第一讲 名词和数词
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第一讲英语词性大串讲英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。
如:who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如:good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。
如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。
如:am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如:a, an, the.8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如:oh, well, hi, hello.一.名词I.名词的种类:以练促记:1. ( 2012天津,32) —Why didn’t Sally play the violin at the concert last night?—She said that her hand hurt, but that was only a(n)_________. I saw her play tennis just now.A. matterB. excuseC. resultD. expression2. (2012重庆,24) —Bill ,what’s your sister’s favorite__________? —She likes volleyball best.A. foodB. colorC. sportD. movie3. ( 2012黑龙江哈尔滨,21 ) Dear friends ,please read every sentence carefully. Details decide __________ or not. If you take it serious-ly, you’ll achieve your goal!A. successB. successfulC. succeed4. ( 2012辽宁沈阳,8 ) The__________in that restaurant looks delicious ,but it tastes bad.A. cookB. tableC. foodD. tool5. (2012江苏南京,3 ) —Could you tell me how to remember new words quickly?—Yes, I think a__________ tree can help you a lot.A. grammarB. equationC. punctuationD. vocabulary6. ( 2012四川成都,33) —Where did you go yesterday, Rick?—I went to see a__________ because I had a cold.A. teacherB. doctorC. reporter7. ( 2012湖北武汉,33)lf by any chance Peter comes to us, please ask him to leave a__________.A. letterB. sentenceC. messageD. notice8. ( 2012浙江温州,5) —Where does your uncle work, Jack?—In a__________ in Paris. He is a policeman.A. TV stationB. bookstoreC. post officeD. police station9. ( 2012江西,27) If you go to visit London, don’t forget your __________ because it rains a lot.A.passportB.moneyC.mapD.umbrella10. ( 2012湖北襄阳,26) —What does your father do ,Lily?—He is __________ . His job is to make sure that drivers obey the traffic rules.A. an actorB. a policemanC. a waiterD. a reporterII. 名词的数:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。
(一).名词的分类总的来说,英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。
(1). 专有名词:表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等专有名称的名词。
例如:Lucy,Shanghai,the Communist Party of China,the United States等。
专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
(2). 普通名词:表示某一类人或事物或表示一个抽象概念的名称的名词。
例如:worker,boy,machine等。
普通名词又可分为以下四类:a. 个体名词:表示个体的人或事物的名词。
例如:man ,pencil,chair等。
b. 集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。
例如:class,police,army ,family等。
c. 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。
例如:rice,g lass,water,por- ridg e等。
4. 抽象名词:表示状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词。
例如:life,love等。
(二)、可数名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
单数表示一个人或事物,复数表示一个以上的人或事物。
名词单数变复数的形式有规则变化与不规则变化之区别。
A.规则变化①一般在名词后加s。
②“以辅音字母+y”结尾的,y变为i,然后再加es。
例:baby----babies city---- cities country---countries③以s, x, sh, ch结尾的,在后面加es。
例:class----classes; fox----foxes; brush----brushes; watch----watches④以f或fe结尾的单词把f或fe改为v, 再加es。
例:thief---thieves; life----lives; wife----wives; self----selves;例外:roof----roofs(屋顶); proof----proofs(证据)⑤以o结尾的名词,一般是在后面直接加s。
英语专题体例第一讲名词第二讲代词第三讲数词第四讲介词第五讲简单句与连词第六讲形容词与副词第七讲冠词第八讲情态动词第九讲时态第十讲动词,动词词组第十一讲被动语态第十二讲非谓语动词第十三讲句子的种类第十四讲主谓一致第十五讲宾语从句第十六讲状语从句第十七讲定语从句第一讲名词【考点扫瞄】1可数名词及其单复数2不可数名词名词3专有名词4名词所有格5 名词作定语【知识梳理】1可数名词及其单复数:规则变化: 1 一般情况下在词尾直接加s. book—books2 以s, x, sh, ch 等结尾的词在词尾直接加es. bus—buses3 以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i再加es. baby—babies4 以f, fe结尾的词变f, fe为v再加es. thief—thieves不规则变化: man—men, womam—women goose—geese fish—fish(鱼肉)\fishes(鱼的种类)foot—feet child—children mouse—mice hero—heroes piano—pianos某国人的复数形式:1.(1)----- What’s in the photos?-----There are some potatoes and radios in them.(2)They want to have some fish for lunch, so they decided to catch some.2.不可数名词的量化数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词two pieces of meat(1)Your shoes are worn out. You’d better buy a new pair.(2)There are two boxes of orange. Would you like some to drink?There are two boxes of oranges. Would you like some to eat?(3)It’s so crowded here. Let’s make some room for the baby.(4)Most students can go to college for further education in our city.(5)At the beginning of the new term, our English teacher give us much advice on how to learn English. (a piece of advice )(6)The summer holiday is a good time to take exercise. We can go swimming, climb hills or play football.(7)Lucy tried her best to find a good job in the city, but she had no luck.3.专有名词:(人名,时间名词,报刊名,地名单位团体名有些带定冠词有些不带。
⼩升初英语培优第1讲:名词讲解(学⽣版)第⼀讲:名词⼀、【考点解读】名词是⼈类认识事物所使⽤的基本词汇,是⽤来表⽰⼈、事物、地⽅、现象或抽象概念的名称的词。
在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、称呼语等。
⼩升初的考点主要集中在名词的分类判断和名词的修饰成分上⾯。
⼆、【知识讲解】知识点1——名词的分类和可数名词的单复数⼀、名词的种类名词是⽤来表⽰⼈名、地名、事物名称及其抽象概念的词类。
名词普通名词可数名词具体名词抽象名词不可数名词例:book, student 例:colour, message 具体名词抽象名词例:rice, sugar 例:work, advice(⼆)国⼈变复数的规则如下表:知识点2——常见的不可数名词以及修饰名词的数量词⼀常见的不可数名词如下表⼆修饰名词的数量词如下表知识点3——名词的句法作⽤名词在句⼦中可以⽤作如下成分:1. 名词作主语The boy opened the door. 那个男孩把门打开了。
2. 名词作宾语I saw the boy .我看到那个男孩。
(boy 作动词saw的宾语)Give the money to your brother. 把这些钱给你兄弟。
(brother 作介词to的宾语)3.名词作表语He is a clever boy. 他是个聪明的孩⼦。
4.名词宾语补⾜语He was called a fool.(当含有宾语补⾜语的句⼦变为被动语态的时候,原来的宾语变成了主语,那么原来的宾语补⾜语就变成了主语补⾜语。
)5.名词作定语Is it a colour film? 是彩⾊影⽚吗?6.名词作同位语This is my friend John.知识点4——名词修饰成分的排列顺序下⾯所列的修饰语的顺序就是名词前修饰成分的常见顺序:1.限定词包括冠词(a ,an ,the )、指⽰代词(this, that ,these ,those )、所有格和形容词性物主代词,他们不能同时出现。
第一讲名词一、名词的定义名词是表示人、事、物、地点以及抽象概念的词。
二、名词的分类(一)专有名词和普通名词名词根据其意义分为普通名词和专有名词1、专有名词是表示特定的人或事物名称的词。
如:Peter, Snow White, Sunday, April,Christmas Day, China, Changsha, the Great Wall, the WTO, West Street...2、凡不属于特定的人或事物的名称的词,叫普通名词。
如:desk, book , people, air, interest,idea...(二)可数名词和不可数名词名词根据是否能够用数字来计算,可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1、可数名词复数的变化规则a.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes,watch-watches;c.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:family-families, city-cities ;d.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-es,如:wife- wives, knife-knives,wolf -wolves, leaf-leaves ;e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情况1)__________+es 如:mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes2) ___________+s 如:photo-photos radio-radiosf. 不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, child-children, foot-feet,tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, goose-geese单复数同形:fish-fish deer -deer sheep -sheep people(人们)-people Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese(中日不变英法变,其余后面加s)Englishman-____________________, Frenchman-_________________Russian=_____________________ American-__________________2、复合名词变复数boy student-boy students man doctor-men doctors3、不可数名词◆不可数名词没有复数形式,如:tea,,meat.◆不可数名词不可以被基数词和不定冠词(a/an)直接修饰,若要表示数量,就得在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”。
名词和数量词名词和数量词⼀、名词★名词的定义:名词是指⼈或事物的名称,例如:⼈的姓名与称呼,物品的名称,地点,时间,品⾏或⾏为以及抽象概念,等等。
★名词的分类:分为普通名词和专有名词其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可⽤作单数,也可⽤作复数。
1)可数名词包括个体名词(表⽰⼀类⼈或物的个体。
如:boy,desk,cat,window和集体名词(由若⼲个体组成的集合体。
如:family,class,police)。
2)不可数名词包括物质名词(表⽰⽆法分为个体的实物。
如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表⽰性质、⾏为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。
如:work,happiness,music,difficulty) 专有名词表⽰个⼈、地⽅、机构、组织等。
如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)(⼀)名词的数名词分为可数与不可数名词。
1.不可数名词(1)不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词。
如:health,advice, information,glass, wood, English, China.(2)表⽰学科名称的以-ics结尾的名词常⽤作单数,如:politics, physics.(3)表⽰以-s结尾指单⼀事物的专有名词⽤作单数,如:the United States, the UnitedNations.1) 不可数名词前⽆数、冠,后⽆复数;作主语为三单.2) 不可数名词表量⽤约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或⽤of短语修饰。
2.可数名词可数名词包括个体名词,有单复数形式。
(1)规则名词复数构成的⽅法:①以-s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾的名词后加-es.如:dress---dresses, watch—watches, box—boxes.但stomach—stomachs 除外。
专题二 需要“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词第一讲 名词和数词名词[思维导图]一、名词的分类二、名词的数1.规则名词的复数2.不规则名词的复数3.合成名词的复数(1)若有中心词,则把中心词变成复数;若无中心词,则把最后一个词变成复数。
passer-by→passers-by,sister-in-law→sisters-in-law,grown-up→grown -ups(2)“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数:women engineers。
三、不可数名词1.常见的不可数名词一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,因此没有复数形式,一般也不能用a或an修饰。
通常只用作不可数的名词有:milk,music,homework,housework,weather,news,butter,information,bread,advice,progress,orange(橙汁),equipment,meat,fun,luggage,luck,work(工作),traffic,furniture,wealth,word(消息),room(空间),man(人类)等。
[名师指津] word意为“消息”,room意为“空间”,man意为“人类”时,通常不带任何修饰词。
2.抽象名词的具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考到的有:四、名词作定语1.通常用单数名词作定语cotton goods 棉织品history teacher 历史老师paper factory 纸厂telephone number 电话号码test paper 考卷weather forecast 天气预报2.有时用复数名词作定语(1)man,woman用于名词前作定语时,其单复数形式与所修饰的名词的单复数形式一致。
a woman writer/some women writers(女作家)[名师指津] 与man和woman不同,boy和girl用作定语时,总是用单数。
专题二需要“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词第一讲名词和数词名词[思维导图]一、名词的分类普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人或物的名词集体名词表示若干个人或物的名词不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词抽象名词表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词专有名词表示洲、国、地、人名等表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称二、名词的数1.规则名词的复数变化规则例词般情况下在词尾直接加-s mouth→mouthshouse→houses2.不规则名词的复数3.合成名词的复数(1)若有中心词,则把中心词变成复数;若无中心词,则把最后一个词变成复数。
passer-by→passers-by,sister-in-law→sisters-in-law,grown-up→grown -ups(2)“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数:women engineers。
三、不可数名词1.常见的不可数名词一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,因此没有复数形式,一般也不能用a或an修饰。
通常只用作不可数的名词有:milk,music,homework,housework,weather,news,butter,information,bread,advice,progress,orange(橙汁),equipment,meat,fun,luggage,luck,work(工作),traffic,furniture,wealth,word(消息),room(空间),man(人类)等。
[名师指津] word意为“消息”,room意为“空间”,man意为“人类”时,通常不带任何修饰词。
2.抽象名词的具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考到的有:四、名词作定语1.通常用单数名词作定语cotton goods 棉织品history teacher 历史老师paper factory 纸厂telephone number 电话号码test paper 考卷weather forecast 天气预报2.有时用复数名词作定语(1)man,woman用于名词前作定语时,其单复数形式与所修饰的名词的单复数形式一致。
a woman writer/some women writers(女作家)[名师指津] 与man 和woman 不同,boy 和girl用作定语时,总是用单数。
如boy (girl) friends“男(女)朋友”。
(2)有些名词只有复数形式,没有单数形式,或者用于某一意义时,习惯上要用复数形式,此时它们用作定语显然只能用复数。
如goods train(货车),customs officer(海关人员),clothes line(晾衣绳),sales plan(销售计划)等。
五、名词所有格1.有生命名词的3种所有格情况构成示例不以s结尾的名词加-’s Mary’s e-mail;children’s books以s结尾的复数名词加-’the girls’ dormitory;the teachers’ reading-room 以s结尾的单数名词加-’s或-’our boss’ office;En gels’s works2.无生命名词的2种所有格(1)通常用of所有格表示The capital of Peru is Lima,which is in the north on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马,位于北部沿海地区。
(2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用-’s所有格表示Beijing’s parks 北京的公园the factory’s output 工厂的产量3.双重所有格双重所有格的构成形式为:名词+of+名词所有格/名词+of+名词性物主代词。
He is a friend of my father’s.他是我父亲的一个朋友。
[名师指津] 名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等),而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。
数词[思维导图]数词属于高考试题中不常考查的冷点,主要涉及基数词和序数词的基本用法及区别,序数词前的修饰词以及分数的正确表达等。
一、基数词1.hundred、thousand与million(1)名词性数词hundred、thousand与million等前有数词或several时不能用复数形式,其后所跟的复数名词前不加of。
(2)表不确切的数目应用hundreds/thousands/millions of+复数名词。
2.用以表示年龄时,逢十的基数词复数之前应加形容词性物主代词。
in her forties在她四十多岁时二、序数词1.序数词前一般要加上定冠词或形容词性物主代词等限定词。
It was the/my first visit to Europe.那是我第一次去欧洲。
2.分数的分母部分用序数词,分子为1时,分母用序数词的单数形式;分母为2及以上时,分母用序数词的复数形式。
1/3one-third2/3two-thirds单句语法填空1.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause).(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)答案causes[此处的cause是名词,表示“原因”。
根据其前的all可知,应该使用复数形式,故填causes。
]2.Making Chinese ________(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.(2018·浙江高考)答案dishes[此处用名词复数泛指中国菜。
]3.This trend,which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side________(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)答案effects[此处根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知,应用effect的复数形式。
]4.In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible________(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)答案crowds[根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词,crowd表示“人群”,是可数名词,前面没有不定冠词a,所以用名词的复数形式。
]5.The nursery team switches him every few________(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed,the other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)答案days[every few days表示“每隔几天”,此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。
]6.Recent________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)答案studies[Recent是形容词,修饰名词,“Recent________”在句中作主语,根据谓语动词show可知,主语需要用复数形式。
]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.There are various types of tea that offer different health benefits(benefit) and flavours.(2019·慈溪中学模拟)2.While there are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up apolluted river.(2019·萧山中学模拟)3.I suddenly regretted that we had no photos(photo) from this vacation together.(2019·舟山模拟)4.One spring afternoon,we went to one of the grocery stores (store) nearby to buy some food for dinner.(2019·嘉兴一中模拟)5.Ecotourism is typically defined as travel to places where the unique plants,animals and cultural heritage are the primary attractions__(attraction).(2019·宁海中学模拟) 6.Don’t try to make friends(friend) with managers,but be respectful.(2019·奉化中学模拟)7.He gained his wealth by printing works (work) of famous writers.(2019·台州模拟) 8.The British have many traditions (tradition) but there is nothing more quintessential (典型的) than taking afternoon tea.(2019·湖州模拟)9.Many of these had benefited from t he government’s special new policies encouraging people to start their own businesses(business).(2019·富阳中学二模) 10.And it evaluates how well you combine your listening,reading,speaking and writing skills (skill)to perform academic tasks.(2019·绍兴模拟)Ⅱ.语法填空(2019·金华模拟)What exactly is social media? Social media can be defined as web-based,mobile media that 1.________ (use) to connect with each other.There are several types of social media.The first type involves people getting together to work on a project.Wikipedia is 2.________ example of this type of social media.There are other types that allow people 3.________ (share) content such as pictures and articles.Another type of social media is websites like Second Life,4.________people can create objects,as if they 5.________ (be) in the real world.The final type is social networking sites that can make people stay in touch with 6.________(friend).Social media is different from 7.________(tradition) media.In the past,media was created in one place,8.________ (normal) a company.Then the company would send out the media to consumers,like newspapers and magazines.But 9.________social media,many individual people in different locations can create content.In addition,a few minutes are spent 10.________ (write) a twitter post today while it would take many months to edit a magazine in the past.Some people think social media is good and some think it is bad.But whatever you might think,social media is here to stay.【语篇解读】本文为我们介绍了社交媒体。