国际经济学阅读材料

国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著)P16页练习题6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。

（2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。

7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。

（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。

8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。

而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。

（2）它们在哪方面相似？答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。

10．如果说一个国家可以从国际贸易中获益，那么你如何解释为什么许多国家又要对国际贸易施加某些限制？答：国际贸易给本国消费者带来的是更低的价格，这样就会对本国的同种商品的生产商造成不利，挤兑了本国生产商的销售份额。

通常在这种情况下，本国的生产商就会失去大量的订单，并且向政府提议限制进口。

国际经济学课后答案解析第一章绪论1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。

2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。

3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。

国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。

4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。

调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。

5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等(2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系(3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业(4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治(5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景第二章比较优势理论1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。

第1章绪论重点问题:国际经济学的产生、发展、对象及其其他经济学科的关系单选1．国际经济学分析的最基本的出发点是（B）A经济增长 B经济自然增长 C制度创新的经济增长 D经济发展2．经济发展是（D）A经济结构的变革 B社会和政治体制的变革 C经济自然增长 D制度创新的经济增长3．国际经济最基本的出发点是（B ）A社会分工 B国际分工 C产业分工 D产业之间的分工和合作4．国际经济交往的主要方式是（A）A生产要跨国界流动 B国际分工 C商品跨国界流通 D开放经济第2章古典国际贸易理论重点问题：绝对利益说的基本容及其评价比较利益说的基本容及其评价单选1．在斯密的绝对优势贸易理论中，(C)。

A所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和B具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额C如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品，将同时从贸易中获益D如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业，将丧失绝对优势2．嘉图的比较优势理论指出，(B)。

A贸易导致不完全专业化B即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益C与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多D只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额3．如果一个阿根廷工人能生产3蒲式耳小麦或1辆汽车，而一个巴西工人能生产4蒲式耳小麦或2辆汽车，则(D)。

A巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷没有比较优势B阿根廷在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而巴西没有比较优势C巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在汽车生产上具有比较优势D巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在小麦生产上具有比较优势4．根据比较优势原理的政策经验，一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是(B)。

A制造大量出口顺差 B以较低的机会成本进口商品而不是在国生产C本国比贸易伙伴强大 D本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势5.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( A )A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.价格的差异6.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价( C )A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之上B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之下C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之间D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国比价相同简答：1．请从国际贸易实际出发评价绝对利益说 P20斯密的绝对利益学说揭示了在自由市场经济条件下，国际贸易产生的原因在于两国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异，按照绝对利益学说的原则进行国际分工，贸易的参与者与整个世界会因此而获得利益。

《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案无论在学习或是工作中，我们或多或少都会接触到练习题，做习题有助于提高我们分析问题和解决问题的能力。

大家知道什么样的习题才是规范的吗？下面是小编收集整理的《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案1单选1．中国在东北生产、出口水泥而华南从泰国进口水泥，属于（A）A同质的产业内贸曟B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易2．中国一方面吸引外国银行在华投资，经营金融业务，另一方面又在世界其他国家和地区投资分行、分公司，从事当地的金融、保险业务，属于（A）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易3．欧洲一些国家在本国电力事从邻国进口，而在本国不太需要时出口供邻国使用，形成（A）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技柟差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易4．欧盟的空中飞机在不同欧盟成员国内分工制造、组装的，零部件、整机的进出口，属于（A）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易5．一些国家进口自己偏好但又没有大量原料进行生产的服装，而出口自己有丰富原料生产的衣服，属于（B）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易6．中国既是世界上列于前位的IT产品的生产与出口国，但同时是高科技IT产品的进口国，属于（C）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易7．发达国家在出口高档豪华车的同时，从其他发展中国家进口一些中、低质量的同类产品，属于（D）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易8．新H-O模型解释的国际贸易类型是（D）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸曟C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易9．克鲁格曼认为，产生产业内贸易的根本原因是（B）A差异产品的可选择性B规模经济C收入相似D经济发展水平相同10．林德需求重叠理论(B)。

《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案）Ch1-Ch31.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries becauseA)the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources.B)the United States is a“ Superpower. ”C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything.D)the United States invests in many other countries.E)many countries invest in the United States.2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade,A)the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries.B)the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S.C)the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State.D)the U.S. may not impose export duties.E)the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii.3.International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro.B) developed and less developed.C) monetary and barter.D) international trade and international money.E) static and dynamic.4.International monetary analysis focuses onA)the real side of the international economy.B)the international trade side of the international economy.C)the international investment side of the international economy.D)the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks.E)the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange.5.The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact thatA)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products.D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the EuropeanUni on.E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada.6.The gravity model explains whyA)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain.B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil.C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products.D)intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of tradebetween neighboringcountries.E)European countries rely most often on natural resources.7. Why does the gravity model work?A)Large economies became large because they were engaged in international trade.B)Large economies have relatively large incomes, and hence spend more on governm ent promotion of trade and investment.C)Large economies have relatively larger areas which raises the probability that a pro ductive activity will take place within the borders of that country.D)Large economies tend to have large incomes and tend to spend more on impor ts.E) Large economies tend to avoid trading with small economies.8.We see that the Netherlands, Belgium, and Ireland trade considerably more with the United States than with many other countries.A)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all large countries.B)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all small countries.C)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are smallcountri es.D)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are large countries.E)This is explained by the gravity model, since they do not share borders.9.In the present, most of the exports from Chinaare A) manufactured goods.B) services.C)primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) overpriced by world market standards.10.A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itA) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.B) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.C) is producing exports using fewer labor units.D) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.E) is producing exports while outsourcing services.11.The Ricardian model attributes the gains from trade associated with the principle o f comparative advantage result toA) differences in technology.B)differences in preferences.C)differences in labor productivity.D)differences in resources.E)gravity relationships among countries.12. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find itsconsump tion bundleA)inside its production possibilities frontier.B)on its production possibilities frontier.C)outside its production possibilities frontier.D)inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E)on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.13.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United Sta tes equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA)U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B)U.S. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hour and Japan's 20 units per hour.C)U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hour and Japan's 30 units per hour.D)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 25 units per hour.E)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 40 units per hour.14.In a two-country, two-product world, the statement“ Germanyenjoys acomparativ e advantage over France in autos relative toships ”is equivalent toA) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.B) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ship s.C) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.D) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.E) France should produce autos.15.If the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis, we know thatA)the United States has no comparative advantageB)Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.C)the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.D)Germany has comparative advantages in both products.E)the U.S. has a comparative disadvantage in widgets.Ch4-Ch51.The Ricardian model of international trade demonstrates that trade can bemutually beneficial. Why, then, do governments restrict imports of some goods?A)Trade can have substantial effects on a country's distribution of income.B)The Ricardian model is often incorrect in its prediction that trade can bemutually beneficial.C)Import restrictions are the result of trade wars between hostile countries.D)Imports are only restricted when foreign-made goods do not meet domestic standar ds of qualityE) Restrictions on imports are intended to benefit domestic consumers.2.Japan's trade policies with regard to rice reflect the fact thatA) japanese rice farmers have significant political power.B) Japan has a comparative advantage in rice production and therefore exports most o f its rice crop.C) there would be no gains from trade available to Japan if it engaged in free trade in r ice.D) there are gains from trade that Japan captures by engaging in free trade in rice.E) Japan imports most of the rice consumed in the country.3.In the specific factors model, which of the following is treated as a specific factor?A)LaborB)LandC)ClothD)FoodE)Technology4.The specific factors model assumes that there are ________ goods and ________ fa ctor(s) of production.A) two; threeB) two; two C)two; one D)three; two E)four; three5.The slope of a country's production possibility frontier with cloth measured on the horizontal and food measured on the vertical axis in the specific factors model is equa l to ________ and it ________ as more cloth is produced.A)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes steeperB)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes flatterC)-MPLF/MPLC; is constantD)-MPLC/MPLF; becomes steeperE)-MPLC/MPLF; is constant6.Under perfect competition, the equilibrium price of labor used to produce clothwill be equal toA)the slope of the production possibility frontier.B)the average product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.C)the ratio of the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth to the marginal product of labor in the production of food times the ratio of the price of cloth. to the price of food.D)the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.E)the price of cloth divided by the marginal product of labor in the production of clot h.7.In the specific factors model, which of the following will increase the quantity ofla bor used in cloth production?A)an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of foodB) an increase in the price of food relative to that ofcloth C) a decrease in the price of laborD) an equal percentage decrease in the price of food and clothE) an equal percentage increase in the price of food and cloth8.A country that does not engage in trade can benefit from trade only ifA)it has an absolute advantage in at least one good.B)it employs a unique technology.C)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are not identical.D)its wage rate is below the world average.E)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are identical.9.In the specific factors model, the effects of trade on welfare are ________ for mobil e factors, ________ for fixed factors used to produce the exported good, and ________ for fixed factors used to produce the imported good.A)ambiguous; positive; negativeB) ambiguous; negative; positive C)positive; ambiguous; ambiguous D)negative; ambiguous; ambiguous E)positive; positive; positive10.The effect of trade on specialized employees of import-competing industries willb e ________ jobs and ________ pay because they are relatively ________.A)fewer; lower; mobileB)fewer; lower; immobileC)more; lower; immobileD)more; higher; mobileE)more; higher; immobile11. There is a bias in the political process against free trade becauseA)there is a high correlation between the volume of imports and the unemployment ra te.B)the gains from free trade cannot be measured.C)those who gain from free trade can't compensate those who lose.D)foreign governments make large donations to U.S. political campaigns.E) those who lose from free trade are better organized than those who gain.12.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differin A)tastes and preferences.B)military capabilities.C)the size of their economies.D)relative abundance of factors of production.E)labor productivities.13.If a country produces good Y (measured on the vertical axis) and good X (measure d on the horizontal axis), then the absolute value of the slope of its production possibil ity frontier is equal toA)the opportunity cost of good X.B) the price of good X divided by the price of good Y.C) the price of good X divided by the price of goodY. D) the opportunity cost of good Y.E)the cost of capital (assuming that good Y is capital intensive) divided by the costof labor.14.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, trade will ________ the owners ofa country's ________ factor and will ________ the good that uses that factor intensiv ely.A)benefit; abundant; exportB)harm; abundant; importC)benefit; scarce; exportD)benefit; scarce; importE)harm; scarce; export15.The assumption of diminishing returns in the Heckscher-Ohlin model means that, unlike in the Ricardian model, it is likely thatA) countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier.B) countries will benefit from free international trade.C) countries will not be fully specialized in one product.D)comparative advantage will not determine the direction of trade.E)global production will decrease under trade.16.If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich, and if food is relatively land intensive then trade between these two, formerly autarkic coun tries will result inA)an increase in the relative price of food in the U.S.B)an increase in the relative price of food in Japan.C)a global increase in the relative price of food.D)a decrease in the relative price of food in both countries.E)an increase in the relative price of food in both countries.17.Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Heckscher-Ohlin model, if Coun try H is relatively labor abundant, then once trade beginsA) rent will be unchanged but wages will rise in H.B) wages and rents should rise in H.C) wages and rents should fall in H.D) wages should fall and rents should rise in H.E) wages should rise and rents should fall in H.18.The Leontieff ParadoxA)failed to support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.B)supported the validity of the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage.C)supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.D)failed to support the validity of the Ricardian theory.E)proved that the U.S. economy is different from all others.19. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)The wage-rental ratio determines the capital-labor ratio in a country's industr ies.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.20. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of the labor-i ntensive good and decrease production of the capital-intensive good.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.Ch6-Ch101.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)the terms of trade of cloth exporters will improve.B)all countries would be better off.C)the terms of trade of food exporters will improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries will improve.E) the terms of trade of cloth exporters will worsen.2.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)world relative quantity of cloth supplied will increase.B)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will increase.C)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will decrease.D)world relative quantity of cloth demanded will decrease.E)world relative quantity of food will increase.3.If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of the United States.C)improve the terms of trade of all countries.D)because a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.4.If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of sub sidies for its exports, this mustA)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.B)have no effect on its terms of trade.C)improve its terms of trade.D)harm its terms of trade.E)harm world terms of trade.5.Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unitA)falls as the average firm grows larger.B)rises as the industry grows larger.C)falls as the industry grows larger.D)rises as the average firm grows larger.E)remains constant over a broad range of output.6. External economies of scale will ________ average cost when output is ________ by _______.A)reduce; increased; the industryB)reduce; increased; a firmC)increase; increased; a firmD)increase; increased; the industryE)reduce; reduce; the industry7.If some industries exhibit internal increasing returns to scale in each country, we sh ould not expect to seeA) perfect competition in these industries.B) intra-industry trade between countries.C)inter-industry trade between countries.D)high levels of specialization in both countries.E)increased productivity in both countries.8.A learning curve relates ________ to ________ and is a case of ________ returns.A) unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic decreasing returnsB)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic increasing returnsC)unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic increasing returnsD)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic decreasing returnsE)labor productivity; education; increasing marginal returns9.Patterns of interregional trade are primarily determined by ________ rather than __ ______ because factors of production are generally ________.A)external economies; natural resources; mobileB)internal economies; external economies; mobileC)external economies; population; immobileD)internal economies; population; immobileE)population; external economies; immobile10.Monopolistic competition is associatedwith A) product differentiation.B) price-taking behavior.C) explicit consideration at the firm level of the strategic impact of other firms' pricing decisions. D) high profit margins in the long run.E) increasing returns to scale.11.A firm in long-run equilibrium under monopolistic competition will earnA)positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentiated product.B)zero economic profits because of free entryC)positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a differentiated product.D)negative economic profits because it has economies of scale.E)positive economic profit if it engages in international trade.12.The most common form of price discrimination in international tradeis A) dumping.B) non-tariff barriers.C) Voluntary Export Restraints.D) preferential trade arrangements.E) product boycotts.13.Consider the following two cases. In the first, a U.S. firm purchases 18% of a forei gn firm. In the second, a U.S. firm builds a new production facility in a foreign countr y. Both are ________, with the first referred to as ________ and the second as ______ __.A)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; brownfield; greenfieldB)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; greenfield; brownfieldC)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; greenfield; brownfieldD)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; brownfield; greenfieldE)foreign direct investment (FDI); inflows; outflows14. Specific tariffs areA)import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.B)import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.C)import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.D)the same as import quotas.E)import taxes calculated based solely on the origin country.15.A problem encountered when implementing an "infant industry" tariff isthat A) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of thetariff. B) the industry may never "mature."C)most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.D)the tariff may hurt the industry's domestic sales.E)the tariffs fail to protect the domestic producers.16.In the country levying the tariff, the tariff will A)increase both consumer and producer surplus.B) decrease both the consumer and producer surplus.C) decrease consumer surplus and increase producer surplus.D) increase consumer surplus and decrease producer surplus.E) decrease consumer surplus but leave producers surplus unchanged.17.If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift fr om domestically produced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry willA) increase.B) decreaseC) remain the same.D)depend on whether computers are PCs or "Supercomputers."E)no longer apply.18.When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty free, this generally results in a(an)A) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.B) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.C) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.D) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates. E) rise in only the effective tariff rat e.19.Should the home country be "large" relative to its trade partners, its imposition ofa tariff on imports would lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of thetra de rectangle exceed the sum of theA) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.B) protective effect plus revenue effect.C) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.D)production distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.E)terms of trade gain.20.The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs ar e dismantledand removed,A) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decreaseB) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national econo mic welfare will increase.C) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, henceincreasin g national economic welfare.D)deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing na tional economic welfare.E)government tariff revenue will increase, hence increasing national economic welfar e.21.Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade disputes?A)World BankB)World Trade OrganizationC)International Monetary OrganizationD)International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentE)The League of Nations22.Today U.S. protectionism is concentratedin A) high-tech industries.B) labor-intensive industries.C) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.D)computer intensive industries.E)capital-intensive industries.23.The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the domestic clothing industryis best explained by the fact thatA)this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor.B)this industry is an important employer of low skilled labor.C)most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poor countries.D)this industry is a politically well organized sector in the U.S.E)the technology involved is very advanced.欢迎下载1124.The optimum tariff is most likely to applyto A) a small tariff imposed by a small country.B) a small tariff imposed by a large country. C)a large tariff imposed by a small country. D) alarge tariff imposed by a large country. E) anad valorem tariff on a small country.25.The median voter modelA)works well in the area of trade policy.B)is not intuitively reasonable.C)tends to result in biased tariff rates.D)does not work well in the area of trade policy.E)is not widely practiced in the United States.欢迎下载12。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版《国际经济学（第四版）》课后复习与思考参考答案-第1章到第4章目录绪论练习与思考参考答案 (1)第一章练习与思考参考答案 (3)第二章练习与思考参考答案 (7)第三章练习与思考参考答案 (13)第四章练习与思考参考答案 (16)绪论练习与思考参考答案1．答：传统贸易理论研究产业（industry）或部门（sector）层面，假定企业同质；新新贸易理论研究企业（firm）层面，假定企业异质。

2．答：以斯蒂德曼为代表的新李嘉图主义的国际贸易理论坚持并继承了李嘉图的比较利益论，认为贸易的真正来源在于各国的比较优势的差异，而并非资源禀赋的差距。

新李嘉图主义以一种比较动态的、长期均衡的分析来解释国际贸易。

新李嘉图主义贸易理论把收入分配置于突出位置，并贯穿分析的始终。

新李嘉图主义的国际贸易理论与李嘉图理论不同主要在于：李嘉图是从各国生产的角度即从各国的生产特点不同和劳动效率的高低不同上来解释比较优势的差异；新李嘉图主义不仅从各国生产的角度来分析和比较各国的比较优势的差异，而且强调要从各国分配领域，从经济增长、经济发展的动态角度来分析和比较各国比较优势的不同。

3．答：北京师范大学李翀教授认为，马克思曾经有一个六册著作的写作计划，准备研究国内和国际经济问题，建立一个完整的经济理论体系。

然而遗憾的是，马克思没有能够完成他的研究工作。

将马克思经济学的基本理论和基本方法应用于国际经济问题的研究，构建马克思主义国际经济学理论体系，是一个很有意义的研究领城。

随着经济的全球化，国际经济体系已经成熟，建立马克思主义国际经济学的条件已经具备。

国际经济的本质是资本的跨国流动，因此，应该从商品资本、生产资本、货币资本的跨国流动三个方面来构建马克思主义国际经济学。

在商品资本的跨国流动方面，需要从国际价值、生产价格和垄断价格等基本范畴出发，来分析国际贸易的原因、流向和利益分配。

在生产资本的跨国流动方面，需要从生产资本本质的角度重新构建直接投资的原因、流向和利益分配。

国际经济学第三版课后练习题含答案Chapter 1: IntroductionExercises1.1a.What is international economics?b.Define globalization.c.What is the difference between international trade andinternational finance?d.Expln why international trade and international finance arerelated.1.2a.Expln the difference between positive and normativestatements.b.Provide an example of each type of statement as it relatesto international economics.1.3a.Discuss the economic arguments for and agnst free trade.b.Discuss the political arguments for and agnst free trade.1.4a.Expln the theory of comparative advantage.b.Provide an example of comparative advantage.1.5a.Discuss the gns and losses from trade.b.Provide an example of the gns from trade.Answers1.1a.International economics is the study of how countriesinteract economically with each other and the consequences ofthose interactions.b.Globalization is the integration of economies and societiesacross the world through the exchange of goods, services, capital and people.c.International trade is the exchange of goods and servicesbetween countries. International finance refers to the movement of financial capital across borders, including foreign directinvestment, portfolio investment and international borrowing and lending.d.International trade and finance are related because tradenecessarily involves exchange of currencies, which in turn affects the demand and supply of currencies in international markets.1.2a.Positive statements are factual statements that can betested and verified or rejected based on evidence. Normativestatements are statements that express judgments or opinions about what ought to be.b.An example of a positive statement in international economics is。

《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案）Ch1-Ch31.The United States is less dependent on trade than most ot her countries becauseA) the United States is a relatively large country with di verse resources.B) the United States is a “Superpower.”C)the military power of the United States makes it less dep endent on anything.D) the United States invests in many other countries.E) many countries invest in the United States.2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade,A) the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA c ountries.B) the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S.C) the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments i n California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State.D) the U.S. may not impose export duties.E) the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and H awaii.3. International economics can be divided into two broad sub -fieldsA) macro and micro.B) developed and less developed.C) monetary and barter.D) international trade and international money.E) static and dynamic.4. International monetary analysis focuses onA) the real side of the international economy.B) the international trade side of the international economy.C) the international investment side of the international eco nomy.D) the issues of international cooperation between Central Ba nks.E) the monetary side of the international economy, such ascurrency exchange.5. The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the f act thatA)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAF TA trade.B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultur al products.D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade bythe European Union.E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does w ith Canada.6. The gravity model explains whyA)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Swed en and Spain.B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil.C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products.D) intra-industry trade is relatively more important than oth er forms of trade between neighboringcountries.E) European countries rely most often on natural resources.7. Why does the gravity model work?A) Large economies became large because they were engaged in international trade.B) Large economies have relatively large incomes, and hence spend more on government promotion of trade and investment.C) Large economies have relatively larger areas which raises the probability that a productive activity will take place within the borders of that country.D) Large economies tend to have large incomes and tend tospend more on imports.E) Large economies tend to avoid trading with small economie s.8. We see that the Netherlands, Belgium, and Ireland trade considerably more with the United States than with many othe r countries.A) This is explained by the gravity model, since these areall large countries.B) This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all small countries.C) This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, sin ce these are small countries.D)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are large countries.E)This is explained by the gravity model, since they do not share borders.9. In the present, most of the exports from China areA) manufactured goods.B) services.C)primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) overpriced by world market standards.10. A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itA) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.B) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than itcould domestically.C) is producing exports using fewer labor units.D) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.E) is producing exports while outsourcing services.11. The Ricardian model attributes the gains from trade asso ciated with the principle of comparative advantage result toA) differences in technology.B) differences in preferences.C)differences in labor productivity.D) differences in resources.E) gravity relationships among countries.12. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian m odel will find its consumption bundleA) inside its production possibilities frontier.B)on its production possibilities frontier.C)outside its production possibilities frontier.D) inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier .E)on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.13. Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would b e lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA) U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and J apan's 15 units per hour.B) U.S. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hour and Ja pan's 20 units per hour.C) U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hour and Ja pan's 30 units per hour.D) U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Ja pan's 25 units per hour.E) U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Ja pan's 40 units per hour.14. In a two-country, two-product world, the statement “Germ any enjoys a comparative advantage over France in autos rela tive to ships”is equivalent toA) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in sh ips.B) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germa ny in autos and ships.C) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in aut os and ships.D) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.E) France should produce autos.15. If the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis, we know thatA) the United States has no comparative advantageB) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.C) the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.D) Germany has comparative advantages in both products.E) the U.S. has a comparative disadvantage in widgets.Ch4-Ch51.The Ricardian model of international trade demonstrates that trade can be mutually beneficial. Why, then, do governments restrict imports of some goods?A)Trade can have substantial effects on a country's distribution of income.B) The Ricardian model is often incorrect in its prediction that trade can be mutually beneficial.C) Import restrictions are the result of trade wars between hostile countries.D) Imports are only restricted when foreign-made goods do no t meet domestic standards of qualityE) Restrictions on import s are intended to benefit domestic consumers.2. Japan's trade policies with regard to rice reflect the f act thatA) japanese rice farmers have significant political power.B) Japan has a comparative advantage in rice production and therefore exports most of its rice crop.C) there would be no gains from trade available to Japan i f it engaged in free trade in rice.D) there are gains from trade that Japan captures by engagi ng in free trade in rice.E) Japan imports most of the rice consumed in the country.3. In the specific factors model, which of the following is treated as a specific factor?A)LaborB) LandC) ClothD) FoodE) Technology4. The specific factors model assumes that there are _______ _ goods and ________ factor(s) of production.A) two; threeB) two; twoC) two; oneD) three; twoE) four; three5. The slope of a country's production possibility frontier with cloth measured on thehorizontal and food measured on the vertical axis in the sp ecific factors model is equal to ________ and it ________ a s more cloth is produced.A) -MPLF/MPLC; becomes steeperB) -MPLF/MPLC; becomes flatterC) -MPLF/MPLC; is constantD) -MPLC/MPLF; becomes steeperE) -MPLC/MPLF; is constant6. Under perfect competition, the equilibrium price of labor used to produce cloth will be equal toA)the slope of the production possibility frontier.B) the average product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.C) the ratio of the marginal product of labor in the produ ction of cloth to the marginal product of labor in the pro duction of food times the ratio of the price of cloth. to the price of food.D) the marginal product of labor in the production of clot h times the price of cloth.E) the price of cloth divided by the marginal product of l abor in the production of cloth.7. In the specific factors model, which of the following wi ll increase the quantity of labor used in cloth production?A)an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of f oodB) an increase in the price of food relative to that of c lothC) a decrease in the price of laborD) an equal percentage decrease in the price of food and c lothE) an equal percentage increase in the price of food and c loth8. A country that does not engage in trade can benefit fro m trade only ifA)it has an absolute advantage in at least one good.B) it employs a unique technology.C) pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are not identica l.D) its wage rate is below the world average.E) pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are identical.9. In the specific factors model, the effects of trade on welfare are ________ for mobile factors, ________ for fixed factors used to produce the exported good, and ________ for fixed factors used to produce the imported good.A)ambiguous; positive; negativeB) ambiguous; negative; positiveC) positive; ambiguous; ambiguousD) negative; ambiguous; ambiguousE) positive; positive; positive10.The effect of trade on specialized employees of import-com peting industries will be ________ jobs and ________ pay bec ause they are relatively ________.A)fewer; lower; mobileB) fewer; lower; immobileC) more; lower; immobileD) more; higher; mobileE) more; higher; immobile11. There is a bias in the political process against free trade becauseA)there is a high correlation between the volume of imports and the unemployment rate.B) the gains from free trade cannot be measured.C) those who gain from free trade can't compensate those wh o lose.D) foreign governments make large donations to U.S. political campaigns.E) those who lose from free trade are better organized tha n those who gain.12.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two co untries differ inA)tastes and preferences.B) military capabilities.C) the size of their economies.D) relative abundance of factors of production.E) labor productivities.13. If a country produces good Y (measured on the vertical axis) and good X (measured on the horizontal axis), then the absolute value of the slope of its production possibilit y frontier is equal toA)the opportunity cost of good X.B) the price of good X divided by the price of good Y.C) the price of good X divided by the price of good Y.D) the opportunity cost of good Y.E) the cost of capital (assuming that good Y is capital in tensive) divided by the cost of labor.14. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, trade wil l ________ the owners of a country's ________ factor and wi ll ________ the good that uses that factor intensively.A)benefit; abundant; exportB)harm; abundant; importC) benefit; scarce; exportD) benefit; scarce; importE) harm; scarce; export15. The assumption of diminishing returns in the Heckscher-Oh lin model means that, unlike in the Ricardian model, it is likely thatA) countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier.B) countries will benefit from free international trade.C) countries will not be fully specialized in one product.D) comparative advantage will not determine the direction of trade.E) global production will decrease under trade.16.If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich, and if food is relatively land i ntensive then trade between these two, formerly autarkic coun tries will result inA)an increase in the relative price of food in the U.S.B) an increase in the relative price of food in Japan.C) a global increase in the relative price of food.D) a decrease in the relative price of food in both countr ies.E) an increase in the relative price of food in both count ries.17. Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Hecksc her-Ohlin model, if Country H is relatively labor abundant, then once trade beginsA) rent will be unchanged but wages will rise in H.B) wages and rents should rise in H.C) wages and rents should fall in H.D) wages should fall and rents should rise in H.E) wages should rise and rents should fall in H.18.The Leontieff ParadoxA) failed to support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin mo del.B) supported the validity of the Ricardian theory of compara tive advantage.C) supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.D) failed to support the validity of the Ricardian theory.E) proved that the U.S. economy is different from all other s.19. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher -Ohlin model?A) Factor price equalization will occur only if there is co stless mobility of all factors across borders.B) An increase in a country's labor supply will increase pr oduction of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C) In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D) The wage-rental ratio determines the capital-labor ratio in a country's industries.E) Factor endowments determine the technology that is availab le to a country, which determines the good in which the co untry will have a comparative advantage.20. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher -Ohlin model?A) An increase in a country's labor supply will increase p roduction of the labor-intensive good and decrease production of the capital-intensive good.B) An increase in a country's labor supply will increase pr oduction of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C) In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D) Factor price equalization will occur only if there is co stless mobility of all factors across borders.E) Factor endowments determine the technology that is availab le to a country, which determines the good in which the co untry will have a comparative advantage.Ch6-Ch101.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the priceof food (PF) increases in the international marketplace, th enA) the terms of trade of cloth exporters will improve.B) all countries would be better off.C) the terms of trade of food exporters will improve.D) the terms of trade of all countries will improve.E) the terms of trade of cloth exporters will worsen.2.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in the international marketplace, th enA) world relative quantity of cloth supplied will increase.B) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded wi ll increase.C) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded wi ll decrease.D) world relative quantity of cloth demanded will decrease.E) world relative quantity of food will increase.3.If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its im ported good, this will tend toA) have no effect on terms of trade.B) improve the terms of trade of the United States.C) improve the terms of trade of all countries.D) because a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E) raise the world price of the good imported by the Unite d States.4.If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, t his mustA) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.B) have no effect on its terms of trade.C) improve its terms of trade.D) harm its terms of trade.E) harm world terms of trade.5.Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unitA) falls as the average firm grows larger.B) rises as the industry grows larger.C) falls as the industry grows larger.D) rises as the average firm grows larger.E) remains constant over a broad range of output.6. External economies of scale will ________ average cost wh en output is ________ by _______.A) reduce; increased; the industryB) reduce; increased; a firmC) increase; increased; a firmD) increase; increased; the industryE) reduce; reduce; the industry7. If some industries exhibit internal increasing returns to scale in each country, we should not expect to seeA) perfect competition in these industries.B) intra-industry trade between countries.C) inter-industry trade between countries.D) high levels of specialization in both countries.E) increased productivity in both countries.8. A learning curve relates ________ to ________ and is a case of ________ returns.A) unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic decreasing return sB) output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic i ncreasing returnsC) unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic increasing retur nsD) output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic d ecreasing returnsE) labor productivity; education; increasing marginal returns9.Patterns of interregional trade are primarily determined by ________ rather than ________ because factors of production are generally ________.A) external economies; natural resources; mobileB) internal economies; external economies; mobileC) external economies; population; immobileD) internal economies; population; immobileE) population; external economies; immobile10. Monopolistic competition is associated withA) product differentiation.B) price-taking behavior.C) explicit consideration at the firm level of the strategicimpact of other firms' pricing decisions. D) high profit margins in the long run.E) increasing returns to scale.11. A firm in long-run equilibrium under monopolistic competi tion will earnA) positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentia ted product.B) zero economic profits because of free entryC) positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a diff erentiated product.D) negative economic profits because it has economies of sca le.E) positive economic profit if it engages in international t rade.12. The most common form of price discrimination in internat ional trade isA) dumping.B) non-tariff barriers.C) Voluntary Export Restraints.D) preferential trade arrangements.E) product boycotts.13.Consider the following two cases. In the first, a U.S. f irm purchases 18% of a foreign firm. In the second, a U.S. firm builds a new production facility in a foreign country . Both are ________, with the first referred to as ________ and the second as ________.A) foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; brownfield; gree nfieldB) foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; greenfield; brownf ieldC) foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; greenfield; brown fieldD) foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; brownfield; greenf ieldE) foreign direct investment (FDI); inflows; outflows14. Specific tariffs areA) import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.B) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unitof imported goods.C) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.D) the same as import quotas.E) import taxes calculated based solely on the origin countr y.15. A problem encountered when implementing an "infant indust ry" tariff is thatA) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardle ss of the tariff.B) the industry may never "mature."C) most industries require tariff protection when they are m ature.D) the tariff may hurt the industry's domestic sales.E) the tariffs fail to protect the domestic producers.16. In the country levying the tariff, the tariff willA) increase both consumer and producer surplus.B) decrease both the consumer and producer surplus.C) decrease consumer surplus and increase producer surplus.D) increase consumer surplus and decrease producer surplus.E) decrease consumer surplus but leave producers surplus unch anged.17. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift from domestically produced semicondu ctors to imported components, then the effective rate of pro tection in the computer industry willA) increase.B) decreaseC) remain the same.D) depend on whether computers are PCs or "Supercomputers."E) no longer apply.18. When a government allows raw materials and other interme diate products to enter a country duty free, this generally results in a(an)A) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.B) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.C) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.D) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates. E) ri se in only the effective tariff rate.19. Should the home country be "large" relative to its trade partners, its imposition of a tariff on imports would lea d to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of the trade rectangle exceed the sum of theA) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.B) protective effect plus revenue effect.C) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.D) production distortion effect plus consumption distortion e ffect.E) terms of trade gain.20. The efficiency case made for free trade is that as tra de distortions such as tariffs are dismantledand removed,A) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore nat ional economic welfare will decreaseB) government tariff reven ue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare wil l increase.C) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrea se, hence increasing national economic welfare.D) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decreas e, hence decreasing national economic welfare.E) government tariff revenue will increase, hence increasing national economic welfare.21. Which organization determines procedures for the settlemen t of international trade disputes?A) World BankB) World Trade OrganizationC) International Monetary OrganizationD) International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentE) The League of Nations22. Today U.S. protectionism is concentrated inA) high-tech industries.B) labor-intensive industries.C) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.D) computer intensive industries.E) capital-intensive industries.23. The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the do mestic clothing industry is best explained by the fact thatA) this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor.B) this industry is an important employer of low skilled la bor.C) most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poo r countries.D) this industry is a politically well organized sector inthe U.S.E) the technology involved is very advanced.24. The optimum tariff is most likely to apply toA) a small tariff imposed by a small country.B) a small tariff imposed by a large country.C) a large tariff imposed by a small country.D) a large tariff imposed by a large country.E) an ad valorem tariff on a small country.25. The median voter modelA) works well in the area of trade policy.B) is not intuitively reasonable.C) tends to result in biased tariff rates.D) does not work well in the area of trade policy.E) is not widely practiced in the United States.。

第一章导论1.为什么说从地理大发现开始才形成了真正意义的“世界贸易”？思路：真正意义的“世界贸易“不仅发生在洲内，而且要求各州之间更加广泛的贸易往来。

在15世纪之前，由于技术和知识的局限，贸易主要局限于各州内以及亚欧间。

15世纪开始的地理大发现是欧洲人开辟的一系列新土地、新航道，它联系亚欧非大陆，为洲际贸易创造了便利的地理条件，从此引发了真正意义的“世界贸易”，出现了专门从事贸易的商业机构。

2.工业革命对世界贸易的主要影响是什么？工业革命后的世界贸易与以前有什么主要的区别？思路：工业革命对世界贸易的主要影响表现为（1）加大贸易需求。

工业革命提高生产率，促进生产，从而使贸易成为配置剩余产品的必要手段。

（2）为贸易提供物质便利。

工业革命促进交通和通讯的发展，加强了世界的联系。

（3）改变贸易模式。

世界从单一的农业社会转向以工业生产为主的现代经济，从而使贸易建立在各国分工的基础上。

工业革命后的世界贸易与以前有主要的区别表现为（1）贸易量迅猛增长。

（2）贸易依存度加大。

（3）改变贸易的产品结构。

3.第二次世界大战以来世界贸易迅速发展的主要原因有哪些？除了本章中列举的因素以外，你还有哪些补充？思路：二战后世界贸易迅速发展的主要原因有（1）战后和平稳定的政治环境是贸易发展的保障。

（2）第三次科技革命和信息产业革命促进生产和分工，使贸易成为必然。

（3）经济增长带来的收入增长促进了对贸易的需求。

（4）战后较为健全的国际经济秩序减少贸易摩擦，推动贸易发展。

补充：可能政府的出口鼓励、人口迅速发展、经济全球化趋势、全球投资自由化等因素大大推进世界贸易。

4.简述战后国际贸易发展的新趋势。

思路：新趋势包括（1）工业制成品的出口比重加大。

（2）服务贸易越来越普遍。

（3）发达国家间的贸易成为主流。

（4）行业内贸易发展迅速。

（5）区域性自由贸易得到加强。

5.中国的对外贸易早于西欧国家，但为什么中国对外贸易的发展速度和规模都不及西欧？思路：长期以来中国都是一个自给自足的农业经济，加上中国地大物博，资源丰富，对西方所求不多，贸易动机长期都是互通有无。