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学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的，但通常是灰色的。
在吃饭的时候，你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食，而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。
当考试开始时，你的决定不是介于两者之间，而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时，而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。
经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。
请记住，边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。
理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。
3.例如，考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。
假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上，航空公司损失100,000英镑。
在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元，这是500美元。
有人可能会得出这样的结论：航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。
事实上，一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。
想象一下，一架飞机即将起飞，有10个空座位，候机旅客在门口等候，将支付300美元的座位。
航空公司应该把票卖掉吗？当然应该。
如果飞机有空座位，增加一个乘客的成本很小。
乘飞机的平均成本是S500，边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。
只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本，售票是有利可图的。
4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。
这里有一个经典的问题：为什么水这么便宜，而钻石这么贵？人类需要水来生存，而钻石是不必要的；但出于某种原因，人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。
原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。
第九单元医学Text A谁还需要医生？在变化的时代洪流中与时俱进费格斯•沙纳汉所有的一切都早经由前人说过，但是没有人听，于是我们不得不总是返回起点，从头开始。
——安德烈•纪德通常情况下，医生大都具备适应变化的能力。
但随着变化的脚步逐渐加快，他们会不断面临挑战，所担任的角色也会遭到不少质疑。
尽管医学界在医药方面已经取得了不少成就，但是现代社会对医疗职业却存有的越来越多的疑问；尽管与之前相比，人们变得越来越健康，但是健康仍旧是人们所关注的热门话题。
因此，随着人们对医疗职业的职业满意度越来越低，替代医学逐渐兴起。
美国的新闻杂志借由其封面大声喊出，“谁还需要医生啊？”，而很多医学杂志的评论标题也充斥着负面的情绪：“不高兴的医生”；“现代医学一成不变”；“医学作为一种艺术的失败”；以及“医生会有未来吗？”而这种情绪也在皇家医师学会的报道中有所体现，他们报道的对象正是在变化大潮中不断变化的医生角色。
报道中出现了一些对医生不利的词语与表达：“医疗职业……处于劣势”；“心神不安”；“很多医生看起来都不快乐”；“医生……过时了”以及“医生的角色需要清晰的解释”。
因此，人们呼吁医生们在塑造未来的过程中能够担当起更加积极的角色。
对医疗行业来说，明智之举就是培养更多的领导能力，重点关注如何能使人们保持健康的状态，以巩固医疗行业对社会福利的影响。
但是目前，医疗行业存在的最大挑战将会是在“伙伴关系”方面，也就是医生和病人之间的关系——医患关系。
十多年前有社论观点做出预测称，正是超级专业化，分子医学以及冠以“循证”的一切这些因素促进了医疗行业的变化，而最彻底的变化是在医患关系方面。
这种关系错综复杂，容易受到社会潮流的影响。
而过去的分析倾向于侧重医生们如何确诊疾病，而当前难以捉摸的诊断已经很少见了。
而对于病人来说，医患关系的好坏结果也取决于医生的职业福利，因此这方面需要获得人们的关注。
随着世界变化日新月异，人们的职业也应在变化的大潮中面对挑战，做出相应的回应，所以医生个人需要与时俱进，并且要思考如何能够信心十足地面对挑战，并且享受挑战。
学术英语社科翻译第九单元3,4段Unit 9 第三段：Before looking further at the evidence of cultural amalgamation,one caution is in order.在进一步看文化融合的证据之前，有一点要引起注意。
You will see that a great of what is becoming world culture is western,especially American,in its origins.你会发现西方文化很大一部分成为了世界文化，尤其是美国，是它的起源。
That does not imply that Western culture is superior,its impact is a function of the ecnomic and political strength of Western Europe and the United states.这并不意味着西方文化优越，它的影响是西欧和美国的经济和政治实力的作用结果。
Nor does the preponderance of Western culture in the intergration process mean that the flow is one way.这也不是说，在融合过程中，西方文化的优势意味着流动是单向的。
American culture ,for example,is influenced by many forgein imports,ranging from fajitas and sushi,through soccer,to acupunture.例如，美国文化，被很多国外进口的影响，从吉它和寿司，从足球到针灸。
第四段：One of the most important aspects of converging culture is English,whichis becoming the common lauguage of business , diplomacy, communications, and even culture.文化融合一个最重要的方面是英语，它正在成为商业，外交，通信，甚至文化的共同语言。
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译1. Unit 1Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs. The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the company are the same. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts. Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibilities for the business.Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships.But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most complex kind of business organization. Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buystock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business.A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends(红利) as a reward to shareholders. Or the company might reinvest the money into the business.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation.A corporation is recognized as an entity(实体)——its own legal being, separate from its owners.A board of directors control corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock.But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.2. Unit 2In the past three week I have introduced you to the ideas and methods of economics.In the next week, we will start learning more, in more detail the principles of economic behavior and economic policy.As you proceed through the whole semester, you will be asked to draw on many of your intellectual skills.在过去的三周里，我向你介绍了经济学的思想和方法。
大学社科人文英语课文翻译Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998第一单元（History’s nature）历史是什么，它是关于什么的，它的目的是什么，这些问题，在某种情况下，不同的人会以不同的方式来回答。
但尽管这些答案存在着分歧，答案之间仍有很大程度的一致性。
如果答案经过仔细审查，这份协议就会变得更接近，抛弃那些来自不合格证人的答案。
历史，像神学或自然科学一样，是一种特殊的思想形式的性质、对象、方法和价值的问题，必须由拥有两个条件的人来回答。
首先，他们必须有这种思维方式的经验。
他们一定得是历史学家。
从某种意义上说，我们现在都是历史学家。
所有受过教育的人都经历过一个包含一定历史思维的教育过程。
但这并不足以说明他们对历史思维的性质、对象、方法和价值有什么看法。
因为首先，他们由此的历史思维经验可能是非常肤浅的；因此，基于这一观点的观点并不比一个人对法国人民的看法更有依据，这种看法是基于他对巴黎的一次周末访问。
第二，任何通过普通教育渠道获得的东西，以及肤浅的东西，总是过时的。
由此获得的历史思维经验是以教科书为模式的，而且这种模式所描述的并不是现实生活中的历史学家的看法，而是在过去原材料被创造出来的那个时候的历史学家的。
这不仅仅是历史思想的结果，当他们进入教科书的时候就已经过时了。
它也是历史思维的原则，即对历史思维的性质、对象、方法和价值的观念。
第三，与此相联系的是，对所有通过教育方式获得的知识都有一种特殊的错觉：对结局的错觉。
当学生在学习状态下学习任何科目时，必须相信事情已经解决，因为课本和老师都认为问题已经解决了。
当他从那种状态解脱出来，继续研究这个问题时，他发现什么都没有解决。
作为不成熟的教条主义的固定标志从他的身上消失了。
他以新的眼光看待所谓的事实。
他对自己说：“我的老师和课本告诉我，某某是真的；但这是真的吗他们凭什么认为这是真的，难道这些理由都是假的吗”另一方面，如果他摆脱了学生的身份而不继续研究这个问题的话，他就永远不会摆脱这种独断专行的态度。
Unit 9 Cultural globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverse aspects of world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising ,then ,that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever-frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of culture differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball , rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture , but such analysis dose not trivialize the subject.Instead，a long-standing bottom-up line of political theory argues that the world’s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up progress of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.不同语言、习惯以及世界文化的其他各个方面的早期发展，源于人类群体之间的隔离。
UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。
它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
Unit 9 Cultural globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverse aspects of world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising ,then ,that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever-frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of culture differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball , rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture , but such analysis dose not trivialize the subject.Instead，a long-standing bottom-up line of political theory argues that the world’s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up progress of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.不同语言、习惯以及世界文化的其他各个方面的早期发展，源于人类群体之间的隔离。
然而，不断改善的交通和通讯使得不同社会的人们更频繁地联系，一定程度的文化融合随之出现，这并不令人惊讶。
分析文化差异的模糊性，不可避免的包括了大量关于快餐、篮球、摇滚音乐以及流行文化其他相关方面内容，但是这种分析并没有使主题变得简单。
相反，一种长期存在的自下而上的政治理论观点认为，世界人民可以在普遍的交流和逐渐增加的文化共性的基础上存在，文化共性使人们彼此产生熟悉感和信任感，从而建立一个可能发展成全球国家的全球公民社会。
在这个过程中，如果跨国公民社会形成，那么区域的甚至全球的治理方案就有可能形成，并且弥补或者取代领土国家。
研究跨国一体化自下而上进程的学者们，正在国家之间通信和贸易的流通中，在人们吃、穿、娱乐方式的跨境影响中寻找证据。
2. While it is premature to talk of a world culture，and indeed that may never come，there is significant evidence of cultural amalgamation in the world。
The leaders of China once wore ‘Chinese tunic suits ’；now they wear Western-style business suits。
When dressing informally ，people in shanghai，Lagos ，and Mexico City are more apt to wear jeans，T-shirts，and sneakers than their country’s traditional dress.Young people everywhere listen to the same music,with,for example”Disturbia”by Rihanna on the Top-10 charts in many countries in additional to the United States in 2008.And whatever it means to our gastronomic futures ,BigMacs,fries,and milk shakes are consumed around the world.虽然现在谈论世界文化为时尚早，而且它事实上可能永远不会出现，但确实存在世界文化融合的重要证据。
中国的领导人曾经一度穿中山装；现在他们穿西装。
当穿着随意时，在上海，拉各斯，墨西哥城的人们相对于他们国家的传统服饰，更适应穿牛仔裤，T恤，和帆布胶底运动鞋。
各地的年轻人听着相同的音乐，例如蕾哈娜的“Disturbia”2008年出现在许多国家包括美国的十大排行榜上。
同时不论我们的美食烹饪前景如何，巨无霸、薯条和奶昔在世界各地都有消费。
3. Before looking further at the evidence of cultural amalgamation,one caution is in order.You will see that a great deal of what is becoming world culture is Western ,especially American, in its origins.That does not imply that Western culture is superior;its impact is a function of the economic and political of Western Europe and the United State.Nor does the preponderance of Western Europe in the integration process mean that the flow is one way.American culture, for example ,is influenced by many foreign imports,ranging from fajitas and sushi,through soccer,to acupuncture.在更深的探究文化融合的证据之前，我们要先关注一个警示。
你会发现，从起源上说，大量成为世界文化的是西方文化，尤其是美国文化。
这并不是说西方文化更好；它的这种影响是西欧、美国的经济和政治作用的结果。
西欧在文化融合过程中的优势也不意味着文化流动是单向的。
比如，美国文化就受到许多外国进口产品的影响，像墨西哥铁板烧和日本寿司，再到足球和针灸。
Language4. One of the most important aspects of converging culture is English,which is becoming the common language of business,diplomacy,communication,and even culture.President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan and many other leaders of countries of international organizations converse in English.Indeed ,a number of them,including UN Secretary-General Ban ki-moon of South Korea ,learned or improved their English while enrolled at U.S. Universities .A bit more slowly ,English is spreading among common citizens around the world .This is evident in differences among various age groups.Among Europeans ,for instance,89%of all school-children now have English instruction.语言文化融合最重要的一个方面是英语，它已经成为了商务、外交、交流、甚至是文化的通用语言。
阿富汗总统哈米德.卡尔扎伊和其他国际机构的国家领导人用英文交流。
实际上，他们中的很多人，像韩国的联合国秘书长潘基文，在被美国大学录取的时候就在学习并不断提升自己的英语。
说的再通俗一点，英语正在全世界的普通人中传播。
很明显不同的年龄段存在着差异，例如，欧洲人中89%的学龄儿童现在有英文课。
5.Modern communications are one factor driving the spread of English. There have been notable advances, such as the ability to search in nearly 100 languages through Google, in making the web more accessible to non-English speakers;but the vast majority of what is available on the Internet has been and remains in English. As the webmaster at one site in Russia comments, ”It is far easier for a Russian … to download the works of Dostoyevsky translated in English to read than it is for him to get [it]in his own languages. ” Business needs also promote the global growth of Enlish. The U.S. status as the world’s economic powerhouse makes it far more common for foreign businesspeople to learn the language of Americans than it is for Americans to learn other language. A report issued by the Japanese government declared that “achieving world-class excellence demands that all Japanese acquire a working knowledge of English”. The use of English will probably continue to expand throughout the world because a majority of people in every region in the world believe their children are more likely to prosper if they learn English .现代化的通讯方式也是推动英语传播的一个重要因素。
