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金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R.SemenovDepartment of Economics,University of Nijmegen,Nijmegen(荷兰内梅亨大学,经济学院)这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时,我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致,并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如,相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度),在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中,企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而,经济理论表明市场摩擦,诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵,并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素,例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性,共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料(可参考,例如Fazzari(1998)、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman(1996)、Samuel(1998)).大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本,减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置(参看Levine(1997)的评论文章)。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候,很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”,这实际上是个很大的曲解。
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作者强调了公司治理在促进可持续发展中的重要性,并提出了一些改善公司治理的建议。
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The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk,Risk management,YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
毕业论文英文翻译文献随着全球化的发展,英语在全球的运用越来越广泛。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于毕业论文英文翻译文献的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考! 毕业论文英文翻译文献(一)1. 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津:南开大学出版社,2008.2. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京:外文出版社, 2004.3. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001.4. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003.5. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001.6. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001.7. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2003.8. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》.9. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991.10. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》(修订本). 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2000.11. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.12. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2001.13. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海:上海教育出版社, 1979.14. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京:世界知识出版社. 1998.15. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海:上海翻译出版公司. 1990.16. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983.17. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林:吉林人民出版社, 1984.18. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.19. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京:商务印书馆, 1980.20. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1993.21. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1990.22. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京:对外贸易教育出版社. 1989.23. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.24. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津:天津大学出版社, 1996.25. 杜承南等,《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1994.26. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1894-1948)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984.27. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. .28. 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津:南开大学出版社. 2006.29. 方梦之、马秉义(编选). 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京:旅游教育出版社. 1996.30. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津:天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994.31. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2004.32. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1995.33. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002.34. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2002.35. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京:北京大学出版社, 1997.36. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.37. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京:东方出版社, 1993.38. 郭建中. 《当代美国翻译理论》. 武汉:湖北教育出版社. 2000.39. 郭建中. 《文化与翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 2000.40. 何炳威. 《容易误译的英语》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.41. 何刚强. 《现代英汉翻译操作》. 北京:北京大学出版社. 1998.42. 何刚强. 《现代英语表达与汉语对应》. 上海:复旦大学出版社. 1994.43. 何刚强. 《英汉口笔译技艺》. 上海:复旦大学出版社, 2003. 毕业论文英文翻译文献(二)1. 何自然、张达三、杨伟钧等译. 《现代英语语法教程》. 北京:商务印书馆, 1990.2. 何自然. 《语用学概论》. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社, 1988.3. 侯维瑞. 《英语语体》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1988.4. 胡庚申. 《怎样起草与翻译合同协议》. 合肥:中国科技大学出版社, 1993.5. 胡曙中. 《英汉修辞比较研究》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1993.6. 胡晓吉. 《实用英汉对比翻译》. 北京:中国人民大学出版社. 1990.7. 胡燕平,张容建. 《实用英汉翻译类典》. 重庆:重庆出版社, 1997.8. 胡裕树. 《现代汉语》. 上海:上海教育出版社, 1987.9. 胡兆云. 《美学理论视野中的文学翻译研究》(第2版). 北京:现代教育出版社. 2009.10. 胡兆云. 《语言接触与英汉借词研究》. 济南:山东大学出版社. 2001.11. 胡壮麟. 《语篇的衔接与连贯》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1994.12. 胡壮麟. 《语言学教程》. 北京:北京大学出版社, 1988.13. 黄伯荣, 廖序东. 《现代汉语》. 兰州:甘肃人民出版社, 1981.14. 黄国文. 《语篇分析概要》. 长沙:湖南教育出版社, 1988.15. 黄龙. 《翻译技巧指导》. 沈阳:辽宁人民出版社, 1986.16. 黄任. 《英语修辞与写作》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1996.17. 黄雨石. 《英汉文学翻译探索》. 西安:陕西人民出版社. 1988.18. 黄振定. 《翻译学:艺术论与科学论的统一》. 长沙:湖南教育出版社. 1998.19. 黄振定. 《翻译学的语言哲学基础》. 上海:上海交通大学出版社. 2007.20. 黄忠廉. 《变译理论》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 2002.21. 贾尔斯英译. 《孙子兵法》. 长沙:湖南出版社, 1993.22. 贾文波. 《汉英时文翻译: 政治经济汉译英300句析》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999.23. 贾玉新. 《跨文化交际学》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1997.24. 金隄. 《等效翻译探索》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.25. 金惠康. 《汉英跨文化交际翻译》. 贵阳:贵州教育出版社. 1998.26. 金惠康. 《跨文华交际翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003.27. 金惠康. 《跨文华交际翻译续编》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004.28. 金立鑫. 《语法的多视角研究》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.29. 居祖纯. 《新编汉英语篇翻译》. 北京:清华大学出版社, 2002.30. 柯平. 《对比语言学》. 南京:南京师范大学出版社, 1999.31. 孔慧怡. 《翻译·文学·文化》. 北京:北京大学出版社. 1999.32. 李定坤. 《汉英辞格对比与翻译》. 武汉:华中师范大学出版社, 1994.33. 李国南. 《辞格与词汇》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002.34. 李国南. 《英汉修辞格对比研究》. 福州:福建人民出版社, 1999.35. 李明编著. 《英汉互动翻译教程》. 武汉:武汉大学出版社. 2006.36. 李瑞华(主编). 《英汉语言文化对比研究》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 1996.。
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译:原文题目:The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要:In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用:一项综述近年来,人工智能(AI)在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。
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Based on GSM module and AT89C51 connectiondesign and application---From 《GSM principle and its network optimization》chapter one---From 《New single chip microcomputer interface device and technology》chapter sixAbstractThis article through analyzed the GSM module and the monolithic integrated circuit connection design simply introduced the TC35i module commonly used instruction and the coding rule, introduced emphatically the TC35i module and the AT89C51 principle of work, the periphery connection electric circuit, the software control technology, at the same time has produced some TC35i module and the AT89C51 connection application procedure, proposed AT89C51 when receive data should pay attention question, thus designed has the GSM module the data transmission terminal.Key words: GSM network1 Summarize:Along with correspondence technique of development, according to the service function of the NTT DoCoMo net, just to industry control and control from a distance the realm have continuously extension of trend.Is orientation this kind of demand, Siemens company released a new generation wireless correspondence GSM mold piece-TC35i, according to should the short news function of the mold piece, can fast safety credibility realization customer information processing etc. function, special be applicable to control centre and terminal equipments distance very far, or inconvenience adoption wired correspondence lie quality etc. situation, for example the oil well information collect behind of deliver, the long range copy form system, city transportation direction etc. all according to the TC35i mold piece to realization.2 The application of GSM network:GSM is Global System for Mobile Communications acronym, which means Global System for Mobile Communications is the world's leading cellular systems inthe world. GSM is based on narrowband TDMA standard that allows radio frequency in a group call at the same time 8. GSM80 during the rise in Europe, put into use in 1991. The end of 1997, has operations in more than 100 countries, Europe and Asia has become the standard in fact, that by 2001, the world's 162 countries have already built a 400 GSM communications network. But the GSM system capacity is limited, users in the network overload, it had to construct additional network facilities. What is gratifying is that GSM performance in other areas, which in addition to providing a standardized list and signaling systems, but also opened up some of the more intelligent of the business such as international roaming and so on. The convenience of GSM mobile phone is that it provides a smart card, known as SIM cards, and card could be separated, so that the replacement of mobile phone users and custom personal information in this area are facilitated.GSM network to improve after years of development, is now very mature, less blind spots, signal stability, automatic roaming, and the communication distance from the impact of the surrounding environment. GSM short message in particular, flexible and convenient, you can cross-market, inter-provincial and even cross-border transmission, and each send a short message as long as one dime, very reliable and affordable. In addition, the mobile phone SIM card in recent years can apply for 0, some packages use lower cost than fixed. Therefore the use of mobile phone message to achieve alarm, ultra long-range remote control for industrial equipment, transmission of data is a very good choice.GSM module, is a similar mobile communication module, integrates a number of mobile phone functions on a single small circuit board, it can send SMS messages, calls and so on, the module is small, but it has a lot of mobile phone functionality, with its have equal is the core of the mobile phone, and it is in a lot of applications have a wide range of applications, GSM module through the use of AT commands to control it, modules can be connected to computer RS232 serial port, can also be used to carry out single-chip control . Below we cite some typical applications:2.1 mobile phone access control system:GSM Access Control System used to control the electric lock control, if you need to enter, as long as the cell phone call using GSM modules mobile number, will automatically open the door, and only you can set up cell phone numbers to open the door, and no costs.2.2 three billboard over the weather disaster emergency turn off:Over three billboards are constantly flip through the motor to achieve a number of ads displayed, because installed in the outdoors, when there is wind, hail and other weather disasters, billboards could easily be blown bad or damaged card die, when in need of emergency shut down, You can normally closed relay contact to control the power of advertising, when you need to do is send "turn off" control message, the billboard will automatically turn off, and automatically after a certain time delay automatically return to normal job (generally disastrous weather will not continue for a long time) in advance if you want to open a billboard, you can send "Open" control message.2.3 engineering system balance reminders:Some works are safe after the completion of the normal operation after a period of time to settle the balance, if the encounter malicious clients the outstanding purchase price, often installed side very headache, because equipment has been installed, if the loss of a great come back down, particularly in the field customer very costly when the client system can be installed in the GSM module, use it all the way to control system or the way some of the key points, when the customer paid in arrears when the malicious message can turn off some features, forcing customers to pay the purchase price then immediately open message, if you have a smooth recovery of the purchase price can also be the name of system maintenance by the GSM module removed from the client system.2.4 monitoring systems or Web servers and reset the alarm:Monitoring system or web server running after a long period after death may be wrong, this time to power on reset is the only solution at this time through the GSM module can control system power, and set to open automatically after 3 seconds turn off mode, can achieve power reduction, in addition, GSM module in some special application areas also played a very large role, such as: the disappearance of the main power supply, memory errors, fan shutdown, fuel depletion, it was the invasion and other information, are not people the ideal choice for monitoring the engine room.the remote control of home appliances:Through the message can easily achieve the remote control to open rice cookers, water heaters and other appliances by remote control or switch to repair mode can also control the air-conditioning GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm host, using the global GSM short message data transmission mode and voice-enabled platform for the completion of intelligent data transmission and remotecontrol alarm, set the host family, shops, office safety, electrical control, remote monitoring, such as Intelligent home functions, because of the global GSM wireless mobile communication network signal coverage area of Canton, and truly realize the low-cost high-quality ultra-long-distance convenient and flexible intelligent wireless control and alarm, to solve the fixed-line telephone or cable broadband network wired alarm limitations. GSM global wireless mobile communications network in popularity all over the world, the GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm can be widely used in a single host family, community property, electricity, transportation, petroleum, coal, railway, municipal and public security departments of the security industry prevention devices, data monitoring and remote monitoring system. Wireless Road, with 11 defense areas, 2-way Cable Standoff, different defense area alarm, alarm and message control, separate from a defended position, remote control, home appliance control, linkage to take photographs with the latest alarm center network characteristics.Features:1. Wireless suspects under strict surveillance, no wiring, and ease of installation.2. Cable suspects under strict surveillance, safe and reliable.3. Wireless remote control security / from a defended position, easy to operate.4. Adaptability widely used global-band wireless mobile networks.5. Password settings, confidentiality stronger.6. Alarm, the high-decibel alarm sound to deter thieves.7. Host automatically to six groups of mobile numbers to send SMS alerts. Alarm message and a telephone can be set up8. Host automatically dial the six groups of mobile or fixed telephone warning, start-site monitoring.9. Preset scene alarm and alarm message10. With emergency alarm function, can prevent thieves burglary, detection of gas leaks and smoke fire.11. Communicate electric missing Detect and alarm, to prevent the intentional destruction of the power system and power failure monitoring.12. Communicate after the loss of electricity automatically switch to a back-up battery. 13. Available through GSM network platform and networking alarm center.14. Supported message in Chinese or English instructions.15. Handset intercom mode: Matching intercom calls, and alarm can be two-wayintercom, real-time clear police intelligence to prevent unnecessary alarm.3 The TC35i mold piece introductionCurrently, domestic already beginning usage of the GSM mold piece have a lot, and these of function, method of using difference not big.What this design adoption is a Siemens TC35 the TC35i of the series.On this kind of wireless mold piece function and TC35 and permit, design tightly packed, consumedly contracted the physical volume of customer's product.The TC35i and GSM2/2 and permit,dual-band(GSM900/GSM1800), RS232 the data connect, should mold piece and radio frequency electric circuit and Ji take and integral whole, provide toward the customer standard of AT order connect, is data, speech, short news and fax provide fast, credibility, safety of deliver, convenience customer of application development and design.3.1 The GSM AT instruction introduction that the mold has something to do with SMS in the piec e:The order for provide of the GSM- powered mold piece match GSM07.05 and GSM07.07 norm.In the GSM07.07 definition of the AT Command connect and provided a kind of which GSM AT Instruction TC35i AT89C51move terrace and data terminal equipments of in general use connect;The GSM07.05 made to the short news detailed of provision.At short news mold piece receive network hair of short news, can send out a designation information through a string of, the data terminal equipments can send out toward the GSM mold piece various order.The instruction of GSM AT having something to do with SMS such as List1 to show.The instruction of GSM AT gather, is signed letter, Motorola and HP etc. factory house by Nokia, love to together develop for the GSM system of, among them include control SMS(Short Message Service).3.2 The PDU code rule:Send out short news in common use Text and PDU(Protocol Data Unit, agreement data unit) mode currently.The usage Text mode receive and dispatch a message code simple, realization get up very easy, but the biggest weakness be to can't receive and dispatch Chinese message;But PDU mode not only support Chinese message, also the ability send out English message.The PDU mode receive and dispatch a message can the usage be 3 kinds of to code:7-bit, 8-bit and UCS2 code.7-the bit code to used for send out common of ASCII character list, 8-bitcode Be usually used for sending out data news, UCS2 code used for sending out Unicode character list.General PDU's code is constitute by ABCDEFGHIJKLM 13.A:The address length of the message center, 216 enter to make number(one word stanza)B:The number type of the message center, 216 enter to make number.C:Message center number, B+C length will from the data decisionD:Document head word stanza, 216 enter to make number.E:Information type, 216 enter to make number.F:Drive call number length, 216 enter to make number.G:Drive call number type, 216 enter to make number, take value togetherH:Drive call number, length from data within F decision.I:Agreement marking, 216 enter to make number.J:The data code a project, 216 enter to make number.K:Term of validity, 216 enter to make number. L:Customer data length, 216 enter to make number.M:Customer's data, its length from the data decision in the L.Enactment in J adoption UCS2 code, here is the Unicode character list of Chinese-English.4 the hardware of the TC35i and list slice machine connect a people'selectric circuitThe TC35i mold piece is main to save according to the processor, GSM radio frequency mold piece, power supply mold piece, Shan from the GSM, the ZIF conjunction machine, antenna connect six part constitute.Connect machine with a list slice machine realization electric circuit to connect through a ZIF, should connect read or send out the TC35i mold piece in of data.5 list slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect and controlprinciple8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outsidehaving slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharingList slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect in fact be list slice the machine pass AT instruction control cellular phone of control technique, first constitution the TC35i mold piece of work mode:AT+CMGF=n, n=0 is a PDU mode;N=1 write an article this mode;Usually the constitution is a PDU mode, under this kind of mode, ability transmission or accept a transparent data.(customer from definition data)AT+CMGR=n in order to read the short news data of the TC35i mold piece, the n is a short news number.AT+CMGL=n in order to list the short news in the TC35i mold piece, n=0 is the short news which read, n=a the short news which have been already read, n=2 short news which sent out, n=3 for have already send out of short news n=4 is all short news.AT+CMGD=the n is the short news which delete the TC35i mold piece and the n is a short news serial number.6 Master routineThe software plait distance pass to write in toward the TC35i dissimilarity of AT instruction ability completion variety function, such as network debarkation, read SIM card top telephone number, send out SMS news and receive SMS news etc..The instruction sign, constant, PDU data...etc. of AT instruction all code form transmission by ASCII;The transmission transparent data have to pair of the TC35i mold piece of work mode constitution is PDU mode;List slice machine toward the TC35i mold piece after send out each instruction have to with return to car sign conduct and actions should instruction of be over, for example list slice the machine send out instruction in"AT+ CMGF=0" toward the cellular phone, its ASCII code sequence is"41 H, 54 H, 2 BH, 42 H, 4 DH, 47 H, 46 H, 3 DH, 30 H, 0 DH", the last word stanza 0 DH is to return to car sign, mean that instruction be over, if have no this to return to car sign, the cellular phone won't identify this instruction.When the AT instruction which receive to an integrity of the TC35i mold piece after, the TC35i mold piece not summary execution should instruction, but first just receive of the ASCII of the AT instruction code sequence all anti- send out;(contain 0 DH)Secondly send out a the ASCII which return to car sign with a carriage return sign to code, namely 0 DH with 0 AH;Then performance should instruction.The list slice machine read the PDU data of the TC35i mold piece, originality data should is 16 enter make number, but read back of data still is an ASCII mean of 16 enter make number.So a word stanza of 16 entered to make number and thenbecame 2 word stanza of ASMII code.But the PDU data data word stanza length within pack part still is actual character list length.But isn't the word stanza which become ASCII code length, this at plait distance should special attention, otherwise receive of data not integrity.The list slice machine is after receiving a PDU data pack data have to its instauration become 16 enter make a data, its calculate way as follows:Establish a for the ASCII code receive, b for the conversion is behind of 16 enter make number.So if a<39 H,b=a-30 H;If a>39 H, b=h-07 H a-30.End pair of in front and back two pieces merger is a word stanza.Concluding remark The usage cellular phone mold piece benefit is at the system integration, the cost be lower.Install correspondence circuit in secluded region etc. difficulty or uneconomical place, engineering service facilities can freedom vivid of constitution, no longer be subjected to geography condition of restriction.In fine, GSM mold piece the price be cheap, application extensive, application the foreground be captivating, pass with cellular phone mold the piece connect can very convenience of design customer demand of the data receive terminal.基于 GSM 模块与 AT89C51 的接口设计及应用的接口设计及应用-----摘自《GSM 原理及其网络优化》第一章-----摘自《新型单片机接口器件与技术》第六章摘要本文通过分析 GSM 模块与单片机的接口设计简单介绍了 TC35i 模块的常用指令及摘编码规则,着重介绍了 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 的工作原理、外围接口电路、软件控制技术,同时给出了一些 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 接口的应用程序,提出了 AT89C51 在接收数据时应该注意的问题,从而设计出具有 GSM 模块的数据传输终端。
英文文献及翻译1. One of the p ri nciple s: i nce ntives to vary fro m perso n to pe rso n Because o f the differe nt needs of diffe re nt s ta ff, the refo re, the same i nce nti ve effec ts of po lic y inc e nti ves will pla y a differe nt. Eve n wi th a s ta ff, at differe nt ti mes or circ ums ta nces, wi ll ha ve diffe re nt needs. Beca use of i nce nti ves depe ndi ng o n the internal and the s ubjec ti ve fee li ngs of the sta ff a re, there fo re, i nce ntive to va ry from perso n to pers o n.In the fo rmula tio n a nd imp le me ntatio n of i nce nti ve po licies, we must firs t i nves tiga te ea c h e mp lo yee clearly wha t is rea llyreq uired. Req uired to orga ni ze, cla ssify, a nd the n to formulate appropria te policies to he lp mo ti vate e mplo yees to me et these needs.2. Two pri ncip les: app rop riate ince nti vesAppropria te i nce nti ves a nd pe na lties wi ll no t affec t the i nce nti ve effe ct, whi le i nc reasi ng the cos t of i nce ntives. A ward o ve rweig ht emplo yees wo uld ha ve to meet the mood of p ride a nd lost the desire to further e nha nce their o wn; re wa rd ince nti ves too lig ht wi ll no t a c hie ve the effec t, o r s o e mplo yees do not ha ve a se nse of atte ntio n. Hea vy pe na lties a re unfair to make emp lo ye es, o r loss of the comp a ny's ide nti ty, o r e ve n s lo w down o r da mage arisi ngfro m the emo tio ns; le nie nc y erro r will undere stimate theserio us ness o f the sta ff, whic h will prob ably make the sa me mistake.3. The p rinciple of three: fairnessThe fai rness of the ma nage me nt s ta ff are a very importa nt principle, e mp lo yees are a ny unfair trea tme nt wi ll a ffe ct his mood and wo rk e fficienc y, a nd e ffecti ve ness o f the i mpact o f i nce ntives. Emplo ye es to obtai n the sa me sco re, we mus t recei ve the sa me le ve l o f ince nti ve s; the sa me toke n, emp lo ye es c ommitted the same e rror, b ut also s ho uld be s ub jec t to the sa me le ve l o fpunis hme nt. If yo u ca n no t do this, ma nage rs wo uld pre fe r no t to rewa rd or p unis hme nt.Ma nagers dea l wi th emp lo yees a t iss ue, mus t ha ve a fair mi nd, sho uld no t ha ve a ny p rejudices a nd p refe re nce s. Altho ug h so me staff ma y a llow yo u to e njo y, some yo u do not e njo y, b ut at work, must be trea ted eq ually a nd s ho uld not ha ve a ny o f the wo rds a nd acts of i njustice.1. S timulate the tra nsfe r o f sta ff fro m the res ults o f eq ua l to eq ual opportuni ties a nd s trive to crea te a le ve l pla yi ng field.For e xa mp le, Wu S hi ho ng at IB M from a clea n s tart wi th the people, s tep b y step to the sa les c lerk to the district perso n i n cha rge, Ge nera l Ma nage r o f Chi na, wha t a re the reaso ns for this? In addi tion to i ndi vidual effo rts, b ut a lso said tha t IB M s ho uld be a good co rpora te c ulture to a stage o f d e velopme nt, that is,eve ryo ne has unlimited oppo rtuni ties fo r de velop me nt, as lo ng a s there is capacity there will be space fo r the de ve lopme nt ofself-imp le me nta tio n, whic h is to do a lot o f co mpa nies are not, this syste m will undo ub ted ly ins pire a g reat role o f the s taff.2. Inspire the best time to grasp.- Take s aim a t p re-orde r i nce nti ve the mis sion to ad va nceince nti ves.- Ha ve Diffic ulties e mp lo yees, desire to ha ve s tro ng de ma nd, to give the ca re a nd time ly e nco urageme nt.3. Wa nt a fai r a nd acc ura te i nce nti ve, re ward- So und, perfec t pe rforma nce appraisa l s ys tem to e ns ure appropria te assess me nt sc ale, fair a nd re aso nab le.- Ha ve to o ve rco me the re is thi nni ng of the huma n pro-wind.- In re fere nc e sa la ry, p romo tio ns, a wa rds, e tc.评优i nvo lve thevi tal i nte res ts of emp lo yees o n ho t i s s ues i n order to be fai r.4. The imp le me nta tio n of Emp lo yee Sto ck Owners hip P la n.Worke rs a nd e mp lo yees i n o rder to do uble the c apacity o finves tors, mo re co nce rned a bo ut the o utco me of b usi nessoperatio ns a nd imp ro ve the i nitiati ve.Modern huma n reso urces ma nag eme nt e xperie nce a nd re searc h sho ws that emp lo ye es a re involved i n mode rn ma nage me ntreq uire me nts a nd aspira tio ns, a nd c rea te a nd p ro videopportuni ties fo r all emplo yees is to mobi li ze the m to pa rticipa te in the ma nage me nt o f a n e ffecti ve wa y to e nthusiasm. There is no doub t tha t very few peop le participate d i n the disc ussio ns o f the act a nd i ts o wn witho ut i nce nti ves. There fore, to a llow tradeunio ns to participate i n the ma nage me nt o f p rope rly, ca n mo ti vate work ers, b ut a lso the s ucce ss of the e nterp rise to ob tain va luab le kno wledge. Thro ug h participatio n, the fo rmatio n of trade unio nson the e nterprise a s e nse of be lo ngi ng, ide nti ty, se lf-e stee m a nd can further mee t the ne eds o f s elf-rea li zatio n. Se t up a nd impro ve emplo yee p articipatio n i n ma nageme nt, the ra tio nali za tio n of the proposed s ys tem a nd the E mplo yee S tock Owne rs hip a ndstre ng the ni ng leaders hip a t a ll le ve ls a nd the e xc ha nge of communica tio n a nd e nha nce the a ware ne ss o f staff to participate in o wne rs hip.5. Ho no r i nce nti veStaff a ttitude a nd co ntrib ution o f labo r to ho nor rewa rds, s uc h as recog nitio n of the mee ting, iss ued certifica te, ho nor ro ll, i n the compa ny's i nterna l a nd e xte rna l p ublicity o n the media repo rts, ho me visi ts co ndo le nces, vi sit sig htseei ng, co nva lesce nce,trai ni ng o ut o f trai ni ng, ac cess to recomme nd ho nor socie ty, selec ted sta rs mode l, s uc h as clas s.6. Co nce rned abo ut the ince nti vesThe staff co ncerned abo ut work a nd li fe, s uc h as the sta ff se t up the birthda y tab le, birthda y ca rds, ge nera l ma nage r of the iss ue of staff, c are s taff or diffic ult a nd p rese nted a sma ll gi ft s ympathy. 7. Co mpeti ti veThe pro mo tion o f e nte rprise amo ng e mp lo yees, de partme nts compete o n a n eq ua l foo ting be twee n the ord erly a nd the s urvi val of the fi ttes t.8. The mate rial i nce nti vesIncrea se their wages, we lfa re, i ns ura nce, b o nuses, i nce nti veho use s, daily ne cessities, wage s p romo tio n.9. Informatio n i nce ntivesEnterp rises to communica te o fte n, i nformatio n amo ng e mplo yees, the idea of co mmunica tio n, i nfo rma tio n s uc h as co nfere nc es, field relea se, e nterp rises repo rte d that the repo rti ng s ys tem, the associatio n ma nage r to re cei ve the s ys tem da te.附录二:翻译1. 原则之一:激励要因人而异由于不同员工的需求不同,所以,相同的激励政策起到的激励效果也会不尽相同。
河南科技学院新科学院2014 届本科毕业设计中英文翻译学生姓名:李媛媛所在院系:新科学院信工系所学专业:信息工程导师姓名:洪新华完成时间:2014-04-15单片机简介单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。
概括的讲:一块芯片就成了一台计算机。
它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。
同时,学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。
单片机内部也用和电脑功能类似的模块,比如CPU,内存,并行总线,还有和硬盘作用相同的存储器件,不同的是它的这些部件性能都相对我们的家用电脑弱很多,不过价钱也是低的,一般不超过10元即可,用它来做一些控制电器一类不是很复杂的工作足矣了。
我们现在用的全自动滚筒洗农机、排烟罩、VCD等等的家电里面都可以看到它的身影!它主要是作为控制部分的核心部件。
它是一种存线式实时控制计算机,在线式就是现场控制,需要的是有较强的抗干扰能力,较低的成本,这也是和离线式计算机的(比如家用PC)的主要区别。
单片机是靠程序的,并且可以修改。
通过不同的程序实现不同的功能,尤其是特殊的独特的一些功能,这是别的器件需要费很多人力气才能做到的,有些则是花人力气也很难做到的。
一个不是很复杂的功能要是用美同50年代开发的74系列,或者60年代的CD4000系列这些纯硬件来搞定的话,电路一定是一块大PCB板!但是如果要是用美国70年代成功投放市场的系列单片机,结果就会有天壤之别!只因为单片机的通过你编写的程序可以实现高科能,高效率,以及高可靠性!CPU(中央处理单元)是数字计算机的重要组成部分,其目的是对从内存中接收的指令进行译码,同时对存储于内部寄存器、存储器或输入输出接口单元的数据惊醒传输、算术运算、逻辑运算以及控制运算。
在外部,CPU位转换指令数据和控制信息提供一个或多个总线并从组件连接到它。
一个微控制器出现在普通电脑的键盘和检测器中,但是这些组件也被屏蔽。
在这种微控制器中,与我们所讨论的CPU可能不同。
字长也许更短,编制数量少,指令集有限。
相对而言,性能差,但对完成任务来说足够了。
最重要的是它的微控制器的成本很低,符合成本效应。
由于单片机对成本是敏感的,所以目前占统治地位的软件还是最低级汇编语言,它是除了二进制机器码以上最低级的语言了,既然这么低级为什么还要用呢?很多高级的语言已经达到了可视化编程的水平为什么不用呢?原因简单,就是单片机没有家用计算机那样的CPU,也没有像硬盘那样的海量存储设备。
一个可视化高级语言编写的小程序里面即使只有一个按钮,也会达到几十K的尺寸!对于家用PC的硬盘来讲没什么,可是对于单片机来讲是不能接受的。
单片机在硬件资源方面的利用率必须很高才行,所以汇编虽然原始却还是在大量使用。
一样的道理,如果把巨型计算机上的操作系统和应用软件拿到家用PC上来运行,家用PC的也是承受不了的。
可以说,二十世纪跨越了三个“电”的时代,即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。
不过,这种电脑,通常是指个人计算机,简称PC机。
它白主机、键盘、显示器等组成。
还有一类计算机,人多数人却不怎么熟悉。
这种计算机就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机(亦称微控制器)。
顾名思义,这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路,即可进行简单运算和控制。
因为它体积小,通常都藏在被控机械的“肚子”里。
它在整个装置中,起着有如人类头脑的作用,它出了毛病,整个装置就瘫痪了。
现在,这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛,如科能仪表、实时T控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。
各种产品。
一旦用上了单片机,就能起到使产品升级换代的功效,常在产品名称前冠以形容词一一“智能型”,如智能型洗衣机等。
现在有些工厂的技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来的某些产品,不是电路太复杂,就是功能太简单且极易被仿制。
究其原因,可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑器件上。
Single chip brief introductionThe monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice.The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part.It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (for instance home use PC,) main differenceThe monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered bigstrength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeeded in the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliabilityThe CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A micro controller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such micro controllers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short, the number of registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most important, the cost of these micro controllers is very low, making their use cost effective.Because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status the software is the most preliminary assembly language7 it was except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, since why were such preliminary must use?Why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? The reason is very simple, is the monolithic integrated circuit docs not have home computer such CPU, and also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. Inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens K the sizes! Does not speak anything regarding the home use PC hard disk, but says regarding the monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. The monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspect's use factor must very Gao Caixing, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using, Same truth, if attains supercomputer's on operating system and the application software home use PC to come up the movement, home use PC could also not withstand.It can be said that the 20th century surmounted three "the electricity" the time, namely the electrical time, the Electronic Age and already entered computer time. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, is called PC machine. It by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. Also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. This kind of computer is entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mechanicalmonolithic integrated circuit (also to call micro controller). , This kind of computer's smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. Because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery "the belly". It in the entire installment, plays is having like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. Now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuit's use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, the communication equipment, the guidance system, the domestic electric appliances and so on, Once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes the effect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective---- ‘intelligence’, like intelligence washer and so on. Now some factory's technical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not the electric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. Investigates its reason, possibly on card, in the product has not used on the monolithic integrated circuit or other programmable logical component.总有一天你会渐渐明白,对自己笑的人不一定是真爱,对方表面的伪善是为博取信赖,暗里他可能会伺机将你伤害。