托福真题库：托福测试真题测试(3)

第18套Reconstructing Ancient EnvironmentParagraph1A stage that is imperative in any archaeological process is the reconstruction of the physical environments in which a particular segment of the archaeological record was formed.Climates and the world’s geomorphology—the shape and constituents of land surfaces—have changed greatly over the past several million years of human history, and each archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.1.The word“constituents”in the passage is closest in meaning toponentsB.locationsC.sizeD.temperaturesParagraph2Ancient climates can often be reconstructed from floral and faunal remains.The study of animal remains,or faunal analysis,is a complex field in which,in most cases,the archaeologist is trying to reconstruct human diet and local environments.Faunal analysts usually count the numbers and kinds of animals represented by the remains they find,and then use statistical methods to estimate the food values,ages,and sexes of the animals being exploited.The prehistoric record of the meat-eating habits of early humans is far from clear about the prevalence of scavenging.One faction of prehistorians argues there is evidence that early humans were primarily scavengers who found the remains of animals killed by lions and other carnivores,and butchered them.Another faction disagrees and proposes that early humans hunted for their own meat.Marks left by humans cutting up animals with stone tools are now being analyzed to help distinguish between cases in which people butchered animals they had killed themselves and those in which they butchered animals they scavenged from kills of other animals.2.According to paragraph2,prehistorians disagree about which of the following?A.Whether humans hunted animals themselves or ate meat from animals killed by other carnivoresB.The number and kinds of animals humans ateC.Whether lions and other carnivores were hunted by humansD.Whether or not humans butchered animals to eat3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Humans using stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of theanimals they killed and the animals they scavenged.B.Humans scavenged stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of the animals they killed and the animals they scavenged.C.Humans scavenged animals killed by other animals and butchered them using stone tools.D.Tool marks on butchered animals bones are analyzed to help determine whether humans killed or merely scavenged the animals.Paragraph3Throughout human history,plants have been our main source of food,and so floral analyses—studies of the remains of plants—are an extremely important part of archaeology,particularly in studies of how domesticated plants and animals and agricultural economies evolved.Carbon is chemically quite stable,so charred plants (plants converted to charcoal or carbon)and seeds preserve well.Carbonized plant remains can be retrieved by flotation:excavated sediments are mixed with water or some other fluid and the charred plant fragments rise to the surface,where they can be skimmed off and identified.The importance of such analyses lies in the fact that these plants indicate much about the climates and vegetation of the periods in which the animals lived.For example,there are debates about when and where various animals were domesticated.If phytoliths(tiny mineral particles formed inside plants)of domesticated grains are found on the teeth of these animals,the probability is high that they were part of an agricultural economy.4.The word“excavated”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.dug from the groundB.concentrated in solid formC.depositedD.Dried5.According to paragraph3,what is one reason that scientists use flotation?A.To estimate the fluid content of ancient plants and seedsB.To identify the sediments in which ancient plants grewC.To learn about the climate of places where ancient plants grewD.To determine whether the remains of ancient plants and seeds have carbonized6.According to paragraph3,which of the following is true about carbonized plant remains?A.Each fragment of carbonized plant remains contains sediments of a wide variety of plants.B.Carbonized plant remains are usually found near the remains of domesticated animals.C.Carbonized plant remains can be recovered by mixing sediments with fluid.D.Carbonized plant remains from an area are used to settle the age of animal remains located in the same area.7.According to paragraph3,which of the following do archeologist consider to be a strong indicator that an agricultural economy existed in a particular site?A.An unusually high number of animal remains near the surface of the site.B.Remains of domesticated plants in the teeth of animalsC.High numbers of mineral particles inside carbonized plantsD.Evidence of little vegetation change for long periods of timeParagraph4Human bodies are also valuable sources of information for archaeologists, particularly if the bodies are well preserved.For example,eleven naturally mummified bodies were found in beach sand in northern Chile and date to about1000 B.C.When they were analyzed,it was found that one of them was a coca leaf chewer (the earliest known),while other bodies showed the changes of the bones of the inner ear that are characteristic of people who spend a lot of time diving in cold water.In addition,they had the kinds of dental problems and missing teeth associated with the sticky starches of an agricultural diet—although about40percent of their diet came from marine resources.8.According to paragraph4,all of the following were true of some people in northern Chile around1000B.C.EXCEPT:A.They were divers.B.They chewed coca leaves.C.They had dental problems caused by eating food from marine resources.D.They ate plants grown on land.9.The word“characteristic”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.expectedB.typicalC.suggestiveD.destructiveParagraph5A rapidly growing technical specialty within archaeology is geoarchaeology,which combines archaeological and geological analyses.Geology and archaeology form a natural marriage in many obvious ways because both disciplines are concerned with the alteration of natural landscapes.Glaciers,changing rainfall patterns,and many other natural forces cause changes to landscapes,and of course,so do people. Geologists are broadly concerned with ancient physical environments,and archaeologists require knowledge of these environments to interpret their finds.1.The word“alteration”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.destructionB.preservationC.authenticityD.modificationParagraph6Geoarchaeological analyses involve many different kinds of questions and techniques. In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the sediments it carried.But many of these communities have been buried under many meters of sediments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed course many times,leaving a maze of crisscrossed buried river channels.Finding these buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analyses involving special digging,satellite image analysis,and many other techniques.2.The purpose of paragraph6is toA.answer questions about the equipment and techniques used in the Egyptian Delta areaB.describe the earliest communities built on large,sand=and-gravel moundsC.explain how streams feeding the Nile River in the delta change course over timeD.provide an example of a situation where complex archaeological analyses and techniques are necessary12.According to paragraph6,what is one reason that complex geological analyses are needed for locating many of the earliest Nile River communities?A.Flood waters can carry evidence of human habitation far from its place of origin.B.The streams associated with early communities have changed course over time.C.More recent communities have been built on top of ancient communitiesD.The types of sediments carried by Nile floods have changed since ancient times.13.Look at the four squares[⏹]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Such a variety of methods are especially important at sites that are no longer visible on the surface.Where would the sentence best fit?Geoarchaeological analyses involve many different kinds of questions and techniques.⏹In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the sediments it carried.⏹But many of these communities have been buried under many meters of sediments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.⏹Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed course many times,leaving a maze of crisscrossed buried river channels.⏹Finding these buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analyses involving special digging,satellite imageanalysis,and many other techniques.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.A.Studying plant and animal remains can reveal details of ancient climates,food sources,and agricultural activities.B.Once identified,carbonized plant remains can help modern agriculturalists determine the most stable varieties of plants to grow.C.To help understand the physical world of ancient communities,archaeologists may work with geologists and employ complex new techniques.D.Faunal analysis deals mainly with analyzing the tools ancient humans used for hunting and killing animals.E.An examination of human remains can tell archaeologists about such things as the individual’s diet and habits.F.Geoarchaeology,a growing field within archaeology,has proved to be more effective in explaining the alterations made to natural landscapes than in explaining how members of ancient communities lived.Water Supply in VeniceThe city of Venice,built on saltwater marshes and crisscrossed by canals,experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history.One fifteenth-century French traveler noted that“in a city”in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths, they often go thirsty“How was the community to solve this important problem?1.Why does the author include the quotation“in a city in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths,they often go thirsty”?A.To indicate that the French traveled to Venice frequently in the fifteenth century.B.To illustrate the opinion of other Europeans about the water situation in VeniceC.To suggest that the water supply problem of Venice continued well beyond the fifteenth century.D.To emphasize how serious the water problem was in Venice.Paragraph2Water drawn from the lagoon(the large,shallow body of water between Venice and the Mediterranean Sea)and the canals within the city served many domestic uses such as washing and cooking inventories of even the most modest households list large numbers of buckets,which were emptied and rinsed,the ones used to carry the brackish(somewhat salty)canal water were kept separate from those intended forfresh water.Still,even serving such needs would have been impossible if the canals of Venice had been extremely polluted.The government was obliged to impose controls, and in the early fourteenth century,the Great Council prohibited the washing of all cloth and dyed woolens in the canals,adding that water used for dyeing could not be flushed into the canals.Henceforth,dirty water of that sort was to go into the lagoon. Thanks to resistance on the part of the dyers,infractions were many,the law did not reflect common practice.A century later,however,most of the dye works that used blood or indigo(a dark blue dye)had shifted to the periphery of the city,as had all activities“that let off bad odors or smells.”,such as butchering.Blood,carcasses,and spoiled meat were to go into thelagoon.The canals of Venice began to be protected in the name of nascent ecological awareness.2.The word“Henceforth”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Instead of thisB.In additionC.From this time onD.In effect3.The word“obliged”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.forcedB.allowedC.expectedD.Persuaded4.According to paragraph2,why did the government place restrictions on dyers?A.To protect the city’s drinking waterB.To prevent the lagoon from being pollutedC.To keep canal water cleanD.To discourage the use of blood and indigo for dyeing cloth5.According to paragraph2,how did dyers respond to the controls imposed by the government?A.They switched from using dyes that let off bad odors or smells to new dyes that smelled much betterB.They resisted initially but eventually moved most of the dyeing operations outside the city centerC.They argued that the government did not consider common practice before imposing the controlsD.They started washing cloth and woolens dyed with blood and indigo in the lagoonParagraph3Much more stringent measures were necessary to guarantee a supply of drinkingwater,however.In the early centuries of settlement in the lagoon basin,the populations depended on wells on the nearby coastal region.By the ninth century, however,with the increase in population density,cisterns became necessary.Basically, the cisterns were large,covered pits dug into the ground and lined with clay to hold water.The cisterns were located in the city,but unlike the wells,the cisterns were not supplied with water from the lagoon,they collected rainwater instead.Cisterns became widespread in the growing city.6．It can be inferred from paragraph3that wells on the nearby coastal regionA.were smaller in size than the cisterns located in the cityB.served as a water source for the growing number of cisterns in the cityC.increased in number as the population density increasedD.Provided enough water for only a relatively small number of peopleParagraph4Over a period of several hundred years,Venice developed an elaborate system of cisterns and gome-the gutters or pipes that carried rainwater to the cisterns and that, for a single cistern,might extend over an area of several streets.Wealthy households had their own cisterns.In less affluent areas of the city,cisterns were often owned and maintained by neighborhood groups.In crowded parts of the city where landlords offered small house for rent,one or two cisterns were provided for each street.A network of public cisterns paralleled these private and semiprivate arrangements. Every public square in the city had a cistern to serve the poorest venetians.7.According to paragraph4,all of the following were true of Venice’s system of cisterns and gome EXCEPTA.It was developed over several centuriesB.It collected rainwaterC.It was maintained with fees paid by the publicD.It reflected the social and economic diversity of the city of VeniceParagraph5In the thirteenth century,a decision was made to create50additional cisterns, primarily in the recently urbanized area at the edge of the city.At the same time,a campaign was launched to repair the existing cisterns.Expansion of the cistern system stopped during much of the fourteenth century as Venice,like other cities in Europe, suffered from bubonic plague.In the fifteenth century,however,a new program of cistern construction and repair was undertaken.8.The word“launched”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.paid forB.startedC.proposedD.agreed on9.According to paragraph5,all of the following had an effect on cisterns in Venice from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century EXCEPTA.the construction of cisterns in other cities in EuropeB.the establishment of programs to construct and repair cisternsC.the outbreak of bubonic plagueD.the urbanization of an area at the edge of the edge of the cityParagraph6In spite of the expansion of the cistern system,Venice continued to have problems with its water supply,especially during dry periods.Flotillas of boats had to be dispatched to the mouths of nearby rivers-first to the Bottenigo,then to the Brenta-to fetch fresh water.The fresh water was then sold by the bucket or poured into the cisterns.The public authorities made efforts to take bolder action to ensure the supply of fresh water from this parallel source and a number of projects were suggested during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to channel river water and even to construct an aqueduct.However,the high cost of such initiatives precluded their execution.10.The phrase“this parallel source”refers toA.flotillas of boatB.nearby riversC.the cisternsD.an aqueduct11.The word“ensure”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.improveB.increaseC.controlD.Guarantee12.According to paragraph6,how did public authorities respond to problems with the water supply during dry periods?A.They sent boats to fetch fresh water from nearby riversB.They channeled river water into the cisternsC.They constructed an aqueductD.They sold water from the cisterns in buckets to the public13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The complexity of the cistern system was social as well as physical.Paragraph4Over a period of several hundred years,Venice developed an elaborate system ofcisterns and gome-the gutters or pipes that carried rainwater to the cisterns and that, for a single cistern,might extend over an area of several streets.■Wealthy households had their own cisterns.■In less affluent areas of the city,cisterns were often owned and maintained by neighborhood groups.■In crowded parts of the city where landlords offered small house for rent,one or two cisterns were provided for each street.■A network of public cisterns paralleled these private and semiprivate arrangements.Every public square in the city had a cistern to serve the poorest venetians.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.The city of Venice experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history. Answer ChoicesA.The water from the lagoon between Venice and the Mediterranean Sean could not be used for drinking because it was extremely polluted.B.From the ninth to the fifteenth century,Venice developed a system to collected and store rainwater in cisterns for use by the populationC.Wealthy households were able to build their own cisterns,but everyone else had to use public cisterns located in the city’s many squares.D.By the early fourteenth century,the water in Venice’s canals was becoming too polluted for household use prompting the city council to prohibit the use of the canals by dyers and butchers.E.By the fifteenth century,cisterns supplied by rainwater proved to be inadequate, but the cost of the projects proposed for a permanent solution was too high for the projects to be undertaken.F.The expansion and repair of the cistern system was interrupted for much of the fourteenth century because of the bubonic plague,a situation that worsened the water supply problem.Vocalization in Frogs(17年4月曾经又考过)Paragraph1The tungara frog is a small terrestrial vertebrate that is found in Central America. Tungara frogs breed in small pools,and breeding groups range from a single male to choruses of several hundred males.the advertisement call of a male tungara frog is a strange noise,a whine that starts at a frequency of900hertz and sweeps downward to 400hertz in about400milliseconds.The whine may be produced by itself,or it may be followed by one or several chucks or clucking sounds.when a male tungara a frogis calling alone in a pond,it usually gives only the whine portion of the call,but as additional males join a chorus,more and more of the frogs produce calls that include chucks.Scientists noted that male tungara frogs calling in a breeding pond added chucks to their calls when they heard the recorded calls of other males played back. That observation suggested that it was the presence of other calling males that incited frogs to make their calls more complex by adding chucks to the end of the whine.1.The word“incited”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.allowedB.stimulatedC.forcedD.Helped2.According to paragraph1,male tungara frogs add chucks to the whine they produce whenA.potential mates are unable to hear the frequency of their whine soundsB.other males produce louder whine sounds than they doC.the frogs breed in large pools rather than small onesD.other males are present in their breeding poolParagraph2What advantage would a male frog in a chorus gain from using a whine-chuck call instead of a whine?Perhaps the complex call is more attractive to female frogs than the simple call.Michael Ryan and Stanley Rand tested that hypothesis by placing female tungara frogs in a test arena with a speaker at each side.One speaker broadcast a pre-recorded whine call,and the second speaker broadcast a whine-chuck.When female frogs were released individually in the center of the arena,fourteen of the fifteen frogs tested moved toward the speaker broadcasting the whine-chuck call.3.What is the relationship of paragraph2in the passage to paragraph1?A.Paragraph2provides additional support for a scientific hypothesis discussed in paragraph1.B.Paragraph2questions the accuracy of a scientific observation discussed in paragraph1.C.Paragraph2provides a possible explanation for a scientific observation discussed in paragraph1.D.Paragraph2identifies some strengths and weaknesses of a scientific hypothesis discussed in paragraph1.4.According to paragraph2,Ryan and Rand conducted an experiment to find out whether which of the following theories was true?A.Male frogs in a chorus use a whine-chuck in place of a whine call.B.Female frogs prefer a whine-chuck call to a simple whine call.C.Male frogs tend to produce more whine-chuck calls than whine calls.D.Female frogs respond differently to live calls from males than they do to recorded calls.Paragraph3If female frogs are attracted to whine-chuck calls in preference to whine calls,why do male frogs give whine-chuck calls only when other males are present?Why not always give the most attractive call possible?One possibility is that whine-chuck calls require more energy than whines,and males save energy by only using whine-chucks when competition with other males makes the energy expenditure necessary.However, measurements of the energy expenditure of calling male tungara frogs showed that energy cost was not related to the number of chucks.Another possibility is that male frogs giving whine-chuck calls are more vulnerable to predators than frogs giving only whine calls.Tungara frogs in breeding choruses are preyed upon by a species of frog-eating bats.Trachops cirrhosis,and it was demonstrated that the bats locate the frogs by homing on their vocalizations.5.To be attracted to whine-chuck calls“in preference to”whine calls meansA.to like whine-chuck calls instead of whine callsB.to like whine-chuck calls in addition to whine callsC.to like whine-chuck calls followed by whine callsD.to like whine-chuck calls more than whine calls6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Males may save energy when competing for mates by using only whine-chuck calls rather than both whines and whine-chucks.B.Males expend as much of their energy on whine-chuck calls as on whine calls when competing with other males.C.Males save energy by using whine-chuck calls only when competing with other males.D.Males that save energy by using only whines are less able to compete with other males.Paragraph4In a series of playback experiments,Michael Ryan and Merlin Tuttle placed pairs of speakers in the forest and broadcast vocalizations of tungara frogs.One speaker played a recording of a whine and the other a recording of a whine-chuck.The bats responded as if the speakers were frogs:they flew toward the speakers and even landed on them.In five experiments at different sites,the bats approached speakers broadcasting whine-chuck(168approaches versus81).Thus,female frogs are not alone in finding whine-chuck calls more attractive than simple whines—an important predator of frogs also responds more strongly to the complex calls.7.According to paragraph4,all of the following are true of the playback experiments EXCEPT:A.Female frogs and predator bats approached the broadcasting speakers.B.The bats responded more strongly to the whine-chuck calls than they responded to the whine calls.C.Each speaker played a different kind of male frog call.D.The same experiment was repeated at different locations.8.According to paragraph4,the playback experiments of Ryan and Tuttle demonstrated which of the following?A.Tungara frogs use both whines and whine-chucks in their vocalizations.B.Female tungara frogs are attracted to both whine and whine-chuck vocalizations.C.Female tungara frogs and predators of tungara frogs are attracted to different types of vocalizations.D.Frog-eating bats are attracted to whine-chuck calls more than to alone.Paragraph5Ryan and his colleagues measured the rates of predation in tungara frog choruses of different rge choruses of frogs did not attract more bats than small choruses, and consequently the risk of predation for an individual frog was less in a large chorus than in a small one.Predation was an astonishing19percent of the frogs per night in the smallest chorus and a substantial1.5percent per night even in the largest chorus. When a male frog shifts from a simple whine to a whine-chuck call,it increases its risk of attracting a female,but it simultaneously increases its risk of attracting a predator.In small choruses,the competition from other males for females is relatively small,and the risk of predation is relatively large.Under these conditions it is apparently advantageous for a male tungara frog to give simple whines.However,as chorus size increases,competition with other males also increases while the risk of predation falls.In that situation,the advantage of giving a complex call apparently outweighs the risks.9.The word“substantial”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.averageB.smallerC.considerableD.surprising10.The word“outweighs”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.exceedsB.ignoresC.minimizesD.Disguises11.According to paragraph5,all of the following are true about tungara frog。

toefl试题及答案TOEFL 试题及答案1. 阅读部分阅读文章：The Evolution of the CameraThe camera has undergone significant changes since its inception in the early 19th century. Initially, cameras were large, cumbersome devices that required long exposure times and were operated by professionals. Over time, technological advancements led to the development of smaller, more portable cameras that were accessible to the general public. The introduction of digital technology in the late20th century revolutionized photography, making it even more accessible and versatile. Today, cameras are integrated into smartphones, allowing for instant sharing and editing of images.Questions:1. What was the initial state of cameras in the 19th century?A. Small and portableB. Large and operated by professionalsC. Digital and versatileD. Integrated into smartphonesAnswer: B. Large and operated by professionals2. What major technological advancement made cameras more accessible to the public?A. The introduction of filmB. The development of smaller camerasC. The invention of color photographyD. The integration of cameras into smartphonesAnswer: B. The development of smaller cameras3. When did digital technology revolutionize photography?A. In the early 19th centuryB. In the late 20th centuryC. In the early 21st centuryD. In the mid-20th centuryAnswer: B. In the late 20th century2. 听力部分Listening Passage:[Speaker 1:] I've always been fascinated by the way birds migrate. It's such an incredible journey they undertake every year. [Speaker 2:] Yes, it's amazing how they can navigate such long distances without getting lost. [Speaker 1:] I heard that some scientists believe that birds use the Earth's magnetic field to find their way. [Speaker 2:] That's right. And they also use the position of the sun and stars for navigation.Questions:1. What topic are the speakers discussing?A. The migration of birdsB. The use of magnetic fieldsC. The position of the sun and starsD. The navigation of birdsAnswer: A. The migration of birds2. What do some scientists believe birds use for navigation?A. The Earth's magnetic fieldB. The position of the sun and starsC. Both A and BD. None of the aboveAnswer: C. Both A and B3. What is the main purpose of the conversation?A. To discuss scientific theoriesB. To share personal interestsC. To debate the accuracy of navigation methodsD. To compare different types of migrationsAnswer: B. To share personal interests3. 口语部分Task:Describe a tradition in your culture that is unique and explain why it is important to you. Please include specific details in your response.Sample Answer:In my culture, one unique tradition is the Dragon Boat Festival, which is celebrated during the fifth month of the lunar calendar. This tradition is important to me because it commemorates the life and death of the ancient Chinese poet Qu Yuan. The festival involves racing dragon boats, which are long, narrow, and paddled by teams of people. It's a symbol of unity and strength, as everyone works together to propel the boat forward. The Dragon Boat Festival also includes eating zongzi, which are sticky rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves. This tradition is a way for us to remember our history and honor the contributions of Qu Yuan, while also enjoying a day of community and competition.4. 写作部分Task:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "All scientific discoveries should be shared among scientists all around the world; governments should not keep these discoveries secret." Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Sample Answer:I agree with the statement that all scientific discoveries should be shared among scientists worldwide, and governments should not keep these discoveries secret. Firstly, sharing scientific knowledge promotes collaboration and innovation. When researchers from different countries can access the latest findings, they can build upon each other's work, leading to more rapid advancements in various fields. For example, the Human Genome Project was a global effort that involved scientists from multiple countries, and it resulted in a better understanding of human genetics.Secondly, keeping scientific discoveries secret can hinder the progress of medicine and technology. If a government withholds information about a new medical treatment, it could delay the treatment's availability to patients who need it. This was seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, where the rapid sharing of research on the virus and potential vaccines allowed for a quicker global response.Lastly, transparency in science fosters trust among nations. When countries openly share their scientific achievements, it can lead to increased cooperation and reduced tensions. This openness can also help to prevent the misuse of scientific discoveries for harmful purposes, as the international community can monitor and discuss the implications of new technologies.In conclusion, sharing scientific discoveries is crucial for the advancement of knowledge, the well-being of humanity, and global cooperation. Governments should prioritize the dissemination of scientific knowledge to foster a more collaborative and transparent scientific community.。

托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionEarly Theories of Continental DriftP1: The idea that the geography of Earth was different in the past than it is today is not new. As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912, other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. But because much of the early support for mobilism was based on far-flung intercontinental similarities, geologists tended to be skeptical of the fieldwork of others.P2: During the late nineteenth century, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the name “Gondwanaland”in his book The Face of the Earth (1885) and gave far greater emphasis to the evolutionary nature of the earth and he noted the similarities among the Late Paleozoic plant fossils of India, Australia, South Africa, and South America. Based upon glossopteris fern fossils in such regions, he explained that the three land masses were once connected in a supercontinent which he names Gondwanaland, and that the ocean flooded the spaces currently between those lands. Thus, in his view, the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by postulating the concept of a land bridge that existed once but subsided later.P3: Later, a number of refinements to Suess’s theory were made. The American geologist Frank Taylor published a pamphlet in 1910 presenting his concept of “horizontal displacement”. He explained the formation of mountain ranges as a result of the lateral movements of continents. With the earth’s capture of the moon, the gravitational forces between them generated a pull towards lower latitudes where they thickened and formed folded mountain belts especially in middle latitudes. Although we now know that Taylor’s explanation of continental drift is erroneous, one of his most significant contributions was his suggestion that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge—an underwater mountain range discovered by the 1872-1876 British HMS Challenger expeditions—might mark the site at which an ancient continent broke apart, forming the present-day Atlantic Ocean.P4: However, it is Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, who is generally credited with developing the hypothesis of continental drift. In his monumental book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915), Wegener theorized that a single supercontinent he called “Pangaea”existed sometime between 350 million to 225 million years ago. Wegner portrayed his grand concept of continental movement in a series of maps showing the breakup of Pangaea and the movement of various continents to their present-day locations. What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift? First, Wegener noted that there is geographical similarity along both the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The opposing coasts of the Atlantic can be fitted together in the same way as two cut off pieces of wood can be refitted. Furthermore, mountain ranges and glacial deposits seem tomatch up in such a way that suggests continents could have once been a single landmass. Finally, many of the same fossils and vegetative remains are found today on widely separated continents, indicating that the continents must have been in proximity at one time. During his days, Wegener was regarded as an advocate rather than as an impartial scientific observer, appearing to ignore vast evidence unfavorable to his ideas and distort other evidence to bring it into harmony with the theory.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea. He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus”occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa. Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.P6 :The debate over continental drift has the same role and stature in the history of the earth sciences as the debate over Darwinian evolution in the history of life sciences and the debates over relativity and quantum theory in the history of physics. In the largest sense, the history of earth science, the history of biology, and the history of physics in the 20th century are all histories of the consolidation of opinion and the formation of broad consensus—that these theories were the best way to organize and advance these sciences.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea.■He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus” occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa.■Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. ■Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. ■Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.1．According to paragraph 2, Eduard Suess believed that similarities of plant and animal fossils on the southern continents were due toA．living in the southern climateB．crossing the land bridgesC．fossilization in the coal layersD．movements of the supercontinent正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问动植物化石的相似性是因为什么，文中提到“the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by”所以原因是之前有陆桥后来消失了，答案是B。

TOEFL试题3TOEFL试题（3）1. Because air is highly compressible, --- to define a clear upper boundary of the atmosphere.(A) it is impossible(B) impossible is(C) so the impossibility(D) is the impossibility2. BASIC, the acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, is a high – level Instruction Code, is a high –level computer programming language ---.(A) learning relatively simple(B) related it simply to learning(C) simple and relative to learn(D) that is relatively simple to learn3. --- Frances Perkins held the post of labor secretary for twelve years.(A) The first woman appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position was(B) The first woman appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position(C) Appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position was the first woman who(D) The first woman was appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position who4. --- at the turn of the century, the Minnesota State Capitol building is made of white granite and marble.(A) Erected(B) Was erected(C) To erect it(D) Erecting it5. A stream of volcanic lava flows differently, -- on the sort of ground it flows over.(A) to depend(B) depending(C) that dependent(D) when it depended6. --- large amounts of vitamin E found in green leaves, such as lettuce, and in cereals, especially in wheat germ.(A) The(B) They have(C) There are(D) Because of7. A popular belief --- radio and television have homogenized the language of the United States. (A) states that(B) that is stated(C) that states(I) stating that 8. The astronomical unit is the average distance of the Earth from the Sun --- is the standard of distances in the Solar System.(A) and(B) also (C) in addition (D) because9. In 1952 Ernest Hemingway pub。

toefl考试题及答案
1. 阅读部分：在以下段落中，作者主要讨论了什么？
A. 环境问题对全球的影响
B. 科技发展对教育的影响
C. 城市化进程中的问题
D. 经济全球化的趋势
答案：B
2. 听力部分：在对话中，学生和教授讨论了什么主题？
A. 即将到来的假期计划
B. 一个历史事件的分析
C. 学生的研究项目进展
D. 教授的新课程安排
答案：C
3. 口语部分：在第一题中，考生被要求描述什么？
A. 一个重要的历史事件
B. 一个你曾经去过的地方
C. 一个你尊敬的人
D. 一个你最近读到的新闻故事
答案：B
4. 写作部分：在独立写作任务中，题目要求考生讨论什么？
A. 网络教育与传统教育的优劣
B. 城市生活与乡村生活的比较
C. 工作与学习之间的平衡
D. 科技对日常生活的影响
答案：A
5. 综合写作部分：阅读材料中提到的主要观点是什么？
A. 城市化导致环境问题
B. 科技发展对工作的影响
C. 教育投资对经济增长的重要性
D. 健康生活方式对长寿的影响
答案：C。

托福英语试题题库及答案1. 阅读部分：阅读以下段落，并回答相关问题。

In the early 20th century, the industrial revolution brought about significant changes in the way people worked and lived. Factories became the new centers of economic activity, and cities grew rapidly as people moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment opportunities.问题1：工业革命发生在哪个世纪？答案：20世纪。

问题2：工业革命对人们的工作方式和居住方式产生了怎样的影响？答案：工业革命使得工厂成为新的经济活动中心，人们为了寻找就业机会从农村地区迁移到城市中心，导致城市迅速扩张。

2. 听力部分：听以下对话，并回答相关问题。

Speaker 1: I'm really looking forward to the weekend. I've planned a hiking trip to the mountains.Speaker 2: That sounds like a great idea. I've been feeling a bit stressed lately, and I think getting out in nature woulddo me good.问题1：Speaker 1计划在周末做什么？答案：去山里徒步旅行。

问题2：Speaker 2为什么认为去徒步旅行是个好主意？答案：因为最近感到有些压力，认为在大自然中走走会对自己有好处。

3. 口语部分：描述你最喜欢的一种户外活动，并解释为什么喜欢它。

托福真题：托福真题:历年托福考试试题-托福真题托福真题:历年托福考试试题Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) She doesn’t think the shirt comes in a bigger size .(B) She thinks shirt will fit the man.(C) A checked shirt won’t look good on the man.(D) The bigger sizes are more expensive.2. (A) She expects the man to have it.(B) She’s angry with the man for forgetting it.(C) She doesn’t know where it is.(D) She’d like the man to return it by tonight.3. (A) She didn’t buy the ticket.(B) The ticket was expensive.(C) She doesn’t know how much the ticket cost.(D) There are still a few tickets left.4. (A) Eat a bigger breakfast.(B) Make time for lunch in her schedule.(C) Take only morning classes next semester.(D) Change her schedule after she eats lunch.5. (A) He’s quitting the band for academic reasons.(B) He didn’t enjoy being a member of the band.(C) He’s getting academic credit for being in the band.(D) He’s taking time off from his studies to join the band.6. (A) His suit is too old to wear.(B) He doesn’t want to buy new clothes.(C) He doesn’t want to wear a suit.(D) He’ll go shopping with the woman.7. (A) Calculate the bill again.(B) Refuse to pay the bill.(C) He doesn’t want to wear a suit.(D) He’ll go shopping with the woman.8. (A) Sara rarely makes mistakes.(B) Sara usually says what she thinks.(C) Sara’s boss is hard to work with.(D) The secretary wasn’t hard worker.9. (A) Sh e’d prefer to see a different type of movie thana comedy.(B) She has already finished her research paper.(C) She won’t be able to go to a movie with the man.(D) She’d like the man to help her with her research pape r.10. (A) He prefers to work part time.(B) He wants to change his class schedule.(C) He’s having a difficult time finding a part-time job.(D) He doesn’t want to work on campus.11. (A) She doesn’t think it will snow.(B) The location of the session has been changed.(C) The session might be canceled.(D) She’ll probably be too tired to walk to the session.12. (A) Use bleach on his socks.(B) Buy new white socks.(C) Wash his red T-shirt again.(D) Throw away his pink socks.13. (A) He has n’t talked to his brother since he transferr ed.(B) He doesn’t think his brother should transfer.(C) His brother doesn’t want to transfer.(D) He hadn’t heard the&n[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题bsp;news about his brother.14. (A) Which seminar the woman wants to sign up for.(B) If the woman keeps money at the bank.(C) Where the woman learned about the seminar.(D) If the woman has taken other classes on personal financ es.15. (A) He’s used to cold weather.(B) He expected the weather to be warmer over the weekend.(C) He has never liked the weather in October.(D) He didn’t see the forecast for the weekend.16. (A) Leave the art exhibit.(B) Help the man understand the display.(C) Take the artwork down.(D) Call the museum director.17. (A) He thinks he’s very organized.(B) He doesn’t want to join the display.(C) He doesn’t think he should lead the study group.(D) He knows someone who can lead the study group.18. (A) He doesn’t know where his brother keeps his comput er.(B) The woman should buy a used computer.(C) He doesn’t know how much computers cost.(D) His brother paid too much for the computer.19. (A) It’s been to warm to wear the jacket.(B) The jacket is too big for him.(C) He doesn’t like cold weather.(D) He didn’t buy the jacket until cooler weather arrived.20. (A) He started the semester in a bad mood.(B) He’s not usually bad-tempered.(C) He has few responsibilities.(D) He doesn’t like the man.21. (A) He forgot to cancel the reservation.(B) They can go to the restaurant after the woman has fini shed working.(C) He has to work late tonight.(D) They don’t have a reservation at the restaurant.22. (A) Watch a TV program related to his project.(B) Think about taking a less advanced sociology class.(C) Finish his project as soon as possible.(D) Reconsider his decision to interview so many people.23. (A) Try on a smaller sweater.(B) Look for another style at a different store.(C) Give the sweater away as a gift.(D) Exchange the sweater for a bigger one.24. (A) She plans to send a package to Canada.(B) She doesn’t know the postage for a package to Australi a.(C) She has relatives in Australia.(D) She’ll help the man wrap the package.25. (A) Send back his food.(B) Compliment the waiter on the food.(C) Tell the waiter about the mistake.(D) Order something else.26. (A) She doesn’t speak Spanish very well.(B) She doesn’t have to study a foreign language.(C) She performed poorly on a recent Spanish test.上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题(D) She doesn’t remember living in Mexico.27. (A) He’s taking the next train to Philadelphia.(B) He has an extra train schedule.(C) He missed his train.(D) He’s familiar with the train station. 28. (A) He’d like the woman to take his picture.(B) He’d like to borrow the woman’s camera this weekend.(C) His camera takes better pictures than the woman’s camer a.(D) His camera is smaller than the woman’s camera.29. (A) Ask Professor Bell to help the club.(B) Introduce the woman to Professor Bell.(C) Write an article about Professor Bell’s interests.(D) Find out which biology classes Professor Bell teaches.30. (A) She wasn’t wearing a scarf when she arrived.(B) She’ll help the man look for his scarf.(C) She likes the color the man’s scarf.(D) The man didn’t take her scarf.31. (A) A concert the woman attended.(B) The man’s collection of CD’s.(C) A new software programs.(D) An instrument the woman is learning to play.32. (A) She lost one of his CD’s.(B) She didn’t invite him to the concert.(C) She missed class.(D) She forgot about a meeting.33. (A) It does not need to be turned.(B) It has two sets of strings.(C) Its pitch is exceptionally high.(D) It is played with the hands and feet.34. (A) A baritone.(B) Some CD’S.(C) A computer program.(D) His class notes.35. (A) The woman’s house.(B) The concert.(C) The club meeting.(D) The music shop.36. (A) How rocks are eroded.(B) How sediment hardens into rock.(C) How flood plains develop.(D) How minerals are extracted from rock.37. (A)How rocks are eroded.(B)How strata are formed in rock.(C)Why flooding makes geological investigations difficult.(D)Which minerals can be found in rock38. (A)The deposits aren’t made of organic material.(B)The deposits aren’t found everywhere in the world.(C).The deposits harden under conditions of heat and pressure .(D)The deposits don’t form at regular time invervals.39. (A) Where fossils are most commonly found.(B) How a geological discovery was made.(C).Why rivers flood.(D)The differences between two geological periods.40. (A) A museum exhibition of African baskets.(B) Changes in basket-weaving.(C) Differences between African and American baskets.(D)The development of basket weaving in one town.41. (A)Their mothers taught them.(B)They traveled to Africa.(C)They learned in&上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题nbsp;school.(D)They taught themselves.42. (A)Fruit baskets.(B)Work baskets.(C)Baby cradles.(D)Clothes baskets.43. (A)They sell them as a hobby.(B)They make them as a hobby.(C)They use them on their farms.44. (A)How insects breed in extreme desert temperatures.(B)Different types of beetles.(C)They send them to museums.(D)How beetles can defeat a plant’s defense system.45. (A)Its resin isn’t poisonous.(B)It can shoot its resin a great distance.(C)It leaves have no veins.(D)It doesn’t need much water to grow well.46. (A)By severing the veins that carry the poison.(B)By eating only the stem of the plant.(C)By changing the plant’s chemistry.(D)By eating only at night.47. (A)Their literary value.(B)The debate over who wrote them.(C)The time period in which they were written.(D)Why they are still popular today.48. (A)The Iliad was written after the Odyssey.(B)The first European poems weren’t written in Greek.(C)The poet called Homer wrote the Iliad but not the Odysse y.(D)The poet called Homer never existed.49. (A)The portrayal of the characters in the poems.(B)Archaeological findings in Greece.(C)Research conducted by Milman Parry.(D)Claims made by ancient Greed authors about the poems.50. (A) Other poems written by Homer.(B) A comparison of modern versus ancient Creekpoetry.(C) A twentieth-century scholar’s conclusions about Homer.(D)Poetry by Milman Parry.Section Two Structure and Written ExpressionTime: 25 minutes1. The gray scale, a progressive series of shades ranging f rom black to white, is used incomputer graphics ---- detail to graphical images.(A) added(B) to add(C) are added(D) and add2. By ----excluding competition from an industry, governments have oft en created public service monopolies.(A) they adopt laws(B) laws are adopted(C) adopting laws(D) having laws adopt3. ----skeleton of an insect is on the outside of its body.(A) Its(B) That the(C) There is a(D) The4. Lenses, ----are used to correct imperfections in eyesight.(A) are the forms of glasses and contact lenses(B) in the form of glasses and contact lenses(C) glasses and contact lenses which form(D) glasses and contact lenses may be formed5. In eighteenth-century North America, printed engravings provided ----of rococo style.(A) the most manifestation widespread(B) manifestation widespr上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题ead the most(C) the widespread manifestation most(D) the most widespread manifestation6. In the Arctic tundra, ice fog may form under clear skie s in winter, ----coastal fogs or low status clouds are common in summer.(A) because of(B) whereas(C) despite(D) that7. On attaining maximum size, ----by drawing itself out and dividing into two daughter amoeb as, each receiving identical nuclear materials.(A) the reproduction of the amoeba(B) the amoeba, which reproduces(C) reproducing the amoeba(D) the amoeba reproduces8. For the advertiser, one of the greatest appeals of radio is ---- an audience all day long.(A) that it has(B) that to have(C) to have it(D) having it9. Charles Schulz’s comic strip, “Peanuts,”features childr en who make --- about life.(A) funny, wise statements that(B) which funny, wise statements(C) statements are funny but wise(D) funny but wise statements10. One of the major rivers of the western United States, ---- flows for some 1,500 miles fromColorado to northwestern Mexico.(A) it is the Colorado River(B) the Colorado River which(C) and the Colorado River(D) the Colorado River11. In art, the tendency of gouache colors to lighten on d rying makes ---- a wide range ofpearly or pastel-like effects.(A) it is possible(B) possible(C) possible to be(D) it possible the12. Isabel Bishop was one of many American artists ----by the government during theDepression years on various federal art projects.(A) employed(B) whose employment(C) to employ(D) had been employed13. Outbreaks of diseases in trees commonly occur ----stressed because of drought or otherenvironmental factors.(A) as forests that become(B) in forests become(C) that become forests(D) when forests become14. To break thick ice, an icebreaker boat moves fast enough to ride up on the ice, ---- under its weight.(A) so then breaks(B) when breaks it(C) which then breaks(D) for which then breaks15. Cholesterol is present in large quantities in the nervou s system, where ---- compound ofmyelin.(A) it a(B) a(C) being a(D) it is a16. Painters of the early twentieth century who were known primarily for they colorful landscapes, the A B C Group of Seven changed is name to the Canadian Group上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题;of Painters in 1933.D17. Most animals have nervous systems, sense organs, and spe cialized modes of locomotion, and are A B C capable of sec uring ingesting, and to digest food.D18. The cork oak tree has a layer of cork several inches thickness that can be stripped every ten years.A B C D19. Inflation, interest rates, and overall economic active ca n be governed by the United States Federal A B CReserve’s decision to adjust the supply of money to the ec onomy.D20. Free radicals of oxygen, which common by-products of metabobr>(A) temper(B) glazes(C) kilns(D) compounds50.The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under bur ning wood ,the ashes help(A) prevent the clay from cracking(B) produce a more consistently baked pot(C) attain a very high temperature(D) give the vessel a glasslike finish上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]。

2023年托福英语考试真题及答案本文档为2023年托福英语考试的真题及答案。

请注意，考试成绩取决于个人的独立表现，本文档仅提供参考。

听力部分Part 1：对话理解Q1. What is the man’s favorite sport?A. BasketballB. FootballC. TennisAnswer: BPart 2：长对话理解Q2. What is the woman doing for the summer?A. Taking a summer classB. Starting an internshipC. Traveling with her familyAnswer: A阅读部分Passage 1：The bicycle was invented in the 19th century and quickly became a popular mode of transportation. It was easy to use and affordable, making it accessible to many people. While the bicycle has undergone many changes since its first creation, it remains a popular mode of transportation today.Q3. When was the bicycle invented?A. In the 18th centuryB. In the 19th centuryC. In the 20th centuryAnswer: BPassage 2：Q4. What are two ways to measure the success of a business?A. High profits and employee satisfactionB. High profits and low employee turnoverC. Low expenses and high employee satisfactionAnswer: A写作部分请写一篇不少于300字的短文，介绍你喜欢的电影类型，并说明原因。

2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷三）托福阅读文本：There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic eon. Much ofour information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history comes from the fossilrecord, because we have a reasonably good understanding of the types of environment in whichmany fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celledbacteria, provide little evidence in this regard. However, the rocks themselves do include theearliest evidence for glaciation, probably a global ice age.The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity is based onthe principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now at work on and withinthe Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. The deposits associated with present-dayglaciers have been well studied, and some of their characteristics are quite distinctive. In2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake Huron (dating fromthe early part of theProterozoic age), there are thin laminae of fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annuallayers of sediment deposited in glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves show two-layeredannual cycle, one layer corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of thesummer season, and the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition.Although it is not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almostcertainly glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional largepebbles or "dropstones," a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse material issometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into otherwise very fine grainedsediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those in Canada have been found in otherparts of North America and in Africa, India, and Europe. This indicates that the glaciation wasglobal, and that for a period of time in the early Proterozoic theEarth was gripped in an ice age.Following the early Proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have been fairlybenign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the next 1.5 billion years or so.Then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of glacial episodes between about 850 and 600million year ago, near the end of the Proterozoic eon.托福阅读题目：1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How patterns in rock layers have been used to construct theories about the climate of theProterozoic age(B) What some rare fossils indicate about glacial conditions during the late Proterozoic age(C) The varying characteristics of Proterozoic glacial varves in different parts of the world(D) The number of glacial episodes that the Earth has experienced since the Proterozoic age2.According to the passage , the fossil record of the Proterozoic eon is(A) highly regarded because it preserves the remains of many kindsof organisms(B) less informative than the fossil record of more recent periods(C) very difficult to interpret due to damage from bacteria(D) more useful to researchers than otheraspects of the rock record3. The word "scarce" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) ancient(B) tiny(C) available(D) rare4. It can be inferred from the passage that the principle of uniformitarianism indicates that(A) similar conditions produce similar rock formations(B) rock layers in a given region remain undisturbed over time(C) different kinds of sedimentary rocks may have similar origins(D) each continent has its own distinctive pattern of sediment layers5. The word "resemble" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) result from(B) penetrate(C) look like(D) replace have similar origins6.According to the passage , the layers in varves are primarily formed by(A) fossilized bacteria(B) pieces of ancient dropstones(C) a combination of ancient and recent sediments(D) annual cycles of sediment transport and deposition7. The phrase "the other" in line 17 refers to another(A) annual cycle(B) glacial lake(C) layer of sediment(D) season8.According to the passage , the presence of dropstones indicates that(A) the glacial environment has been unusually servere(B) the fine-grained sediment has built up very slowly(C) there has been a global ice age(D) coarse rock material has been carried great distances9. Why does the author mention Canada, North America,Africa, India, and Europe in lines 23-24?(A) To demonstrate the global spread of dropstones(B) To explain the principles of varve formation(C) To provide evidence for the theory that there was a global ice age in the early Proterozoic eon(D) To illustrate the varied climatic changes of the Proterozoic eon indifferent parts of the globe10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) fossil record (line 3)(B) laminae (line 13)(C) varves (line14)(D) glacial episodes (line 28)托福阅读答案：ABDAC DCCCC托福阅读文本：Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneursincreased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations inmanufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average percapita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year —30 percent over the course of a generation.Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods,since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs —even withouttechnological improvements —had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient bydistributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of theproduction process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expandedthe scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according tothe amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles bywage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previouslyjourneymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer apowerful "shoe boss" and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However,it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even moreimportant new organization, the modem factory, which usedpower-driven machines andassembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 theprolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour milldriven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell intocontainers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to thetop of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers madeuse of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabledthem to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations ofinexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.托福阅读题目：1. What is the passage mainly about?(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods2. The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) ensured(B) raised(C) arranged(D) discouraged3. The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) value(B) popularity(C) extent(D) diversity4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output(C) rural workers responded to "shoe bosses"(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820'sand 1830's EXCEPT(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production(D) a decrease in the price of shoes6.All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT(A) It involved stages of production.(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.7. The word "prolific" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) efficient(B) productive(C) self-employed(D) progressive8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built byOliver Evans?(A) They were located away from large cities.(B) They used new technology to produce power.(C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.9. The word "it" in line 25 refers to(A) water power(B) machinery(C) grain(D) mill10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factorymachinery?(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.(C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.11. The word "eager" in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) wealthy(B) knowledgeable(C) regular(D) enthusiastic托福阅读答案：DBCAB CBBCA D托福阅读文本：Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the samespecies. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species tohave specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called "social hormones," affect agroup of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are thepredominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some specieshave simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce manywith various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called socialinsects, insects that live in organized groups.Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission isrelatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent,depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimeseffective over a very long range.Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and isusually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability tomodulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means,but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in differentbehavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented incombination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number ofexocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulatecreatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciatebecause of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting andanalyzing these pheromones.Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances,play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate theformation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. Forexample, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced byqueen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of theirgregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causesnearby aphids to respond by moving away.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate(B) How pheromones are produced by insects(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species2. The word "serve" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) improve(B) function(C) begin(D) rely3. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out(A) chemical signals that are common among insects(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals(C) similarities between two chemical substances(D) how insects produce different chemical substances4. The word "sole" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) obvious(B) best(C) only(D) final5. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones occurs isdependent on how quickly they(A) lose their effectiveness(B) evaporate in the air(C) travel through the air(D) are produced by the body6. According to the passage , the meaning of a message communicated through a pheromone mayvary when the(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms7. The word "detecting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) controlling(B) storing(C) questioning(D) finding8.According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of pheromones difficult?(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.9. The word "They" in line 24 refers to(A) pheromones(B) roles(C) activities(D) insects10. The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to(A) inactive(B) inefficient(C) unchangeable(D) unbalanced11. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that(A) also communicate using sight and sound(B) live underground(C) prey on other insects(D) live in organized groups托福阅读答案：ABCCBADBAAD托福阅读文本：The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughnessis mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopicpictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers' attention was fixed on craters and their origins.Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes.They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are aboutone-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.托福阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.2. The word "undergone" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved3.According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of(A) age(B) manner of creation(C) size(D) composition4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollomissions?(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon's craters were incorrect.(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) special(B) known(C) varied(D) great6.All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:(A) They have small craters.(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.(C) They have a rough texture.(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.7.All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Moon (line 1)(B) reflectivity (line 3)(C) regolith (line 16)百度文库-赵诚作品(D) Maria (line 2)8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions(B) a characteristic of large craters(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon9.According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon(B) the lunar regolith(C) cataloging various land formations(D) craters and their origins10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study(B) the different shapes small craters can have(C) some features of large craters(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed托福阅读答案：BCDAD CACDC百度文库-赵诚作品。

托福试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据录音材料，以下哪个选项是学生和教授讨论的主题？A. 气候变化对农业的影响B. 城市规划中的交通问题C. 历史事件的解读方法D. 当代艺术的发展趋势答案：C2. 录音中提到的“sustainable development”是指什么？A. 经济的持续增长B. 社会公平与环境的和谐C. 技术的不断进步D. 人口的稳定增长答案：B二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 根据文章，作者认为解决能源危机的最好方法是：A. 开发可再生能源B. 提高能源效率C. 减少能源消费D. 增加传统能源的开采答案：A2. 文章中提到了哪种新型能源技术？A. 太阳能发电B. 风力发电C. 地热能D. 生物燃料答案：B三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 请根据以下情景，描述你如何解决一个团队中的冲突。

- 情景：你和你的团队成员在项目截止日期临近时，因为分工问题产生了分歧。

答案：在面对团队中的冲突时，首先我会组织一个团队会议，让每个成员表达自己的观点和担忧。

然后，我会尝试找到一个平衡点，确保每个人的工作量合理分配。

如果必要，我会提出调整分工的建议，并确保每个人都同意这个新的方案。

最后，我会设定一个明确的新截止日期，以确保项目能够按时完成。

2. 描述一次你使用创造性思维解决问题的经历。

答案：在我的大学时期，我参加了一个创新设计比赛。

我们团队面临的挑战是如何设计一个既环保又经济的包装材料。

通过团队的头脑风暴，我们想到了使用可降解的生物材料作为包装。

我们进行了多次实验，最终开发出了一种新型的包装材料，它不仅满足了环保要求，而且成本低廉，最终我们的设计在比赛中获得了一等奖。

四、写作能力（Writing Ability）1. 根据以下提示写一篇议论文。

- 提示：随着科技的发展，人们越来越依赖智能手机。

讨论智能手机对人们日常生活的积极和消极影响。