湖南师范大学考博英语真题2006答案解析

考博英语（语法）练习试卷10(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. GrammarGrammar1．Britain hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ______ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during preliminary session.A．a severe set-backB．sharp set-backC．a severe blown-upD．sharp blown-up正确答案：A解析：severe严峻的，严厉的，剧烈的；set—back阻碍，使挫折；sharp明显的，急剧的；blown—up放大的，膨胀的。

根据句意，应选择A。

知识模块：语法2．The concept of internet, ______ has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A．the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB．transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC．to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD．the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances正确答案：A解析：依据题干意思，the concept of internet与空缺处属于同位语，空缺处的意思是远距离传送图像、声音和信息，所以选A，over distance意思是“远距离地”。

知识模块：语法3．What______about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed all attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that tragedy.A．worked me outB．knocked me outC．brought me upD．put me forward正确答案：B解析：各选项的意思是：work out设计出，计算出，解决；knock sb．out 俚语，表示令人钦佩的；bring sb．up把某人抚养大；put forward提出。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编53(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We all buy things on the______of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse buy”.(2007年中国科学院考博试题)A．urgeB．forceC．spurD．rush正确答案：C解析：此题考查的是词语的搭配。

urge项表示“敦促”；force表示“力量，影响力”；spur表示“动力”；rush表示“匆促”。

只有C项有固定用法on the spur of,表示一时冲动，所以答案是C选项。

2．The young nation has not yet attained political ______.A．stabilityB．prosperityC．maturityD．independence正确答案：A解析：stability n.稳定，稳固(如：Nothing is more important than political stability for a country in its economic endeavour．)。

prosperity n.兴旺，繁荣。

maturity n.成熟(阶段)；有经验。

independence n.独立，自主。

3．Even when textbooks are ______ through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.(2011年四川大学考博试题)A．commonplaceB．standardizedC．competitiveD．generalized正确答案：B解析：在给出的选项中：commonplace“平凡的，陈腐的，平庸的”；standardized “标准化的”；competitive“竞争的，有竞争力的”；generalized“广泛的，普遍的”。

河南省2019年普通高等学校选拔优秀专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试公共英语Part Ⅰ Word Formation (1×10 points)Directions:There are 10 incomplete statements in this part. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, and write the right answer in the brackets.1. She was engaged in an _______(argue)with Roberts about equal pay for men and women.2. These methods are _______(effect)in English teaching.3. The professor has a large _______(collect)of books.4. If you read the paper _______(care), I am sure you will pass the exam.5. The _______(excite)crowd rushed into the mayor’s office.6. I don’t think it wise to teach students of different _______(able) in the same class.7. The whole world looks upon the rapid _______(economy)development of our country as a great wonder.8. It is_______ (scientific)to think that science can solve all the problems for human beings.9. Many television viewers take him as their _______(favor) actor.10. After he finished the assignment, he found some _______(addition)exercises to do.Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and Structure (1×40 points)Directions:In this part there are 40 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and write the choice in the brackets.11. The departure time of the plane has been postponed, so we have nothing to do now but _____.A.waitB.to be waitingC.to waitD.waiting12. I couldn’t understand why he pretended _____ in the garden.A. not to see me C. to see me notB. not see me D. to see not me13. Only when we came back home, _____ that my watch was missing.A. did I find C. I had foundB. I found D. Had I found14. _____ more time, the scientists will be able to work out a good solution to the problem.A. GivenB.GivingC. To giveD. Be given15. Some of the apples were rotten before reaching the market and _____ away.A.could be thrown C. could throwB. had to be thrown D. had to throw16. _____ in Beijing for more than twenty years, he knows the city very well.A.LivingB. LivedC. Having livedD. To live17. Mr. Zhang, _____ came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father’s.A. WhichB.thatC. whoD.whom18. We plan to increase the output of the machine _____ 7.4 percent this year.A. AtB. inC.byD. with19. I don’t mind _____ out for a walk in such bad weather.A.goB.to goC. goingD. gone20. As a lawyer he spent a lot of time _____ investigations.A. Conducted C. conductB. to conduct D. conducting21. The new invention is to make our daily life easier, _____ it more difficult.A. not to make C. not makingB. not make D. do not make22. _____, the old man had a sharp ear for even the slightest sound.A.As he was blind C.Blind as he wasB. As blind as he was D. As he was just blind23. I _____ a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.A.should arrive C.could have arrivedB.would be arriving D. arrived24. The news _____ our football team had won the match excited all of us.A. WhatB. whichC. thatD. as25. Henry looked very much _____ when he was caught cheating in the exam.A. DiscouragedB. embarrassedC. disappointedD.pleased26. We are interested in the weather because it _____ us so directly.A.benefitsB. affectsC. guidesD. effects27. Janet, _____ was read by the teacher, is a top student in our class.A.the composition of hers C. her compositionB. the composition of whom D. whose composition28. Hardly had he entered the classroom _____ the bell rang.A. ThanB. thenC. whenD. so29. I would rather you _____ to the party with her.A.goB. wentC. will go D has gone30. His English was so poor that he found it difficult to make himself _____.A.understood C. be understoodB. Understand D. to understand31. The sun heats the earth, _____ makes it possible for plants to grow.A.thatB. whereC. whichD. what32. Little _____ that the police are about to arrest him.A. does he know C.he doesn’t knowB. he knows D. he didn’t know33. It’s high time we _____ something to stop road accidents.A.are doingB.didC. will doD.do34. This is the best novel _____ I have ever read.A. WhichB. whereC. thatD. what35. It’s necessary that the problem _____ in some way or other.A. is settled C.be settledB. has been settled D. was settled36. _____ you say, I am sure that the young man is innocent.A. Whatever C. HoweverB.Whoever D. Wherever37. Staying in a hotel costs _____ renting a room in an apartment for a week.A. twice as more as C. twice as much asB. as more twice as D. as much twice as38. John puts up his hand _____ the teacher asks a question.A. every timeB. in timeC.some timeD. at times39. When you are free this afternoon, please help me to have these letters _____.[A.to mail B. mail C. mailed D. mailing40. I wish you _____ here last night. All of us were waiting for your arrival.A.came C. comeB. had come D. will come41. By the time you arrive in London, we _____ in Europe for two weeks.A. shall stay C. have stayedB. will have stayed D. have been staying42. I didn’t see him at the meeting yesterday afternoon. He _____ it.A. mustn’t attend C. wouldn’t have attendedB. can’t have attended D. needn’t have attended43. I think there’s no comparison between the two cars, one _____ clearly far better than the other.A.beingB. wasC. having beenD. be44. Many of his novels are reported _____ into several foreign languages last year.A.to be translated C. being translatedB. to translate D.to have been translated45. Mary said it was _____ box for me to carry.A. a too heavy C.too heavy aB.too a heavy D. too heavy46. The children are required not to leave the building unless _____ to do so.A. being told C.be toldB.they will be told D. told47. I’ve never seen the young man _____ next to the director.A.sitsB. satC. sittingD. to sit48. We object _____ carrying out the plan.A. ForB. to beC. aboutD. to49. Shanghai has experienced such great changes that everyone can recognize that it is no longer_____.A.what it used to C. the same it used to beB. that it used to like D. what it used to be50. He bought a new mobile phone last Sunday, because his old one _____.A.had stolenB. had been stolenC.was stolenD. stolenPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (2×20 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D, you should decide the best choice.Passage 1Who takes care of the elderly in the United States today?The fact is that family members provide over 80% of the care that elderly people need.In most cases the elderly live in their own homes.A very small percentage of America’s elderly live in nursing homes.Samuel Preston, a sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania, studied how the American family is changing. He reported that by the time the average American couple reaches about 40 years of age, their parents are usually still alive. The statistics show the change in lifestyles and responsibilities of aging (老龄化)Americans.The average middle aged couple can look forward to caring for elderly parents sometime after their own children have grown up.Moreover, because people today live longer after an illness than people did years ago, family members must provide long term care. These facts also mean that after caregivers provide for their elderly parents, who will eventually die,they will be old and may require care too. When they do, their spouses(配偶)will probably take care of them because they have had fewer children than their parents did.Because Americans are living longer than ever, more social workers have begun to study ways of care giving to improve the care of the elderly. They have found that all caregivers share a common characteristic:They believe that they are the best people for the job. The social workershave also discovered three basic reasons why the caregivers take on the responsibility of caring for an elderly, dependent relative. Many caregivers believe they had an obligation(职责) to help their relatives. Some think that helping others makes them feel more useful.Others hope that by helping someone now, they will deserve care when they become old and dependent.51. Samuel Preston’s study shows that________.A. lifestyles and responsibilities of the elderly are not changingB. most American couples over 40 have no living parentsC. Middle aged Americans have to take care of their children and parents at the same timeD. elderly people may need care for a long time because they live longer after an illness52. Who will most probably take care of the middle aged Americans when they need care themselves?A. They themselves.B. Their close friends.C. Their children.D. Their husbands or wives.53. All caregivers believe that they can________.A. care for their elderly parents better than any other peopleB. keep closer to their old parents by this meansC. do much better if they have a job as social workersD. improve the care of the elderly with the help of the social workers54. Which of the following is NOT a reason why people look after their relatives?A. They feel they are of use to other people.B. They want to set an example to their children.C. They think it is their duty to help their relatives.D. They hope they deserve care when they need it.55. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Most old people live longer today after an illness than people did years ago.B. Many old people are put into nursing homes by their families, who do not visit themr egularly.C. Most elderly people are taken care of by their families, who assume the responsibility ford ifferent reasons.D. Most elderly people are satisfied with the better ways of care giving that social workershave come up with.Passage 2I once knew a young man, nineteen years of age, who lived with absolute outward (外表的) confidence and self possession for a number of years before I discovered that he could not read or write. His various methods of trick, which were also skills of self protection, were so skillful and so desperate(绝望) that neither I nor any of his other adult friends were aware of his entire helplessness in face of written words until we went to dinner one night at a local restaurant—and suddenly discovered that he could not read.Even here, it was not the first time we went out to eat, but something like the second or third, that Peter’s desperation shocked me. The first time, he was clever enough to cover the truth. He studied the menu for a moment, then looked up to the waitress and asked her if he could have “just a coke and a hamburger”. He told me later that he had done the same thing many times before and that he had learned to act as if he were examining the menu:“Then I ask for a coke and a hamburger…Sometimes they give me a hamburger on a plate with salad and potatoes…Then I ask the m for a roll and make my own hamburger.”As we began to go out to eat more frequently, Peter would ask to go to Howard Johnson’s. I soon discovered the reason for his choice: The photographs, attached in cellophane(玻璃纸) containers to each of the standard items on the menu, could help him not to struggle with the shape of words at all. Howard Johnson’s, whether intentionally or not, had provided the perfect escape for the endangered pride of an adult who was illiterate(文盲).56. When he went to a restaurant, Peter would________.A. pretend that he could not read or writeB. pretend to be studying the menuC. be desperate for help from other peopleD. protect himself by playing a musical instrument57. The young man was not found to be illiterate until________.A. he dined out with his adult friends at Howard Johnson’sB. he could no longer come up with various ways of deceptionC. he had dinner with his friends at a certain local restaurant for the second or third timeD. he was not careful enough to be aware of his entire helplessness in face of written words58. What did the young man usually have at a restaurant?A. Standard items on the menu.B. A hamburger made by himself.C. Foods that other people ordered.D. A coke and a hamburger.59. The word “self pos session”（Para.1）probably means________.A. Self confidenceB. self consciousnessC. Self disciplineD. self devotion60. Why did the young man like to go to Howard Johnson’s?A. Howard Johnson’s provided a perfect escape when anything dangerous should happen.B. The menu at Howard Johnson’s gave a clear introduction of the food it served.C. The photographs attached to the main items on the menu helped conceal his illiteracy.D. He would feel at ease because eaters at Howard Johnson’s were all ad ult non readers.Passage 3After practising as a surgeon for several years, Dr.Ginoux decided to apply for membership in the American College of Surgeons(美国外科医生学会), a highly selective and distinguished(著名的) professional organization.As part of the application procedure(手续)，Dr.Ginoux was asked to prepare a list of all the operations performed in the previous even years. Slowly, as she worked on the long list, she began to feel uncertain. She began to question some of her decisions. Had she used the best technique in that case?Maybe, in this case, she should have given one more test before operating?On the other hand, maybe she should have...Would the doctors on the selection committee understand that, as the only trained surgeon in the area, she usually could not get advice from others and therefore, had to rely completely on her own judgment?For the first time, Dr.Ginoux felt lonely and isolated. The longer Dr.Ginoux worked on the application forms, the more depressed she became. As hope faded, she wondere d if a “country doctor”had a realistic chance of being accepted by the American College of Surgeons.61. Dr.Ginoux was working in________.A. a large cityB. the American College of SurgeonsC. an area far from any big cityD. a selective organization62. It was most probable that Dr.Ginoux was________.A. a member in that organizationB. a well trained surgeonC. a graduate from American College of SurgeonsD. a distinguished surgeon in America63. When she was filling the application forms, Dr.Ginoux began to be________.A. RealisticB. depressedC. PuzzledD. decisive64. The application forms must include________.A. the decision procedureB. the college achievementsC. the best techniqueD. a list of advice and judgments65. When filling the forms, Dr.Ginoux felt depressed because________.A. she didn’t perform enough operationsB. some operations were unsuccessfulC. she didn’t get advice from the selection committeeD. she was doubtful about her previous operationsPassage 4Are some people born clever and other born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience?Strangely enough, the answer to these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given to us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the limits of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people is, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random from the population, it is likely that their degree of intelligence will be completely different. If, on the other hand, we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depend on birth.Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in their intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all are likely to have similar degree of intelligence.66. If a child is born with low intelligence, he can________.A. not reach his intelligence in his lifeB. go beyond his intelligence limits in rich surroundingsC. still become a genius if he should be given special educationD. become a genius67. “If we take two unrelated people at random from the population”(Para.2)means if we________.A. choose two persons with different intelligenceB. choose two persons who are relativeC. take out two persons of close relationshipD. pick any two persons68. The example of the twins going to a university and to a factory separately shows________.A. the part that birth playsB. the importance of their positionsC. the role of environment on intelligenceD. the importance of their intelligence69. The writer is in favor of the view that man’s intelligence is given to him________.A. neither at birth nor through educationB. both at birth and through educationC. through educationD. at birth70. The best title of this passage can be________A. Effect of EducationB. Dependence on EnvironmentC. IntelligenceD. SurroundingsPart Ⅳ Cloze Test (1×20 points)Directions:In this part there are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Earthquakes are something that most people fear. There are some places that have 71 or no earthquakes. Most places in the world, 72, have them regularly. Some places, 73 Iran and Guatemala have them frequently. Countries that have a lot of earthquakes are usually quite 74.The earthquake that the people most 75 about in the United States was the one happening in San Francisco in 1906. Over 500 people died 76 it. The strongest one in North America was in 1964. It happened in Alaska.Strong earthquakes are not always the ones that kill 77. In 1755, one of the strongest earthquakes ever 78 happened in Portugal. Around 20,000 people died.In 1923, a very powerful earthquake 79 the Tokyo-Yokohama area of Japan. A hundred and forty thousand people died. Most of them died in fires which 80 the earthquake.One of the 81 earthquakes ever was in China in 1976. It killed 82 people. The most destructive （破坏性的）earthquake ever reported was also in China. 400,000 people were killed or 83 in this quake, which happened in 1556.Earthquakes are 84 which people fear. Floods and tidal waves also cause people to be 85, as 86 like typhoons and cyclones（飓风）. Sometimes these things cause lots of deaths. In 1970, a cyclone and tidal wave killed over 200,000 in Pakistan.These kinds of things make people afraid and they are very dangerous. But they probably do not worry people 87 earthquakes do, especially in these modern times. The reason is 88 we often know they are coming, because we have some 89 . Some day we may be able to know an earthquake is coming. So far, however, there is no sure way to 90 an earthquake. When one comes, it is a surprise. People cannot prepare for it.71. A. Less B. much C. Few D. little72. A. therefore B. however C. for that reason D. likewise73. A. so far as B. as C. except for D. like74. A. mysterious B. portable C. Mountainous D. movable75. A. talking B. talks C. Talked D. talk76. A. in B. over C. Of D. for77. A. most B. the majority C. most the people D. the most people78. A. broken out B. exploded C. Recorded D. brought about79. A. hindered B. imposed C. Happened D. hit80. A. participated B. invested C. Followed D. pursued81. A. maximum B. worst C. Heaviest D. mature82. A. a large sum of B. a great deal of C. a large number of D. a large amount of83. A. damaged B. injured C. Harmed D. wrecked84. A. not only the acts of nature B. not only the nature of actsC. not only acts of the natureD. not the only acts of nature85. A. feared B. surprised C. Confused D. afraid86. A. the bad storm did B. do the bad storms C. the storms did badly D. the bad storms do87. A. as many as B. as much as C. so many as D. as more as88. A. because B. why C. That D. whether89. A. warnings B. clues C. Symbols D. evidences90. A. advocate B. proclaim C. put forward D. predictPart Ⅴ Translation (2×10 points)Section ADirections:There are 5 sentences in this section. Please translate them from Chinese into English.81.就是在这间小屋里，他们勤奋地工作着。

考博英语试题02年部分II. Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a job; and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing application”, or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae, or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is , of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also, an indication of growing importance of the curriculum vitae.(or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained. Everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach.” your search is over. I am the person you are looking for,” was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.16. The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns .A. informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB. promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC. divides available jobs into various typesD. informs employers that people are available for work.17. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because .A. there is lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work of art .18. In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would .A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exams before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview19. Later, as one went on to apply more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter.A.something that would attract attention to one‟s applicationB. a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC.something that would offered that person reading itD. a lie that one could easily get with telling20. The job history has become such an important document because .A. there has been a decrease in the number of jobs advertisedB. there has been an increase in the number of “qualified” job huntersC. jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD. the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicated2Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then , most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC‟s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finis their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.21. By time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time, .A. most of them died of some sicknessB. their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC. most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD. most of their grants run out22. Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students‟ theses within four years is lower than.A. 25%B. 40%C. 39%D. 10%23. All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC‟s policy except .A. all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negativeB. there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.C. many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses.D. some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance24. The ESRC would prefer .A. that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchers.B. to see higher standards of PhD students‟ theses and more ambitious doctoral topicsC. more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperienced young PhD students.D. that PhD students were less modest in their aims25. what the ESRC can do is to .A. force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB. try to persuade universities to change their waysC. dictate the standard of thesis required by external examinersD. note that students want more research training and less elaborate style of thesis3Influenza should not be dismissed as a trivial disease. It kills thousands of people every year at a very high cost to the economy, hits hardest the young and the elderly, and is most dangerous for people over the age of 65. influenza is mainly a seasonal illness of the winter months, though in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia and the Pacific it can occur all the year round.The damaging effects of influenza can be prevented by immunization, but constant changes of antigenic specificity of the virus necessitate a different composition of the vaccine from one year to another. The network of WHO Collaborating Centers for Influenza and national institutes carries out influenza surveillance activities to monitor the evaluation of influenza virus strains, and WHO hold an annual consultation at the end of February to recommend the composition of the vaccine for the forthcoming epidemiological season. These recommendations are published immediately in the Weekly epidemiological record.Vaccination each year against influenza is recommended for certain high-risk populations. In closed or semi-closed settings, maximum benefit from immunization is likely to be achieved when more than three-quarters of the population are vaccinated so that the benefit of “herd immunity” can be exploited. Special care should be taken of the following groups:--adults and children with chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems requiring regular medical follow-up or who had been hospitalized during the previous year, including children with asthma;--residents of nursing homes and other establishments for patients of any age with chronic medical conditions;--all people over the age of 65.Physicians, nurses, and other personal in primary and intensive care units, who are potentially capable of transmitting influenza to high risk persons, should be immunized; visiting nurses and volunteer workers providing home care to high-risk persons should also be included.26. This passage .A. concerns the damaging effects of influenzaB. mentions the steps of fighting against the harmful effects of influenzaC. emphasizes the worry expressed by all age groupsD. both A and B27. That a different component part of the vaccine is necessary is principally due to the variable change of .A. virusB. strainC. antigenD. immunization28. Which has been done by World Health Organization in combating the bad effects of influenza?A. supervising the assessment of influenza virus strains.B. Holding meetings twice a year to provide the latest data concerning the composition of the vaccines.C. Publishing the related information in a WHO almanac.D. Stressing the importance of preventing influenza for people living in tropical areas of Asia.29. According to the passage, high-risk persons exclude which of the following kinds of people ?A. Children suffering from asthma.B. The elderly with chronic pulmonary diseases.C. Middle aged people with chronic heart diseases.D. Nurses taking special care of the sick.30. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?A. A surgery book.B. A psychology bookC. An epidemiology book.D. An obstetrics book4In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization‟s every step in search of reality. Science can not really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul‟s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, we have told all thee is to tell.” Until recently scientists wouldhave disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can conclude that objects fall to the ground because that is where they belong, and smoking goes up because that is where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.31. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is .A. to explain why things happenB. to explain how things happenC. to describe self-evident principlesD. to support Aristotelian science32. what principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?A. The speculations of ThalesB. The forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravityC. Aristotle‟s natural scienceD. Galileo‟s discoveries33. Bertrand Russell‟s notion about electricity is .A. disapproved of by most modern scientistsB. in agreement with Aristotle‟s theory of self-evident principlesC. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happenD. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why ” things happen34. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea .A. that there are mysterious forces in the universeB. that man can not discover what forces “really” areC. that there are self-evident principlesD. that we can discover why things behave as they do35. Which of the following is the topic most likely to be discussed right after the passage?A. The most recent definition of “explain”B. The relationship between science and religionC. The limitations of scienceD. Galileo and the birth of modern science.5Some weeks ago, riding in a cab from Boston to Cambridge, my driver turned and asked me what I did for a living . “Teach English”, I said. “Is that so? ” The young man continued. “I was an English major” But then, instead of chatting idly about Joyce or dropping the subject altogether, this driver caught me short. “You guys,” he said, turning back so that his furry face pressed into the glass partition, “ought to be shot” I think he meant it .The guilty party in this present state of affairs is not really the academic discipline. It is not the fault of English and philosophy and biology that engineering and accounting and computer science afford students better job opportunities and increased flexibility in career choice. Literature and an understanding of, say, man‟s evolutionary past are as important as ever. They simply are no longer perceived in today‟s market as salable. That is a harsh economic fact. And it is not only true in the United States. Employment prospects for liberal arts graduates in Canada, for example, are said to be the worst since the 1930s.What to do? I think it would be shortsighted for colleges and universities to advise students against majoring in certain subjects that do not appear linked (at least directly) to careers. Where our energies should be directed instead is toward the development of educational programs that combine course sequences in the liberal arts with course in the viable professions. Double majors---one for enrichment, one for earning one‟s bread---have never been promoted very seriously in our institutions of higher learning, mainly because liberal arts and professional-vocational faculties have long been suspicious or contemptuous of one another. Thus students have been directed to one path or the other, to the disadvantage of both students and faculty.A hopeful cue could be taken, it seems to me, from new attempts in the health profession(nursing and pharmacy, for example), where jobs are still plentiful, to give the humanities and social sciences a greater share of the curriculum. Why could not the traditional history major in the college of arts and sciences be pointed toward additional courses in the business school, or to engineering, or to physical therapy? This strategy requires a new commitment from both the institution and the student and demands a much harder look at the allocation of time and resources. But in an age of adversity, double majors are one way liberal arts students can more effectively prepare for the world outside.36. What is the chief purpose of double majors?A. To help graduates of history major become successful businessmen.B. To provide liberal arts graduates with a method of meeting effectively the challenge in employment.C. To extend their knowledge learnt in the college.D. To moderate the tension between liberal arts and vocational faculties.37. In paragraph 1, the sentence “You guys ought to be shot” shows that at heart the driver .A. felt greatly regretted about the major he had chosenB. felt a deep hatred for all the English teachers in his former collegeC. complained that his teachers hadn‟t taught him how to survive in this competitive society.D. held a deep contempt in the author because of his scholastic manner38. It can be inferred from the passage that the blame for the present state of affairs lies in the fact that .A. the course sequences themselves are unreliable.B. more and more students start to select science majorsC. almost none of the specialties the students major in might be salable in today‟s marketD. the opportunities of employment are scarce for graduates of non-science majors39. The obstacles in course sequences in academic schooling are indicated in all of the following EXCEPT .A. the misguidance of major-selection in some of the institutions of higher learningB. the current curriculum couldn‟t keep up with the development of the societyC. the inharmonious relation among the teaching facultiesD. the authorities of higher learning attach only little importance to course sequences40. This passage can best be titled as .A. Harsh Economic FactB. Double Majors, a Way OutC. Careers, Schooling fro BetterD. Market for Graduates6Does an unborn baby know his mother‟s voice? psychology professor Anthony DeCasper advised an ingenious experiment to find out. He placed padded earphones over a newborn‟s ears and gave him a bottle nipple attached to a closed rubber tube. Changes in pressure in the tube switched channels on a tape recorder. If the baby paused extra long between bursts of sucking, he heard on channel; if he paused shorter than average, he heard the other. The baby now had the ability, in effect to change channels.DeCasper found that newborns choose the recording of their mother‟s voice over that of another woman‟s. The baby, however, has no innate interest in his father‟s voice, which is heard in the womb only from time to time, while the mother‟s voice is ever present. Within two weeks after birth, however, the baby can recognize Dad‟s voice too.A newborn is even attuned to the cadence and rhythm of his native language. In a French study using a setup similar to DeCasper‟s, French babies given the choice between French and Russian words responded more to the sound of French.Brian Satt, a research specialist in clinical psychology, has parents sing a lullaby-like “womb song” to their babies. The unborn baby often develops a specific, consistent movement pattern when its song is sung. According to Satt, most parents can calm a fussy newborn with the song most of the time, which is a prize worth more than rubies to a new parent.He is roused by a heavy jolt. His mother has tripped and fallen heavily on one hip. He is much too well cushioned to experience any injury, but her pain and the fear that she may have hurt him floods both their bodies with adrenaline and other stress-related hormones. He cries and kicks vigorously, a cry never heard because there is no air to make sound. As she recovers the stress hormones ebb away, and he calms down too.41. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the unborn baby in the passage?A. An unborn baby can occasionally hear his father‟s voice.B. Dc. Casper‟s approach proved absolutely effective in a French experiment.C. An unborn baby is able to identify the tone and rhythm of his native language.D. Parents are able to soothe a fussy newly-born baby.42. According to the author, an unborn baby .A. is unable to identify his mother‟s lullaby after birthB. is able to identify his mother‟s voice rather than that of others‟C. is able to help release adrenaline and other stress-related hormonesD. is able to distinguish French accent from Russian accent43. It is known from the passage that .A. mother‟s stress, anger, shock or grief might not hurt the unborn baby in the wombB. an unborn baby‟s cry might never be heard because of the particular condition of the womb.C. lullabies are the most precious means to young parentsD. an unborn baby has to move at intervals in the womb44. The author believes that the reaction of an unborn baby to his mother‟s voice .A. belongs to one of the natural tendenciesB. is an indication which shows an unborn baby can use all his senses after birthC. is but a physiological circulation of any human beingD. is the most important factor which leads an unborn baby to the survival in the womb45. It can be assumed that the paragraph preceding the passage most probably discussed .A. the development of the baby in his mother‟ s wombB. the well-developed taste buds of the babyC. the fact that the baby remains motionless just as what he performs in the first month of his mother‟s pregnancyD. the fact that the baby can start to use some of his senses by the last few weeks of pregnancyⅢ. Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (30 points):Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination.”The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and machine parts.Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.2Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or inhabitants of the British Isles, it is to a certain extent the case that literature---and this is particularly true of the literature written in English---knows no frontiers. Thus, English literature can be regarded as a cultural whole of which the mainstream literatures of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada and important elements in the literatures of other commonwealth countries are parts. It can be argued that no single English novel attains the universality of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy‟s War and Peace. Yet in the Middle ages the Old English literature was influenced and gradually changed by the Latin and French writings, eminently foreign in origin in which the churchmen and the Norman conquerors expressed themselves. From this combination emerged a flexible and subtle linguistic instrument exploited by Geoffrey Chaucer and brought to supreme application by William Shakespeare.Translate the following into English (10 points):从二十世纪中叶起，名国政府对科学技术的重视引起了各级教育机构的响应，理论科学和应用科学的巨大进步也激起了人们学习自然科学的兴趣，科学技术因此有了飞速的发展。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题If you have any clothes ______ today, give them to me.问题1选项A.to washB.to be washedC.for washingD.being washed【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。

句意：如果你今天有衣服要洗，就给我。

在固定句型have (give, show) sth. to do中，不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系，动词不定式作定语，用主动形式表被动意义，A选项to wash符合题意。

其余选项用法错误。

因此A选项正确。

2.单选题As soon as Henry found the gem to be（）, he went back to the shop and had his money back. 问题1选项A.scatteredB.syntheticC.identicalD.conspicuous 【答案】B【解析】scattered分散的, 散乱的；synthetic人造的, 合成的；identical 同一的；conspicuous显著的。

句意：Henry一发现这个钻石是人造的, 他立马返回商店退款。

选项B符合句意。

3.单选题Among all societies legal marriage is usually accompanied by some kind of ceremony that express group（）of the union.问题1选项A.opinionB.consistencyC.insistenceD.approval【答案】D【解析】opinion观点, 主张；consistency一致性, 相容性；insistence坚持, 强调；approval批准, 认可, 赞同。

2006年湖南卷高考真题英语试卷-学生用卷一、单项选择（每小题1分，共15分）1、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第21题1分2018~2019学年9月广东深圳福田区深圳市高级中学高中部高二上学期月考第24题1分2013~2014学年广西桂林七星区桂林市第十八中学高二上学期期中第22题1分The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket the desert.A. coveringB. coveredC. coverD. to cover2、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第22题1分In review of 44 studies, American researchers found that men and women who ate six key foods daily cut the risk of heart disease by 76%.A. a; theB. the; aC. a ; 不填D. 不填; a3、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第23题1分A man cannot smile like a child, a child smiles with his eyes, while a man smiles with his lips alone.A. soB. butC. andD. for4、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第24题1分I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I to half a dozen other groups.A. was givingB. am givingC. had givenD. have given5、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第25题1分Fred, who had expected how it would go with his daughter, had a greatworry his mind.A. onB. inC. withD. at6、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第26题1分2018~2019学年吉林高一下学期期末第66题1分As the busiest woman in Norton, she made her duty to look after all the other people's affairs in that town.A. thisB. thatC. oneD. it7、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第27题1分achievement, last week's ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low, though not failing, grade.A. In terms ofB. In case ofC. As a result ofD. In face of8、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第28题1分If you think that treating a woman well means always her permission for things, think again.A. getsB. gotC. to getD. getting9、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第29题1分2019年天津河东区高三二模第3题1分Although she did not know Boston well, she made her way to the Home Circle Building.A. easy enoughB. enough easyC. easily enoughD. enough easily10、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第30题1分We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up tous,we gave some bells and glasses.A. to whichB. to whomC. with whomD. with which11、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第31题1分2020~2021学年广东深圳南山区深圳市第二高级中学高二下学期段考（第五学段）第53题1分I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with atowel I heard the steps.A. whileB. whenC. sinceD. after12、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第32题1分Some aspects of a pilot's job be boring, and pilotsoften work at inconvenient hours.A. can; have toB. may; canC. have to; mayD. ought to; must13、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第33题1分As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting.A. to useB. to be usedC. to have usedD. to be using14、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第34题1分2009~2010学年北京西城区高二下学期期中With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feelingpleased he was a man of action.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether15、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第35题1分2019~2020学年广东广州越秀区广州市铁一中学高一开学考试第14题1分2014~2015学年江苏宿迁高二上学期期中第23题1分In a room above the store, where a party, some workers were busily setting the tables.A. was to be heldB. has been heldC. will be heldD. is being held二、完形填空（每小题1.5分，共30分）16、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第36~55题30分(每题1.5分)II returned to Abuja, the capital of Nigeria, after college graduation. I had been there before my mother became a minister.Two weeks later, I told my mother I was bored. She said, "Here're the car keys. Go and buy some fruit."1, I jumped into the car and speeded off.Seeing me or rather my2, a boy sprang up（跳起来）.3to sell his bananas and peanuts. "Banana 300 naira. Peanut 200 naira!"Looking at his black-striped bananas, I4to 200 total for the fruit and nuts. He5. I handed him a 500 naira note. He didn'thave6, so I told him not to worry. He was7and smiled a row of perfect teeth.When, two weeks later, I8this same boy, I was more aware of my position in Nigerian society. I should9this country as the son ofa10. But it was hard to find pleasure in a place where it wasso11to see a little boy who should have been in school selling fruit."What's up? " I asked. He answered in12English, "I…I no get money to buy books." I took out two 500 naira notes. He looked around13before sticking his hand into the car14the bills. One thousand naira means a lot to a family that15only 50, 000 each year.The next morning, security officers told me, "In this place, when you give a little, people think you're a fountain of opportunity （机会）."16it's right, but this happens everywhere in the world. I wondered if my little friend had actually used the money for17.After six months' work in northern Nigeria, I returned and saw him again standing on the road."Are you in school now? "He nodded.A silence fell as we looked at each other, then I18what he wanted. I held out a 500 naira note. "Take this."He shook his head fiercely and stepped back19hurt."It's a gift." I said.Shaking his head again, he handed me a basket of bananas and peanuts, "I've been waitingto20these to you."A. EncouragedB. DisappointedC. DelightedD. ConfusedA. carB. motherC. driverD. keysA. willingB. afraidC. eagerD. ashamedA. got downB. bargained downC. put downD. took downA. explainedB. promisedC. agreedD. admittedA. changeB. notesC. checksD. billsA. troubledB. regretfulC. comfortableD. gratefulA. ran afterB. ran intoC. ran overD. ran toA. protectB. enjoyC. helpD. supportA. ministerB. headmasterC. managerD. presidentA. luckyB. amazingC. funnyD. commonA. oldB. brokenC. traditionalD. modernA. proudlyB. madlyC. curiouslyD. nervouslyA. forB. withC. atD. uponA. spendsB. paysC. makesD. affordsA. PossiblyB. ActuallyC. CertainlyD. FortunatelyA. joysB. nutsC. booksD. bananasA. askedB. imaginedC. remindedD. realizedA. whenB. as ifC. even ifD. afterA. sendB. provideC. sellD. give三、阅读理解（每小题2分，共40分）17、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷（A篇）第56~58题6分(每题2分)A NATIONWIDE BESTSELLERIt's likely that everything you learned about America's ancient history is wrong.The new book, 1491, completely changes our understanding of the America before the arrival of Columbus in 1492.DID YOU KNOW?When Columbus landed there were probably more people in the America than there were in Europe.The peoples of North America had such healthy life-styles that as late as the 19th century they continued to be the tallest people on earth.Facts have shown that the Americans were populated as long as 33, 000 years ago.4, 000 years ago Mesoamerican farmers developed corn in a feat （技艺） of genetic engineering that still isn't completely understood.COMMENTS ON 1491"In the tradition of Jared Diamond & John MePhee, a totally new view of pre-Columbian America".—Richard Rhodes"Attractively written and really absorbing, Charles C.Mann has produced a book that's part detective story, part epic （史诗） and part tragedy （不幸）. He has taken on a vast topic: thousands of years, two huge continents, and cultures."—Charles Matthews, San Jese Mercary News"Powerful and challenging"—Alan Taylor, Washington post"A pleasure to read as well as a wonderful education"—Howard Zinn(1) On the whole, 1491 is a book mainly about America's.A. life-stylesB. populationC. historyD. agriculture(2) Which of the following as NOT TRUE about the comments on the book 1491?A. It is interesting and instructive.B. It is attractive and culturally related.C. It is challenging and revolutionary.D. It is humorous and persuasive.(3) From this passage, we can learn.A. people settled in the America a little earlier than 1942B. North Americans were the tallest in the 18th century in the worldC. Mesoamerican farmers knew genetic engineering 5, 000 years agoD. the population in the Americas was smaller than that in Europe in 149218、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷（B篇）第59~62题8分(每题2分)For the first time in modern history, less than half of the U.S. adult population now reads literature, according to a recent survey. Reading at Risk—A Survey of Literary Reading in America presents a detailed review of the decline of reading's role in the nation's culture.Reading at Risk is a survey of national fashion in adult literary reading. The data source for Reading at Risk is as reliable and objective （客观的） as any such survey can be. The key results of the survey are presented in the "Summary", but the report can be further explained as: literary reading in America is not only declining rapidly among all groups, but the rate of declining has been speeded up, especially among the young. Reading at Risk merely shows a great cultural change that most Americans have already noted—our society's great turn to electronic media for entertainment and information.Reading a book requires a degree of active attention and devotion. Indeed, reading itself is a progressive skill that depends on years of education and practice. On the contrary, most electronic media such as television, recordings, and radio make fewer demands on their audiences, and indeed require no more than passive participation. While oral culture has a rich reality and electronic media offer the considerable advantages of variety, print culture affords irreplaceable forms of focused and thought than make various communications and views possible. The decline in reading, therefore, equals a larger retreat （减少） from participation in public and cultural life.What is to be done? There is surely no single solution to the present problem, just as there is no single cause. The important thing now is to understand that America can no longer take active and devoted reading for granted.Reading is not a timeless, common ability. As more Americans love this ability, our nation becomes less informed, active, and independent minded. There are not qualities that a free, inventive, or productive society can afford to love.(1) The main purpose of the survey is to.A. focus on the role of electronic media and readingB. show that American young people read less and lessC. give a report of the national of literary readingD. review that less that half of the population now reads literature(2) According to the passage, reading.A. requires less attention and devotionB. demands no more than passive participationC. limits various communications and viewsD. means active participation in public and cultural life(3) The underlined phrase "cultural change" in Paragraph 2 refers to thechange.A. from oral culture to electronic mediaB. from print culture to electronic to electronic mediaC. from electronic media to oralD. from electronic media to print culture(4) The author of the passage.A. misunderstands oral cultureB. doubts the Americans to read moreC. encourages the Americans to read moreD. agrees to the solution to present problem in reading19、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷（C篇）第63~66题8分(每题2分)The coyote （丛林狼） that clever animal of wide-open spaces, has come to the nation's capital. In fact, coyotes have spread to every corner of the United States, changing their behaviors to fit new environments and causing researchers to deal with a troublesome new kind of creature: the city coyote.The coyote originally lived in the middle of the continent. One of its most obvious characters is its smartness, which has made the animal a notorious （臭名昭著的） pest. Hunters trapped, shot and poisoned more than a million coyotes in the 1900s. It's still one of America's most hunted animals. Yet the coyote has survived. How has the coyote shown this extraordinary ability? "I guess if you wanted to use one word, it'd be plasticity." says Erie Gese, an expert at Utah State University. Coyotes can live alone, in pairs, or in large packs like wolves, hunt at night or during the day, occupy a small region or an area up to 40 square miles, and live on all sorts of food, from lizards （蜥蜴） and shoes, to ants and melons.Unbelievably people helped coyotes increase when they killed most of the wolves in the United States. The spreading of coyotes into city areas, though, is recent. They travel at night, crossing sidewalks and bridges, running along roads and ducking into culverts （钻入洞） and underpasses. No one knows whycoyotes are moving into cities, but experts explain that cleverer, more human-tolerant （不怕人的）coyotes are teaching urban survival skills to new generations.Occasionally, coyotes might attack human beings. There have been about 160 attacks on people in recent years. Therefore, people have been consistently told not to feed coyotes or leave pet food unsecured. That, plus a large trapping program in the neighborhood, has cut down on the coyote population.(1) The underlined word "plasticity" in Paragraph 2 refers to.A. the ability to fit the environmentB. notorious smartnessC. hunting abilityD. being human-tolerant(2) The aim of the passage is to.A. tell people how to fight against coyotesB. tell us why the coyote is the most hunted animalC. supply the reason why the coyote is a kind of notorious pestD. explain how the coyote has spread to and survived in cities(3) According to the passage, coyote.A. originally lived in the west of the continentB. sleep dung the day but look for food at nightC. are teaching survival skills to their younger generationsD. Suffered a population decrease because people killed wolves(4) According to the passage, to cut down on the coyote population, people are advisedto.A. leave pet food securedB. keep coyotes in small regionsC. for coyotes to live aloneD. avoid using trapping programs20、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷（D篇）第67~70题8分(每题2分)The discovery of a dwarfed （矮个的） "human being" who lived in Flores, Indonesia, up to 18, 000 years ago is changing the way we think about the human family. This "Flores Human" was three foot tall and her brain was smaller than that of the average chimp （黑猩猩）. Yet she and her relatives apparently lived fully human lives. They seem to have made tools, worked together to find food and cook it, and perhaps even buried their dead with ceremony.It was a major surprise to find tools associated with the new human family member. The tools are like those formerly seen only with European fossils （化石） from our own species; Homo sapiens （智人）；and the oldest of them were made 94, 000 years ago. Homo sapiens is thought to have arrived in the island about 40, 000 years ago, much too late to be responsible for the tools. If this tiny human made the tools, then the inside structure （结构） of its brain must have been more like our own than a chimp's, despite being just a third the size of ours.This "new human" was suspected to be a dwarfed ranch of Homo erectus （直立人）. When creatures are separated in regions with rare resources but few enemies, being big is a disadvantage, and evolution tends to shrink them, a process known as island dwarfing. Could natural selection make a human smaller while keeping even improving mental ability? Quite possibly, believes Christopher Wills of the University of California.Has the "Flores Human" even shown the ability of language? "I find it difficult to imagine that people could make tools, use fire, and kill large animals without fairly advanced communication." Wills says. Did "Flores Human" possess the basic components of human culture such as the burying of the dead with ceremony? Emiliano Bruner of the Italian Institute points out that Indonesia's hot, wet environment is bad for fossilization. It is reasonable to assume, he says, that the 18, 000-year-old bones of the most complete Flores woman were well-preserved because she was buried with special care.(1) According to the passage, "Flores Human".A. lived a partly human lifeB. was a branch of Homo sapiensC. used tools before Homo sapiens arrivedD. had a brain as a common chimp's(2) The underlined part "this tiny human" in Paragraph 2 refers to.A. a chimpB. Flores HumanC. Homo sapiensD. Homo erectus(3) This passage mainly talks about.A. the tools made by Flores HumanB. the language used by Flores HumanC. the evolution of Flores HumanD. the major surprising findings about Flores Human(4) According to the passage, it is believed that "Flores Human".A. was dwarfed by its enemiesB. could use languageC. left a lot of fossils in hot and wet environmentD. reached Flores 40, 000 years ago21、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷（E篇）第71~75题10分(每题2分)Susan Sontag （1933—2004） was one of the most noticeable figures in the world of literature. For more than 40 years she made it morally necessary to know everything to read every book worth reading, to see every movie worth seeing. When she was still in her early 30s, publishing essays in such important magazines as Partisan Review, she appeared as the symbol of American culture life, trying hard to follow every new development in literature, film and art. With great effort and serious judgment,TAL#NBSP Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture.Seriousness was one of Sontag's lifelong watchwords （格言）. But at a time when the barriers between the well-educated and the poor-educated were obvious, she argued for a true openness to the pleasure of pop culture. In "Notes Camp", the 1964 essay that first made her name, she explained what was then a little-known set of difficult understandings, through which she could not have been more famous. "Notes on Camp", she wrote, represents "a victory of 'form' over 'content', 'beauty' over 'morals'".By conviction （信念） she was a sensualist （感觉论者）, but by nature she was a moralist （伦理学者）, and in the works she published in the 1970s and 1980s, it was the latter side of her that came forward. In illness as Metaphor—published in 1978, after she suffered cancer—she argued against the idea that cancer was somehow a special problem of repressed personalities （被压抑的性格）, a concept that effectively blamed the victim for the disease. In fact, re-examining old positions was her lifelong habit. In America, her story of a 19th century Polish actress who set up a perfect society in California, won the National Book Award in 2000. But it was as a tireless, all-purpose cultural view that she made her lastingfame. "Sometimes, " she once said, "I feel that, in the end, all I am really defending… is the idea of seriousness, of true seriousness." And in the end, she made us take it seriously too.(1) The underlined sentence in paragraph 1 means Sontag.A. was a symbol of American cultural lifeB. developed world literature, film and artC. published many essays about world cultureD. kept pace with the newest development of world culture(2) She first won her name through.A. her story of a Polish actressB. her book illness as MetaphorC. publishing essays in magazines like partisan ReviewD. her explanation of a set of difficult understandings(3) According to the passage, Susan Sontag.A. was a sensualist as well as a moralistB. looked down upon the pop cultureC. thought content was more important than formD. blamed the victim of cancer for being repressed(4) As for Susan Sontag's lifelong habit, she.A. misunderstood the idea of seriousnessB. re-examined old positionsC. argued for an openness to pop cultureD. preferred morals to beauty(5) Susan Sontag's lasting fame was made upon.A. a tireless, all-purpose cultural viewB. her lifelong watchword: seriousnessC. publishing books on moralsD. enjoying books worth reading and movies worth seeing四、阅读填空（每小题1分，共10分）22、【来源】 2006年高考真题湖南卷第76~85题10分(每题1分)阅读短文，根据所读内容在文后1~10的空格里填上相应的单词或短语。

2006年英语试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）第一部分：短对话理解（每题1分，共5分）1. A) 去图书馆。

B) 去超市。

C) 去电影院。

D) 去公园。

2. A) 8:00。

B) 8:30。

C) 9:00。

D) 9:30。

3. A) 老师。

B) 学生。

C) 医生。

D) 律师。

4. A) 雨。

B) 雪。

C) 风。

D) 雾。

5. A) 同意。

B) 不同意。

C) 不确定。

D) 未提及。

答案：1-5 CADBA第二部分：长对话理解（每题2分，共10分）6. 问题：What is the man's major?A) Biology. B) Chemistry. C) Physics. D) Mathematics.7. 问题：Why does the woman suggest going to the museum?A) To see the new exhibits. B) To meet her friend. C) To relax. D) To study.8. 问题：What does the woman plan to do after the exam?A) Go on a trip. B) Start a part-time job. C) Visit her parents. D) Take a course.9. 问题：What is the relationship between the speakers?A) Classmates. B) Teacher and student. C) Friends. D) Colleagues.10. 问题：What is the man's opinion about the restaurant?A) The food is delicious but expensive.B) The service is good but the food is not.C) The restaurant is too crowded.D) The restaurant is not worth the price.答案：6-10 BACDA第三部分：短文理解（每题2分，共5分）11. 问题：What is the main topic of the passage?A) The importance of education.B) The benefits of traveling.C) The impact of technology.D) The role of cultural exchange.12. 问题：According to the passage, what is the first step to success?A) Setting a goal. B) Taking action. C) Perseverance. D) Opportunity.13. 问题：What does the author suggest about learning a new language?A) It is easy for everyone.B) It requires practice and patience.C) It is only useful for traveling.D) It is not necessary in the modern world.14. 问题：What is the author's view on the future of technology?A) It will make life easier.B) It will replace human labor.C) It will lead to unemployment.D) It will create more problems than it solves.15. 问题：What is the purpose of the passage?A) To inform. B) To persuade. C) To entertain. D) To describe.答案：11-15 DBBAD二、阅读理解（共30分）A节：阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

湖南师范大学考博英语真题2009答案解析PartⅠReading ComprehensionPassage 11.答案D解析：根据第一段After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity).在这句话中，关键词leveled off 的意思是“呈平稳状态”，所以只有D 符合此意。

2.答案D解析：由第一段的When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee, and it took several years to gain general acceptance可知新产品在刚开始时难以让消费者接受。

四个选项中符合这个意思的只有D。

3.答案A解析：根据第二段的第一句话The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies.可知产品策略在产品销售中至关重要。

只有了解产品销售环节中的四个阶段才能制定相应的策略。

4.答案B解析：根据第二段的最后的一句话One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military? 可知“look for new users and market sections寻找新的市场的重要性”，即B选项中的exploring new market sections。

湖南大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates,the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries.How such large creatures,which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from8to12meters,solved the problems of powered flight,and exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles.Their skulls,pelvises,and hind feet are reptilian.The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds.In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane.The other fingers were short and reptilian,with sharpclaws.In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing,which consists primarily of feathers.If the pterosaurs walked on all fours,the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping.When a Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi pterosaur walked or remained stationary,the fourth finger,and with it the wing,could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions.This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints.Boththe pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones,a feature that represents a savings in weight.In the birds,however,these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles,the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats.T.H.Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism,which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight.The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long,dense,and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees,or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves.Each hypothesis has its difficulties.The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight.The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts.The wind that made such waves however,might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.1.It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generallyagree that the[A]enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.[B]structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.[C]fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.[D]pterosaurs were reptiles.2.The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as[A]revolutionary.[B]unlikely.[C]unassailable.[D]probable.3.According to the text,the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the[A]size of its wingspan.[B]presence of hollow spaces in its bones.[C]anatomic origin of its wing strut.[D]presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.4.The ideas attributed to T.H.Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?[A]An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.[B]An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.[C]Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.[D]The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?[A]New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.[B]Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.[C]Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.[D]Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。

湖南师范大学考博英语真题2008答案解析PartⅠReading ComprehensionPassage 11.答案A解析：根据第一段可知，这种矛盾体现在人们担心流行文化对社会的影响，同时又认为学习流行文化毫无意义可言，从而忽视学习流行文化。

由此意，可知A选项符合。

2.答案A解析：细节题，第三段的最后一句话道出了one-way movement of popular culture wll leads to cultural imperialism.3.答案C解析：题目问的问题是“推理出的而非文章陈述出的是哪一项”，利用排除法，A中“流行节目被忽视”，文章表达的是流行文化的忽视，但人们还是很热衷于流行节目的，所以A 不符合；B选项，根据第三段的内容，B 与文章所表达的内容相反，所以也不符合；D中的这句话在第二段的最后一句，是文章陈述出的，所以不符合。

4.答案B解析：由第三段的内容可知在美国几乎没有外国的流行文化存在，这就导致了美国人欣赏地大都是美国制造的节目和流行文化，根据此意，B符合。

5.答案A解析：根据最后一段的最后一句话，可知A 最能表达作者的学习流行文化的观点。

Passage 26.答案C解析：文章的主题句competent researchers cite the most authoritative source, but what counts as authoritative again varies by field，可知文章主要在论述怎样去判定权威来源。

7.答案B解析：根据最后一段In the sciences ,out-of date might be a month ago.可推出B。

8.答案B解析：根据第一段的内容if you are dealing with primary sources, be sure your edition is rencent and published by a reputable press.可知B符合。