2006浙江大学年食品微生物考博试题

微生物考博试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 细菌的基本形态包括：A. 球状B. 杆状C. 螺旋状D. 所有以上选项答案：D2. 以下哪种微生物不属于病毒？A. 噬菌体B. 流感病毒C. 酵母菌D. HIV病毒答案：C3. 微生物学中，以下哪种培养基是用于分离和培养细菌的？A. SDA培养基B. PDA培养基C. TSA培养基D. 所有以上选项答案：C4. 微生物的新陈代谢类型包括：A. 自养型B. 异养型C. 光能型D. 所有以上选项答案：D5. 以下哪种微生物是厌氧性微生物？A. 大肠杆菌B. 酵母菌C. 乳酸菌D. 所有以上选项答案：C6. 微生物学中，以下哪种染色方法用于检测细菌的细胞壁？A. 革兰氏染色B. 酸性染色C. 碱性染色D. 所有以上选项答案：A7. 以下哪种微生物是嗜热微生物？A. 嗜热细菌B. 嗜冷细菌C. 嗜酸细菌D. 嗜盐细菌答案：A8. 微生物的繁殖方式包括：A. 二分裂B. 出芽C. 孢子形成D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 以下哪种微生物是人体肠道中常见的有益菌？A. 大肠杆菌B. 乳酸菌C. 金黄色葡萄球菌D. 所有以上选项答案：B10. 微生物学中，以下哪种培养基是用于分离和培养真菌的？A. SDA培养基B. PDA培养基C. TSA培养基D. 所有以上选项答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 微生物的分类依据包括形态学特征、生理学特征、__________特征和__________特征。

答案：遗传学、生态学2. 微生物的培养条件包括__________、__________、__________和__________。

答案：温度、pH值、氧气供应、营养物质3. 微生物的代谢途径包括__________代谢、__________代谢和__________代谢。

答案：发酵、呼吸、光合作用4. 微生物的遗传变异可以通过__________、__________和__________等方式发生。

食品微生物的试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 食品微生物学是研究微生物与食品之间关系的科学，下列哪项不是食品微生物学的研究内容？A. 食品中微生物的种类和数量B. 微生物在食品加工过程中的作用C. 微生物引起的食品变质D. 微生物在食品保存中的应用答案：D2. 食品中常见的有害微生物包括哪些？A. 细菌、酵母和霉菌B. 病毒、细菌和寄生虫C. 细菌、病毒和霉菌D. 细菌、酵母和寄生虫答案：C3. 下列哪种微生物不是食品腐败的主要原因？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌D. 原生动物答案：D4. 食品微生物检测中常用的计数方法是？A. 稀释倒平板法B. 显微镜直接计数法C. 比浊法D. 所有上述方法答案：D5. 食品微生物的控制方法不包括以下哪项？A. 冷藏B. 热处理C. 辐射D. 增加食品的pH值答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 食品微生物学在食品工业中的应用包括哪些方面？A. 食品的发酵B. 食品的防腐C. 食品的检测D. 食品的包装答案：ABC2. 食品微生物检测的目的是？A. 评估食品的卫生状况B. 确定食品的安全性C. 监控食品的保质期D. 以上都是答案：D3. 食品微生物污染的来源可能包括？A. 原料B. 环境C. 人员D. 包装材料答案：ABCD4. 食品微生物控制的方法有哪些？A. 物理方法B. 化学方法C. 生物方法D. 以上都是答案：D5. 食品微生物学研究的微生物类型包括？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌D. 病毒答案：ABCD三、判断题（每题1分，共10分）1. 所有微生物都会导致食品变质。

（错误）2. 食品微生物学不涉及食品的发酵过程。

（错误）3. 食品微生物检测可以评估食品的卫生状况。

（正确）4. 微生物在食品保存中没有应用。

（错误）5. 食品微生物的控制方法包括冷藏和热处理。

（正确）6. 食品微生物污染的来源不包括原料。

（错误）7. 食品微生物检测的目的之一是确定食品的安全性。

浙江大学2006年（春）攻读博士研究生入学考试题考试科目_____________英语______________ 编号_________________ 注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上或者草稿纸上均无效。

Section ⅠListening Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Part ADirections: You will hear an interview with Jason Donovan, an Australian actor and pop singer. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1-5 with the information you’ve heard. Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.Part BDirections: You will hear a conversation between two speakers, David and Mary. Answer the questions 6-10 while you listen. Use no more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions.Part CDirections: Questions 11-13 are based on the following conversation between Carlos and his sister Jean. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11. What arrangement had Carlos and Sandra made for tonight?A. Meet around the underground station.B. Stay at home.C. See the evening performance.D. Walk in the rain.12. Why is Carlos angry with Jean?A. Because she did not tell Carlos about Sandra’s phone call as soon as he got home.B. Because she forgot to tell Sandra that Carlos couldn’t get tickets.C. Because she did not stay at home and wait for Carlos’ phone.D. Because she kept Carlos waiting for half an hour.13. What will Carlos finally do?A. Wait at home for Sandra’s phone.B. Hurry up and try to get the theater before Sandra does.C. Buy tickets for the performance of Romeo and Juliet tonight.D. Phone Sandra to tell her that he will be late.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11~13.Directions: Questions 14~16 are based on the following interview. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 14~16.14. According to the woman, how will rival gangs benefit from the Leisure Center?A. They can express aggression in sports.B. Their athletic skills can be improved.C. They can find something to do in their leisure time.D. They can find employment in the Centre.15. What is the man’s attitude towards the new scheme?A. He believes the scheme might help to solve the problem of gang warfare.B. He doubles whether rival gangs will be interested in the scheme.C. He doesn’t think the scheme could work because of lack of funds.D. He is afraid that there might be fights between rival groups in the Leisure Center.16. Which of the following is true of the scheme promoted by the woman?A. It has received much support from the local people.B. It is aimed primarily at rival gangs.C. It has been in operation for years.D. There have been many reports on it in newspapers.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14~16.Directions: Questions 17~20 are based on the following talk introducing the success of Coco-Cola. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 18~20.17. Who invented Coca-Cola and when?A. Frank Robinson, in 1888.B. Asa G Candle, in1879.C. Dr.Pemberton, in 1886.D. Jacob, in 1895.18. What has played the most important role in Coca-Cola’s success?A. A catchy name.B. Advertising.C. Its taste.D. Competition.19. Which of the following is true of Coca-Cola in World War II?A. Every American soldier could have a bottle of Coca-Cola for free.B. The company made a lot of money by selling Coca-Cola to soldiersC. About five billion bottles of Coke were sold in American.D. The company tried to open up its foreign markets for Coca-Cola.20. What do doctor say about Coca-Cola?A. It is both delicious and nutritious.B. It contains too much sugar.C. It does you no good.D. It may be harmful to your health.You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17~20.SectionⅡVocabulary (15 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith a single line through the center.21. You will only be allowed to leave early in _____ circumstances.A. exceptionalB. coincidentalC. peculiarD. imperative22. His latest _____ was buying a second- hand car which turned out to have a faulty engine.A. agonyB. stigmaC. wrathD. folly23. The champagnes had caused his face to _____ and his eyes were bright.A. flourishB. freshC. fleshD. flush.24. He needs a hobby to keep him busy and stop him from getting into ____ .A. mischiefB. nuisanceC. hostilityD. bustle25. Poor sight and hearing are common ____ of old age.A. presentationsB. afflictionsC. outcomeD. relevance26. The dream of many scientists has been to create a _____ motion machine – one that would always continue moving once it had been started.A. transientB. temporaryC. perpetualD. periodic27. Only a small ____ of those attending the convention came from outside the state.A. fractureB. fragmentC. fractionD. fragrance28. Chemicals from the factory up the river ______ the water, killing many fish and making the water totally unfit for human use.A. corruptedB. infectedC. contaminatedD. stained29. It is strictly illegal to _____ a gun, knife, or any other weapon when boarding an airplane.A. shelterB. disguiseC. concealD. veil30. To ____ the boredom of studying it is a good idea to take frequent breaks.A. intensifyB. aggravateC. illuminateD. alleviate31. Although we felt ____ for the child who had lost his parents, there was really not much we could do to comfort him.A. compassionB. compassC. companionD. compartment32. The police were _____ by the crime and were never able to solve it.A. hinderedB. enlightenedC. baffledD. detained33. _____ for the top-of-the–range car include a compact disc player, electric windows and a sunroof.A. accessoriesB. componentsC. decorationsD. colleagues34. The author uses the ____ of bees when describing the workers at the bakery.A. correlationB. equivalentC. analogyD. parallel35. The books will be ____ from our warehouse tomorrow to your address.A. dispatchedB. disputedC. dismissedD. dispersedSection ⅢCloze Test (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Almost all of us believe that we live in an age of uncouth manners, that thing were better in some previous era. For example, the 18th century in England is __36__ as a period of high refinement in social intercourse. We look back __37__ nostalgia to the soft candle light, the __38__ courtesies, the hand kissing – unwilling to confront the brutal reality of a century in which dueling to the death was __39__ and gentlemen were expected to drink themselves under the table.Manners __40__. In our day, it is considered good manners to be clean –indeed we spend billions of dollars on __41__ designed to keep us ―fresh.‖ In the 18th century, __42__, most doctors and church authorities frowned on bathing, and wo men’s elegant hairdos were often full of lice.The changeability of manners makes the whole subject difficult to __43__. To take one example: It was not considered bad manners in the 18th century for a man to wear his hat __44__. You would take it off to __45__ a lady, but then you’d put it right back on you head.The reason __46__ this is perfectly plain. In the first place, the hat served as a __47__ of rank throughout most of history, a __48__mark of status, in the second place, you couldn’t draw a sword easily if you were __49__ a hat in your hand.There is a __50__ to be learned from this. For the most part, manners are merely self-protective __51__ appropriate to the customs of a particular age. There customs sometimes become __52__ and symbolic, but they invariably __53__ from some practical need. Thus, on meeting somebody, we commonly shake right hands –a formal custom of no present day __54__. But in an age when every carried weapons, it was a demonstration everybody carried weapons, it was a demonstration that one was prepares to converse without a weapon in one’s hand, a sign of __55__. What we think of as ―good manners‖ was merely a way of saying, ―I mean you no immediateviolence, if you can show that your intention is the same.‖36. A) renowned B）considered C）known D）famous37. A) by B）on C）in D）with38. A) elaborate B）detailed C）exquisite D）exotic39. A) general B）familiar C）commonplace D）cruel40. A) vary B）change C）fluctuate D）turn41. A) output B）produce C）goods D）products42. A) by contrast B）by the way C）on the contrary D）on the way43. A) approach B）attack C）access D）accommodate44. A) outdoors B）indoors C）externally D）internally45. A) face B）greet C）confront D）meet46. A) for B）why C）behind D）because47. A) sign B）signature C）signal D）symbol48. A) visual B）valuable C）visible D）victorious49. A) taking B）holding C）pulling D）putting50. A) letter B）lecture C）legacy D）lesson51. A) instruments B）tools C）devices D）equipments52. A) familiarized B）formalized C）legalized D）modernized53. A) derive B）originate C）obtain D）acquire54. A) emphasis B）sense C）significance D）use55. A) understanding B）friendship C）unity D）peaceSection ⅣReading Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage 1Why do we care so much about appearance? Is it some kind of mass psychosis? Or is it nature? Do other species do the same thing? If a male squid is cling to anundersea rock, and two female squids swim past, dose the male look at them and decide which one is more beautiful? Does he notice the shapes of their beaks, the way the undersea light glints from their skin slime, the size of the suckers on their tentacles, and does he think to himself, in some squid way, ―Well, the one on the left is ugly, but the one on the right is a BABE‖?We may not know what squids think about beauty, but there is no question what popular Western culture thinks about it. Watch any TV show; open any magazine; go to any movie. You can’t avoid the obvious conclusion: Popular Western culture thinks beauty is a very, very big deal. Especially feminine beauty. This is one of the two big reasons why I’m glad I’m a man.Men definitely get more slack in the beauty department. A man can be bald, or carry a few dozen extra pounds, or have bad skin or a big nose, and still be considered attractive. Granted, there’s a definite ― beauty‖ standard for males: the square jawed male models with rippling abdominals, Tom Cruise, and of course John F. Kennedy Jr. These men are considered beautiful. And regular men cannot hope to look like them. But regular men CAN look at, say, Tom Hanks, or Sean Connery without his wig, or Al Pacino--- who is a Registered Sex object --- and say: ―Hey, I don’t look THAT different.‖Regular women can’t look at female romantic lead movie stars, or supermodels, and say this. More and more, it seems, the women who are certified as beautiful look less and less like the vast majority of women. It is not enough for a woman to have the right cheekbones, the right eyes, the right mouth, the right nose and flawless skin. Beautiful women, it has been decided, must also be extraordinarily tall, and they must have no more body fat than a Bic pen. If you don’t meet these criteria, then …sorry! You’re the ugly squid!56. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning squids in the first paragraph?A. To prove that squids have a lot in common with human beings.B. To show that appearance is the common concern of all species.C. To show that males squids care about female squids more than vice versa.D. To show that the concern for appearance is more psychological than physical.57. Why does the author consider being a man a lucky thing?A. Because he can avoid the public attention as much as he wants.B. Because he does not have to care too much about his appearance.C. Because popular Western culture favors masculinity more than femininity.D. Because men do not have to appear on TV or magazines as often as women.58. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?A. Men visit the beauty department less often than women.B. Men are considered beautiful if they look different from others.C. There are different standards for male beauty and female beauty.D. Men do not have to be perfect in order to be considered attractive.59. What is true of a certified beautiful woman?A. She is thin, tall and had perfect skin.B. She is different from the majority of women.C. She is different from the majority of women.D. She has the right cheek bones, the right eyes and the right mouth.60. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Standards of BeautyB. Beauty Men VS WomenC. Concern for Appearance: a Universal TruthD. Who Cares More about Beauty: Men or Squids?Passage 2Try ordering a medium coffee at most coffee bars. They look at you as though you asked for a flagon of mead.The word medium, especially in food and beverages, is going the way of the ―cup‖ of coffee. Drink size have become a free-for-all of image build, divorced from any real description of quantity.The move away from medium is partly attributable to economic—companies trying to squeeze out a few more cents by exaggerating sizes.To be sure, medium hasn’t died altogether. There are medium olives and mediumgarbage bags. There are medium eggs: they are often the smallest. Bigger eggs are classified as large, extra- large and jumbo. Paper towels now come in large and jumbo too.Small products are flourishing, but they aren’t called small. For example, cereal, aspirin and shampoo are sold in tiny packages.‖But they’re never called tiny,‖say Lorna Opatow, president of the marketing research firm of Opatow Associates. ―They’re called individual or one time or disposable.‖When it comes to sizing, the masters are fast food restaurants. At McDonalds’s the soft-drink sizes are regular, medium, large and, on occasion, super-size.―Nobody wants a small drink anymore,‖ says McDonald’s spokesman Chuck Ebeling.‖We live in an era when people carry a liter bottle of water as though it were a pencil over their ear.‖At Burger King there are still small, medium and large drinks. But what do those words mean? In 1954, when the chain started, it called a 12-ounce regular and 16-ounce large. Today the small is 16 ounces and the large is 32 ounces.The king of more is 7-Eleven, which boasts that it makes America’s biggest drink, the 64-ounce Double Gulp. Karen Raskopf, a 7-Eleven spokeswoman,sys no other country gulps as American does: the chain’s international stores don’t sell the Double Gulp. Indeed in Europe and Japan a small size is often equated with luxury—the 61/2-ounce Perrier bottle, for example.Behind the size inflation in beverages is a simple fact: the actual cost of the additional beverage is a minute portion of the price. ‖The packaging and handling costs for a drink are a substantial part of the cost,‖ says Ebeling of McDonald’s. ―If we package it in a large size, that’s more efficient for us.‖Amazingly, Pasqua Coffee, a national chain based in San Franciso, is sticking with small, medium and large. ―We want to offer quick service,‖ says Robert Mann, vice president of operations. ―We don’t want to waste time correcting customers’coffee grammar.‖61. What is the major reason for ―size inflation‖ in the United States?A. Small products mean higher cost in packaging.B. The number of overweight Americans is increasing.C. People think they can save money by buying in bulk.D. Things in large size sell more quickly than things in small size.62. Why aren’t enormous sizes popular in Europe or Japan?A. Because Japan and European countries are much smaller in size.B. Because Europeans and the Japanese do not drink as much as the Americans.C. Because Europeans and the Japanese are more more money-minded than the Americans.D. Because things in smaller size are considered more luxurious in Europe and Japan.63. The expression ―a pencil over their ear‖(Para.6) most probably means______.A. something normalB. something peculiarC. something extra-largeD. something extraordinary64. Why does Pasqua Coffee still offer ―small, medium, and large‖ sizes?A. Because fixing extra-large coffees takes more time.B. Because they want to provide more efficient service.C. Because they don’t want to hear the customers’ ungrammatical sentences.D. Because people in the west prefer small-sized coffees more than people in the east.65. What is the author’s point of view toward large sizes?A. This is a trend that will go on and on.B. He reserves his judgment on this trend.C. Profit is the real motive behind this trend.D. This trend should be inhibited as far as possible.Passage 3Each year more than 500,000 people in the U.S. are victims of some form of identity fraud, according to the National Notary Association(NNA). The growth ofInternet commerce is putting the personal security of consumers at even greater risk. High- tech identity fraud could become a more serious problem in the future through the misuse of digital signaturcs.The U.S. Congress and several dozen state governments have enacted legislation that gives electronic signatures the same status as hand written ones in commercial use and in executing a variety of ―acknowledgements, verifications, and oaths.‖ But these measures do not elaborate on the role the notary, an impartial third party who verifies the identity of people who sign important documents.The notary makes sure that an individual signing a document is indeed the person he or she purports to be. The notary also observers the person’s willingness to sign a document and the signer’s awareness of what the document entails. Without being in the same room with the singer, a notary cannot make these determinations.The mandatory physical presence of the document signer before a notary has long been recognized under w. In 1955, a Texas court said, ―A notary can no more perform by telephone those notarial acts which require a personal appearance than a dentist can pull a tooth by telephone,‖ according to the NNA.Some states now permit notaries to use electronic signatures. Some states legislatures have also passed laws that allow any person to unilaterally create so –called ―notarized‖ electronic signatures without a notary. Meanwhile, companies are streamlining the processes for e-business and legal transactions, some claim to provide ―electronic notarization‖ for online transactions.These may still fall short of true notarization because they try to circumvent the ―personal appearance‖aspect of notarization and really do nothing to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness,‖ writes Milton G.Valera, president of the notary association.Valera insists that the basic notary principles and process remain the same despite technological changes. Fraud deterrence still depends on face–to-face interaction between a notary and the signer of a document. The arrival of complex signature technology, with its new potential for fraud, could increase the importance of notaries in the future.Notaries for the digital age may need to undergo technical training, testing, and certification programs to supplement their traditional functions.‖The National Notary Association does not foreclose on the possibility that future communications technology may allow interactive audiovisual linkups between a notary and signer that may prove to be a reliable alternative to personal presence,‖ say Valera.66. The growth of Internet Commerce has resulted in _______.A. the decline of identify fraudB. frequent use of digital signatureC. the disappearance of the notaryD. the inferiority of handwritten signatures67. What the Texas court said in 1955 shows that _______.A. the notary is outdated when telephone records are availableB. to find a notary is as painful as to pull a toothC. a notary is extremely important in the process of verificationD. a notary is useless without the required physical presence68. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. an electronic signature without a notary is invalid in the business worldB. some companies managed to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness through ―electronic notarization‖C. the identity fraud becomes impossible in e-business and online-transactionsD. the present ―electronic notarization‖has twisted the basic principles of traditional notaries69. The phrase ―foreclose on‖ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ―___‖.A. look forward toB. interfere withC. take possession ofD. believe in70. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Alternative to the NotariesB. Notaries in the Digital AgeC. E-documents in the Digital TimeD. Deterrence to Identity FraudPassage 4Ironically, one great unsolved problem in Darwin’s master work, On the Origin of Species, was just that: How and why do species originate? Darwin and his later followers were faced with a seeming paradox. They described evolution as a continuous and gradual change over time, but species are distinct from each other, suggesting that some process has created a discontinuity, or gap, between them.Credit for doing the most to crack this puzzle goes to Ernst Mayr, perhaps the greatest evolutionary scientist of the twentieth century. Along with Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, and others, Mayr achieved the ―modern synthesis‖in the 1930s and 1940s that integrated Mendal’s theory of heredity with Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection.Born in 1904 in Germany, Mayr trained as a medical student but realized he had a greater passion for studying birds and biology. Emigrating to the United States, he became a curator at the American Museum of Natural History, working on bird classification while formulating his key ideas about evolution. In 1942 he published his most important work, Systematics and the Origin of species. Mayr moved to Harvard University in 1953 and served as director of the school’s Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. Since then, he has published a number of books and chapters and received the prestigious Japan Prize for Biology in 1983.In his landmark 1942 book, Mayr proposed that Darwin’s theory of natural selection could explain all of evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how species originate, Mayr proposed that when a population of organisms becomes separated from the main group by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no longer interbreed.It’s this isolation or separation that creates new species, said Mayr. The traits that evolve during the period of isolation are called ―isolating mechanisms,‖and discourage the two populations from interbreeding.Moreover, Mayr declared that the development of many new species is what leads to evolutionary progress. ―Without speciation, there would be no diversificationof the organic world, no adaptive radiation, and very little evolutionary progress. The species, then, is the keystone of evolution.‖71. What do we learn about Ernst Mayr?A. He was the first man to reject Darwin’s theory of evolution.B. He began his career as a medical doctor in Germany.C. He failed to explain how and why species originate.D. He helped define the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory.72. Mayr’s work on species and speciation helped scientists understand______.A. evolution as a continuous change over timeB. the evolution from one species to anotherC. Darwin’s theory of natural selectionD. the evolution of genes at the molecular level73. According to Mayr, what leads to the formation of new species?A. Geographic isolation.B. Species interbreeding.C. Heredity.D. Natural selection.74. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. A biographical account of Mayr’s life.B. Mayr’s contributions to the field of evolutionary biology.C. Awards and honors Mayr has received.D. Mayr’s passion for bird-watching and biology.75. The word ―crack‖ in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. analyzeB. locateC. presentD. solveSection ⅤTranslation (25 marks)Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet 2.76. 遗传与环境究竟哪一个影响更大？从某种程度上讲，一个人生来具有的潜力将决定他一生的作为。

微生物考博试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 微生物学是研究下列哪类生物的科学？A. 植物B. 动物C. 微生物D. 病毒答案：C2. 以下哪种微生物是原核生物？A. 酵母菌B. 霉菌C. 细菌D. 原生动物答案：C3. 微生物的分类依据不包括以下哪项？A. 形态特征B. 生理特性C. 遗传信息D. 地理分布答案：D4. 微生物的培养基中通常不包含以下哪种成分？A. 碳源B. 氮源C. 无机盐D. 空气答案：D5. 以下哪种微生物是厌氧性微生物？A. 大肠杆菌B. 酵母菌C. 乳酸菌D. 金黄色葡萄球菌答案：C6. 微生物的代谢类型中，以下哪种是异养微生物的代谢方式？A. 光合作用B. 化学合成C. 异化作用D. 同化作用答案：C7. 微生物的遗传物质主要存在于哪个部位？A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 核糖体D. 质粒答案：A8. 以下哪种微生物是病毒？A. 噬菌体B. 酵母菌C. 霉菌D. 细菌答案：A9. 微生物的分类中，以下哪种分类单位最大？A. 种B. 属C. 科D. 门答案：D10. 微生物的培养过程中，以下哪种条件是必需的？A. 光照B. 氧气C. 温度D. 湿度答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 微生物的分类依据包括以下哪些？A. 形态特征B. 生理特性C. 遗传信息D. 地理分布答案：A, B, C12. 微生物的培养基中通常包含以下哪些成分？A. 碳源B. 氮源C. 无机盐D. 空气答案：A, B, C13. 微生物的代谢类型中，以下哪些是异养微生物的代谢方式？A. 光合作用B. 化学合成C. 异化作用D. 同化作用答案：C, D14. 微生物的遗传物质主要存在于以下哪些部位？A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 核糖体D. 质粒答案：A, D15. 微生物的培养过程中，以下哪些条件是必需的？A. 光照B. 氧气C. 温度D. 湿度答案：B, C16. 微生物是指那些肉眼不可见的微小生物，包括______、______、______和病毒等。

1试述微生物与当代人类实践的重要关系？①在微生物与工业发展的关系上，通过食品罐藏防腐，酿造技术的改造，纯种厌氧发酵的建立，液体深层通气搅拌大规模培养技术的创建以及代谢调控发酵技术的发明，使得古老的酿造技术迅速发展成工业发酵新技术；②微生物在当代农业生产中具有十分显著的作用，例如，以菌治害虫和以菌治植病的生物防治技术；以菌增肥效和以菌促生长的微生物增产技术；以菌做饲料和以菌当蔬菜的单细胞蛋白和食用菌生产技术；以及以菌产沼气等生物能源技术。

③微生物与环境保护的关系越来越受到当代全人类广泛的重视。

微生物是占地球面积70%以上的海洋和其他水体中光合生产力的基础；是一切食物链的重要环节；是污水处理中的关键角色；是生态农业中最重要的一环；是自然界重要元素循环的首要推动者；以及是环境污染和监测的重要指示生物；等等。

④微生物与在食品上的应用。

调味品，发酵食品，酸乳，蔬菜加工。

⑤微生物在医药方面的应用。

抗菌素，维生素。

⑥微生物在能源生产方面也有重要的作用。

2微生物有哪五大共性？其中最基本的是哪一个？为什么？微生物的五大共性：（一）体积小，面积大（二）吸收多，转化快（三）生长旺，繁殖快（四）适应强，易变异（五）分布广，种类多其中最基本的是微生物的多样性，原因是：微生物因其体积小，重量轻和数量多等原因，可以到处传播以至达到“无孔不入”的地步。

不论在动，植物体内外，还是土壤，河流，空气，平原，高山，深海，污水，垃圾，海底淤泥，冰川，盐湖，沙漠，甚至油井，酸性矿水和岩层下，都有大量与其相适应的各类微生物在活动着。

3试述微生物的多样性？（1）物种的多样性（2）生理代谢类型的多样性（3）代谢产物的多样性（4）遗传基因的多样性（5）生态类型的多样性4.什么是微生物？它包括哪些类群？微生物是一切肉眼看不见或看不清的微小生物的总称。

不是分类学之一，都是一些个体微小，构造简单的低等生物。

它包括属于原核类的细菌（真细菌和古生菌），放线菌，蓝细菌，支原体，立克次氏体和衣原体；属于真核类的真菌（酵母菌，霉菌和），原生动物和显微藻类；以及属于非细胞类的病毒和亚病毒（类病毒，拟病毒和阮病毒）。

中科院2002年分子遗传学〔博士〕注：1、A卷考生必须答复以下5题，每题20分。

B卷考生任选四题答复，每题25分。

一、请举出细胞中的各种RNA分子的名称、特征和功能。

如何从RNA动身开展功能基因组的研究。

二、真核生物的基因表达操纵〔controlofgeneexpression〕和信号传导〔signaltransduction〕有紧密的关系，请举出一个你熟悉的例子分不讲明这两个概念的含义及其联系。

三、目前差不多有一些现成的软件用来猜测基因组全序列中的基因。

为了设计这些软件，你觉得哪些关于基因和基因组的分子遗传学知识是必须的？请讲明理由。

四、在真核生物中转座子能够分为几种类型？请分述每种类型的结构和特征。

如何利用转座子进行分子遗传学的研究和功能基因组的研究。

五、自从克隆的多利羊诞生以来，报界经常传播所谓克隆动物的缺陷，有一种讲法是克隆动物会早衰，有人推测早衰的缘故可能是：〔1〕被克隆的体细胞核的染色体端粒变短或〔2〕被克隆的体细胞核的基因表达程序差不多处在发育上成熟的时期。

现在请你从染色体DNA 复制的角度作支持第〔1〕种可能的阐述，并从基因表达调控的角度做反对第〔2〕中可能的阐述。

中国海洋大学博士进学考试试题分子生物学2002年名词解释：基因组学基因组大小基因组复杂度基因表达正操纵顺势调控元件开放阅读框架基因芯片内含子肽核酸内含肽咨询答题：1、表达遗传中心法那么，目前在用的重要分子生物学技术有哪些？请用中心法那么解释这些技术的工作原理。

2、基因全然结构如何？〔即含有基因的DNA区域具有什么结构能使基因遗传信息传递给蛋白质？〕3、什么是遗传变异？变异的实质是什么？现在使用的分子标记系统各利用了哪些变异？基本上如何利用的？4、用哪些方法能够获得一段DNA的大量拷贝？分子克隆是获得大量拷贝的技术之一。

请对历史上使用过的和目前仍在使用的分子克隆载体做评述〔描述特点，对比异同〕5、DNA测序的方法是什么？目前在用的方法和原始方法有什么不同？有一段100千碱基对的DNA片断〔没有重复区段〕，请设计最正确测序策略。

食品微生物试题及答案**食品微生物试题及答案**一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 食品微生物学是研究微生物与食品之间关系的科学，下列哪项不是食品微生物学的研究范畴？A. 微生物在食品加工中的应用B. 微生物引起的食品腐败变质C. 微生物在食品污染中的作用D. 微生物在食品包装中的作用**答案：D**2. 下列哪种微生物不是食品腐败的主要微生物？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌D. 病毒**答案：D**3. 食品中常见的致病性微生物不包括以下哪种？A. 沙门氏菌B. 李斯特菌C. 大肠杆菌D. 乳酸菌**答案：D**4. 巴氏杀菌法主要用于哪种食品的杀菌？A. 果汁B. 牛奶C. 罐头食品D. 干制食品**答案：B**5. 食品中添加防腐剂的主要目的是什么？A. 增加食品的营养价值B. 提高食品的口感C. 延长食品的保质期D. 改变食品的颜色**答案：C**6. 下列哪种微生物不是通过空气传播的？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌孢子D. 病毒**答案：B**7. 食品中微生物的生长繁殖主要受哪些因素的影响？A. 温度、pH值、水分活度B. 光照、氧气、盐分C. 温度、氧气、盐分D. pH值、光照、水分活度**答案：A**8. 食品微生物检测中常用的微生物计数方法是？A. 显微镜直接计数法B. 平板菌落计数法C. 滴定法D. 比浊法**答案：B**9. 食品中微生物的控制方法不包括以下哪种？A. 热处理B. 冷藏C. 添加防腐剂D. 增加食品的脂肪含量**答案：D**10. 食品微生物学中的“HACCP”指的是什么？A. 危害分析和关键控制点B. 卫生和清洁程序C. 健康和安全检查程序D. 危害分析和清洁控制点**答案：A**二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 食品微生物学研究的内容包括哪些？A. 微生物的分类和鉴定B. 微生物的生理和代谢C. 微生物与人类健康的关系D. 微生物在食品加工中的应用**答案：ABCD**2. 食品中常见的腐败微生物包括哪些？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌D. 病毒**答案：ABC**3. 食品中微生物污染的来源可能包括哪些？A. 原料污染B. 环境污染C. 人为污染D. 包装材料污染**答案：ABCD**4. 影响食品中微生物生长的因素包括哪些？A. 温度B. pH值C. 水分活度D. 氧气**答案：ABCD**5. 食品中微生物控制的方法包括哪些？A. 热处理B. 冷藏C. 干燥D. 添加防腐剂**答案：ABCD**三、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 食品微生物学是研究微生物与________之间的关系的科学。

食品微生物学经典试题及答案单项选择题：1、以下是原核微生物的是（细菌）。

2、第一个发现微生物的是（xxxx）3、微生物学发展的第二期间，是（巴斯德、科赫）确立了基础。

4、荚膜的主要成分是（糖类）。

５、丈量细菌的大小用（微米）。

6、细胞壁的主要成分是（肽聚糖）。

7、培育酵母用（ xxxx）。

8、一般培育基灭菌的条件是（121°C 15分）。

9、放线菌的菌落特色是（干燥、多皱）。

10、酵母的无性生殖主假如（芽殖）。

11、霉菌的主要生殖方式是（孢子生殖）。

12、曲霉孢子是（外生孢子）。

13、霉菌菌落比酵母的要（大）。

14、哪些对病毒的描绘是错的（抗衡生素敏感）。

15、病毒拥有（一种核酸）。

16、噬菌体可用于（诊疗和治疗）。

17、能够使细菌和放线菌裂解的是（裂性噬菌体）。

18、可用于细菌判定和分型的是（噬菌体）。

19、细菌总数测定的是（所有活细菌数）。

20、大肠菌群数目测定的（ 100）毫升或克食品检样的大肠菌群近来似的值。

21、测定大肠菌群数目的方法，采纳的是（ 37）°C22、培育酵母菌的温度常选（28）°C23、配制固体培育基加琼脂量是（2）%。

24、完好测定大肠菌群时间是（72）小时。

25、肉毒杆菌开释的是（外毒素）。

26、对面包黏丝病有克制作用的是（丙酸钙）27、果汁，果酒一般可用（亚硫酸钠）防腐。

28、饮料常用防腐剂是（苯甲酸钠）。

29、最常用的食品杀菌方法是（巴氏杀菌）。

30、相同百分浓度蔗糖的浸透性比食盐（差10%）。

31、GMP 是（优秀生产规范）。

32、属于厌氧微生物的是（肉毒杆菌）。

33、酒精消毒的最正确浓度是（75）％。

34、以下是非细胞构造微生物的是（病毒）。

35、第一个用固体培育基的是（xx）。

36、芽孢抗热的主要成分是（DPA）。

37、丈量细菌的大小用（微米）。

38、细胞壁的主要成分是（肽聚糖）。

39、鞭毛的主要成分是（蛋白质）。

40、酵母菌的菌落特色是（黏稠、较大）。

2006年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题共2页第1页考试科目：微生物学（食品）A一、名词解释（30分）1、菌落2、生长因子3、质粒4、拮抗5、半抗原6、ELISA7、BOD58、Ames试验9、巴斯德效应10、营养缺陷型二、图解题（20分）1、烈性噬菌体与温和性噬菌体的生活史2、营养物质进入细胞的四种运输方式3、暗修复4、大肠杆菌在含有葡萄糖和乳糖的肉汤培养液中的生长曲线三、填空题（20分，答案写在答题纸上）1、影响革兰氏染色结果的因素有、、，革兰氏阳性菌的颜色是色。

2、培养基中大量元素的一般功能为、、、。

3、化能异养微生物在以有机物为基质的生物氧化中，以为最终电子受体时称为无氧呼吸；以为最终电子受体时称为发酵。

共2页第2页4、影响微生物生长的延滞期的因素有、、、。

5、影响微生物耐热力的因素有、、、。

6、平板菌落计数的cfu意指，有效数字有位。

四、是非题（以“＋”、“－”表示，共15分，答案写在答题纸上）（）1、水中所含的大肠菌群数，等于所含的大肠杆菌数和产气肠细菌数之和。

（）2、同一原料的两种样品含菌量分别为10的8次方cfu/ml与10的10次方cfu/ml，在相同温度杀菌所需杀菌时间相同。

（）3、饱和氯化钠溶液中不可能有微生物存在。

（）4、葡萄糖可作为所有微生物的碳源。

（）5、乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）可以抑制革兰氏阴性菌的生长。

五、问答题（75分）1、下述微生物的生态环境如何？设想如何分离它们？（15分）嗜热菌，嗜盐菌，高渗酵母菌，芽孢菌，光合细菌，金黄色葡萄球菌。

2、在食品添加剂和酶制剂中，有相当一部分是来源于微生物的代谢产物，如何使微生物合成比自身需求量更多的产物？举例说明。

（15分）3、检测食品中的大肠菌群指标的意义是什么？通常采用什么方法？现有一种采用革兰氏阳性厌氧菌制成的益生菌活菌产品，该菌可发酵乳糖产酸产气，且能耐受高浓度的胆汁盐，试设计一种检测该产品中的大肠菌群数的方法。

（15分）4、在防止食品腐败变质中，是否可以使用抗生素？为什么？如果使用，所使用的抗生素应具有什么特性？（15分）5、什么是D值？什么是Z值？试以公式说明Z值和D值的关系，并证明该式。

• 1.3 食品腐败变质的鉴定食品受到微生物的污染后，容易发生变质。

那么如何鉴别食品的腐败变质？一般是从感官、物理、化学和微生物四个方面来进行食品腐败变质的鉴定。

1.3.1 感官鉴定感官鉴定是以人的视觉、嗅觉、触觉、味觉来查验食品初期腐败变质的一种简单而灵敏的方法。

食品初期腐败时会产生腐败臭味，发生颜色的变化（褪色、变色、着色、失去光泽等），出现组织变软、变粘等现象。

这些都可以通过感官分辨出来，一般还是很灵敏的。

1.3.2 色泽食品无论在加工前或加工后，本身均呈现一定的色泽，如有微生物繁殖引起食品变质时，色泽就会发生改变。

有些微生物产生色素，分泌至细胞外，色素不断累积就会造成食品原有色泽的改变，如食品腐败变质时常出现黄色、紫色、褐色、橙色、红色和黑色的片状斑点或全部变色。

另外由于微生物代谢产物的作用促使食品发生化学变化时也可引起食品色泽的变化。

例如肉及肉制品的绿变就是由于硫化氢与血红蛋白结合形成硫化氢血红蛋白所引起的。

腊肠由于乳酸菌增殖过程中产生了过氧化氢促使肉色素褪色或绿变。

1.3.3 气味食品本身有一定的气味，动、植物原料及其制品因微生物的繁殖而产生极轻微的变质时，人们的嗅觉就能敏感地觉查到有不正常的气味产生。

如氨、三甲胺、乙酸、硫化氢、乙硫醇、粪臭素等具有腐败臭味，这些物质在空气中浓度为10-8～10-11 mol/m3时，人们的嗅觉就可以查觉到。

此外，食品变质时，其它胺类物质、甲酸、乙酸、酮、醛、醇类、酚类、靛基质化合物等也可查觉到。

食品中产生的腐败臭味，常是多种臭味混合而成的。

有时也能分辨出比较突出的不良气味，例如：霉味臭、醋酸臭、胺臭、粪臭、硫化氢臭、酯臭等。

但有时产生的有机酸，水果变坏产生的芳香味，人的嗅觉习惯不认为是臭味。

因此评定食品质量不是以香、臭味来划分，而是应该按照正常气味与异常气味来评定。

1.3.4 口味微生物造成食品腐败变质时也常引起食品口味的变化。

而口味改变中比较容易分辨的是酸味和苦味。

食品微生物学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 食品微生物学研究的主要对象是（）。

A. 细菌B. 真菌C. 病毒D. 所有微生物答案：D2. 食品腐败的主要原因是（）。

A. 微生物的代谢活动B. 食品自身的化学反应C. 物理因素D. 环境污染答案：A3. 下列哪种微生物不是食品微生物？（）A. 乳酸菌B. 酵母菌C. 放线菌D. 植物病毒答案：D4. 食品微生物检测中常用的染色方法是（）。

A. 革兰氏染色B. 酸性染色C. 碱性染色D. 以上都是答案：A5. 食品微生物学的主要研究内容不包括（）。

A. 微生物的分类与鉴定B. 微生物的生理与代谢C. 微生物与疾病的关联D. 微生物与食品加工技术答案：C6. 食品中常见的产气菌是（）。

A. 乳酸菌B. 酵母菌C. 产气荚膜梭菌D. 霉菌答案：C7. 食品微生物学中，食品的保存方法不包括（）。

A. 冷藏B. 冷冻C. 脱水D. 光照答案：D8. 食品微生物学中，下列哪种微生物是有益的？（）A. 大肠杆菌B. 金黄色葡萄球菌C. 枯草杆菌D. 沙门氏菌答案：C9. 食品微生物学中，下列哪种微生物是有害的？（）A. 乳酸菌B. 酵母菌C. 李斯特菌D. 霉菌答案：C10. 食品微生物学中，下列哪种微生物是食品工业中常用的？（）A. 沙门氏菌B. 李斯特菌C. 枯草杆菌D. 金黄色葡萄球菌答案：C二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 食品微生物学是研究微生物与食品加工、保藏及______等方面的科学。

答案：安全2. 食品微生物学的主要任务是利用微生物的______，为食品工业服务。

答案：有益作用3. 食品微生物学研究的微生物包括______、酵母菌、霉菌和病毒等。

答案：细菌4. 食品微生物学中，微生物的检测方法包括______、显微镜检查和生化试验等。

答案：培养5. 食品微生物学中，微生物的控制方法包括冷藏、______、干燥和灭菌等。

答案：加热三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述食品微生物学在食品工业中的应用。

浙江大学2006-2008年博士研究生入学考试试题（食品微生物）浙江大学2006年博士研究生入学考试试题食品微生物
1. 以酿酒酵母为例，画出其生活史，比较其在有氧、无氧下利用葡萄糖代谢的要点；
2. 比较曲霉、根霉、毛霉、青霉的异同。

3. EMP途径及其关键反应和关键酶；
4. 食品中微生物的来源及其影响因素；
5. 分析一下影响食品安全的生物性因素，并如何加以管理和控制；浙江大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题食品微生物
1. 啤酒酵母的生活史（画图表示）
2. 纤维素分解过程及其涉及的微生物
3. 肉类腐败变质及其微生物
4. 食品腐败变质及其控制（安全质量管理等等）
浙江大学2008年博士研究生入学考试试题食品微生物
1. 描述格兰氏阴性菌细胞壁的特点
2. 酵母发酵类型
3. 结合基因工程的应用与发展阐述微生物与基因工程的关系
4. 微生物的测量方法
5. 食品在加工和储藏过程中的防腐措施。

浙江大学2005–2006学年秋季学期一、填空题（25分）评分标准：每格1分1.细菌按其形态不同可分为球菌，杆菌和螺旋菌，而球菌又可分为单球菌，双球菌，四联球菌，八叠球菌，链球菌和葡萄球菌。

2.DNA是脱氧核糖核苷酸组成的大分子，在组分上它含有腺嘌呤脱氧核糖核苷酸（A）、鸟嘌呤脱氧核糖核苷酸（G）、胞嘧啶脱氧核糖核苷酸（C）、胸腺嘧啶脱氧核糖核苷酸（T）。

3.生物降解性的评价方法有测基质生物氧化率，测基质生化呼吸线，测BOD5/COD Cr的比值。

4.水体富营养化主要是由于水体中氮（N）、磷（P）增加而引发__藻类____大量繁殖而引起的，该现象发生在海洋中称为赤潮，发生在淡水中则称为水华。

5.废水脱氮处理是通过硝化作用将NH4+-N氧化成NO x——N，然后通过反硝化作用使NO x——N还原成N2而实现的，参与两过程的微生物称为硝化细菌nitrification 和反硝化细菌denitrification，它们的营养型分别属于化能无机营养型和化能有机营养型。

二、是非题（15分）正确“√”，错误“×”1.在分离土壤真菌时，要在马铃薯—蔗糖培养基中加入链霉素溶液以抑制细菌的生长，这种培养基称为鉴别培养基。

（×）2.在废水生物处理中微生物主要是以游离菌体的形式存在于构筑物中，只有少数是以菌胶团的形式出现。

（×）3.在自然界氮素物质循环中，微生物参与了每个转化过程，这对农业生产和环境保护都起着极为有利的作用。

（×）4.蓝细菌和光合细菌都能进行产氧的光合作用（×）5.一种COD浓度在20,000mg/L的有机废水，因其BOD/CODcr = 0.2，所以不宜用生物处理法来处理。

（×）6.原生动物是最原始、最低等、结构最简单的多细胞动物。

（×）7.紫外线杀菌力很强，但穿透力很弱，所以只能用于接种室和开刀房等的空气和物体表面的灭菌。

（√）8.微生物在10分钟被完全杀死的最低温度称为致死温度。

微生物学试卷（A卷）任课老师：邱礼鸿，李方考试时间：2006.7.4一、名词解释（40分，每题4分）1. 缺壁细菌(cell wall deficient bacteria)自然界长期进化和实验室菌种自发突变产生少数缺细胞壁的种类，或用人为方法抑制新生细胞壁合成或对现成细胞壁酶解而得。

L型细菌，原生质体，原生质球，支原体2. 肽聚糖(peptidoglycan)细菌细胞壁的特有成分；由N-乙酰葡糖胺和胞壁酸及短肽链构成其基本单位，由多个基本单位聚合而成；肽链之间直接交联或通过肽桥交联。

4. 菌株(strain):菌株又称品系(病毒中则称毒株或株)，它表示任何由一个独立分离的单细胞(或单个病毒粒)繁殖而成的纯遗传型群体及其一切后代。

5 富营养化(eutrophication)富营养化指水体中因氮、磷等元素含量过高而引起水体表层的蓝细菌和藻类过度生长繁殖的现象。

6. 活性污泥(activated sludge)由活细菌、原生动物和其他微生物群聚集在一起组成的凝絮团，在污水处理中具有很强的吸附、分解有机物或毒物的能力。

7. 接合(conjugation)供体菌（“雄性”）通过性菌毛与受体菌（“雌性”）直接接触，把F质粒或其携带的不同长度的核基因组片段传递给后者，使后者获得若干新遗传性状的现象，称为接合。

8. 巴氏消毒法(pasteurization)是一种专用于牛奶、啤酒或酱油等不宜进行高温灭菌的液态食品的低温消毒法，有低温维持法（60—63℃，30min）和高温瞬时法（72℃，15s）之分。

9. 烈性噬菌体(virulent phage)：感染宿主细胞后，完成复制周期并产生新的噬菌体，最终杀死细胞，形成裂解循环10. 发酵(fermentation)无外源电子供体和电子受体的条件下，底物脱氢后所产生的电子未经呼吸链传递而直接交给某一内源性电子受体，以实现底物水平磷酸化产能的一类生物氧化反应。

二、选择题（将正确答案的标码字母写在每题前的括号内，共20分，每题1分）（D）1. 形态特征在以下哪类微生物的分类鉴定中显得更重要：A. 病毒；B. 细菌；C. 酵母菌；D. 霉菌（A ）2. 在真核微生物的“9+2”型鞭毛中，具ATP酶功能的构造是：A. 动力蛋白臂；B. 中心微管；C. 放射幅条；D. 微管二联体。