论文文献翻译

金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。

一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。

金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。

然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。

这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。

很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。

因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。

Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。

毕业论文的参考文献的中文格式与翻译参考文献是毕业论文中非常重要的部分，它汇集了作者在撰写论文过程中所参考的资料和引用的文献来源。

为了使参考文献的格式和翻译准确无误，以下是毕业论文参考文献的中文格式与翻译的详细介绍。

一、参考文献的中文格式在毕业论文中，参考文献的中文格式通常按照GB/T 7714-2015《文后参考文献著录规则》的要求进行编写。

下面是中文参考文献的格式示例：[1] 作者. 文献题目[J]. 期刊名, 年份, 卷号(期号): 起始页码-结束页码.[2] 作者. 文献题目[M]. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年份.[3] 作者. 文献题目[D]. 保存地: 保存单位, 年份.[4] 作者. 文献题目[EB/OL]. (更新或出版日期) [引用日期]. 可获取网址.上述格式中，方括号内的数字代表参考文献的顺序编号，作者表示文献的作者姓名，文献题目是对文献内容的简要概述，期刊名指的是该文献发表的期刊名称，年份代表文献发表的年份，卷号(期号)指的是该文献发表的期刊卷号和期刊期号，起始页码和结束页码表示文献在期刊中所占的页码范围，出版地指的是文献出版的地点，出版社表示文献的出版社，出版年份指的是文献的出版年份，保存地表示文献现在保存的地方，保存单位指的是文献的保管单位，更新或出版日期指的是网上资源的更新或出版日期，引用日期是获取网上资源时的日期，网址指的是网上资源的网址。

二、参考文献的翻译当我们在毕业论文中引用外文文献时，需要对文献题目进行翻译以便读者能够理解。

下面是一些常见的翻译方法和示例：1. 直译法：将外文文献的标题逐字逐句地直接翻译成中文。

示例：[1] Smith J. How to Write a Research Paper[J]. Journal of Academic Writing, 2018, 5(2): 123-135.翻译为：[1] 史密斯 J. 如何写一篇研究论文[J]. 学术写作杂志, 2018,5(2): 123-135.2. 意译法：根据文献的内容和语境将外文文献的标题进行意义上的翻译。

南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部经济系专业国际经济与贸易学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115指导教师邓晶职称副教授2015年5月Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification（Excerpt）Iza Lejárraga,Peter WalkenhorstThe broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand.It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.Formal institutions and their regulatory control of the market,proxied by the size of the government and price controls,were not found to have significant effects on linkages formation.Despite the importance of democratic governance,this was not identified as a key determinant either.On the other hand,the significance of informal institutions accords with the clustering dynamics inherent in tourism,in which linkages are formed on the basis of self-enforcing“relations-based”governance.Also,informal structures cost less than formal,rules-driven institutional frameworks for entrepreneurship.Therefore,highly formalized regulations can deter the spontaneous and cost-driven coordination among potential local suppliers and the potential buyers of the tourism economy.One type of formal institutions that does matter is policing and vigilance.As would be expected,the results show that countries with higher incidence of violence or crime are significantly associated with lower levels of tourism linkages.Indeed, the coordination of providers in tourism clusters depends fundamentally on trust among local entrepreneurs and trust can hardly flourish in an environment characterized by social conflict.Equally important,the perception of violence on the part of tourists and hotels will dissuade tourists from venturing beyond the safe boundaries of the“enclave”hotel resort.Finally,hotel managers and other foreign investors in the tourism economy will be less inclined to maintain productive relations with the host economy in the absence of predictability and stability. Therefore,investments in institutions that maintain safety and a perception of safety,in the host economy appear critical for spawning coordination.While all country domains may be playing a role in fostering or hindering linkages, the business environment seems to exert an overriding influence on linkages.After controlling for a country's natural endowments,level of development,and institutional maturity,the business environment on its own explains almost20%of cross-country variations in linkages.In particular,the level of corporate taxes in the host economy is associated with the most significant adverse effect on the formation of linkages,in conformity with the lower-cost motivation underlying tourism-led linkage creation.Also,a widespread usage of internet is alsosignificantly associated with a positive effect in the ability of suppliers to orchestrate coordination in tourism linkages.Moreover,the results suggest that there could be a role for government in improving trade facilitation and reducing transportation costs.Also,maintaining an open trade regime seems to be critical for the emergence of linkages.This underscores the importance of not protecting inefficient economic activities and opening potential products for tourism demand to competition.Although trade barriers may indeed serve to prod investors in the tourism economy to procure domestic goods, they will also hinder the competitiveness of local producers.Shielded from imports, local producers will not have the incentives to meet the international quality standards of the products needed by the tourism economy.Yet,quality expectations, possibly more so than costs,will likely inform the procurement decisions of the tourism economy.Concerning the relative magnitude of the effects of the different domains on linkages,the business environment and trade regulations stand out.The independent contributions of these domains,that is their ability to explain variations in the dependent variable when no controls for other domains are applied,amount to53%and 43%,respectively.The level-of-development domain follows with25%explanatory power,while the domains covering institutions and endowments provide an independent contribution of23%each.The implications of the analysis should be considered in light of its limitations. Causal direction cannot be fully substantiated,because we use a cross-sectional approach due to data limitations.In the absence of time-series for the variables at hand,it is not possible to test for causation.While the explanatory variables concerning natural endowments are exogenous,some of the other explanatory variables could potentially be subject to reverse causality.That said,there do not seem to be a priori strong conceptual reasons that would lead us to believe that the degree of tourism linkages critically affects trade policy,the quality of institutions, and other variables of our model.Moreover,the risk of encountering problems of reverse causality is mitigated by the observation that several longitudinal studies have established a causal relationship that runs from higher levels of economic development Eugenio-Martin et al.(2008)or a better business environment(Barrowclough,2007and Selvanathan et al.,2009)to the development of the tourism sector,rather than the other way around.Finally,the construction of the dependent variable as a ratio of indirect to direct tourism expenditure makes the reverse causality hypothesis less compelling. While it might be expected that an expansion of the tourism sector that increases total revenues and employment opportunities might have an impact on the explanatory variables,it is less evident that a change in the composition of tourism revenues, as implied by a change in the LINK variable,would have such an effect.That said, the confidence in our findings would clearly be further enhanced,if supported by results from future studies based on longitudinal designs.The scientific environmental ethics plays a key role in the recognition of the human—environment interactions．Modern environmental ethics is the philosophical rethinking of modern human race environmental behavior．The development of environmental ethics theory as well as its application in reality．determines the viewpoints of environmental ethics．Sustainable development implies harmony on human-environment interactions and intergeneration responsibility，with emphasis on a harmonious relationship among population，resources，environment and development，so as to lay a sustainable and healthy foundation of resources and environment for future generations．The harmonious society construction in China that is raised by the Chinese central government should be covered by environmental ethics．The connotation of open environmental ethics includes a respect for nature．care for the individual human race．and respect for the development of future generations，which means giving consideration to natural values．individual and human race benefits and welfare across generations．The role of environmental ethics in regional development consists of cognition，criticism，education，inspiration，adjusting，legislation and promoting environmental regulations．The major problems in regional development are extensive resource exploration，fast population growth irrational,industrialstructure.Unfair welfare distribution and the twofold effects of science and technology development．The formulation of environmental ethics that aims at regional sustainable development，can not only harmonize the relationship of population，resource，environment and economic development，but also guide behavior selection，push social and political system transformation.strengthen the legal system，and raise environmental awareness of the public．Human races face severe global challenges in resources，environment，population and poverty．To solve these problems science and technology should be developed on one hand，and human-environment interactions should be adjusted on the other hand．Modem environmental ethics is the philosophical review on modem human race environmental behavior．Environmental ethics can be a view point as the moral perception of the relationship between humankind and nature in general．The keystone of sustainable development is on harmonious human．environment interactions．with an emphasis on sustainable environmental ethics．Environmental ethics and sustainable development are key issues in the study of man．1and system，as well as a precondition to regional development(Zheng，2005a)．Though there exists theoretical divergence in different environmental ideologies．some general understandings can also be obtained：human races are the only ethical agents on earth；the essence of the environmental crisis is a cultural and value crisis；future generations have the same right as current generations，especially on survival space；differences should be made between human race and other entities on earth，at the same time they are an undivided union；the capability of the earth is limited．Based on the above general understandings．it is possible to form a more open and sustainable environmental ethics．A more open and sustainable environmental ethics has some special connections．To respect and treat nature friendly means to acknowledge the value and right of nature，that is to say,minimum hurt criterion，basic benefit criterion and fair compensation criterion should be followed．To pay attention to both individuals and mankind should follow justice criterion，equity criterion and cooperation criterion．To have futuregeneration in mind Should follow responsibility criterion，saving criterion，and cautiousness criterion(Wang，2003；Wang，2004a)．The conclusion to be drawn from the above is to give attention to both human race and natural value．to both individual and mankind’s benefit。

核准通过，归档资料。

未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。

通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。

2重要内容翻译2。

1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。

它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。

在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。

中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。

从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。

和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。

企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。

2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。

对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。

毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。

The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。

Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。

The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。

Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。

As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。

【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。

毕业论文英文翻译文献随着全球化的发展，英语在全球的运用越来越广泛。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于毕业论文英文翻译文献的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 毕业论文英文翻译文献(一)1. 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008.2. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004.3. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001.4. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003.5. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001.6. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001.7. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003.8. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》.9. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991.10. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》(修订本). 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000.11. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.12. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001.13. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979.14. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998.15. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990.16. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983.17. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984.18. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.19. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980.20. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993.21. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990.22. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989.23. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.24. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996.25. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994.26. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1894-1948)》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984.27. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. .28. 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006.29. 方梦之、马秉义(编选). 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996.30. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994.31. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004.32. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995.33. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002.34. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002.35. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997.36. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.37. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.38. 郭建中. 《当代美国翻译理论》. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000.39. 郭建中. 《文化与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2000.40. 何炳威. 《容易误译的英语》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.41. 何刚强. 《现代英汉翻译操作》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1998.42. 何刚强. 《现代英语表达与汉语对应》. 上海：复旦大学出版社. 1994.43. 何刚强. 《英汉口笔译技艺》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 毕业论文英文翻译文献(二)1. 何自然、张达三、杨伟钧等译. 《现代英语语法教程》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1990.2. 何自然. 《语用学概论》. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社, 1988.3. 侯维瑞. 《英语语体》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1988.4. 胡庚申. 《怎样起草与翻译合同协议》. 合肥：中国科技大学出版社, 1993.5. 胡曙中. 《英汉修辞比较研究》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1993.6. 胡晓吉. 《实用英汉对比翻译》. 北京：中国人民大学出版社. 1990.7. 胡燕平，张容建. 《实用英汉翻译类典》. 重庆：重庆出版社, 1997.8. 胡裕树. 《现代汉语》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1987.9. 胡兆云. 《美学理论视野中的文学翻译研究》(第2版). 北京：现代教育出版社. 2009.10. 胡兆云. 《语言接触与英汉借词研究》. 济南：山东大学出版社. 2001.11. 胡壮麟. 《语篇的衔接与连贯》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1994.12. 胡壮麟. 《语言学教程》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1988.13. 黄伯荣, 廖序东. 《现代汉语》. 兰州：甘肃人民出版社, 1981.14. 黄国文. 《语篇分析概要》. 长沙：湖南教育出版社, 1988.15. 黄龙. 《翻译技巧指导》. 沈阳：辽宁人民出版社, 1986.16. 黄任. 《英语修辞与写作》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1996.17. 黄雨石. 《英汉文学翻译探索》. 西安：陕西人民出版社. 1988.18. 黄振定. 《翻译学：艺术论与科学论的统一》. 长沙：湖南教育出版社. 1998.19. 黄振定. 《翻译学的语言哲学基础》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社. 2007.20. 黄忠廉. 《变译理论》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2002.21. 贾尔斯英译. 《孙子兵法》. 长沙：湖南出版社, 1993.22. 贾文波. 《汉英时文翻译: 政治经济汉译英300句析》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999.23. 贾玉新. 《跨文化交际学》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1997.24. 金隄. 《等效翻译探索》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.25. 金惠康. 《汉英跨文化交际翻译》. 贵阳：贵州教育出版社. 1998.26. 金惠康. 《跨文华交际翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003.27. 金惠康. 《跨文华交际翻译续编》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004.28. 金立鑫. 《语法的多视角研究》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2000.29. 居祖纯. 《新编汉英语篇翻译》. 北京：清华大学出版社, 2002.30. 柯平. 《对比语言学》. 南京：南京师范大学出版社, 1999.31. 孔慧怡. 《翻译·文学·文化》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1999.32. 李定坤. 《汉英辞格对比与翻译》. 武汉：华中师范大学出版社, 1994.33. 李国南. 《辞格与词汇》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002.34. 李国南. 《英汉修辞格对比研究》. 福州：福建人民出版社, 1999.35. 李明编著. 《英汉互动翻译教程》. 武汉：武汉大学出版社. 2006.36. 李瑞华(主编). 《英汉语言文化对比研究》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1996.。

计算机毕业论文文献翻译计算机毕业论文文献翻译的重要性在计算机科学与技术领域，毕业论文是评估学生对所学知识的理解和应用能力的重要标准。

而其中一个重要的环节就是对相关文献的翻译和理解。

毕业论文文献翻译不仅仅是简单的将英文文献转换为中文，更是对研究领域的深入探索和理解的过程。

首先，毕业论文文献翻译对于学生来说是一种学习和提升的机会。

通过翻译文献，学生可以学习到国外领先的研究成果和技术进展。

这些文献往往包含了最新的研究成果、方法和技术，对于学生的学术研究和创新能力的提升有着重要的作用。

通过翻译文献，学生可以了解到国外学者的研究思路和方法，从而拓宽自己的研究思路和方法论。

其次，毕业论文文献翻译对于学术交流和合作具有重要意义。

计算机科学与技术是一个国际化的学科领域，学术交流和合作是不可或缺的。

通过翻译文献，学生可以了解到国外学者的研究成果和进展，从而与他们进行学术交流和合作。

这种交流和合作不仅可以促进学术研究的进展，还可以为学生提供更多的学术机会和资源。

此外，毕业论文文献翻译对于学生的综合素质和语言能力的提升也具有重要作用。

计算机科学与技术是一门综合性的学科，它涉及到多个学科领域的知识和技术。

通过翻译文献，学生可以学习到更多的学科知识和技术，从而提升自己的综合素质。

同时，毕业论文文献翻译也是对学生语言能力的一种考验。

翻译文献不仅要求学生具备良好的英语基础，还要求学生具备较高的语言表达和表达能力。

最后，毕业论文文献翻译对于学生的职业发展也具有重要意义。

计算机科学与技术是一个快速发展的学科领域，不断涌现出新的技术和应用。

通过翻译文献，学生可以了解到国外领先的技术和应用，从而为自己的职业发展提供更多的机会和选择。

同时，毕业论文文献翻译也是提升学生职业竞争力的一种方式。

在求职过程中，能够熟练运用英语进行文献翻译和理解的学生往往更受欢迎。

总之，计算机毕业论文文献翻译不仅仅是学生完成毕业论文的一项任务，更是学习、交流、合作和发展的重要机会。

毕业论文的文献翻译是什么毕业论文的文献翻译是什么在撰写毕业论文的过程中，文献翻译是一个不可忽视的环节。

文献翻译是指将外文文献转化为母语的过程，旨在使读者能够准确理解并运用这些文献中的信息。

在这个过程中，翻译者需要具备一定的翻译技巧和专业知识，以确保翻译结果的准确性和流畅性。

首先，文献翻译需要翻译者具备良好的语言能力。

翻译者需要熟练掌握目标语言和源语言，准确理解文献中的内容，并将其转化为母语。

在翻译过程中，翻译者需要注意语法、词汇和句法等方面的准确性，以确保翻译结果的质量。

其次，文献翻译需要翻译者具备专业知识。

毕业论文通常涉及特定的学科领域，因此翻译者需要对该领域的专业术语和概念有一定的了解。

只有在掌握了相关的专业知识后，翻译者才能准确理解文献中的内容，并将其转化为母语，使读者能够理解和运用这些信息。

此外，文献翻译还需要翻译者具备一定的翻译技巧。

翻译技巧是指在翻译过程中运用的一些方法和策略，以提高翻译的准确性和流畅性。

例如，翻译者可以采用对等翻译、意译或加注说明等方式来处理一些难以准确翻译的内容。

同时，翻译者还需要注意上下文的连贯性和一致性，以确保翻译结果的整体性和可读性。

此外，文献翻译还需要翻译者具备一定的研究能力。

在翻译过程中，翻译者需要对文献中的内容进行深入的研究和理解，以确保翻译结果的准确性和可靠性。

翻译者需要查阅相关的参考资料和文献，了解文献中的背景和相关的研究成果，以便更好地理解和翻译文献中的内容。

最后，文献翻译还需要翻译者具备一定的时间管理能力。

毕业论文的撰写通常有严格的时间要求，因此翻译者需要合理安排时间，确保在规定的时间内完成文献翻译的任务。

同时，翻译者还需要预留一定的时间进行校对和修改，以确保翻译结果的质量。

综上所述，毕业论文的文献翻译是一个需要翻译者具备一定的语言能力、专业知识、翻译技巧、研究能力和时间管理能力的过程。

只有在具备这些能力的基础上，翻译者才能准确理解和翻译文献中的内容，并将其转化为母语，使读者能够准确理解并运用这些信息。

毕业论文文献翻译要求毕业论文是大学生在毕业前必须完成的一项重要任务，它不仅是对所学知识的总结与应用，也是对学生能力的考验。

而在撰写毕业论文过程中，文献翻译是一个不可忽视的环节。

本文将就毕业论文文献翻译的要求进行探讨。

首先，毕业论文文献翻译要求准确性。

文献翻译是将外文文献转化为中文，因此翻译的准确性是至关重要的。

翻译过程中，需要准确理解原文的意思，并用准确的词语和语法表达出来。

不准确的翻译会导致读者对论文内容的误解，甚至对整个论文的可信度产生怀疑。

因此，在进行文献翻译时，要注重细节，确保翻译的准确性。

其次，毕业论文文献翻译要求流畅性。

流畅的翻译可以提高读者的阅读体验，使他们更容易理解论文的内容。

为了达到流畅的翻译效果，翻译者需要具备良好的中文写作能力，能够运用恰当的词汇和语法结构，使翻译文本具有一定的美感和可读性。

此外，还可以借助一些翻译工具和技巧，如使用同义词替换、调整句子结构等，来提高翻译的流畅性。

第三，毕业论文文献翻译要求语言风格一致。

在翻译过程中，要注意保持论文整体的语言风格一致性。

如果整篇论文的语言风格是正式的，那么翻译的文献也应该保持相同的正式风格；如果整篇论文的语言风格是简洁明了的，那么翻译的文献也应该遵循相同的原则。

保持语言风格的一致性可以提高论文的整体质量，使读者更容易理解和接受论文的内容。

第四，毕业论文文献翻译要求逻辑清晰。

文献翻译不仅仅是简单地将外文文献翻译成中文，更重要的是要保持原文的逻辑结构和思路。

在翻译过程中，要注意理解原文的逻辑关系，将其转化为中文的逻辑结构。

这样可以使读者更容易理解论文的论证过程和结论，提高论文的可读性和逻辑性。

最后，毕业论文文献翻译要求考虑读者需求。

毕业论文的读者主要是指导教师和评阅专家，因此在进行文献翻译时，要考虑到他们的需求和背景知识。

翻译的文献应该符合他们的专业领域和学术水平，避免使用过于晦涩或太过简单的词语和句子。

同时，还可以适当添加一些解释或注释，帮助读者更好地理解文献内容。