theory.单句改错______46. He was disappointed at not getting the job and he got over it very soon.单句改错______47. As no one spoke，the teacher asked a few questions to set the ball on rolling.单句改错______48. She tried to explain that had happened but he kept interrupting her.单句改错______49. We call on the people to build a community with shared future for mankind.单句改错______50. She sent the parcel to them until it can be personally received.单句改错______51. I wonder how he dared saying that to the teacher.单句改错______52. 我们需要彼此倾听，求同存异。