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跟踪数据库中执⾏时间超过1.5秒的语句及SP，导⼊数据库跟踪--============================================================================--新建两个⽬录 D:\InOut\TraceDB D:\InOut\TraceLog\--建数据库，建跟踪执⾏时间超过1.5秒的语句及SP--建作业，每天在固定时间将跟踪⽂件导⼊数据库--============================================================================USE[master]GO/****** Object: Database [TraceDB] Script Date: 2017/2/15 11:16:02 ******/CREATE DATABASE[TraceDB]CONTAINMENT = NONEON PRIMARY( NAME = N'TraceDB', FILENAME = N'D:\inout\TraceDB\TraceDB.mdf' , SIZE = 102400KB , MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED, FILEGROWTH = 102400KB )LOG ON( NAME = N'TraceDB_log', FILENAME = N'D:\inout\TraceDB\TraceDB_log.ldf' , SIZE = 20416KB , MAXSIZE = 2048GB , FILEGROWTH = 102400KB )GO--ALTER DATABASE [TraceDB] SET COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL = 120--GOIF (1=FULLTEXTSERVICEPROPERTY('IsFullTextInstalled'))beginEXEC[TraceDB].[dbo].[sp_fulltext_database]@action='enable'endGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET ANSI_NULL_DEFAULT OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET ANSI_NULLS OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET ANSI_PADDING OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET ANSI_WARNINGS OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET ARITHABORT OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET AUTO_CLOSE OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET AUTO_SHRINK OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS ONGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET CURSOR_DEFAULT GLOBALGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET NUMERIC_ROUNDABORT OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET ENABLE_BROKERGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS_ASYNC OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET DATE_CORRELATION_OPTIMIZATION OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET TRUSTWORTHY OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET PARAMETERIZATION SIMPLEGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET HONOR_BROKER_PRIORITY OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET RECOVERY FULLGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET MULTI_USERGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET PAGE_VERIFY CHECKSUMGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET DB_CHAINING OFFGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET FILESTREAM( NON_TRANSACTED_ACCESS =OFF )GOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET TARGET_RECOVERY_TIME =0 SECONDSGOALTER DATABASE[TraceDB]SET DELAYED_DURABILITY = DISABLEDGOEXEC sys.sp_db_vardecimal_storage_format N'TraceDB', N'ON'GOUSE[TraceDB]GO/****** Object: UserDefinedFunction [dbo].[Split] Script Date: 2017/2/15 11:16:02 ******/SET ANSI_NULLS ONGOSET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ONGO--表值函数⽤以截取字符串--如果为其添加⼀列主键id,则其顺序就会固定了create FUNCTION[dbo].[Split](@text NVARCHAR(max))RETURNS@tempTable TABLE(value NVARCHAR(1000))ASBEGINDECLARE@StartIndex INT--开始查找的位置DECLARE@FindIndex INT--找到的位置DECLARE@Content VARCHAR(4000) --找到的值--初始化⼀些变量SET@StartIndex=1--T-SQL中字符串的查找位置是从1开始的SET@FindIndex=0--开始循环查找字符串逗号WHILE(@StartIndex<=LEN(@Text))BEGIN--查找字符串函数 CHARINDEX 第⼀个参数是要找的字符串-- 第⼆个参数是在哪⾥查找这个字符串-- 第三个参数是开始查找的位置--返回值是找到字符串的位置SELECT@FindIndex=CHARINDEX(',' ,@Text,@StartIndex)--判断有没找到没找到返回0IF(@FindIndex=0OR@FindIndex IS NULL)BEGINSET@FindIndex=LEN(@Text)+1END--截取字符串函数 SUBSTRING 第⼀个参数是要截取的字符串-- 第⼆个参数是开始的位置-- 第三个参数是截取的长度SET@Content=SUBSTRING(@Text,@StartIndex,@FindIndex-@StartIndex)--初始化下次查找的位置SET@StartIndex=@FindIndex+1--把找的的值插⼊到要返回的Table类型中INSERT INTO@tempTable (Value) VALUES (@Content)ENDRETURNENDGO/****** Object: Table [dbo].[CommandLog] Script Date: 2017/2/15 11:16:02 ******/SET ANSI_NULLS ONGOSET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ONGOSET ANSI_PADDING ONGOCREATE TABLE[dbo].[CommandLog]([ID][int]IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,[DatabaseName][sysname]NULL,[SchemaName][sysname]NULL,[ObjectName][sysname]NULL,[ObjectType][char](2) NULL,[IndexName][sysname]NULL,[IndexType][tinyint]NULL,[StatisticsName][sysname]NULL,[PartitionNumber][int]NULL,[ExtendedInfo][xml]NULL,[Command][nvarchar](max) NOT NULL,[CommandType][nvarchar](60) NOT NULL,[StartTime][datetime]NOT NULL,[EndTime][datetime]NULL,[ErrorNumber][int]NULL,[ErrorMessage][nvarchar](max) NULL,CONSTRAINT[PK_CommandLog]PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED([ID]ASC)WITH (PAD_INDEX =OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE =OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY =OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS =ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS =ON) ON[PRIMARY] ) ON[PRIMARY] TEXTIMAGE_ON [PRIMARY]GOSET ANSI_PADDING OFFGO/****** Object: Table [dbo].[TraceLog] Script Date: 2017/2/15 11:16:02 ******/SET ANSI_NULLS ONGOSET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ONGOCREATE TABLE[dbo].[TraceLog]([RowNumber][int]IDENTITY(0,1) NOT NULL,[EventClass][int]NULL,[Duration][bigint]NULL,[TextData][ntext]NULL,[SPID][int]NULL,[BinaryData][image]NULL,[CPU][int]NULL,[EndTime][datetime]NULL,[ObjectName][nvarchar](128) NULL,[StartTime][datetime]NULL,[Reads][bigint]NULL,[Writes][bigint]NULL,[DataBaseName][nvarchar](256) NULL,[ApplicationName][nvarchar](256) NULL,[HostName][nvarchar](256) NULL,PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED([RowNumber]ASC)WITH (PAD_INDEX =OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE =OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY =OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS =ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS =ON) ON[PRIMARY] ) ON[PRIMARY] TEXTIMAGE_ON [PRIMARY]GO/****** Object: StoredProcedure [dbo].[CommandExecute] Script Date: 2017/2/15 11:16:02 ******/SET ANSI_NULLS ONGOSET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ONGOCREATE PROCEDURE[dbo].[CommandExecute]@Command nvarchar(max),@CommandType nvarchar(max),@Mode int,@Comment nvarchar(max) =NULL,@DatabaseName nvarchar(max) =NULL,@SchemaName nvarchar(max) =NULL,@ObjectName nvarchar(max) =NULL,@ObjectType nvarchar(max) =NULL,@IndexName nvarchar(max) =NULL,@IndexType int=NULL,@StatisticsName nvarchar(max) =NULL,@PartitionNumber int=NULL,@ExtendedInfo xml =NULL,@LogToTable bit,@Exec bitASBEGINSET NOCOUNT ONDECLARE@StartMessage nvarchar(max)DECLARE@EndMessage nvarchar(max)DECLARE@ErrorMessage nvarchar(max)DECLARE@ErrorMessageOriginal nvarchar(max)DECLARE@StartTime datetimeDECLARE@EndTime datetimeDECLARE@StartTimeSec datetimeDECLARE@EndTimeSec datetimeDECLARE@ID intDECLARE@Error intDECLARE@ReturnCode intSET@Error=0SET@ReturnCode=0------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------// Check core requirements //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF@LogToTable=1AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT*FROM sys.objects objects INNER JOIN sys.schemas schemas ON objects.[schema_id]= schemas.[schema_id]WHERE objects.[type]='U'AND schemas.[name]='dbo'AND BEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The table CommandLog is missing. Download https:///scripts/CommandLog.sql.'+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +''RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAITSET@Error=@@ERRORENDIF@Error<>0BEGINSET@ReturnCode=@ErrorGOTO ReturnCodeEND------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------// Check input parameters //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF@Command IS NULL OR@Command=''BEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The value for the parameter @Command is not supported.'+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +''RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAITSET@Error=@@ERRORENDIF@CommandType IS NULL OR@CommandType=''OR LEN(@CommandType) >60BEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The value for the parameter @CommandType is not supported.'+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +''RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAITSET@Error=@@ERRORENDIF@Mode NOT IN(1,2) OR@Mode IS NULLBEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The value for the parameter @Mode is not supported.'+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +''RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAITSET@Error=@@ERRORENDIF@Error<>0BEGINSET@ReturnCode=@ErrorGOTO ReturnCodeEND------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------// Log initial information //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SET@StartTime=GETDATE()SET@StartTimeSec=CONVERT(datetime,CONVERT(nvarchar,@StartTime,120),120)IF@LogToTable=0BEGINSET@StartMessage='Date and time: '+CONVERT(nvarchar,@StartTimeSec,120) +CHAR(13) +CHAR(10)SET@StartMessage=@StartMessage+'Command: '+@CommandIF@Comment IS NOT NULL SET@StartMessage=@StartMessage+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +'Comment: '+@CommentSET@StartMessage=REPLACE(@StartMessage,'%','%%')RAISERROR(@StartMessage,10,1) WITH NOWAITENDIF@LogToTable=1BEGININSERT INTO mandLog (DatabaseName, SchemaName, ObjectName, ObjectType, IndexName, IndexType, StatisticsName, PartitionNumber, ExtendedInfo, CommandType, Command, StartTime)VALUES (@DatabaseName, @SchemaName, @ObjectName, @ObjectType, @IndexName, @IndexType, @StatisticsName, @PartitionNumber, @ExtendedInfo, @CommandType, @Command, @StartTime)ENDSET@ID=SCOPE_IDENTITY()------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------// Execute command //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF@Mode=1AND@Exec=1BEGINEXECUTE(@Command)SET@Error=@@ERRORSET@ReturnCode=@ErrorENDIF@Mode=2AND@Exec=1BEGINBEGIN TRYEXECUTE(@Command)END TRYBEGIN CATCHSET@Error= ERROR_NUMBER()SET@ReturnCode=@ErrorSET@ErrorMessageOriginal= ERROR_MESSAGE()SET@ErrorMessage='Msg '+CAST(@Error AS nvarchar) +', '+ISNULL(@ErrorMessageOriginal,'')RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAITEND CATCHEND------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------// Log completing information //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SET@EndTime=GETDATE()SET@EndTimeSec=CONVERT(datetime,CONVERT(varchar,@EndTime,120),120)IF@LogToTable=0BEGINSET@EndMessage='Outcome: '+CASE WHEN@Exec=0THEN'Not Executed'WHEN@Error=0THEN'Succeeded'ELSE'Failed'END+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10)SET@EndMessage=@EndMessage+'Duration: '+CASE WHEN DATEDIFF(ss,@StartTimeSec, @EndTimeSec)/(24*3600) >0THEN CAST(DATEDIFF(ss,@StartTimeSec, @EndTimeSec)/(24*3600) AS nvarchar) +'.'ELSE --SET @EndMessage = @EndMessage + 'Date and time: ' + CONVERT(nvarchar,@EndTimeSec,120) + CHAR(13) + CHAR(10) + ' 'SET@EndMessage=REPLACE(@EndMessage,'%','%%')RAISERROR(@EndMessage,10,1) WITH NOWAITENDIF@LogToTable=1BEGINUPDATE mandLogSET EndTime =@EndTime,ErrorNumber =CASE WHEN@Exec=0THEN NULL ELSE@Error END,ErrorMessage =@ErrorMessageOriginalWHERE ID =@IDENDReturnCode:BEGINRETURN@ReturnCodeEND----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ENDGO/****** Object: StoredProcedure [dbo].[DataBaseBackup] Script Date: 2017/2/15 11:16:02 ******/ SET ANSI_NULLS ONGOSET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ONGO/****** Object: StoredProcedure [dbo].[DataBaseBackup] Script Date: 2015/11/5 9:06:43 ******/ create PROCEDURE[dbo].[DataBaseBackup]@databases NVARCHAR(1000) ,@directory NVARCHAR(MAX) ='X:\Backup' ,@BackupType NVARCHAR(MAX) ,/*FULL,DIFF,LOG*//*简写:D,I,L*/@Verify BIT=1 ,@Compress BIT=1 ,@copyOnly BIT=0 ,@LogToTable BIT=0,@exec BIT=0ASBEGINSET NOCOUNT ON;DECLARE@Description NVARCHAR(MAX) =NULL ,@NumberOfFiles INT=NULL ,@CheckSum BIT=0 ,@OverrideBackupPreference NVARCHAR(MAX) =0 ,@ReadWriteFileGroups NVARCHAR(MAX) =0 ,@Threads INT=NULL ,@NoRecovery NVARCHAR(MAX) =0;-- 声明变量BEGINDECLARE@Version NUMERIC(18, 10);DECLARE@Cluster NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@StartMessage NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@EndMessage NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@DatabaseMessage NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@ErrorMessage NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@Error INT;DECLARE@ReturnCode INT;DECLARE@CurrentBackupSet TABLE(ID INT IDENTITYPRIMARY KEY ,VerifyCompleted BIT ,VerifyOutput INT);DECLARE@CurrentFiles TABLE([Type]NVARCHAR(MAX) ,FilePath NVARCHAR(MAX));DECLARE@CurrentDirectories TABLE(ID INT PRIMARY KEY ,DirectoryPath NVARCHAR(MAX) ,CleanupDate DATETIME ,CleanupMode NVARCHAR(MAX) ,CreateCompleted BIT ,CleanupCompleted BIT ,CreateOutput INT ,CleanupOutput INT);-- 存放选择的数据库DECLARE@SelectedDatabases TABLE(DatabaseName NVARCHAR(MAX) ,DatabaseType NVARCHAR(MAX) ,Selected BIT);DECLARE@DirectoryInfo TABLE(FileExists BIT ,FileIsADirectory BIT ,ParentDirectoryExists BIT);-- 存放所有数据库DECLARE@tmpDatabases TABLE(ID INT IDENTITY ,DatabaseName NVARCHAR(MAX) ,DatabaseNameFS NVARCHAR(MAX) ,DatabaseType NVARCHAR(MAX) ,Selected BIT ,Completed BIT ,PRIMARY KEY ( Selected, Completed, ID ));-- 存放备份⽬录DECLARE@Directories TABLE(ID INT PRIMARY KEY ,DirectoryPath NVARCHAR(MAX) ,Mirror BIT ,Completed BIT);DECLARE@CurrentRootDirectoryID INT;DECLARE@CurrentRootDirectoryPath NVARCHAR(4000);DECLARE@CurrentDBID INT;DECLARE@CurrentDatabaseID INT;DECLARE@CurrentDatabaseName NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentBackupType NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentFileExtension NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentFileNumber INT;-- ⽣成的⽂件名DECLARE@fileName NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentDifferentialBaseLSN NUMERIC(25, 0);DECLARE@CurrentLogLSN NUMERIC(25, 0);DECLARE@CurrentLatestBackup DATETIME;DECLARE@CurrentDatabaseNameFS NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentDirectoryID INT;DECLARE@CurrentDirectoryPath NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentFilePath NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentDate DATETIME;DECLARE@CurrentCleanupDate DATETIME;DECLARE@CurrentIsDatabaseAccessible BIT;DECLARE@CurrentAvailabilityGroup NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentAvailabilityGroupRole NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentAvailabilityGroupBackupPreference NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentIsPreferredBackupReplica BIT;DECLARE@CurrentDatabaseMirroringRole NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentLogShippingRole NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentBackupSetID INT;DECLARE@CurrentIsMirror BIT;DECLARE@CurrentCommand01NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentCommand03NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentCommand04NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentCommandOutput01INT;DECLARE@CurrentCommandOutput03INT;DECLARE@CurrentCommandOutput04INT;DECLARE@CurrentCommandType01NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentCommandType03NVARCHAR(MAX);DECLARE@CurrentCommandType04NVARCHAR(MAX);END;SET@Version=CAST(LEFT(CAST(SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS NVARCHAR(MAX)),CHARINDEX('.', CAST(SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS NVARCHAR(MAX))) -1) +'.'+REPLACE(RIGHT(CAST(SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS NVARCHAR(MAX)),LEN(CAST(SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS NVARCHAR(MAX))) -CHARINDEX('.',CAST(SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS NVARCHAR(MAX)))), '.', '') AS NUMERIC(18, 10));IF@Version>=11BEGINSELECT@Cluster= cluster_nameFROM sys.dm_hadr_cluster;END;WITH db1 ( dbname )AS ( SELECT value AS dbnameFROM dbo.Split(@databases)),db2AS ( SELECT CASE WHEN dbname LIKE'-%'THEN RIGHT(dbname, LEN(dbname) -1)ELSE dbnameEND AS dbname, CASE WHEN dbname LIKE'-%'THEN0ELSE1END AS selectedFROM db1),db3AS ( SELECT CASE WHEN dbname IN ( 'ALL_DATABASES', 'SYSTEM_DATABASES', 'USER_DATABASES' ) THEN'%' ELSE dbnameEND AS dbname, CASE WHEN dbname ='SYSTEM_DATABASES'THEN'S'WHEN dbname ='USER_DATABASES'THEN'U'ELSE NULLEND AS DatabaseType, selectedFROM db2)INSERT INTO@SelectedDatabases ( DatabaseName, DatabaseType, Selected )SELECT dbname, DatabaseType, selectedFROM db3OPTION ( MAXRECURSION 0 );INSERT INTO@tmpDatabases ( DatabaseName, DatabaseNameFS, DatabaseType, Selected, Completed )SELECT[name]AS DatabaseName,REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE([name], '\', ''), '/', ''),':', ''), '*', ''), '?', ''), '"', ''), '<',''), '>', ''), '|', ''), '', '') AS DatabaseNameFS,CASE WHEN name IN ( 'master', 'msdb', 'model' ) THEN'S'ELSE'U'END AS DatabaseType, 0AS Selected, 0AS CompletedFROM sys.databasesWHERE[name]<>'tempdb'AND source_database_id IS NULLORDER BY[name]ASC;-- 先添加要备份的数据库UPDATE tmpDatabasesSET tmpDatabases.Selected = SelectedDatabases.SelectedFROM@tmpDatabases tmpDatabasesINNER JOIN@SelectedDatabases SelectedDatabases ON tmpDatabases.DatabaseName LIKE REPLACE(SelectedDatabases.DatabaseName,'_', '[_]')AND ( tmpDatabases.DatabaseType = SelectedDatabases.DatabaseTypeOR SelectedDatabases.DatabaseType IS NULL )WHERE SelectedDatabases.Selected =1;-- 再排除不要备份的数据库UPDATE tmpDatabasesSET tmpDatabases.Selected = SelectedDatabases.SelectedFROM@tmpDatabases tmpDatabasesINNER JOIN@SelectedDatabases SelectedDatabases ON tmpDatabases.DatabaseName LIKE REPLACE(SelectedDatabases.DatabaseName,'_', '[_]')AND ( tmpDatabases.DatabaseType = SelectedDatabases.DatabaseTypeOR SelectedDatabases.DatabaseType IS NULL )WHERE SelectedDatabases.Selected =0;IF@databases IS NULLOR NOT EXISTS ( SELECT*FROM@SelectedDatabases )OR EXISTS ( SELECT*FROM@SelectedDatabasesWHERE DatabaseName IS NULLOR DatabaseName ='' )BEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The value for the parameter @Databases is not supported.'+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +'';RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAIT;SET@Error=@@ERROR;END;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------// Check database names //------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SET@ErrorMessage='';SELECT@ErrorMessage=@ErrorMessage+QUOTENAME(DatabaseName) +', 'WHERE Selected =1AND DatabaseNameFS =''ORDER BY DatabaseName ASC;IF@@ROWCOUNT>0BEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The names of the following databases are not supported: '+LEFT(@ErrorMessage,LEN(@ErrorMessage) -1)+'.'+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +'';RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAIT;SET@Error=@@ERROR;END;SET@ErrorMessage='';SELECT@ErrorMessage=@ErrorMessage+QUOTENAME(DatabaseName) +', 'FROM@tmpDatabasesWHERE UPPER(DatabaseNameFS) IN ( SELECT UPPER(DatabaseNameFS)FROM@tmpDatabasesGROUP BY UPPER(DatabaseNameFS)HAVING COUNT(*) >1 )AND UPPER(DatabaseNameFS) IN ( SELECT UPPER(DatabaseNameFS)FROM@tmpDatabasesWHERE Selected =1 )AND DatabaseNameFS <>''ORDER BY DatabaseName ASCOPTION ( RECOMPILE );IF@@ROWCOUNT>0BEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The names of the following databases are not unique in the file system: '+LEFT(@ErrorMessage, LEN(@ErrorMessage) -1) +'.'+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +'';RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAIT;SET@Error=@@ERROR;END;INSERT INTO@Directories ( ID, DirectoryPath, Completed )SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( ORDER BY value ASC ) AS ID, value, 0FROM dbo.Split(@directory)OPTION ( MAXRECURSION 0 );IF EXISTS ( SELECT*FROM@DirectoriesWHERE ( NOT ( DirectoryPath LIKE'_:'OR DirectoryPath LIKE'_:\%'OR DirectoryPath LIKE'\\%\%' )OR DirectoryPath IS NULLOR LEFT(DirectoryPath, 1) =''OR RIGHT(DirectoryPath, 1) ='' ) )BEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The value for the parameter @Directory is not supported.'+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +'';RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAIT;SET@Error=@@ERROR;END;-- 校验备份⽬录WHILE EXISTS ( SELECT*FROM@DirectoriesWHERE Completed =0 )BEGINSELECT TOP1@CurrentRootDirectoryID= ID, @CurrentRootDirectoryPath= DirectoryPathFROM@DirectoriesWHERE Completed =0ORDER BY ID ASC;INSERT INTO@DirectoryInfo ( FileExists, FileIsADirectory, ParentDirectoryExists )EXECUTE[master].dbo.xp_fileexist @CurrentRootDirectoryPath;IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT*FROM@DirectoryInfoWHERE FileExists =0AND FileIsADirectory =1AND ParentDirectoryExists =1 )BEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The directory '+@CurrentRootDirectoryPath+' does not exist.'+CHAR(13)+CHAR(10) +'';RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAIT;SET@Error=@@ERROR;END;UPDATE@DirectoriesSET Completed =1WHERE ID =@CurrentRootDirectoryID;SET@CurrentRootDirectoryID=NULL;SET@CurrentRootDirectoryPath=NULL;DELETE FROM@DirectoryInfo;END;IF@Compress IS NULLBEGINSELECT@Compress=CASE WHEN EXISTS ( SELECT*FROM sys.configurationsWHERE name ='backup compression default'AND value_in_use =1 ) THEN1ELSE0END;END;IF@NumberOfFiles IS NULLBEGINSELECT@NumberOfFiles= ( SELECT COUNT (*) FROM@Directories);END;IF@BackupType NOT IN ( 'FULL', 'DIFF', 'LOG' )OR@BackupType IS NULLBEGINSET@ErrorMessage='The value for the parameter @BackupType is not supported.'+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10) +'';RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAIT;SET@Error=@@ERROR;END;IF@Error<>0BEGIN--SET @ErrorMessage = 'The documentation is available at https:///sql-server-backup.html.' + CHAR(13) + CHAR(10) + ' ' --RAISERROR(@ErrorMessage,16,1) WITH NOWAITSET@ReturnCode=@Error;GOTO Logging;END;WHILE EXISTS ( SELECT*WHERE Selected =1AND Completed =0 )BEGINSELECT TOP1@CurrentDBID= ID, @CurrentDatabaseName= DatabaseName, @CurrentDatabaseNameFS= DatabaseNameFSFROM@tmpDatabasesWHERE Selected =1AND Completed =0ORDER BY ID ASC;SET@CurrentDatabaseID=DB_ID(@CurrentDatabaseName);IF DATABASEPROPERTYEX(@CurrentDatabaseName, 'Status') ='ONLINE'BEGINIF EXISTS ( SELECT*FROM sys.database_recovery_statusWHERE database_id =@CurrentDatabaseIDAND database_guid IS NOT NULL )BEGINSET@CurrentIsDatabaseAccessible=1;END;ELSEBEGINSET@CurrentIsDatabaseAccessible=0;END;END;SELECT@CurrentDifferentialBaseLSN= differential_base_lsnFROM sys.master_filesWHERE database_id =@CurrentDatabaseIDAND[type]=0AND[file_id]=1;IF DATABASEPROPERTYEX(@CurrentDatabaseName, 'Status') ='ONLINE'BEGINSELECT@CurrentLogLSN= last_log_backup_lsnFROM sys.database_recovery_statusWHERE database_id =@CurrentDatabaseID;END;SET@CurrentBackupType=@BackupType;IF@Version>=11AND@Cluster IS NOT NULLBEGINSELECT@CurrentAvailabilityGroup= availability_,@CurrentAvailabilityGroupRole= dm_hadr_availability_replica_states.role_desc,@CurrentAvailabilityGroupBackupPreference=UPPER(availability_groups.automated_backup_preference_desc)FROM sys.databases databasesINNER JOIN sys.availability_databases_cluster availability_databases_cluster ON databases.group_database_id = availability_databases_cluster.group_database_id INNER JOIN sys.availability_groups availability_groups ON availability_databases_cluster.group_id = availability_groups.group_idINNER JOIN sys.dm_hadr_availability_replica_states dm_hadr_availability_replica_states ON availability_groups.group_id = dm_hadr_availability_replica_states.group_idAND databases.replica_id = dm_hadr_availability_replica_states.replica_idWHERE =@CurrentDatabaseName;END;IF@Version>=11AND@Cluster IS NOT NULLAND@CurrentAvailabilityGroup IS NOT NULLBEGINSELECT@CurrentIsPreferredBackupReplica= sys.fn_hadr_backup_is_preferred_replica(@CurrentDatabaseName);END;SELECT@CurrentDatabaseMirroringRole=UPPER(mirroring_role_desc)FROM sys.database_mirroringWHERE database_id =@CurrentDatabaseID;IF EXISTS ( SELECT*FROM msdb.dbo.log_shipping_primary_databasesWHERE primary_database =@CurrentDatabaseName )BEGINSET@CurrentLogShippingRole='PRIMARY';END;ELSEIF EXISTS ( SELECT*FROM msdb.dbo.log_shipping_secondary_databasesWHERE secondary_database =@CurrentDatabaseName )BEGINSET@CurrentLogShippingRole='SECONDARY';END;IF@LogToTable=0begin-- Set database messageSET@DatabaseMessage='Date and time: '+CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 120) +CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);SET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Database: '+QUOTENAME(@CurrentDatabaseName) +CHAR(13)+CHAR(10);SET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Status: '+CAST(DATABASEPROPERTYEX(@CurrentDatabaseName, 'Status') AS NVARCHAR) +CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);SET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Standby: '+CASE WHEN DATABASEPROPERTYEX(@CurrentDatabaseName, 'IsInStandBy') =1THEN'Yes'ELSE'No'END+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);SET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Updateability: '+CAST(DATABASEPROPERTYEX(@CurrentDatabaseName, 'Updateability') AS NVARCHAR) +CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);SET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'User access: '+CAST(DATABASEPROPERTYEX(@CurrentDatabaseName, 'UserAccess') AS NVARCHAR) +CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);IF@CurrentIsDatabaseAccessible IS NOT NULLSET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Is accessible: '+CASE WHEN@CurrentIsDatabaseAccessible=1THEN'Yes'ELSE'No'END+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);SET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Recovery model: '+CAST(DATABASEPROPERTYEX(@CurrentDatabaseName, 'Recovery') AS NVARCHAR) +CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);IF@CurrentAvailabilityGroup IS NOT NULLSET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Availability group: '+@CurrentAvailabilityGroup+CHAR(13)+CHAR(10);IF@CurrentAvailabilityGroup IS NOT NULLSET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Availability group role: '+@CurrentAvailabilityGroupRole+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);IF@CurrentAvailabilityGroup IS NOT NULLSET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Availability group backup preference: '+@CurrentAvailabilityGroupBackupPreference+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);IF@CurrentAvailabilityGroup IS NOT NULLSET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Is preferred backup replica: '+CASE WHEN@CurrentIsPreferredBackupReplica=1THEN'Yes'WHEN@CurrentIsPreferredBackupReplica=0THEN'No'ELSE'N/A'END+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);IF@CurrentDatabaseMirroringRole IS NOT NULLSET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Database mirroring role: '+@CurrentDatabaseMirroringRole+CHAR(13) +CHAR(10);IF@CurrentLogShippingRole IS NOT NULLSET@DatabaseMessage=@DatabaseMessage+'Log shipping role: '+@CurrentLogShippingRole+CHAR(13)。

As a high school student,it is essential to understand the importance of an identity card,which is a crucial document in our daily lives.Here is a sample essay on the topic of Searching for an Identity Card in English:Title:The Importance of an Identity Card and How to Search for a Lost OneIn our modern society,an identity card is a vital document that serves as proof of ones identity.It is used in various situations,such as opening a bank account,applying for a job,or even when traveling.However,losing an identity card can be a stressful experience.This essay will discuss the significance of an identity card and provide some tips on how to search for a lost one.Firstly,an identity card is a legal document that contains personal information such as name,date of birth,and a unique identification number.It is a crucial tool for verifying ones identity and is often required for official purposes.Without it,individuals may face difficulties in accessing certain services or proving their legal status.Secondly,losing an identity card can lead to a series of problems.For instance,it can prevent you from boarding a flight or opening a bank account.Moreover,it can also make you vulnerable to identity theft,as someone else may use your lost card to impersonate you.To avoid these issues,it is essential to take immediate action when you realize that your identity card is missing.Here are some steps you can follow to search for a lost identity card:1.Retrace Your Steps:Think back to the last time you remember having your identity card.Retrace your steps and check the places you visited recently.2.Check Common Places:Look in areas where you usually keep your identity card,such as your wallet,purse,or a specific drawer at home.3.Contact Lost and Found:If you lost your identity card in a public place,such as a school,library,or shopping mall,contact their lost and found department.4.Notify Authorities:If you cannot find your identity card after searching,it is crucial to report it as lost to the relevant authorities.This can help prevent misuse of your personal information.5.Apply for a Replacement:Once you have reported the loss,you should apply for areplacement identity card.The process may vary depending on your countrys regulations, but it usually involves filling out a form and providing necessary documentation.6.Stay Vigilant:While waiting for your new identity card,be cautious of any suspicious activities related to your personal information.In conclusion,an identity card is an indispensable document in our lives.Losing it can cause significant inconvenience and potential security risks.By following the steps mentioned above,you can increase your chances of finding a lost identity card and minimize the associated problems.Remember,prevention is always better than cure,so always keep your identity card in a safe and secure place.。

Unit 10 It's in the DNATEACHER: Good morning. Today we'll talk about an important topic in biology-DNA and DNA testing. Can anybody tell us what DNA stands for?STUDENT 1: de-oxyribonucleic acid....TEACHER: Right. It's the molecule that carries genetic information in all living cells. Now first, we'll look at what DNA is and when it was discovered. Then, we’ll look at DNA testing and several applications, or uses of testing. This is an exciting topic for biologists because the more we learn about DNA, the more we see how science may change our lives-from healthcare to our relationships. OK, what does DNA look like?STUDENT 1: It looks like two strings, kind of wrapping around each other.TEACHER: Yes, exactly. There's a simple drawing of one in your book. As you can see, a molecule of DNA consists of two strands of chemical compounds arranged in a twisted pattern. Inside the human cell are chromosomes. The DNA is organized in twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in the ceil Genes are arranged on the chromosomes and these carry jUnd4menutl genetic information like hair color, eye color, or characteristics that aren't ad visable, such as intelligence. and a lot more. Scientists have been studying DNA for a long time. First, in 1860, Gregor Mendel made two important discoveries: tiny particles he called genes, and, that genes carry information from cell 10 cell. Now this was really the beginning. Then, in 1953, J. D. Watson and Francis Crick discovered and described the DNA structure. Their work was so important that they received the Nobel Prize in 1962. For the first time, scientists could understand exactly how DNA tells the cells what 10 do. This generated more DNA research, and by the end of the twentieth century, scientists made other important discoveries. Probably the most important work was the Human Genome Project. The goal of the Human Genome Project was to complete the first reading of the human genome, the complete set of human DNA. Uh, this was a huge job, but after ten long years in June,2000, the head of the Project announced that they had identified the complete set of human genes. Uh, this was a huge deal. Most people saw this as the beginning of a whole new era in DNA research. Scientists could read all of the genetic messages in the human body! This is, of course, a very brief history of the study of DNA. All right, let's consider DNA testing. One important use of DNA testing is testing identity, which is also called DNA t1ngerprinting. Here's how a DNA fingerprint is done. Scientists take a small sample of someone's hair or skin, which contain DNA. Next, they treat the sample with chemicals and make a film, like a small photograph. On this film there is a visible pattern of black bars. This pattern of black bars is unique for each person. So, a DNA sample from your hair identifies you, it's, it's like your fingerprint; it identifies you and you only. I see a question. Miguel?STUDENT 2: Does the DNA from hair or skin or blood all look the same?TEACHER: No, not exactly. The DNA from your hair will look like hair DNA but it will be uniquely your DNA pattern. It's sort of like all noses look like noses, right? Bur your nose looks like your nose only. Now I want to look at two applictltjDns, or uses, of DNA testing. First, how it can be used by doctors, and second, how it can be used by the police. Within health care, one important use is to identify potential for health problems. Researchers have found some genes linked to specific diseases. For example. Huntington’s disease is linked to a defect in chromosome 4, and Alzheimer's diseases linked to a defect in chromosome 19. A genetic link means that doctors know that if someone has defects in these genes. they’re more likely to get these health problems;their potential is increased. Notice, I didn’t say "Researchers have found that some gene defects cause specific diseases." There is simply a link. After doctors perform DNA testing, they can then decide the best way 10 use the information. For example, they may give medication to a patient to prevent a disease from ever starting. Genetic testing can also be used to decide which medicine to give someone. This is called targeted medicine. To me, this is very exciting and promising. There are tiny differences in DNA from person to person. These differences can affect which patients will be helped by a drug, and who may be harmed by it. This is, uh, a tremendous advantage. [t saves lives and money. NOW, let's look at how DNA testing is used by police. The police can use DNA fingerprints to identify and frau criminals. All they need is a small amount, or trace, of blood or hair from the crime scene. if the DNA samples from the crime scene and the suspect match, the results, at least in the United States, can be used as evidence in court. So, DNA testing can be used 10 help put someone in prison. In much the same way, DNA testing can be used 10 help innocent people in prison. People in prison can now try to use DNA testing for crimes that happened, say, ten years ago. If their DNA fingerprint doesn’t match the DNA fingerprint from the crime scene, this can help them get a new trial and perhaps get them out of prison. As you can see, there are benefits to DNA testing. However, there are also some concerns that this type of information might be used against us in the future. Now let's consider how DNA testing could be used against you. What if a company you wanted to work for asked you to take a DNA test? And what if your DNA test showed that you had a gene defect linked to a certain type of cancer? Would the company decide not to hire you? People also worry about health insurance. They’re afraid they might not be able to get health insurance if their DNA test shows they're at a higher risk for certain diseases. As a result, in the United States, some laws have been passed to protect the privacy of medical records. Now DNA testing has other possibilities that we won’t discuss today. But in any case, many people think about the negative uses of testing-the fear that it will be used against people or to create "perfect" babies. Others think about police being able to trace criminals and possible advances in healthcare. But, another way 10 think about it is that it tells us more about who we are, and that's the goal of biology-to understand nature.[ guess ['II stop there for Toady. [n the next class, I want to talk in more depth about uses of DNA testing by doctors. OK, we'll start there next time. That's, uh, that's all for today.。

人人是人才,赛马不相马（Everyone is a talent, not race horses）Everyone is a talent, not race horses.Txt14 enthusiasm is a great force, from inside out, inspire us to play the infinite wisdom and vitality; passion is a strong pillar, no matter how difficult the situation is, always gave birth to our optimistic spirit of perseverance and tenacity...... Without passion, there is no colour in the sky of life. Everyone is a talent, not race horses, Haier's talent.1. "everyone is talented, not race horses, you can turn the big somersault, for you to build the big stageWhat is missing now is not talent, but the mechanism of talent. The manager's responsibility is to build a "racetrack" for each employee to create innovative space, so that each employee to become self-employed SBU.The horse race mechanism specifically includes three principles: first, fair competition, merit; two is the best suitable post, three is a reasonable flow; dynamic management. In the employment system, the implementation of a set of excellent staff, qualified employees, probation staff "three jobs coexist, dynamic transformation" mechanism. In the cadre system, Haier classified the middle-level cadres, and each cadre's posts were not fixed and expired. The essence of Haier human resources development and management, give full play to the potential ability of each person, so that everyone can feel from the enterprise and the market competition pressure every day, and can be converted into the dynamic pressure of competition, that is a recipe for the sustainable development of enterprises.Case: "my innovation on CCTV" news network "!"Li Shaojie, manager of the two division, Haier refrigerator, mentioned August 3, 2004, very excited: "CCTV" news broadcast "broadcast my story.". When I was not in the workshop and my wife called me, I was glad I didn't mention it! After that, a lot of friends and relatives called to congratulate you. This time, I in the lean production process has made some achievements, sheet metal line beat than the preceding period of 20 sec / Taiwan has increased to 19 sec / taiwan. This enterprise chooses me as a typical broadcast in CCTV, let me understand more: innovation can succeed!"On this day, washing machine division inspection leader Tian Fengqing equally difficult to forget: "mother, you are too fierce, you on CCTV" news broadcast "!" On the night of August 3rd, when I was watching a TV series at home, I suddenly received a call from my grandmother's son. My hardcore fan didn't even watch the football game. He grabbed the microphone and congratulated me! It was July 31st, and the CCTV reporter interviewed my innovations on the spot. I go home to say, did not think the fans dad every time "news broadcast" immediately change the channel, even the Asian Cup "to get rid of" till three at night, finally saw the report! On the second day of work, all my colleagues congratulated me on smiling. I became the focal point of the factory! Seriously, if it weren't for Haier, I wouldn't be able to dream of CCTV. Take this innovation to say, I just put forward an idea: the washing machine of "pressure" and "ground" two inspection process and technical personnel in the factory be made one, quickly engineered anadvanced instrument. In other enterprises, may also mention white mention. How lucky,I'm a Haier!"In Haier, the most impressive is that many ordinary employees in ordinary jobs, can do their own work; some production line of ordinary workers in order to improve production efficiency, make a technical reform, he took home money to use their spare time to do. If everyone can create, invent, and do his job well, and improve his work, no matter what difficulties we can overcome!Everyone wants the respect of others, and wants his own value to be recognized. As long as employees create value for the customer, you are sure of its value, which is the core of management.2. combining authority with supervision sufficient authority must be combined with supervisionHaier group has developed three rules: to be controlled in office, promoted by competition, to the expiration of rotation."To be controlled in office" has two meanings: one is subjective to cadres capable of self-control and self-discipline,self-discipline consciousness, two is the group to establish a control system to control the direction and goals, to avoid making the wrong direction; then the financial control, to avoid violations of law."Promotion by competition" refers to the relevant functional departments should establish a more clear competition system, so that talents can follow the system up, so that everyone can feel the pressure, but also can enjoy their talent, not buried talent."Expiration should rotation" refers to the leading cadres in a department should have time after the expiry of term, sector rotation. To do so is to prevent cadres from working in a department for a long time, rigid thinking, lack of creativity and vitality, resulting in no new situation in the work of the department. Alternately, young cadres can also increase the opportunity to exercise, become versatile, for the development of enterprises in the future to cultivate more human resources.3. talents, talents and wealthZhang Ruimin, CEO of enterprise talent for an analysis of the enterprise, he suggested that talent in the enterprise can be roughly from low to high scores for the following three categories:Talent - such people want to do, but also have some basic qualities, but need to carve, enterprises should have input, and they also have the desire to become useful.Talent - these people can quickly integrate into work and get started right away.People and wealth - such people can bring great wealth to the enterprise through their efforts.For Haier, the easy to use person is "talent""."Talent" the embryonic form, should be "talented person"". This is the "talent" rough, it is "raw materials", enterprises need to spend time to carve. But in today's "life and death speed" fierce market competition, we do not have this time."Talent" is the development of "human wealth."". "Talent" is good, but good people do not mean that can bring wealth for the enterprise; as the most basic quality, "talent" corporate culture and identity, but the corporate culture does not necessarily immediately create value for the enterprise. There is no enterprise culture, but also to create wealth for enterprises, such people can become "human wealth."".Whether it is available after carving, "talent", still be able to get started immediately, with the "talent" is not our ultimate goal; we seek is to create wealth and value for the enterprises "wealth"!Only "human wealth" is the top talent! Come and create wealth and value for the enterprise! If we want to prosper, we should fully discover and use "human wealth"".4., today is talent, tomorrow is not necessarily talentThe definition of talent depends on the value of creating value for society. Every Haier should and can become a talented person and create greater value for society.Talent is a dynamic concept, and now the market is very competitive, today is talent, tomorrow may not be talent, Haier people should continue to transcend themselves, and constantly improve their quality.How to constantly improve their own quality, do permanent talent? Be sure to have your own ideals, your goals! If there is no firm goal, in the process of improving their own quality and self challenge, they will falter and waver. Every Haier has its own dream, and this dream must be combined with Haier's major goal of creating world famous brand.。

Identity-Based Trace and Revoke SchemesDuong Hieu Phan1,2and Viet Cuong Trinh11LAGA,UMR7539,CNRS,Universit´e Paris8,Universit´e Paris132Ecole normale sup´e rieure,Paris,FranceAbstract.Trace and revoke systems allow for the secure distribution ofdigital content in such a way that malicious users,who collude to producepirate decoders,can be traced back and revoked from the system.Inthis paper,we consider such schemes in the identity-based setting,byextending the model of identity-based traitor tracing scheme by Abdallaet al.to support revocation.The proposed constructions rely on the subset cover framework.We first propose a generic construction which transforms an identity-basedencryption with wildcard(WIBE)of depth log(N)(N being the numberof users)into an identity-based trace and revoke scheme by relying on thecomplete subtree framework(of depth log(N)).This leads,however,to ascheme with log(N)private key size(as in a complete subtree scheme).We improve this scheme by introducing generalized WIBE(GWIBE)andpropose a second construction based on GWIBE of two levels.The latterscheme provides the nice feature of having constant private key size(3group elements).In our schemes,we also deal with advanced attacks in the subset cover framework,namely pirate evolution attacks(PEvoA)and pirates2.0.Theonly known strategy to protect schemes in the subset cover frameworkagainst pirate evolution attacks was proposed by Jin and Lotspiech butdecreases seriously the efficiency of the original schemes:each subset isexpanded to many others subsets;the total number of subsets to be usedin the encryption could thus be O(N1/b)to prevent a traitor from creat-ing more than b generations.Our GWIBE based scheme,resisting PEvoAbetter than the Jin and Lotspiech’s method.Moreover,our method doesnot need to change the partitioning procedure in the original completesubtree scheme and therefore,the resulted schemes are very competitivecompared to the original scheme,with r log(N/r)log N−size ciphertextand constant size private key.Keywords:Traitor Tracing,Broadcast Encryption,Subset-coverFramework,Pirate Evolution Attacks,Pirates2.0.1IntroductionIn a system of secure distribution of digital content,a center broadcasts en-crypted content to legitimate recipients.Most solutions to this problem can be categorized into broadcast encryption or traitor tracing.X.Boyen and X.Chen(Eds.):ProvSec2011,LNCS6980,pp.204–221,2011.c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2011Identity-Based Trace and Revoke Schemes205 Broadcast encryption systems,independently introduced by Berkovits[Ber91] and Fiat-Naor[FN94],enable a center to encrypt a message for any subset of legitimate users and to prevent any set of revoked users from recovering the broadcasted information.Moreover,even if all revoked users collude,they don’t obtain any information about the content sent by the center.Traitor tracing schemes,introduced in[CFN94],enable the center to trace users who collude to produce pirate decoders.The center broadcasts encrypted content so that all users can decrypt this content.The risk here is that different users successfully collude(they are then called traitors)by contributing their private keys to build a pirate decoder and distribute this decoder to illegitimate users.The goal of a traitor tracing system is to allow,when a pirate decoder is found,the authority to run a tracing procedure to identify the traitors.Trace and Revoke systems[NP00,NNL01]provide the functionalities of both broadcast encryption and traitor tracing.The most famous trace and revoke schemes are those from the subset-cover framework[NNL01],namely complete subtree scheme and subset difference scheme.They have been used as a basis to design the widely spread content protection system for HD-DVDs and Blu-ray disks called AACS[AAC].Identity-based cryptography was introduced by Shamir in1984[Sha85].How-ever,it’s only very recently that identity-based schemes in“one-to-many”settings were introduced,namely identity-based traitor tracing[ADML+07]and identity-based broadcast encryption[Del07,SF07].In thefirst identity-based traitor trac-ing scheme,proposed by Abdalla et al.[ADML+07],each group of users has an identity and the encryption is based on Waters’WIBE[ACD+06]and on collu-sion secure codes[BS95].The use of collusion secure codes results in unfeasibly large public key and ciphertext sizes.The authors left as an open question the problem of constructing“efficient identity-based traitor tracing scheme,even in the random oracle model”.We consider the more general problem of constructing efficient identity-based trace and revoke systems in the standard model.Recently,two new types of attack have been proposed which point out some weakness of schemes in the subset-cover framework,namely pirate evolution attacks[KP07]and pirates2.0[BP09].Pirate evolution[KP07]is an attack concept against a trace and revoke scheme that exploits the properties of the combined functionality of tracing and revo-cation in a tree based ing a set of users’keys,the pirate produces an initial pirate decoder.When this pirate decoder is seized,the pirate evolves thefirst pirate decoder by issuing a second version that succeeds in decrypt-ing ciphertexts.The same step can be repeated again and again and the pirate continues to evolve a new version of the previous decoder.Pirates2.0attacks[BP09]result from traitors collaborating in a public way.In other words,traitors do not secretly collude but display part of their secret keys in a public place;pirate decoders are then built from this public information. The distinguishing property of pirates2.0attacks is that traitors only contribute partial information about their secret key material which suffices to produce206 D.H.Phan and V.C.Trinh(possibly imperfect)pirate decoders while allowing them to remain anonymous. This type of attacks has been shown to be a real threat for tree based and code based schemes[BP09].Since schemes from the subset-cover framework have been widely implemented in practice,it’s a challenge to build new schemes in this framework that can resist these two type of attacks.1.1Our ContributionWe propose thefirst Identity-based Trace and Revoke system,along with an efficient method forfighting pirates2.0and pirate evolution attacks.Our con-structions can be considered as variants of the complete subtree scheme.The first scheme makes use of an identity-based encryption with wildcards[ACD+06] (WIBE for short)scheme with linear pirate key size in the depth of the tree.In order to improve this,wefirst propose a generalized WIBE(GWIBE for short) and then propose a second scheme that relies on2-level GWIBE.Our second scheme have the following properties:–It outperforms,in term of efficiency,the identity based traitor tracing scheme in[ADML+07]as it does not need to use a collusion secure code.Note that the scheme in[ADML+07]does not support revocability.–It resists known pirate evolution attacks[KP07]and pirates2.0attacks [BP09].–It is,asymptotically,very competitive with the original scheme,namely the complete subtree and subset difference schemes(detailed comparisons is given in the full version[PT11].).Moreover,in our scheme,private keys of users are of constant sizes.1.2Related WorksRecently,[JL09]proposed a new method to defend against pirate evolution at-tacks in the subset difference framework.However,their method decreases se-riously the efficiency of the original schemes because each subset need to be expanded to many others subsets;the total number of subsets to be used in the encryption becomes sub-linear in the total number of users in the system.A new method has recently proposed in[DdP11]to defend against pirates2.0in the subset-cover framework by integrating the Naor-Pinkas scheme[NP00] into complete subtree scheme(CS)or subset difference scheme(SD).However, because of integrating polynomial interpolation method of Naor-Pinkas[NP00], their method decreases the efficiency of the original schemes and cannot support unbounded number of traitors as in subset-cover schemes.Finally,in a recently proposed work[ZZ11],the authors also proposed a method to deal with pirates2.0in code-based schemes.In fact,their method is essentially similar to the method in[ADML+07]except that they split the second level in[ADML+07]into L levels(L is the length of code).This work shows an interesting result that the scheme[ADML+07]can made to be resistant against pirates2.0with almost no additional cost.Note however that code-basedIdentity-Based Trace and Revoke Schemes 207schemes actually do not support revocation,they are thus not a trace and revoke system.Our schemes are by far more efficient than the above mentioned schemes (detailed comparisons is given in the full version [PT11]).In fact,our scheme are,asymptotically,very competitive with the original schemes in [NNL01],namely the complete subtree scheme and the subset difference scheme.Because these schemes are widely implemented in practice,our results could also give a signif-icant impact in practice.We now figure out the general literature about broadcast encryption and traitor tracing.Tree based schemes were proposed by Wallner et al.[WHA99]and Wong et al.[WGL98]and [NNL01].Some methods for combining key tree structure with other techniques have been proposed:Sherman-McGrew [SM03]used a one-way function,Canetti et al.[CMN99]used a pseudo-random genera-tor,and Kim et al.[KPT00]used a Diffie-Hellman key exchange scheme.Dodis and Fazio [DF02]introduced a way to transform NNL schemes from a secret setting to a public-key setting by using IBE and HIBE .Though based on the same primitive,namely HIBE ,each user’s private key is still composed by a set of sub-keys and therefore,these schemes suffer from pirates 2.0and pirate evolution attacks.In addition to combinatoric schemes,many algebraic schemes with very nice features have been introduced.Kurosawa-Desmedt [KD98]and Boneh-Franklin[BF99]proposed the first elegant algebraic constructions with a deterministic tracing procedure.Boneh and Waters designed a fully collusion resistant trace and revoke scheme [BW06].This last scheme is very interesting from a theoretical point of view as it is the first scheme that supports full collusion with sub-linear ciphertext size.It is,however,hard to implement in practice because the size of ciphertext is always O (√N )whatever the size of collusion,i.e.even if there are very few traitors.Public-key broadcast schemes with constant-size ciphertexts have been pro-posed in [BGW05]and in [DPP07].These schemes require decryption keys of size linear in the number of users (a receiver has a constant-size private key,but needs the encryption key to perform a decryption).This storage may be excessive for low-cost devices.Adaptive security has been investigated in [DF03,GW09].Attribute based broadcast encryption scheme has recently been proposed in [LS08]Traitor tracing schemes based on codes have been much investigated since the seminal work of Boneh and Shaw [BS95]on collusion secure codes:Kiayias and Yung [KY02]proposed a scheme with constant rate.[BP08,BN08]recently achieved constant size ciphertexts.One of the main shortcoming of the code based schemes remains that the user’s key is very large (linear in the length of codewords).1.3About the Model of PEvoA and Pirates2.0We remark that the considerer model of PEvoA and Pirates 2.0in our paper is not the most general one.However,this model covers the main idea of the208 D.H.Phan and V.C.Trinhattacks presented in[KP07]and[BP09],it also covers the proposed attacks inthese original papers.Moreover,the countermeasures mentioned above[JL09],[DdP11]and[ZZ11]are all under our model.Formal definitions of our model of PEvoA and Pirates2.0will be given in the rmally speaking,thismodel requires that the pirate needs to have a sub-key to be able to decrypt asub-ciphertext.We recall that in combinatoric schemes,a ciphertext is composed by a set of sub-ciphertext each of them is encrypted by a sub-key.The known PEvoA and Pirates2.0exploit the fact that a pirate can combine some sub-keys to break the system.The most general model for PEvoA and Pirates2.0wouldbe the case that a pirate can combine partial information about sub-keys tobreak the whole scheme.This model is not considered in this paper neither in previous papers and it is still an open question tofind out a countermeasures for the most general form of PEvoA and Pirates2.0.It appears that this closely relates to the subject of key-leakage resilient cryptography.2Fighting Pirates2.0and Pirate Evolution Attacks in Tree Based SystemsIn this section we present the ideas behind our constructions.The main problem of schemes in the tree-based framework(or more generally,in the combinatoric setting)is that the users’keys contain many sub-keys.Each sub-key corresponds to an internal node of the tree.Consequently,each sub-key can be shared between many users.Thus,if a user only publish sub-keys of a certain level(to ensure that there are many users that share that sub-key),this user cannot be traced but pirates can efficiently collect different sub-keys to build a practical decoder.Our method forfighting pirates2.0and pirate evolution attacks consists of two steps:making private keys indecomposable(the private keys are not composed of sub-keys)and avoiding the derivation of sub-keys of any internal node from the private keys.2.1FrameworkFirst Step:Making Private Keys Indecomposable.Since the core of pi-rates2.0attacks is the public contribution of partial private key,a natural idea is to render private keys indecomposable.But this condition is not sufficient.Asano[Asa02]and[AK05]proposed very interesting schemes with constant size private keys.Because private keys in these scheme are of constant size,one might think traitors cannot contribute a partial key information to the public and that pirates2.0can then be excluded.However,this is not the case.Indeed, in order for a user U to be able to decrypt a ciphertext at a node in the path from U to the root,U has to be able to derive the corresponding key at that node.This is the reason why these schemes are still vulnerable to pirates2.0and pirate evolution attacks.The user U does not need to contribute his key but can compute and contribute any key corresponding to the nodes on the path from U to the root.Identity-Based Trace and Revoke Schemes209 Second Step:No Intermediate Key Should be Derived from a Private Key.The goal in this step is to construct a scheme that,along with the unde-composability of private keys,enjoying the following additional property:no key at internal nodes can be derived from a private key.This property ensures pre-venting a traitor to derive and then publish keys at internal nodes and therefore it can only contribute its own key which leaks its identity.Main Idea:Delegation of Ciphertexts.Our main idea is to allow a sub-ciphertext at a node being publicly modifiable to be another sub-ciphertext at any descendant node.This way,by possessing a private key at a leaf,a user can decrypt any sub-ciphertext at its ancestor node.We illustrate the idea in thefigure1.The sub-ciphertext C could be publicly modified to be a ciphertext C U that can be decryptable by any user U lying in the sub-tree rooted at the corresponding node C.At this stage,we see that the user U could have just one key,this key cannot be used to derive sub-keys for other nodes but it can decrypt ciphertexts at any node in the path from U to the root.The construction of WIBE in[ACD+06]implicitly gives a delegation of cipher-texts as we need.This is indeed ourfirst solution which is quite inefficient.We then introduce a generalized notion of WIBE and propose a much more efficient solution.pairison between Asano’s method and our method2.2SolutionsFirst Solution:Integration of WIBE Into a Complete Subtree Scheme In our framework2,thefirst step is to propose a scheme so that a user is unable to derive any key corresponding to its ancestor node.This requirement fits perfectly hierarchical identity based encryption systems(HIBE for short). However,an HIBE system cannot be directly employed for dealing with the second step because a user at a lower level cannot decrypt a ciphertext at a higher level.Fortunately,identity-based encryption with wildcards[ACD+06] (WIBE for short)can be used to solve this issue.The main idea in constructions of current WIBE is to be able to modify the ciphertext so that a legitimate user can put information on the ciphertext to obtain a new ciphertext specifically crafted for him and then can decrypt this modified ciphertext as in HIBE system.This completes the second step.We discuss this with a concrete construction later on.210 D.H.Phan and V.C.TrinhMain Solution:Introduction of Generalized WIBE Primitive A short-coming in our first scheme is that the private key size is linearly in the depth of the tree.To overcome this issue,we propose a new primitive,called generalized WIBE (GWIBE for short)where the wildcard does not need to replace the whole identity at a given level but can be part of the identity at each level.We can thus regroup all levels below the root into a single level and put the wildcard as part of the identity.Therefore,we only need a 2-level GWIBE for encryption.2.3Efficiency ComparisonBesides the property of resisting pirates 2.0and pirate evolution attacks,our schemes are also very competitive in terms of efficiency.The only previous traitor tracing scheme in the identity based setting is much less efficient than ours,especially when the number of traitors is large.Compared to the complete subtree and subset difference schemes,the cipher-text in ours schemes is larger (more a factor of log(N ))but our second scheme has constant size private keys.Dodis and Fazio [DF02]showed a way to transform NNL schemes from a secret setting to a public-key setting by using IBE and HIBE .Their best schemes are denoted by DF-CS (transforming complete subtree scheme to public-key setting by using the Waters IBE in [Wat05])and DF-SD (transforming subset difference scheme to public-key setting by using the BBG scheme [BBG05]).A more detailed comparison is given in the full version [PT11].3Construction of Identity-Based Trace and Revoke from WIBE (WIBE -IDTR )3.1BackgroundThe definition of an identity-based trace and revoke scheme IDTR ,as well as the adaptive security model for IDTR systems,can be found in the full version of this paper [PT11].Our model follows the model of identity-based traitor tracing[ADML +07]in which each group of users has an identity and the broadcaster encrypts messages to a group by using the group’s identity.We also deal with revocation,the encryption depends thus on the group’s identity and the set of revoked users in that group.We first recall the basic definitions of WIBE ,and its security model.Identity-Based Encryption with Wildcards.schemes are essentially a gen-eralization of HIBE schemes where at the time of encryption,the sender can decide to make the ciphertext decryptable by a whole range of users whose identities match a certain pattern.Such a pattern is described by a vector P =(P 1,...,P l )∈({0,1}∗∪{∗})l ,where ∗is a special wildcard symbol.We say that identity ID =(ID 1,...,ID l )matches P ,denoted ID ∈∗P ,if and only if l ≤l and ∀i =1...l :ID i =P i or P i =∗.Note that under this definition,any ancestor of a matching identity is also a matching identity.This is reasonableIdentity-Based Trace and Revoke Schemes211 for our purposes because any ancestor can derive the secret key of a matchingdescendant identity anyway.More formally,a WIBE scheme is a tuple of algorithms WIBE=(Setup, KeyDer,Enc,Dec)providing the following functionality.The Setup andKeyDer algorithms behave exactly as those of an HIBE scheme.To create aciphertext of message m∈{0,1}∗intended for all identities matching pattern P,the sender computes C$←Enc(mpk,P,m).Any of the intended recipients ID∈∗P can decrypt the ciphertext using its own decryption key as m←Dec(d ID,C).Correctness requires that for all key pairs(mpk,msk)output by Setup,all messages m∈{0,1}∗,all0≤l≤L,all patterns P∈({0,1}∗∪{∗})l, and all identities ID∈∗P,Dec(Keyder(msk,ID),Enc(mpk,P,m))=m with probability one.Security Model for WIBE.We recall the define of the security of WIBE schemesin[ACD+06].In thefirst phase the adversary is run on input the master public key of a freshly generated key pair(mpk,msk)$←Setup(1k).In a chosen-plaintext attack(IND-WID-CPA),the adversary is given access to a key derivation oracle that on input ID=(ID1,···,ID k)returns d ID$←Keyder(msk,ID). At the end of thefirst phase,the adversary outputs two equal length challengemessages m0,m1and a challenge pattern P∗=(P∗1,···,P∗k∗)where0≤k∗≤L,L is the depth of the root tree.The adversary is given a challenge ciphertext C∗$←Enc(mpk,P∗,m b)for a randomly chosen bit b,and is given access to thesame oracles as during thefirst phase of the attack.The second phase ends when the adversary outputs a bit b .The adversary is said to win the IND-WID-CPA game if b=b and if it never queried the key derivation oracle for the keys of any identity that matches the target pattern(i.e.,any ID such that ID∈∗P∗).Definition1.A WIBE scheme is(t,q K, )IND-WID-CPA-secure if all t-time adversaries making at most q K queries to the key derivation oracle have at most advantage in winning the IND-WID-CPA game described above.It is said to be (t,q K,q D, )IND-WID-CCA-secure if all such adversaries that additionally make at most q D queries to the decryption oracle have advantage at most in winning the IND-WID-CCA game described above.3.2Generic ConstructionWe combine WIBE with the complete subtree method:each group ID∈{0,1}∗represents a binary tree and each user id∈{0,1}l(we write id=id1id2···id l,Fig.2.Identity based Trace and Revoke in Complete Subtree structure212 D.H.Phan and V.C.Trinhid i∈{0,1})in a group ID is assigned to be a leaf of the binary tree rooted at ID.For encryption,we will use a WIBE of depth l+1,each user is associated with a vector(ID,id1,···,id l).This is illustrated in Figure2.Concretely,the WIBE-IDTR system works as follows:Setup(1k,N):Take a security parameter k and the maximum number of user in each group N(thus l= log2N ).Run the setup algorithm of WIBE with the security parameter k and the hierarchical depth L=l+1which returns (mpk,msk).The setup then outputs(mpk,msk).As in the complete subtree method,the setup also defines a data encapsulation method E K:{0,1}∗→{0,1}∗and its corresponding decapsulation D K.Keyder(msk,ID,id):Run the key derivation of WIBE for l+1level identity W ID=(ID,id1,id2,...,id l)(the j-th component corresponds to the j-th bit of the identity id)and get the decryption key d W ID.Output d ID,id=d W ID.Enc(mpk,ID,R ID,M):A sender wants to send a message M to a group ID with the revocation list R ID.The revocation works as in the complete sub-tree scheme.Considering a group ID with its revocation list R ID,the users in N ID\R ID are partitioned into disjoint subsets S i1,...,S i w which are all the subtrees of the original tree(rooted at ID)that hang offthe Steiner tree defined by the set R ID.Each subset S ij ,1≤j≤w,is associated to an l+1vector identity ID Si j=(ID,id ij,1,...,id ij,k,∗,∗..,∗)where id ij,1,...,id ij,kis the path from the rootID to the node S ijand the number of wildcards∗is l−k.The encryption algorithm randomly chooses a session key K,encrypts M under the key K by using an symetric encryption,and outputs as a headerthe encryption of WIBE for each ID Si1,...,ID Si w.C= [i1,...,i w][WIBE.Enc(mpk,ID Si1,K),...,WIBE.Enc(mpk,ID Si w,K)],E K(M)Dec(d ID,id,C):The user received the ciphertext C as above.First,find j suchthat id∈S ij (in case id∈R ID the result is null).Second,use private keyd ID,id to decrypt WIBE.Enc(mpk,ID Si j,K)to obtain K.Finally,computeD K(E K(M))to recover the message M.Trace D(msk,ID):Our tracing algorithm is similar to the one in[NNL01].It takes as input msk,ID,an illegal decryption box D,returns either a subset consisting at least one traitor or a new partition of N ID\R ID that renders the illegal decryption box useless.We note that this is not the strongest notion of traceability.In a black-box traitor tracing,one can identify at least one traitor.Our tracing algorithm relies on the tracing algorithms in NNL framework and target the same notion of traceability.However,unlike the tracing algorithms in NNL,our tracing algorithm can deal with PEvoA and Pirates2.0,as will be shown in the next sections.Identity-Based Trace and Revoke Schemes213 3.3Security of WIBE-IDTRTheorem2.If the WIBE of depth l is(t ,qK , )IND-WID-CPA-secure,thenthe WIBE-IDTR is(t∗,q∗K, ∗)IND-CPA-secure witht∗≤t /(r log(Nr)),q∗K≤q K, ∗≤r log(Nr)×where N is the bound on the number of users and r is the number of revoked users.The proof is provided in the full version of this paper[PT11].We note thatr log(Nr )is the upper-bound on the number of subsets in the partition of non-revoked users.Like in NNL schemes,we should also pay a factor of r log(Nr )inthe reduction cost to the security of the chosen primitive for encryption,here is the security of WIBE.We also present an Instantiation as well as the security analysis of our identity-based trace and revoke from Waters’WIBE in the full version of this paper [PT11].We briefly remark here that,for a general construction of WIBE,the security can be reduced to the security of the underlying primitive HIBE with a lost of an exponential factor(in the hierarchical depth)in the security reduction [ACD+06].This is due to the fact the simulator has to guess the positions of the wildcards.Fortunately,in our scheme,all the wildcards are regrouped at the end and therefore,the simulator only needs to guess the position of thefirst wildcard:the lost becomes linear in the hierarchical depth,which is acceptable.3.4Resistance to Pirate Evolution Attacks-PEvoAFormalization of PEvoA.Before proving that our scheme resists to this type of attack,we propose a formalization of pirate evolution attack that covers all known attacks of this type.Definition3(PEvoA in Subset-Cover Systems).In a subset-cover systemwith N users,each user u i,i=1,...,N,possesses a set of decryption keys K ui =(K ui,1,...,K ui,h i).A master pirate box B is built from t traitors(u1,...,u t)should possess a set of decryption keys(K u1,...,K ut).A pirate evolution attack is an attack in whichB spawns successively a sequence of pirate boxes decoders B1,B2,...corresponding to each iterations1,2,....The evolution from the iteration i to the iteration i+1is defined as follows:–At each iteration i,after the tracing algorithm creates a new partition S i+1 which renders the pirate box B i useless or which revokes some set of users.B spawns a new version B i+1of pirate box,where B i+1must contain at leasta decryption key d i+1such that,by using this decryption key d i+1,B i+1can decrypt the ciphertext encrypted based on the new partition S i+1with probability higher than a given threshold q.–The iteration repeats until B cannot spawn a new version of the pirate box decoder.214 D.H.Phan and V.C.TrinhDefinition4(Resistance to PEvoA).A system is susceptible to PEvoA if the maximum number of pirate box decoders that B can spawn is greater than the number of traitors t.The system is immune from PEvoA if the maximum number of pirate box decoders is less than or equal to t.In our definition,we closely follow the formalization of[KP07]but we refine the user’s private key and evolution step:each user possesses a set of decryption keys,and at each iteration i a pirate box B i must contain at least a decryption key which is used to decrypt the ciphertext encrypted at that iteration.This consideration might fail to cover attacks who can derive some partial decryption keys from a set of its key and then could use the partial key to break the security. In any case,our formalization covers the idea of the type of attacks described in[KP07]:each user in[NNL01]possesses a set of decryption keys(a set of long lived keys),and at each iteration master pirate box B spawns a new version of pirate box B i,where B i contains at least a decryption key(a long lived key)at some node in the tree.We also note that the previous schemes in the subset-cover framework are susceptible to pirate evolution attacks because each user can always possess(or derive,in Asano et.al’s schemes[Asa02,AK05])keys corresponding to interme-diate nodes in the tree.Therefore,the traitors can easily produce many pirate boxes.This way of attacks are covered in our formalization.We now show that our WIBE-IDTR scheme resist pirate evolution attacks. Theorem5(Resistance of WIBE-IDTR to Pirate Evolution Attacks).If there exists a pirate evolution adversary B on WIBE-IDTR of depth L,then there exists an adversary B that breaks the security of HIBE.Proof.The main idea how our scheme can resist to this type of attacks is come from the property of the underlying HIBE.In our scheme,each user has only a private key corresponding to its identity at depth L.By the property of HIBE, no key at any intermediate node can be derived from the users’key.Therefore, the traitors can only produce pirate box by putting in it their collected keys and the number of pirate box is thus the number of traitors.The proof is given in the full version of this paper[PT11].3.5Resistance to Pirates2.0Pirates2.0is a new type of attack against traitor tracing schemes.This type of attack results from traitors collaborating together in a public way and display part of their secret keys in a public place,allowing pirate decoders to be built from this public information.Traitors contribute part of their secret keys in an appropriate way in order to remain anonymous.Moreover,the traitors can contribute information at their discretion and they can publicly collude in groups of very large size.Pirates2.0.We consider the Pirates2.0model for subset-cover framework.Re-call that,in this framework,a traitor is a legitimate user u i who possesses a set。

identity的用法及搭配identity的主要用法是指一个人或物体的身份、特征或个性。

以下是identity常见的搭配及用法：1. Personal identity（个人身份） - 指一个人独特的特征、背景或认同感。

例句：She struggled to establish her personal identity in a new city.2. Identity theft（身份盗窃）- 指他人通过盗取他人的个人信息，来冒充他人或进行非法活动。

例句：He was a victim of identity theft and lost all his savings.3. National identity（国家身份）- 指一个人对所属国家的身份认同感。

例句：The celebration of Independence Day reflects our national identity.4. Cultural identity（文化身份）- 指个人对自己所属文化群体的认同感。

例句：She embraced her cultural identity by practicing traditional customs and rituals.5. Gender identity（性别身份）- 指个人对自己的性别认同感。

例句：Transgender individuals often struggle with their gender identity.6. Identity crisis（身份危机）- 指一个人对自己的身份或角色感到困惑和焦虑。

例句：In her twenties, she experienced an identity crisis and questioned her purpose in life.7. Social identity（社会身份）- 指一个人在社会中的地位、角色或认同感。

identity造句1、In this paper, an important combinatorial identity is obtained by means of the formal power series.本文运用形式幂级数的技巧，证明了一个重要的组合恒等式。

2、A great guy and the identity of this franchise right now一个好人，他是现在这支球队的代表。

3、The relationship between identity and performance is just the same.它的作用，身份和刻意表演之间的关系。

4、How can I find exactly what my codesign identity is?我如何才能找到我的正是我的协同设计的身份是？5、The best part of stealing someone's identity is that you control everything.偷别人品质最好的办法就是你掌控一切。

6、The identity in the certificate is also designed to be machine-readable.该证书中的标识还被设计为计算机可读形式。

7、Show me your identity cards, please.售票员: 请出示你们的身份证明。

8、She has lost track of time, felt her identity dissolving, lost her inhibitions, forgotten to wash.她失去了时间的轨道，感到个体正在消溶，丧失了自控能力，忘记了梳洗。

9、Sock puppet: a false identity used for online fraud.马甲：出于欺骗目的而使用的网络假身份。

德里达《声音与现象》第五、六、七章的读书报告胡鹏 12级外哲硕士 1201211373在《声音与现象》第四章的结尾，德里达指出了胡塞尔“自我在场的现在”（the present of self-presence）如同“眨眼瞬间”（blink of an eye）在时间性上是不可分割的。

“自我在场的现在”实际上就是认识主体的“当下显现”或“实显的当下”（present now），“当下显现”在胡塞尔的现象学看来是一切知识的基础，即一切知识最终要还原为对第一人称的直接显现。

而这种直接显现得以可能，胡塞尔认为在时间性这一角度上是因为当下显现是瞬间发生的：“如果‘心理活动’并不通过一种表现（Kungabe）的媒介而表现出来，如果它们并没有通过指号的媒介在自身上成形，那是因为它们是在同一时刻被我们所体验。

对自我在场的现在就与眨眼瞬间一样是不可分割的（VP50/74~75）。

”①在德里达看来，胡塞尔的“当下显现”其实是隐含着如下的前提的，即这种显现在时间上的最小单位“瞬间”是即时的、孤立的、简单的和不连续的。

这种预设为德里达的批判提供了目标。

（一）瞬间的“当下”（now）——现象学的源点（source-point）存在吗？在第五章“符号与瞬间”中，德里达指出“如果面对自我的在场并不是简单的，如果现在在一个原始的和不可还原的合题中构成，那么，胡塞尔的全部论证就会在原则上受到威胁”（VP52/77）。

这恰恰正是德里达解构的思路，他正是顺着胡塞尔的思路，最后得出在场本身必然要包含着非在场；并不存在孤立简单的当下，当下必然要与“持存”（retention）相连，正是通过这些与现象学所坚持的前提相矛盾的结论，来使得胡塞尔理论大厦出现松动。

德里达对当下的分析并引出持存，是他解构的重要步骤，他具体从三个方面来进行：（1）“当下”是一种特权德里达认为“没有任何‘当下’能够作为时刻和纯粹的即时而被孤立起来”（no now can be isolated as an instant and pure punctuality）（VP52/78），胡塞尔也是承认这一点的，但是在胡塞尔那里，“当下”在时间性上还是作为“点”来被思考和描述的，这个“点”德里达称为“源点”（source point），这个源点是“内在时间性对象的流逝方式”，这表明在胡塞尔那里，当下显现是即时的，德里达引用胡塞尔的话“实显的当下必然是而且始终是某种即时的东西，一种不断更新的质料的持存的形式”（The actually present now is necessarily something punctual and remains something punctual；it is a form that persists while the matter is always new.）（VP53/79）②而胡塞尔这种对当下显现的即时性要求，成为了胡塞尔划分意识与无（非）意识的标准——只有即时的当下显现才是意识的内容（conscious content），不存在事后变为意识的无意识内容（unconscious content）。

Memory Matrix 6根据词汇构词法记忆单词 anyhow adv.①不管怎样 ②不论用何种方式 ③随便（=anyway ）The scandal could destroy her, but the press reported it anyhow.这丑闻能把她毁掉，但媒体还是报道了。

Anyhow, I have to confess my fault.不管怎样我还是得承认我的过失。

构词：any(任何)+how(怎么)→无论怎么，不管怎样compound n.化合物 vt. ①混合 ②合成 adj. ①复合的 ②化合的compound substance 合成物质 compound eye (昆虫的)复眼Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.水是氢和氧的化合物。

构词：com(共同)+ pound(重击)→混合deduct vt. ①扣除 ②演绎deduct…from a cost or price 从费用或价格中扣除…deduct a tax from one's wages 从工资中扣除税款派生: deduction n.缩小；减小 deductive adj.推论的；推断的；演绎的近义: subtract/take off 减去；扣除构词：de(否定，去除)+duct(建构)depression n. ①抑郁，沮丧 ②经济萧条fall into a depression 变得意气消沉，精神沮丧the Great Depression 大萧条(美国二十世纪三十年代)Many people lost their jobs during the business depression.许多人在商业萧条时丢掉了工作。

构词：de(否定，去除)+press(压)+ ion (名词词尾)feedback n. ①反馈 ②反馈信息give sb. feedback on…给某人在…方面的反馈构词：feed(喂养)＋back(返回)overtake vt. ①追上，赶上 ②超过 ③突然降临于 ④意外地碰上be overtaken by…(mi sfortune/ terror/ storm) 突然遭遇…(不幸/恐惧/风暴)Television soon overtook the cinema as the most popular form of entertainment.电视很快替代电影成为最流行的娱乐方式。

Identity is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses a persons sense of self,their personal characteristics,and their social affiliations.It is an essential aspect of human experience,shaping how individuals perceive themselves and interact with the world around them.Personal IdentityPersonal identity refers to the unique qualities and traits that make up an individual.This includes physical attributes,personality,values,beliefs,and interests.Personal identity is often formed through a combination of genetic factors,upbringing,and personal experiences.It is a lifelong process of selfdiscovery and development.Cultural IdentityCultural identity is the part of ones self that is tied to their cultural background,including their ethnicity,nationality,and traditions.It is the sense of belonging to a particular cultural group and sharing its customs,language,and history.Cultural identity can be a source of pride and connection,but it can also be a point of conflict,especially in multicultural societies.Social IdentitySocial identity is how individuals define themselves in relation to the groups they belong to,such as their family,community,or professional groups.It is the part of the self that is connected to ones social roles and relationships.Social identity can influence behavior, attitudes,and the way people are perceived by others.Gender IdentityGender identity is a persons internal sense of being male,female,or something else,and may not necessarily align with their biological sex.It is an important aspect of a persons selfconcept and can have a significant impact on their life experiences and interactions. Professional IdentityProfessional identity is the set of attributes,values,and knowledge that define a person in their professional role.It is shaped by education,training,and work experiences.A strong professional identity can contribute to career success and personal fulfillment.Identity DevelopmentIdentity development is a lifelong process that involves exploring and refining ones sense of self.It often involves questioning and challenging societal norms and expectations. Adolescents and young adults typically go through a period of intense identity exploration,known as the identity crisis,where they experiment with different roles and identities.Challenges to IdentityIndividuals may face challenges to their identity due to societal pressures,discrimination, or personal struggles.These challenges can lead to a crisis of identity,where a person feels uncertain about their sense of self.Support from family,friends,and professionals can be crucial in helping individuals navigate these challenges.Identity and Mental HealthA strong and positive sense of identity is important for mental health and wellbeing. When individuals have a clear and positive understanding of who they are,they are more likely to have higher selfesteem and resilience.Conversely,confusion or distress about ones identity can contribute to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression.ConclusionIdentity is a fundamental aspect of human existence,influencing how we see ourselves and how we are seen by others.It is a dynamic and evolving concept that is shaped by a variety of factors,including personal experiences,cultural background,and social interactions.Understanding and embracing ones identity can lead to a more fulfilling and authentic life.。

· identify· v. [aɪ'dentɪfaɪ] ( identifies; identified; identifying )·· 双解释义· vt. 1.认出,识别select, notice, recognize or specify· vi. & vt. 2.等同于; 有关联associate with; equate with; align with; involve with· vt. 3.支持,同情sympathize with· 基本要点•1.identify的基本意思是“认同”,即认为某事物等同于另一事物,这种同一性可以是真实的,也可以是想象的,也可以表示思想上的混乱或自我欺骗。

引申可表示“同情”“支持”。

2.identify既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。

用作及物动词时,接名词或代词作宾语,也可接以“as+n.”作补足语的复合宾语; 用作不及物动词时常与with连用表示“同情…”。

3.identify可用于被动结构。

•· 词汇搭配•identify the body 辨认尸体•identify call of its own species 辨别同类的叫声•identify a check 鉴别支票•identify a corpse 验尸•identify a criminal 辨认犯罪分子•identify handwriting 鉴别字迹•identify the intruder 认出闯入者•identify the payer of a cheque 验明支票的付款人•identify the porters 辨认行李搬运工•identify actively 积极地支持•identify clearly 明确地鉴定•identify closely 紧密相连•identify easily 容易辨别•identify generally 大体地辨别出•identify mechanically 机械地认为•identify mystically 神秘地辨别出•identify nominally 名义上地支持•identify peculiarly 奇怪地认出•identify prominently 明显地辨别出•identify quickly 很快认出•identify unconsciously 无意识地认为•identify wrongly 认错了•identify among 从…中认出•identify as (自)认是…•identify oneself as an old friend 自称是一个老朋友•identify by red caps 从红帽子可辨认出•identify to 向…指出•identify to the police 向警察指出•identify with 把…视为和…一样,与…密切结合•identify with another man 误认为是另一个人•identify oneself with the liberals 与自由主义者有密切关系•identify oneself with the masses 和群众打成一片•identify oneself with the new political party 支持这个新的政党•identify oneself with the peasants 同农民打成一片•identify oneself with the underdog 站在受压迫者一边•identify oneself with the workers 同工人打成一片•identify opinions with facts 把想法看成事实•identify religion with religious rites 把宗教与宗教仪式等同起来•identify realism with totalitarianism 把现实主义同极权主义等同起来· 常用短语•identify by(v.+prep.)根据〔凭借〕…辨认出 discover who or what is by means of sth〔说明〕 identify by常不用于进行体。

Identity is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses various aspects of an individuals life.It is the sum of the unique characteristics,experiences,beliefs,values, and affiliations that define who a person is.In an English composition on identity,one can explore several dimensions,including personal,cultural,social,and professional identity.Personal IdentityPersonal identity refers to the individuals selfconcept and how they perceive themselves. It is shaped by personal experiences,memories,and reflections.In an essay,you might discuss how ones personal identity is formed through introspection and selfawareness. For instance,you could explore the role of significant life events,such as education, relationships,or career choices,in shaping ones sense of self.Cultural IdentityCultural identity is the part of ones identity that is linked to their cultural background, including their ethnicity,traditions,language,and beliefs.An essay on this topic could delve into how cultural identity influences an individuals worldview,behaviors,and interactions with others.You might also discuss the challenges and opportunities that come with maintaining a cultural identity in a globalized world,such as the experience of immigrants or multicultural societies.Social IdentitySocial identity involves the roles and affiliations that individuals have within society, such as being a parent,a student,or a member of a particular community.An essay on social identity could examine how these roles contribute to ones sense of belonging and selfworth.It could also explore the impact of societal expectations and norms on an individuals identity and the pressures to conform or resist these expectations.Professional IdentityProfessional identity is the aspect of identity that is related to ones career and professional life.It includes the skills,knowledge,and values associated with a particular profession.An essay on professional identity could discuss how individuals develop their professional identity through education,training,and work experiences.It could also address the challenges of balancing professional and personal identities,especially in the context of worklife integration.The Fluidity of IdentityAn important aspect of identity to consider in an essay is its fluidity.Identity is not static it evolves over time as individuals encounter new experiences and perspectives.You could discuss how identity can be influenced by factors such as age,life stages,and societal changes.The essay could also explore the concept of multiple identities,where individuals may identify with various aspects of their identity at different times or in different contexts.Challenges and ConflictsIn exploring identity,its also important to address the challenges and conflicts that can arise.These might include identity crises,where an individual questions their sense of self,or conflicts between different aspects of ones identity,such as cultural and professional identities.The essay could provide examples of how individuals navigate these challenges and the strategies they use to reconcile different parts of their identity.ConclusionIn conclusion,an essay on identity should reflect on the complexity and diversity of human experience.It should emphasize the importance of understanding and accepting ones own identity,as well as respecting the identities of others.The essay might also consider the broader implications of identity for society,such as the promotion of tolerance,diversity,and social cohesion.Remember to use clear and concise language,provide relevant examples,and structure your essay with a clear introduction,body paragraphs that explore different aspects of identity,and a conclusion that synthesizes your main points.。

Expressing Identity and VoiceIdentity and voice are two crucial aspects of human existence. They are intertwined and define who we are as individuals. Our identity is shaped by various factors such as our culture, background, upbringing, and experiences. It is what makes us unique and distinguishes us from others. On the other hand, our voice is how we express ourselves, our thoughts, and our opinions. It is how we communicate with the world around us. In this essay, I will explore the importance of expressing identity and voice and how it impacts us as individuals.Expressing our identity is vital because it allows us to connect with others who share similar experiences and backgrounds. It gives us a sense of belonging and validation that we are not alone. For example, if someone is of a particular race or ethnicity, expressing their identity can help them find a community of people who share the same cultural heritage. This can be especially important for those who may feel marginalized or isolated in their daily lives. By expressing their identity, they can find a sense of belonging and acceptance.Furthermore, expressing our identity can help us understand ourselves better. It allows us to explore our values, beliefs, and interests. It helps us to become more self-aware and confident in who we are. By embracing our identity, we can develop a stronger sense of self and be more comfortable in our own skin. This can lead to improved mental health and overall wellbeing.However, expressing our identity can also have its challenges, particularly when it comes to societal expectations and stereotypes. For example, women may feel pressure to conform to traditional gender roles, while men may feel pressure to be stoic and emotionless. This can lead to individuals feeling like they need to hide or suppress certain aspects of their identity. It is important to challenge these societal norms and expectations and create a more inclusive and accepting environment for everyone.In addition to expressing our identity, expressing our voice is equally important. Our voice allows us to communicate our thoughts, feelings, and opinions to others. It is how weshare our experiences and perspectives with the world. By expressing our voice, we can advocate for ourselves and others, and create positive change in our communities.However, expressing our voice can also be challenging, especially when it comes to controversial or sensitive topics. It can be intimidating to speak up and share our opinions, particularly if we fear judgment or backlash from others. This is where having a supportive community can be crucial. By surrounding ourselves with like-minded individuals who encourage and uplift us, we can feel more confident in expressing our voice.Furthermore, expressing our voice can also help us develop critical thinking skills and become more informed about the world around us. By engaging in conversations and debates, we can learn from others and broaden our perspectives. This can lead to personal growth and a deeper understanding of ourselves and others.In conclusion, expressing our identity and voice is crucial for personal growth, self-awareness, and creating positive change in our communities. It allows us to connect with others, understand ourselves better, and advocate for ourselves and others. While it can be challenging at times, it is important to embrace our identity and speak up for what we believe in. By doing so, we can create a more inclusive and accepting world for everyone.。

2007年6月英语四级考试真题Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions : For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Welcome to our club.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow:欢迎辞，欢迎加入俱乐部。

欢迎辞，欢迎加入俱乐部。

标题：Welcome to our club 书写提纲：书写提纲：1. 表达你的欢迎；表达你的欢迎；2. 对你们俱乐部作一个简要介绍。

对你们俱乐部作一个简要介绍。

注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Welcome to our club Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In In this this this part, part, part, you you you will will will have have have 15 15 15 minutes minutes minutes to to to go go go over over over the the the passage passage passage quickly quickly quickly and and and answer answer answer the the questions on A nswer Sheet 1.Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, mark Y (for YES ) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for N O NO ) if statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for N OT NOT GIVEN ) if the information is not given in the passage. For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Protect Your Privacy When Job-hunting Online Identity Identity theft theft theft and and and identity identity identity fraud fraud fraud are are are terms terms terms used used used to to to refer refer refer to to to all all all types types types of of of crime crime crime in in in which which which someone someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person ’s personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain. The The numbers numbers numbers associated associated associated with with with identity identity identity theft theft theft are are are beginning beginning beginning to to to add add add up up up fast fast fast these these these days. days. days. A A A recent recent General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of identity theft every year. And that number may be low, as many people choose not to report the crime even if they know they have been victimized. Identity theft is ―an absolute epidemic,ǁ states Robert Ellis Smith, a respected author and advocate of privacy. ―It It’’s certainly picked up in the last four or five years. It It’’s worldwide. It affects everybody, and ther e’e’s very little you can do to prevent it and, worst of all, you can s very little you can do to prevent it and, worst of all, you can’t detect it until it ’s probably too te.ǁǁUnlike your fingerprints, which are unique to you and cannot be given to someone else for their use, you personal data, especially your social security number, your bank account or credit card number, your telephone telephone calling calling calling card card card number, number, number, and and and other other other valuable valuable valuable identifying identifying identifying data, data, data, can can can be be be used, used, used, if if if they they they fall fall fall into into into the the wrong hands, to personally profit at your expense. In the United States and Canada, for example, many people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial accounts, or, in the worst cases, taken over their identities altogether, running up vast debts and committing crimes while using the victims ’ names. In many cases, a victim ’s losses may included not only out-of-pocket financial losses, but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying to restore his reputation in the community and correcting erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible. According to the FBI, identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet. So how do job job seekers seekers seekers protect protect protect themselves themselves themselves while while while continuing continuing continuing to to to circulate circulate circulate their their their resumes resumes resumes online? online? online? The The The key key key to to to a a successful online job search is learning to manager the risks. Here are some tips for staying safe while conducting a job search on the Internet. 1. Check for a privacy policy.If If you you you are are are considering considering considering posting posting posting your your your resume resume resume online, online, online, make make make sure sure sure the the the job job job search search search site site site your your your are are considering considering has has has a a a privacy privacy privacy policy, policy, like like . . The The policy policy policy should should should spell spell spell out out out how how how your your information will be used, stored and whether or not it will be shared. You may want to think twice about posting posting your your your resume resume resume on on on a a a site site site that that that automatically automatically automatically shares shares shares your your your information information information with with with others. others. others. Y ou Y ou could could could be be opening yourself up to unwanted calls from solicitors (推销员推销员). When reviewing the site ’s privacy policy, you ’ll be able to delete your resume just as easily as you posted it. You won ’t necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job. Remember, the longer your resume remains posted on a job board, the more exposure, both positive and not-so-positive, it will receive. 2. Take advantage of site features.Lawful Lawful job job job search search search sites sites sites offer offer offer levels levels levels of of of privacy privacy privacy protection. protection. protection. Before Before Before posting posting posting your your your resume, resume, resume, carefully carefully consider your job search objective and the level of risk you are willing to assume. , for example, offers three levels of privacy from which job seekers can choose. The first is standard posting. This option gives job seekers who post their resumes the most visibility to the broadest employer audience possible. The second is anonymous (匿名的匿名的) posting. This allows job seekers the same visibility as those in the standard posting category without any of their contact information being displayed. Job seekers who wish wish to to to remain remain remain anonymous anonymous anonymous but but but want want want to to to share share share some some some other other other information information information may may may choose choose choose which which which pieces pieces pieces of of contact information to display. The The third third third is is is private private private posting. posting. posting. This This This option option option allows allows allows a a a job job job seeker seeker seeker to to to post post post a a a resume resume resume without without without having having having it it searched searched by by by employers. employers. employers. Private Private Private posting posting posting allows allows allows job job job seekers seekers seekers to to to quickly quickly quickly and and and easily easily easily apply apply apply for for for jobs jobs jobs that that appear on  without retyping their information. 3. Safeguard your identity.Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out out jobs jobs jobs is is is to to to conceal conceal conceal their their their identities. identities. identities. Replace Replace Replace your your your name name name on on on your your your resume resume resume with with with a a generic (泛指的) identifier, such as ―Intranet Developer Candidate,ǁ or ―Experienced Marketing Representative.ǁYou should also consider eliminating the name and location of your current employer. Depending on your title, it may not be all that difficult to determine who you are once the name of your company i provided. Use a general description of the company such as ―Major auto manufacturer,manufacturer,ǁǁ or ―International packaged goods supplier.ǁIf your job title is unique, consider using the generic equivalent instead of the exact title assigned by your employer. 4. Establish and email address for your search.Another Another way way way to to to protect protect protect your your your privacy privacy privacy while while while seeking seeking seeking employment employment employment online online online is is is to to to open open open up up up an an an email email account specifically for your online job search. This will safeguard your existing email box in the event someone you don ’t know gets hold of your email address and shares it with others. Using an email address specifically for you job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox. When naming your new email address, be sure that it doesn ’t contain references to your name or other information that will give away your identity. The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such as *************************. 5. Protect your reference.If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references, take it out. There ’s no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references. 6. Keep c onfidential confidential (机密的) information confidential.Do Do not, not, not, under under under any any any circumstances, circumstances, circumstances, share share share your your your social social social security, security, security, driver driver driver’’s s license, license, license, and and and bank bank bank account account numbers or other personal information, information, such as such as race or eye color. Honest employers do not need need this this information information with with with an an an initial initial initial application. application. application. Don Don Don’’t t provide provide provide this this this even even even if if if they they they say say say they they they need need need it it it in in in order order order to to conduct a background check. This is one of the oldest tricks in the book – don ’t fall for it. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

A RESUMED IDENTITYby Ambrose Bierce1: The Review as a Form of WelcomeONE summer night a man stood on a low hill overlooking a wide expanse of forest and field. By the full moon hanging low in the west he knew what he might not have known otherwise: that it was near the hour of dawn. A light mist lay along the earth, partly veiling the lower features of the landscape, but above it the taller trees showed in well- defined masses against a clear sky. Two or three farmhouses were visible through the haze, but in none of them, naturally, was a light.Nowhere, in- deed, was any sign or suggestion of life except the barkingof a distant dog, which, repeated with mechanical iteration, servedrather to accentuate than dispel the loneliness of the scene.The man looked curiously about him on all sides, as one who amongfamiliar surroundings is unable to determine his exact place and part inthe scheme of things. It is so, perhaps, that we shall act when, risenfrom the dead, we await the call to judgment.A hundred yards away was a straight road, show- ing white in the moonlight. Endeavouring to orient himself, as a surveyor or navigatormight say, the man moved his eyes slowly along its visible length and ata distance of a quarter-mile to the south of his station saw, dim andgrey in the haze, a group of horsemen riding to the north. Behind themwere men afoot, marching in column, with dimly gleaming rifles aslantabove their shoulders. They moved slowly and in silence. Another groupof horsemen, another regiment of infantry, another and another --all in unceasing motion toward the man's point of view, past it, and beyond. Abattery of artillery followed, the cannoneers riding with folded arms onlimber and caisson. And still the interminable procession came out ofthe obscurity to south and passed into the obscurity to north, withnever a sound of voice, nor hoof, nor wheel.The man could not rightly understand: he thought himself deaf; saidso, and heard his own voice, al- though it had an unfamiliar qualitythat almost alarmed him; it disappointed his ear's expectancy in thematter of timbre and resonance. But he was not deaf, and that for themoment sufficed.Then he remembered that there are natural phe- nomena to which someone has given the name 'acoustic shadows.' If you stand in an acousticshadow there is one direction from which you will hear nothing. At the battle of Gaines's Mill, one of the fiercest conflicts of the Civil War,with a hundred guns in play, spectators a mile and a half away on the opposite side of the Chickahominy Valley heard nothing of what they clearly saw. The bombardment of Port Royal, heard and felt at St. Augustine, a hundred and fifty miles to the south, was inaudible twomiles to the north in a still atmosphere. A few days before thesurrender at Ap- pomattox a thunderous engagement between the commands of Sheridan and Pickett was unknown to the latter commander, a mile in the rear of his own line.These instances were not known to the man of whom we write, but less striking ones of the same character had not escaped his observation. He was profoundly disquieted, but for another reason than the uncanny silence of that moonlight march.'Good Lord! ' he said to himself--and again it was as if another had spoken his thought--'if those people are what I take them to be we havelost the battle and they are moving on Nashville!'Then came a thought of self--an apprehension --a strong sense of personal peril, such as in an- other we call fear. He stepped quicklyinto the shadow of a tree. And still the silent battalions moved slowly forward in the haze.The chill of a sudden breeze upon the back of his neck drew his attention to the quarter whence it came, and turning to the east he sawa faint grey light along the horizon--the first sign of return- ing day.This increased his apprehension.'I must get away from here,' he thought, 'or I shall be discoveredand taken.'He moved out of the shadow, walking rapidly toward the greying east. From the safer seclusion of a clump of cedars he looked back. The entire column had passed out of sight: the straight white road lay bare and desolate in the moonlight!Puzzled before, he was now inexpressibly astonished. So swift a passing of so slow an army!--he could not comprehend it. Minute after minute passed unnoted; he had lost his sense of time. He sought with a terrible earnestness a solution of the mystery, but sought in vain. Whenat last he roused himself from his abstraction the sun's rim was visi-ble above the hills, but in the new conditions he found no other lightthan that of day; his understanding was involved as darkly in doubt as before.On every side lay cultivated fields showing no sign of war and war's ravages. From the chimneys of the farmhouses thin ascensions of blue smoke signalled preparations for a day's peaceful toil. Having stilledits immemorial allocution to the moon, the watch-dog was assisting anegro who, prefixing a team of mules to the plough, was flatting and sharping contentedly at his task. The hero of this tale staredstupidly at the pastoral picture as if he had never seen such a thing inall his life; then he put his hand to his head, passed it through hishair and, withdrawing it, attentively considered the palm--a singularthing to do. Apparently reassured by the act, he walked confidentlytoward the road.2: When You have Lost Your Life Consult a PhysicianDr. Stilling Malson, of Murfreesboro, having visited a patient sixor seven miles away, on the Nash- ville road, had remained with him all night. At daybreak he set out for home on horseback, as was the customof doctors of the time and region. He had passed into the neighbourhoodof Stone's River battlefield when a man approached him from the road-side and saluted in the military fashion, with a movement of the righthand to the hat-brim. But the hat was not a military hat, the man wasnot in uniform and had not a martial bearing. The doctor noddedcivilly, half thinking that the stranger's uncommon greeting wasperhaps in deference to the historic surroundings. As the strangerevidently desired speech with him he courteously reined in his horseand waited.'Sir,' said the stranger, 'although a civilian, you are perhaps an enemy.''I am a physician,' was the non-committal reply.'Thank you,' said the other. 'I am a lieutenant, of the staff ofGeneral Hazen.' He paused a moment and looked sharply at the person whom he was addressing, then added, 'Of the Federal army.' The physicianmerely nodded.'Kindly tell me,' continued the other, 'what has happened here.Where are the armies? Which has won the battle?'The physician regarded his questioner curiously with half-shut eyes. After a professional scrutiny, prolonged to the limit of politeness,'Pardon me,' he said; 'one asking information should be willing toimpart it. Are you wounded?' he added, smiling.'Not seriously--it seems.'The man removed the unmilitary hat, put his hand to his head, passed it through his hair and, withdrawing it, attentively considered the palm.'I was struck by a bullet and have been unconscious. It must have been a light, glancing blow: I find no blood and feel no pain. I willnot trouble you for treatment, but will you kindly direct me to my command--to any part of the Federal army--if you know?'Again the doctor did not immediately reply: he was recalling much that is recorded in the books of his profession--something about lost identity and the effect of familiar scenes in restoring it. At length he looked the man in the face, smiled, and said:'Lieutenant, you are not wearing the uniform of your rank and service.'At this the man glanced down at his civilian attire, lifted hiseyes, and said with hesitation:'That is true. I--I don't quite understand.'Still regarding him sharply but not unsympathetically, the man of science bluntly inquired:'How old are you?''Twenty-three--if that has anything to do with it.''You don't look it; I should hardly have guessed you to be just that.'The man was growing impatient. 'We need not discuss that,' he said: 'I want to know about the army. Not two hours ago I saw a column of troops moving northward on this road. You must have met them. Be good enough to tell me the colour of their clothing, which I was unable to make out, and I'll trouble you no more.''You are quite sure that you saw them?''Sure? My God, sir, I could have counted them!''Why, really,' said the physician, with an amusing consciousness of his own resemblance to the loquacious barber of the Arabian Nights,'this is very in- teresting. I met no troops.'The man looked at him coldly, as if he had himself observed the likeness to the barber. 'It is plain,' he said, 'that you do not care toassist me. Sir, you may go to the devil!'He turned and strode away, very much at random, across the dewy fields, his half-penitent tormentor quietly watching him from hispoint of vantage in the saddle till he disappeared beyond an array of trees.3: The Danger of Looking into a Pool of WaterAfter leaving the road the man slackened his pace, and now went forward, rather deviously, with a distinct feeling of fatigue. Hecould not account for this, though truly the interminable loquacity of that country doctor offered itself in explanation. Seating himself upona rock, he laid one hand upon his knee, back upward, and casually looked at it. It was lean and withered. He lifted both hands to his face. Itwas seamed and furrowed; he could trace the lines with the tips of his fingers. How strange!--a mere bullet-stroke and a brief unconsciousness should not make one a physical wreck.'I must have been a long time in hospital,' he said aloud. 'Why,what a fool I am! The battle was in December, and it is now summer!' He laughed. 'No wonder that fellow thought me an escaped luna- tic. He was wrong: I am only an escaped patient.'At a little distance a small plot of ground enclosed by a stone wall caught his attention. With no very definite intent he rose and went toit. In the centre was a square, solid monument of hewn stone. It was brown with age, weather-worn at the angles, spotted with moss and lichen. Between the massive blocks were strips of grass the leverage of whose roots had pushed them apart. In answer to the challenge of this ambitious structure Time had laid his destroying hand upon it, and it would soon be 'one with Nineveh and Tyre.' In an inscription on one side his eye caught a familiar name. Shaking with excitement, he craned his body across the wall and read:HAZEN'S BRIGADEtoThe Memory of Its Soldierswho fell at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862.The man fell back from the wall, faint and sick. Almost within an arm's length was a little depression in the earth; it had been filled bya recent rain--a pool of clear water. He crept to it to revive himself,lifted the upper part of his body on his trembling arms, thrust forward his head and saw the reflection of his face, as in a mirror. He uttereda terrible cry. His arms gave way; he fell, face downward, into the pool and yielded up the life that had spanned another life.。

网址一：/hub/save-computer-from-Hackers网址二：/hub/What-is-Phishing姓名：**学号：************分校：通州（一）原文1.What is Computer Hacking?Computer hacking is a malicious act, so it is important for your computer and data to protect from Hacking. Computer Hacking refers to the process of making malicious modifications to a software or hardware to accomplish an aim outside the original creator's objective. Hackers are usually expert programmers who usually see hacking as a real life application of their skills.Hacking has become a nuisance in recent times and the protection from hacking has become more complex. Infact, the hackers have become so good that even the software giants are feeling a headache. Nintendo recently reported a loss of $975 million due to privacy and Microsoft has lost an estimated $900 million in five years.Well, the Giants are not the only targets of these hackers, even common individuals are not safe. The dangers range from little thefts to sponsored terrorism. These include stealing personal information and spying your activities. They can get to your secrets and destroy your credit. The dangers are possibly endless.How to protect from HackingPrevention is Better Than Cure. The problem of computer hacking has become really serious. But there are some basic methods which are usually the best to guarantee a Hacker-free system. Here, I am going to introduce some basic tips to save your computer and data from hackers.Using Antivirus SoftwareAntivirus software are one of the basic tools for your data and computer to protect from hacking. Antivirus software act as a protecting net that catches any potential threat before it reaches your system. They can prevent unauthorized access to your computer, protects your system from viruses and cloaks your data ports from intruders searching for any opening. The dangers range from little thefts to sponsored terrorism. These include stealing personal information and spying your activities.Nowadays anti virus software are completely automated. Go for the best when choosing anti virus software and make sure that you scan your system for viruses atleast once a week. Norton antivirus from Symantecis one of the leading products in the industry. Avastis another great antivirus tool to protect from hacking.Using FirewallWhat is a Firewall?A firewall is a set of programs located at the network gateway server which protects a private network from unauthorized access from other networks. The term firewall is originally referred to a wall intended to confine a fire.A firewall protects your computer from offensive websites and potential hackers. It keeps your data and information safe from unwanted intruders. Firewalls are designed to prevent unauthorized access to your network, much like a locked door.Thus firewall is a vital tool for your strategy against hackers so don't forget to set up one for your system. Microsoft has a built-in firewall software but you can also try the Symantec firewall.Using Anti Spyware SoftwareWhat is a Spyware?A spyware is a self installing software which secretly gathers information about a person's computing activities such as surfing habits and viewed sites. Spywares are truly a hacker's tool, not only collecting personal information but also interfering with user control by installing additional software and redirecting web browsers.Anti spyware software are designed to save your computer from hackers. They not only protect your computer by detection and removal of spywares but also preventing automatic installation of these malicious programs. Spysweeperis a great anti spyware software to guarantee a spyware free computer.Email SecurityEmail is one of the leading hacker's tools. Hackers use emails to transmit malicious software to your computer. Emails are usually very cheap which gives the hackers loads of opportunities. One of the basic tips to prevent hacking is to be extra careful with emails. The most important tip is that you should never hand out your real email address to a stranger. Never open an email arriving from an unknown source and never try to open an attachment with an email if you don't know the sender. Aviraantivirus is a useful tool to filter your emails for potential threats as well as provide premium protection for your computer.Software updatesHackers are always searching for security gaps in your system. Anti virus and anti spyware software usually lose their effectiveness with time as new and more advanced malicious programs are created by hackers.Its important to go for the latest security software in the market to guaranteemaximum security from threats. Make sure you frequently check out for software updates or set your software to update automatically.Internet SecurityBeing extra careful while surfing is the best way to protect your computer from hackers. Simple precautions can mean the difference between a secure and vulnerable system. A great way to save yourself from hackers is to avoid visiting hacker controlled sites usually committed to porn, free downloads and online gaming. Also be extra careful while downloading something from an unknown source. Never ignore a security warning about a site. Its better to be safe than sorry.Educate YourselfWhen working for an offensive against hackers, the most important step is to educate yourself. Hacking is a dynamic topic with developments arising every moment. Hackers are intelligent and innovative and you should be prepared for it.Computers are vulnerable. No matter what you do, its impossible to be 100% save. Important data like personal detail and credit card information should never be saved directly on a computer. A password protector is a great way to protect this data.Another great way to secure your computer is to use a password on your computer. Well, it can't really save you if your computer gets stolen (in case of a laptop) but can save you from unauthorized people who can reach to your computer.Windows updateMicrosoft Windows is the best OS which comes with almost all the tools to protect you and your computer from hacking. To make the most of this, it is important to keep your windows updated. An easy way to do this is by checking for updates at Microsoft Windows Update. You can also set your windows security software to check for updates automatically so you don't miss anything. ...2. What is a Phishing Attack?Identity theft has become the new white collar crime and it has grown tremendously. Criminals that steal identities use them in a number of ways. One of the most common tricks is to use a stolen identity to open a line of credit. The line of credit is then depleted by the thief and the actual person receives the bill. Identities are also stolen for malicious intent, such as stealing a military officer’s email credentials in hopes of carrying out fictitious orders to troops.Phishing is a relatively new term to describe ploys used by criminals trying to steal identities. Phishing scams are on the rise:"During 2004, close to 2 million U. S. citizens had their checking accounts raided by cyber-criminals. With the average reported loss per incident estimated at $1200, total losses were close to $2 billion. The incidence of phishing e-mails―e-mails thatattempt to steal a consumer’s user name and password by imitating e-mail from a legitimate financial institution –has risen 4,000 percent over the past six months."•What is Phishing VideoThe term “phishing” is based on the term “fishing”. With fishing you bait a hook and try to catch fish. If you do not receive a bite, you often change the type of bait until you start catching fish. With phishing, the bait is typically an email that appears legitimate. The email typically asks for a bank customer to validate their information, however, the email redirects the customer to a fictitious bank site made to look like the legitimate bank site (James, 2005). The criminals hope the customer will not notice the redirected bank site is fictitious and that they will validate their account information. There are numerous phishing emails used as bait and criminals hope the more bait they use, the greater chances someone will fall for the scam.The key to preventing identity theft is awareness. Financial institutions typically do not ask for account information validation. Any emails that ask for account validation or social security numbers, should be validated. The link contained within the email can be checked for legitimacy. These links often go to bogus sites that can easily be determined by the website link. For example, if you bank at and you receive an email that has a link and takes you to .customer.cz, this should raise suspicion. Phishing scams not only use email, but the telephone is also used. A typical scam involves a telephone call with someone impersonating your credit card company and asking you to validate your social security number, date of birth, etc. Credit card companies already have this information and do not need you to validate it. A simple line of defense is to ask the caller for the credit card company’s number and call them back。

Certificates of IdentificationCertificates of identification are documents issued to verify the identity of individuals. These documents are often required for various purposes, such as accessing services, applying for jobs, or traveling abroad. In this article, we will explore the importance of certificates of identification and their various types.The importance of certificates of identificationCertificates of identification play a crucial role in our daily lives. They serve as proof of identity, which is often a necessary requirement for accessing various services and facilities. For example, when applying for a job, an employer may require a valid ID to verify the identity of the applicant. Similarly, when traveling abroad, a passport or driver's license is often required as proof of identity.Types of certificates of identificationThere are several types of certificates of identification that are commonly used. Some of the most common ones include:Passport: A passport is an official document issued by a government to its citizens and residents, serving as proof of identity and nationality. It is typically used for international travel.Driver's License: A driver's license is a document issued by a government agency to individuals who have passed driving tests and satisfy certain eligibility criteria. It serves as proof of identity and authorization to drive on public roads.Identity Card: An identity card is a document issued by a government or organization to its members or employees, serving as proof of identity andmembership/employment status.Birth Certificate: A birth certificate is an official document issued by a government agency to证明婴儿的出生信息，包括出生日期、出生地点、父母姓名等。

identify的用法和搭配1. Identify + noun: 这种搭配指的是辨认或确定某个事物的身份、特征或属性。

- Can you identify the person in this photograph?- The police are working to identify the cause of the fire.- It is important to identify the key issues before starting the project.2. Identify + with + noun: 这种搭配表示认同或将自己与某个特定事物联系起来。

- Many teenagers identify with the characters in this book.- She strongly identifies with the feminist movement.- The company wants to identify itself with a high-quality brand image.3. Identify + as + noun/adj: 这种搭配指的是将某个事物确定为某种身份、角色或特征。

- She identified herself as a doctor.- He identified the object as a rare species of bird.- The work of art was identified as a masterpiece by the art critic.4. Identify + (someone/something) + (by/through) + noun: 这种搭配表示通过某种手段或方法来识别或找到某人或某物。

- The detective identified the suspect by analyzing the fingerprints. - You can identify the plant by its distinctive leaves.- The computer system identifies individuals through facialrecognition technology.5. Identify + oneself: 这种搭配表示识别自己的身份、立场或角色。