tree - 绘本
- 格式:ppt
- 大小:264.50 KB
- 文档页数:27


LSM-Tree与B-Tree
外部存储
数据库管理系统DBMS是现代应⽤中不可或缺的⼀部分,其中⼀个重要原因是其隐藏了外存管理的细节,并为应⽤层提供了⾼效、易⽤的数
据检索Retrieval与持久化Persistence功能。外存具有容量⼤、成本低、断电⾮易失等优点,但同时也存在寻址慢、访问粒度粗的问题:
内存寻址速度快(ns 级),寻址单位⼩(byte)
外存寻址速度慢(ms 级),寻址单位⼤(≥4kb)数据库的读写性能取决于外存访问效率,⽽优化外存访问的⼿段有:
减少外存访问次数:借助写缓冲Buffer、读缓存Cache的⽅式,将热点数据临时存储在内存,避免频繁的外存访问
避免随机寻址:使⽤预写⽇志WAL对写操作进⾏优化,将随机写操作简化为顺序的追加操作
单次读取尽可能多的数据:使⽤⾼密度的外存索引Index来组织数据,通过有序性提⾼检索效率
预写⽇志
预写⽇志系统 WALWrite-Ahead Logging是⼀种⽤于提⾼数据库写性能的常见⼿段,被⼴泛应⽤于持久化数据库中。数据库中的状态可以分为两部分:
WAL ⽇志:所有对数据库的变更都先写⼊这个⽇志,并在事务提交时进⾏持久化,防⽌已提交数据丢失,已提交的⽇志数据会被定期清理DB ⽂件:包含所有已经交的数据、索引信息,数据长期存在不会消失
WAL 的核⼼思想是 ⽇志先⾏ :
写数据时,变更操作⾸先追加到 WAL ⽇志末尾,WAL 会将数据顺序刷到磁盘(提交成功)。异步线程会消费 WAL 中的变更消息
(类似于队列),将应⽤变更到 DB ⽂件中并重置 WAL
读数据时,需要同时读取 WAL 与 DB 中的数据,并将两者合并⽣成最新的记录
由于追加 WAL 是顺序的,可以将随机的磁盘IO转换为顺序的磁盘IO,减少磁盘巡道时间,从⽽能够更有效地提升了磁盘的吞吐量。
数据库重启过程中会检查 WAL ⽇志,任何尚未附加到 DB 数据页的记录都将从⽇志记录中重放,每次提交事务时不再需要(为了保证数据
Material Science of engineering Li Yue 2010063104
A Poison Tree
In “A Poison Tree” by William Blake, the tree is used as an extended
metaphor, which helps explain a truth of human nature. The poem
teaches how anger can disappear by goodwill or be nurtured to become
a deadly poison.
The speaker holds different attitude to his friend and foe. In the
opening stanza the speaker states, “My wrath did grow.” The speaker
later describes the living nature of the wrath as one which, “grew both
day and night,” and, “bore an apple bright.” This comparison by
metaphor of wrath to a tree shows the speaker's idea that, like the slow
and steady growth of a tree, anger and wrath gradually accumulate and
form something just as a poisoned tree.
To understand what the poem explains to us, one must first
examine the title, “A Poison Tree,” which alerts the reader that some
欧阳阳理创编 2021.03.04
欧阳阳理创编 2021.03.04 牛津阅读树
时间:2021.03.05 创作:欧阳理
Oxford Reading Tree
牛津阅读树系列最大的特点就是它的连贯性。全套极为完整,且难度由浅入深,孩子读此书就像爬树一样拾阶而上,可学习到大量地道的生字、文法和不同国家的文化。
更令孩子百读不厌的是书中的故事特别贴近生活,就像一家人在给大家讲故事。这一家人就是贯穿整个系列书的主人公 Biff, Chip, Kipper, Mum, 和 Dad,同时也不能忘记他们的那条可爱的小狗Floppy。
牛津阅读树里的故事就是围绕着他们一家人和他们的朋友们展开的,介绍他们生活活动的方方面面:去游泳、去沙滩、堆雪人、小朋友一起玩各种游戏等等。同时又不局限于日常生活琐事,会渗入想象的成分,给予孩子很多启迪孩子就像是参与了一次冒险经历,同时又能学到很多历史知识,了解诗歌体裁以及很多文化知识等。
牛津阅读树Oxford Reading Tree这棵树的全貌。
1.牛津阅读树Oxford Reading Tree的整体结构:
1) 树干被纵向一分为二,一半是Non-Fiction(非小说类,也就是社科类、自然科学类),一半是Fiction(小说欧阳阳理创编 2021.03.04
欧阳阳理创编 2021.03.04 类)。
2)树干被横向一分为二,下一半是正常的Oxford Reading
Tree(stage1-stage 9),上一半是Oxford Treetops(stage
10-stage 16)。
总结:牛津阅读树Oxford Reading Tree被这两刀一劈,就被分成了四项:
The Thirsty Tree
On top of the hill there is a very thirsty tree. It’s summer. And the sun is
shining. It’s shining on the thirsty tree on top of the hill.
Under the ground the tree’s roots are tired and thirsty, too. They can’t
find any water in the ground.
One day, a little bird called Cloudbreak flies over to the tree and rests on
one of its branches.
The tree says: ”Cloudbreak, all my leaves are brown. And I’m very thirsty.
Can you find me some water, please?”
“But there are no clouds that I can break, here,” answers the little bird
lifting its wings.
“Then fly to the wind and talk to him. Maybe the wind can blow a cloud
across the hill.”
So Cloudbreak flies off to the wind.
The wind is resting and lying across the sky.
“Oh Wind! Oh Wind!” says the little bird.
“Who are you?” asks the wind.
“It’s me, Cloudbreak. Can you please blow a cloud across the hill?