2011年中山大学中国语言文学系805汉语言学基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

中山大学中国语言文学系2011年现代汉语与语言学概论（代码613）真题及详解一、单项选择题（20分）在每小题列出的各个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请把答案写在答题纸上，注明题号。

1．下列汉字音节中，主要元音是舌面、前、半高、不圆唇元音的是________A．月B．对C．论D．界2．下列各组字中韵腹相同的是________。

A．问、军、肯、坤B．料、到、当、雅C．依、市、吉、迎D．桂、非、文、言3．下列加着重号的词语在句子中的比喻意义不是该词的固定义项的是________。

A．我们要避开市民出行的高峰．．。

B．党员要做党和广大群众联系的桥梁．．C．改革开放的春风吹遍了祖国大地。

．．为自己谋利益。

D．他打着政府的招牌．．4．下列句子中的“得”，属于助动词的是________。

A．这件事我不想干，免得添麻烦。

B．你不干也得干！C．老干那么多吃得消吗？D．没办法，这阵子大家都忙得晕头转向。

5．下列短语中不是谓词性短语的是________。

A．清新自然B．飞也似的C．为广大群众D．轻轻旋转6．下列句子中补语的语义指向主语的是________。

A．我写好了两篇文章。

B．天热得令人难受。

C．你要弄清楚他的意图。

D．猫把鸟儿吓跑了。

7．汉字“爱/阿/盎/案/奥”的汉语拼音分别是“ài/à/àng/àn/ào”，它们的拼式中都有一个共同的字母ɑ。

但实际上ɑ在以上各字中代表着不同的音位变体。

请问以上五字中含有几个拼音字母ɑ的音位变体？A．1个B．2个C．3个D．4个8．下列各组词中属于纯粹的借词的是________。

A．电话咖啡电视B．咖喱可乐蛇果C．吉普坦克手机D．沙发麦克风拷贝9．下列各词中附加色彩与其他词不同的是________。

A．大娘B．老大爷C．老头D．大妈10．下列各项中不是词缀的是________。

A．“worker”（工人）中的“er”（work：工作）B．“老板”中的“老”C．“working”（工作）中的“ing”D．“阿姨”中的“阿”二、多项选择题（20分）每题作出2项以上的选择，把答案写在答题纸上，注明题号。

第2章语言是符号系统一、填空题1．语言符号具有双重性的特点，既有________，也有________。

（中山大学2011年研）【答案】任意性；理据性【解析】作为符号系统的成员，单个语言系统的语言形式和意义之间没有自然属性上的必然联系，只有社会约定的关系。

因为符号是能指和所指相连接的整体，语言符号是任意的，能指和所指之间的关系是任意的。

语言符号的理据性是指语言符号的非任意性或可论证性，它与语言符号的任意性并不矛盾，孤立地看某一能指与所指的自然联系，其间是任意的，但若在整个系统中看二者的联系，某一能指与所指的结合不能不受到系统的其他成员的制约。

2．语素属于语言中的________。

（北京语言大学2010年研）【答案】语法层面【解析】语素是最小的语音、语义结体，是最小的有意义的语言单位。

语素和语素组成更大单位是形式和意义结合的语言符号，属于语言的语法层面。

3．瑞士语言学家索绪尔认为语言符号的基本性质表现在两个方面，语言符号的语音形式与意义之间没有内在的必然联系，只有社会约定关系，这是语言符号的________性，语言符号不占有空间，以符号序列依次出现，这是语言符号的________性。

（首都师范大学2012年研）【答案】任意性；线条性【解析】语言符号的任意性和线条性，是20世纪初瑞士的语言学家索绪尔作为语言符号的基本性质提出的。

语言符号的这两个性质和语言符号的系统性密切相关。

二、判断题1．语言是开放的、动态的符号系统。

（中山大学2012年研）【答案】正确【解析】一切人类的自然语言，都是开放的动态平衡的符号系统。

自然语言之所以是开放的，这是它作为人类重要的思维工具、交际工具和文化载体的本质特征所决定的。

语言符号系统之所以是开放的，这也是因为这个系统本身是巨大的复杂的有无限潜力的，不管一种发达的语言是多么地丰富多彩，它所具有的音位、语素、词、短语、句子等也都是有限的。

2．语言每时每刻都处在变化之中，是异质有序的系统。

11．中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2011，2013）中山大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学概论C（用英文考试）I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni: θ/1. empirical2. plagiarize3. compound4. finite5. clause6. phonemics7. threatened8. epiphenomenon9. beta10. generic【答案】1. empirical — / /2. plagiarize —/ /3. compound —//4. finite — //5. clause — //6. phonemics — //7. threatened — //8. epiphenomenon — //9. beta — //10. generic — //II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.【答案】Displacement2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.【答案】Consonants3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.【答案】morphology4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc. 【答案】reference5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.【答案】synchronic6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.【答案】interlanguage7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot. 【答案】Horn8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.【答案】compositionality9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.【答案】monistic10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness todesignate something in the scene.【答案】deixis11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have thefollowing possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.【答案】Short12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area ofexample-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.【答案】computational13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.【答案】non-pulmonic14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,interpersonal, and textual meanings.【答案】realization15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language isnot arbitrary at the ______ level.【答案】syntacticIII. Define the following terms. (50 points)1. recreational function【答案】The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.2. pharyngeal【答案】Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.3. loanshift【答案】It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。