《小镇畸人》中的“小镇”和“畸人”

浅析《小镇畸人》中的精神顿悟摘要：舍伍德·安德森在《小镇畸人》中巧妙地运用了“精神顿悟”这一写作手法，获得了成功，使他描绘的各种各样的畸人们乃至读者能够在瞬间得到感悟，领悟生活的真谛。

本文将其中的“精神顿悟”进行分类，探讨其重要意义。

关键词：精神顿悟意义《小镇畸人》这本书描绘了温士堡这个小镇的生活面貌及发生在其中的故事，书中记述了一些平凡的人和平凡的事，描述了一些小人物的迷惘与困惑，失望与哀愁，梦想与渴望。

几乎每篇小说都是一次心灵的跋涉，充满了精神经验的细节。

对于“畸人”，安德森有自己的看法，他说：“畸人并不都可怕。

有的有趣，有的几乎美丽。

”安德森笔下的人物往往是不满于当前的生活环境，想要争取个人的解放和自由，因而在人生道路上不断地探索和追求，并在某一瞬间获得顿悟——精神顿悟。

一、关于精神顿悟该词最早为基督教术语，意为初生的耶稣在东方三贤面前突然显现。

该术语经现代派小说家詹姆斯·乔伊斯引入小说领域，又被他称为“主显”，并在《青年艺术家的肖像》的初稿《斯梯芬英雄》里首次对该词作了定义，即“一次突然的精神感悟”。

无论是通俗的言语，还是平庸的手势，或者是一种值得记忆的心境，都可以引发顿悟。

意思是顿悟首先是指某个特殊的时刻，经过小说家的艺术加工，那些平时最不起眼的人或事或物突然在那个时刻迸发出灵光，也就是将读者拉入精神感悟的状态，当然在读者感受之前，作者首先要有所感悟，这就是乔伊斯曾提倡“记录下这些顿悟”的原因。

在《小镇畸人》中，精神顿悟看似荒诞，难以理解，而实质上却富有一定的逻辑性，与小说情节安排及畸人们的人物塑造有着密切的关系，成为了故事发展的高潮。

安德森笔下的畸人们都经历了不同类型的精神顿悟，领悟到了人生本质。

二、不同类型的精神顿悟关于情爱的顿悟这些顿悟在几个故事中都有体现，例如《没有人知道》、《母亲》、《虔诚》、《曾经沧海》、《一觉》、《没有说出的谎言》、《死》和《成年》。

在《没有人知道》中，主要描写的是贯穿全书的人物乔治与路易丝的萌动的肉体之爱或是肉欲之爱，没有所谓的爱情。

精神分析视角下《小镇畸人》中畸人形象之文化解读摘要舍伍德·安德森的短篇巨作《小镇畸人》被誉为美国现代文学史上的里程碑，奠定了安德森在美国现代小说先驱者的地位。

本文从弗洛伊德精神分析的新视角解读了作品中的畸人形象，探析了小镇上一个个落伍者孤独的内心世界，揭示了社会环境对人的困顿，展示出生活中的丑和畸形的美。

关键词：弗洛伊德精神分析法舍伍德·安德森《小镇畸人》中图分类号：i106.4 文献标识码：a一弗洛伊德的精神分析文论西格蒙·弗洛伊德是奥地利的精神病医生、著名心理学家，其独特贡献在于他将用于临床实践的精神分析疗法系统化、理论化，建立了对现代西方社会产生巨大影响的精神分析学说，深入探索了人类精神活动中的无意识领域。

弗洛伊德的精神分析学说主要以无意识、梦、幻想、欲望等人类精神活动为研究对象，其理论观点超越了心理学范畴，成了一种理解人的动机和精神活动的科学，在西方社会科学的各个领域产生了广泛而深远的影响。

弗洛伊德的文艺美学思想，从早期心理学开始，经过精神分析学阶段已基本形成，再经过其弟子和其他精神学家的推广和重新阐释，最终发展为一整套文艺批评理论，对当代文学艺术产生了很大影响。

审视精神分析学在文艺学中的作用，文学评论家发现，“精神分析学本身与其作为一门科学，不如作为一种读解和解释的方法”，精神分析学在现代主义思想语境中突入到人意识世界深处的无意识世界探讨，带来了对人自身审视的一次革命。

美国著名心理小说家舍伍德·安德森深深受到这种“无意识学说”的影响，把笔触深入到人的潜意识领域，对人的内心展开心理挖掘，极力探求人物内心深处的奥秘，这一追求使安德森的作品不仅闪耀着美国民族文学的精神，更带有现代派文学的倾向。

安德森短篇巨作《小镇畸人》对现代美国文学的发展起到了里程碑式的影响，奠定了他在美国现代小说先驱者的地位。

在这部小说里，安德森从传统的创作方式中走出来，运用心理描写手法，把描写的重心由环境转向人，转向人对自身命运、生活的思考，流露出生活中的丑和畸形的美，这使二战间的美国文学与战前的文学发生了重大裂变，推进了20世纪美国文学由现实主义向现代主义的转变。

谈《小城畸人》中的“畸人”女性形象
许晶;李晓岚
【期刊名称】《科技信息》
【年(卷),期】2012(000)005
【摘要】舍伍德·安德森在其代表作小城畸人中呈现了一系列的畸人形象,其中对女人有很多细腻深刻的描写,让读者深深的感受到转型社会中的女人命运的颠沛,揭示了传统女性遭受的伤害与压抑和伤害形成的社会根源.
【总页数】1页(P260)
【作者】许晶;李晓岚
【作者单位】东北农业大学黑龙江哈尔滨150030;东北农业大学黑龙江哈尔滨150030
【正文语种】中文
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2.迷茫与坚定——《小城畸人》和《啊,拓荒者!》中两个“畸人”的对比 [J], 肖西西
3.机器时代的一段哀歌--论《小城畸人》中的畸人形象 [J], 易平
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5.固守"真理"的背后--《小城畸人》中的"畸人"与周星驰电影中的"小人物"形象比较 [J], 马征
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对《小镇畸人》的女性主义解读摘要：《小镇畸人》是美国作家对舍伍德·安德森的代表作，它在书中生动的描绘了一群心灵扭曲、生活压抑的女性“畸人”，揭示了19 世纪末20 世纪初美国中西部由手工业向资本主义工业转化时期女性的社会地位以及男女关系的变化。

本文将结合女性女性主义文学批评的理论和方法，从《小镇畸人》反映的女性的社会生活、赋予的女性的社会角色系统分析其中的女性人物形象, 剖析出作者男权本位的女性观。

关键词：《小镇畸人》女性女性主义1919 年发表的《小镇畸人》是舍伍德·安德森(Sherwood Anderson)的代表作。

这本由25 篇有着内在联系的故事组成的书围绕着乔治威拉德的成长经历，描绘了俄亥俄州瓦恩斯堡的小镇上“畸人”们的生活。

其中直接以女性人物为故事主角的就达8篇之多，而其余篇幅中的人物主角也总是或多或少地与故事背景中的女性人物息息相关。

作者对书中女性人物浓墨重彩的描写贯穿始终，塑造了一个个令人心疼、难以忘怀的女性“畸人”形象。

作者对书中女性人物充满同情的描写贯穿始终, 表现了处在美国资本主义工业化迅速发展时期中西部乡镇背景下的女性所遭受的难以言说的心灵上的痛苦和挫折。

十九世纪七八十年代，工业革命浪潮几乎席卷了美国的大部分地区。

位于美国中西部的俄亥俄州此时也在机器的轰鸣声中渐渐苏醒。

原本过着田园牧歌般悠闲生活的小镇居民们有的看到了工业革命给社会带来的巨大进步，欣喜地期待着工业革命的到来，准备迎接新的挑战，顺应时代的潮流，到大城市去一展身手；有的人则对工业化持否定的态度，认为这种急功近利的心态破坏了原本淳朴自在的乡村生活。

从此，瓦恩斯堡这个小镇便如笼罩着一团阴云的囚牢一般，在这里，小镇的落后、闭塞、保守与工业化和种种商业习气的冲击交织在一起，小镇居民们被这种矛盾的心态折磨着，他们想要表达自己内心中的感受，却又无法与正常人交流，有时甚至连他们自己也不明白自己想要什么。

在这样一种社会巨变的时期，小镇居民们经历着心灵的阵痛与断层。

小城畸人分集故事概要摘要：一、概述小城畸人分集故事的主题和背景二、介绍小城畸人分集故事的各个角色及其特点三、分析小城畸人分集故事情节梗概四、总结小城畸人分集故事的主题思想和启示正文：一、概述小城畸人分集故事的主题和背景小城畸人分集故事以一座小城为背景，讲述了畸人这一特殊群体在小城中的生活、奋斗和情感纠葛。

畸人，指的是那些因为各种原因在小城中被边缘化、遭受歧视的人们。

在这个故事中，畸人们面临着种种困境，但他们始终保持乐观、积极向上的态度，努力寻求自己的价值和幸福。

二、介绍小城畸人分集故事的各个角色及其特点1.陈小城：陈小城是小城的主人公，他因为小时候的一次意外导致身体残疾，成为了一名畸人。

但他并未因此自卑，反而勇敢地面对生活，努力帮助其他畸人争取权益。

2.李阿婆：李阿婆是小城畸人们的精神导师，她一生坎坷，但始终坚定地信仰着美好的事物。

她用自己的智慧和爱心，引导着畸人们走向光明。

3.张瘸子：张瘸子是小城畸人中的代表人物，他因为歧视而失去了工作，但依然不屈不挠地生活。

在故事中，他积极投身于反抗歧视的斗争，为畸人们的权益而奋斗。

4.其他人：故事中还有许多其他畸人角色，如小城里的孩子、年轻人、老人等。

他们各有特点，但都在努力追求幸福、尊严和自由。

三、分析小城畸人分集故事情节梗概故事围绕陈小城和其他畸人们的生活展开，描述了他们在小城中的遭遇、奋斗和成长。

在这个过程中，他们面临着来自外界的歧视和压力，但也收获了友情、亲情和爱情。

故事情节跌宕起伏，感人至深。

四、总结小城畸人分集故事的主题思想和启示小城畸人分集故事通过讲述畸人们的生活，传递了一个重要的主题：无论身处何种困境，人都应该保持乐观、积极向上的态度，勇敢地面对生活。

同时，故事也启示我们要关爱边缘群体，消除歧视，让每个人都能在平等、和谐的社会环境中追求自己的价值和幸福。

《小镇畸人》的心理美学解读摘要】本文从心理美学角度入手对舍伍德·安德森的《小镇畸人》中形形色色的“畸人”形象背后的文化现象进行解读，对隐藏在表象下的真实景况进行挖掘，对小说作者在当时历史条件下对人的生存状态的深层思考进行揭示。

【关键词】《小镇畸人》；心理美学；畸人美国著名小说家舍伍德·安德森（Sherwood Anderson,1876—1941）的代表作《小镇畸人》（Winesburg Ohio）于1919年一经发表便被称为描写19世纪末美国中西部小镇生活的又一经典著作。

作为美国现代主义小说的引路人，安德森塑造了一群在工业文明的腐蚀、男权统治的桎梏以及传统礼教的束缚下，渴盼爱与自由却又疏于交流、为自我所隔离的“畸人”形象。

“艺术家的心灵在于能直觉超越理性，以这样一种超越物欲的感觉透过言表，在言语表达的那些喜怒哀乐的情感中，捕捉更深层次的某种东西，这就是比人的最为深沉的情感更为深邃的生命的节奏。

”[1]（46）安德森正是把握住了这一规律，将生命定格在那个田园风光温情脉脉的西部小镇，定格在那个新旧之交、工农相替的时代环境，定格在爱恨交织、悲喜齐鸣的心理层面，为我们揭示出一个又一个孤独的魂魅和异化的心灵。

一、物化了的灵魂《小镇畸人》中所描绘的19世纪中后期的美国正出于“城市化”进程的鼎盛时期，美国经济发展的热点开始转向中西部，正如斯宾格对工业文明的描述“城市的兴起代表了一种文化的结束和另一种文化的来临。

脱离了土地后，城市文化进入一个新的阶段，金钱取代了土地，理性取代了宗教，一个日益世俗化的文化出现了。

”[2]（32）《虔诚》四部曲中的杰西?本特利的发家史无疑是最好的证明。

当杰西·本特利还是个少年时，他“总是非常活跃”，“希望由学者成为长老会的牧师”[3](39)。

他追求天性中的平衡与宁静，“他愿以大牺牲获取安宁，而他心中又生怕是他所无法获得的东西”[3]（40）。

杰西·本特利本性中的平衡感和宁静感来自于对物质的占有，对自己及他人的苛求换来了一时的宁静，随着物质的无限增长，为了维系这种平衡，他不得不卷入更疯狂的物质追求之中。

论《小城畸人》的主题
安德森在《小城畸人》的首篇《畸人志》中叙述了“畸人”一词的由来:于是人登场了。

每个人出现都抓住一个真理,……并且努力依此真理过他的生活时,他便变成畸人,它拥抱的真理便变成虚妄。

“真理让人变成虚妄”这个预言式的悖论显然并不是作者真正的主题,而书中多处对城市和乡村的评论给这个预言带来了破解的线索。

显然,安德森关于思想和真理的概念是一个关于农业文明和工业文明、传统社会和现代社会、乡村和城市的隐喻。

农业文明是一种经济上和精神上自足的文明,与之相应的传统社会中的个人也处在一个相对独立的境地,经济的稳固导致精神的完整满足,人与人之间是一种相对和平的关系和相对温和的态度,乡村生活是宁静美好的,优闲自适的,在安德森眼中,夕阳下的乡村分外美丽。

工业文明因市场的特点要求一切无条件开放,人们在经济上互相协作而又激烈竞争,对于个人来说,他必然利用社会的力量才能生存。

城市的人们处于一种经济上竞争的地位,利益抢占了生活的空间,人与人处于紧张冷漠的关系之中,人们以喋喋不休的喧闹来缓解紧张的情绪和暗藏的寂寞。

舍伍德安德森的《手》是其小说集《俄亥俄州的温斯堡镇》中的一篇很有代表性的短篇小说．在这篇小说中作者深入人物的精神层面．塑造了一位孤独远离人群的怪诞人——飞翼比德鲍尔。

本文试图通过分析这篇小说中的写作风格，来阐释作者如何运用这些技巧来反应文章的主题。

Abstract：Sherwood Anderson＇s short story ＂hands＂ is one of the best stories in the book Winesburg, Ohio. This paper wants to analyze the writing styles in the story and try to explain how Anderson expresses the theme of the story through these techniques.y Sherwood Andersonreviewed by Karen BernardoThe thematic inspiration for Winesburg, Ohio may have been the novels of D.H. Lawrence, although Anderson used Lawrence’s ideas more as a jumping-off point than as gospel. Lawrence, taking his own inspiration from the works of Sigmund Freud, thought that all psychological problems could be cured through the power of physical touch. Anderson turned this theory on its ear in the story "Hands."The central figure of this story is a middle-aged, homely, balding man known to all the residents of Winesburg as "Wing Biddlebaum." The most distinctive characteristic about Wing is his hands; they seem to have a mind of their own. In season, Wing picks strawberries for a living, as many as a hundred and forty quarts a day, and his fingers fly over the berries faster than the flutter of wings. When he’s not working with his hands, he tries to keep them quiet and out of sight by stuffing them into his pockets, but every time he starts to talk, they dart upwards and into motion. Consequently, he talks as little as possible, which is easy because most of the townspeople think he’s a little weird.But he is befriended by George Willard, the young boy-reporter for the local paper, and in George’s company Wing lets his hands free to express themselves. One day George and Wing go out into the fields to talk, and Wing begins to tell George earnestly that he needs to worry less about what people think of him and concentrate more on fulfilling his own dreams. Without really meaning to, Wing’s hands move to George’s shoulders and begin caressing him. George doesn’t seem to be really aware that Wing is doing anything strange at all, but suddenly "a look of horror swept over [Wing’s] face. With a convulsive movement of his body, Wing Biddlebaum sprang to his feet and thrust his hands deep into his trouser pockets."At this point Anderson-as-narrator steps into the story and tells us the reason for Wing’s reaction. Wing was once a schoolteacher in Pennsylvania; his name then was Adolph Myers. He loved his students and he expressed this love by touching them -- not, as far as Anderson tells us, in any inappropriate places, but simply caressing their hair and their shoulders in an affirmative way. However, a "half-witted boy" started an allegation of molestation. Parents began asking their children whether Mr. Myers had ever touched them, and when told that he had, the parents drove the teacher from town; they very nearly lynched him, but seeing "his figure, so small, white, and pitiful", they let him escape -- tossing balls of soft mud at him as he ran weeping through the darkness.He wound up in Winesburg, Ohio, still unable to control the fluttering movements of his hands, and amazed and somewhat hurt that other people could. He is so frightened of ever having this happen to him again that he avoids human contact for twenty years -- until George Willard. After realizing on that sunny afternoon with George that he isn’t cured, that it can happen again, he returns home, seemingly resolved to stay removed from any form of emotional intimacy from then on. Of course, this also condemns him to an unremittingly lonely life -- a tragedy, since he really hasn’t done anything wrong except talk with his hands.Hands, Paper Pills, Mother"Hands" Summary"Hands" is the story of a fat, old, little man named Wing Biddlebaum who lives mainly isolated from the town life of Winesburg, Ohio. He remained a mystery to the majority of the town after moving there twenty years before. Often frightened, he would hear ghostly voices personifying his doubts. He would sit on the outskirts of the town in his little house and watch the youth. He spoke closely only with George Willard, the boy reporter of the Winesburg Eagle. George would occasionally walk to his house in the evenings and Wing looked forward to these times. Only with George would Wing become alive, walking into town or talking loudly and feverishly above the whisper he normally used.He spoke mainly with his hands which flew in excitement. Their movement was fidgety and restless, compared by a poet to the wings of a bird, giving him his name. Normally, Wing attempted to keep his hands hidden. He looked at others' calm hands in amazement. When he spoke with George, he would harness their energy by making fists and beating them against walls or fences. The town was proud of Wing's hands like one is of any novelty. George wished to know why Wing restrained his hands and why he seemed almost frightened by their power. He nearly asked one day when Wing was very excitedly talking to him about George's propensity for being too easily influenced by the townspeople. Wing wanted him to think and act for himself, and not to be afraid to dream. Wing's involvement with his lecture led him to reveal his hands without noticing. While talking in earnest, they touched George's shoulders and caressed him. Fear suddenly crossed Wing's face and he ran quickly back home.Wing had previously lived in Pennsylvania as a school teacher named Adolf Myers who was loved by the boys he taught because of his gentle power. He spoke dreamily and with his hands and voice tried to convey that dream into the hearts of the young boys. He caressed their shoulders and tousled their hair. Through his hands, he expressed himself and the boys began to dream instead of doubt. One boy came along who yearned for the teacher and dreamt of unspeakable things at night, spreading his dreams through the town as truth. Fears of Adolph were substantiated. The boys confirmed that he had played with their hair and touched their shoulders. One father beat Adolph and at night, the town came forth to drive him from it, nearly hanging him. He gathered a new last name from a box of goods and lived in Winesburg with an aunt until she died.Wing was only forty-five but looked much older. He felt ashamed for his hands, though unsure of what he had done wrong. He paced on his veranda after leaving George until the sun set and then ate and prepared for bed. George acted as his medium of expression and Wing missed his presence. Crumbs of white bread littered the floor. He picked them up nimbly and rapidly, appearing in the low light like a priest with his rosary beads."Hands" AnalysisWing provides us with the first in-depth look at the character as a grotesque. The young thing inside the old writer created the figures, one of which is Wing Biddlebaum. As is ordinary in Anderson's short stories, the grotesque figure has become old before his time due to the tiring and stressful circumstances which he has endured in life. Most of the figures share the similar history of a failed passion in life, of some kind or another. Many are lonely introverts who struggle with a burning fire which still smolders inside of them. The moments described by the short stories are usually the moments when the passion tries to resurface but no longer has the strength. The stories are brief glimpses of people failing.Wing's hands are a manifestation of his being grotesque. They are a form of metonymy if one understands grotesque as awkward and strange. But Anderson more largely explored the figure of the grotesque. According to his theories, a grotesque was one who grasped a truth of the world too independently and too completely and thus failed. Anderson's grotesque is one who is ineffectual in communication, one who fails at expression. Wing's hands CAN express Wing's feelings, he just does not allow them to. Moreover, the hands are a symbol of the old writer from the prologue. Wing's hands had once been his medium of expression like a pen or typewriter is writer's medium of expression. We are told that Wing's hands are quick and skillful; he is talented. But his skill is tainted and feared - grotesque - giving the reader another perspective through which to view the act of writing itself and through which to understand the hand of the book's author.The reader understands Wing as a harmless, sensitive man who is frightened by his own passions. He tends to be misunderstood by the people around him. We are endeared to Wing especially after learning about the circumstances which brought him to Winesburg. He urges George to dream and follow his own heart without giving into the influence of the townspeople. This parallels the life he had led as a school teacher before the scandal. The similarity of circumstances leads to his fear arising and his need to flee from George. But, we are soothed by the fact that the passion, the young woman inside of Wing, is still alive even though it has been chased out of one town and lives in fear in another.Still, Wing has failed. He had lived a content life as a school teacher until his dreams had been dashed. Then, he was unable to fight back and nearly was killed. The moment with George Willard which is highlighted in the short story occurs as a result. Wing comes close to finding that life within himself again. With George, Wing can act openly. George's role as the medium will reoccur throughout the collection of stories. He will be the link between reader and grotesque figure, allowing us to see inside of each for oneglaring instant and to view the living passion which had once driven them. When Adolph Myers flees to Winesburg and becomes Wing Biddlebaum, he is afraid to express himself through his hands and gestures as he once had with the boys he taught. This all changes when Wing is around George. In George's presence, Wing is feels freer to be himself. George makes whole the ineffectual attempts at communication with which Wing struggles."Hands" is the lead story (after an introductory piece called "The Book of the Grotesque") of a collection of stories that used to be a staple in many high schools but has fallen out of use of late. The collection, Winesburg, Ohio, came out in 1919 and was admired by writers as diverse as H.L. Mencken, Ray Bradbury, Henry Miller, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway. Although a collection of short stories, the book is sometimes called a novel because of common characters, chiefly the coming-of-age p理與「畸人」《小城畸人》(Winesburg, Ohio)，又譯為《小鎮故事》或《俄亥俄州的溫士堡》，是安德森最重要的一部小說。