学生信息系统设计中英文对照翻译

课程名《多媒体计算机应用基础》课程设计《红楼梦》与中国文化《计算机网络》课程设计《数据库应用技术》课程设计《数字媒体制作》课程设计《数字通信》课程设计《数字信号处理》课程设计《通信原理Ⅱ》课程设计《现代交换原理》课程设计《移动通信》课程设计3D图形程序设计3D图形程序设计7号信令和通信网信号系统ASIC设计原理及应用ASIC设计原理及应用C + +程序设计C#程序设计C++程序设计C++程序设计基础C++程序设计基础C++高级语言程序课程设计C++高级语言程序设计C++高级语言程序设计C++高级语言程序设计C++高级语言程序设计C++语言程序设计CAD/CAM技术CI策划Computer Networks and Internet C程序设计实践C程序设计实践C高级语言程序设计C高级语言程序设计C高级语言程序设计C高级语言程序设计C语言程序设计C语言程序设计C语言程序设计基础DSP技术DSP设计及应用DSP原理与应用DSP原理与应用EDA技术ERP沙盘模拟实战ERP沙盘模拟与价值管理ERP原理与应用Flash动画编程Flash动画制作ICT管制Internet 技术Internet 应用基础Internet 应用技术Internet服务质量与NS2仿真INTERNET技术Internet技术与网页制作IP电话与软交换IT服务管理IT企业文化教育Java EE平台技术Java SE 程序设计实践JAVA编程JAVA程序设计JAVA程序设计JAVA高级语言程序设计JAVA高级语言程序设计JAVA高级语言程序设计Java高级语言程序设计Java网络编程JAVA语言程序设计Java语言与编程Java语言与程序设计LABVIEW虚拟实验系统的设计Linux 操作系统Linux 操作系统LINUX操作系统Linux环境及开发工具应用实践Linux系统与程序设计Linux系统与程序设计Linux系统与程序设计基础Linux系统与程序设计基础LSI/VLSI数字集成电路MATLAB程序设计MATLAB及其在通信中的应用MATLAB应用Matlab语言及其信号处理应用MATLAB在信号与系统课程中的应用Multisim电路设计软件Multisim电路设计软件应用NS2网络仿真方法office 开发技术Photoshop电脑美术基础SoC设计方法SoPC与嵌入式系统应用TCP/IP原理与编程UNIX编程环境Unix操作系统UNIX操作系统及应用UNIX原理与编程VI形象设计VLSI原理与CAD技术VLSI原理与EDA技术WEB编程Web开发技术WEB搜索技术WINDOWS NT 系统管理WINDOWS NT系统管理WTO法XML&WebserviceXML及其应用安全及认证安全及验证安全教育办公自动化半导体器件电子学半导体器件物理半导体物理半正定规划保险学报刊选读比较政府体制毕业论文毕业论文毕业论文毕业论文毕业论文毕业论文毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计毕业设计(上)毕业设计(上)毕业设计(上)毕业设计(下)毕业设计(下)毕业设计(下)毕业设计Ⅱ毕业设计Ⅱ毕业实习编码理论编码理论编码理论编译原理与技术编译原理与技术编译原理与技术编译原理与技术编译原理与技术课程设计并行计算并元理论材料力学财务管理财务管理财务会计财政学财政学财政与税收采购管理操作系统操作系统操作系统操作系统基础操作系统课程设计操作系统原理测控电路测控电路课程设计测控电子工艺实习测控技术课程设计测控软件设计实践测控系统课程设计测控仪器设计测试与检测技术基础测试与检测技术基础产品概念设计产品结构设计与表达产品开发产品开发产品开发设计产品设计(二)(信息产品)产品设计(三)(结构设计)产品设计(一)产品设计课程设计(产品、数字媒体)产品设计课程设计(产品/交互)产品摄影产品系统设计产品与品牌管理产业经济学常微分方程常微分方程成本会计程序设计基础程序设计基础程序设计课程设计程序设计实践程序设计实践程序设计语言原理与实践冲压工艺与模具设计抽样调查初等软件工程实践传感技术与应用传感技术与应用传感器网络传媒与经济传送网技术创新管理创新实验创业管理创意训练创作写作大客户营销与客户关系管理讲座大气化学与环境保护大型程序设计大型程序设计大型程序设计(二)大型程序设计(二)大型程序设计(一)大型程序设计(一)大学俄语1大学俄语2大学俄语一外1大学俄语一外2大学俄语一外3大学俄语一外4大学国文大学计算机基础大学计算机基础大学计算机基础大学美学大学日语1大学日语2大学日语3大学日语4大学日语一外1大学日语一外2大学日语一外3大学日语一外4大学生安全教育大学生心理健康教育大学生心理健康与咨询大学数学(上)大学数学(下)大学物理大学物理 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1翻译理论与实践 2翻译理论与实践(1)翻译理论与实践(2)翻译实践犯罪心理学犯罪学泛函分析仿真技术应用非线性编辑非线性光学非线性光学导论非线性光学导论非线性微分方程非线性物理非线性物理学非线性最优化方法非营利组织管理分布式计算分布式计算分布式系统分布式系统分子细胞生物学风险理论风险投资与管理服务科学与服务工程概论服务科学与工程服务营销学复变函数复变函数复变函数复杂问题的算法及程序设计概率论与数理统计概率论与数理统计概率论与数理统计概率论与随机过程概率论与随机过程高层网络协议高等代数高等代数(上)高等代数(下)高等软件工程实践高等数学(上)高等数学(上)高等数学(文上)高等数学(文下)高等数学(下)高等数学(下)高等数学A(上)高等数学A(下)高等数学B(上)高等数学B(下)高等数学解题法高等数学解题法(上)高等数学解题法(下)高等数学解题方法高等数学解题方法(下)高等统计学高级变换高级变换高级财务会计高级日语1高级日语2高级商务英语高级商务英语(双语)高级网络程序设计高级网络程序设计高级物理实验高级英语1高级英语2高频电子线路个人发展计划Ⅰ个人发展计划II个人发展计划III个体软件过程工程材料工程高等代数工程管理概论工程光学工程光学(二)工程光学(一)工程经济学工程力学工程力学与材料工程数学工程图学工程图学工程图学(二)工程图学(上)工程图学(下)工程图学(一)工程图学辅导工程项目管理实训工程项目监理工程制图基础工业机器人工业设计导论工业自动化系统课程设计工业自动化与控制网络工作分析与绩效管理工作站技术及其应用公共财政公共法语二外1公共法语二外2公共关系学公共关系学公共日语二外1公共日语二外2公共事业管理概论公共信息管理专题讲座公共行政学公共形体与礼仪公共政策公共政策公司并购法理论与实务公司法公司理财公司理财学公司运营与管理公司治理公文写作公益劳动公钥密码技术及其应用公钥密码应用供应链管理供应链管理构成设计(上)构成设计(下)构形与造型设计赏析固体物理固体物理学固体物理与半导体物理固网与移动网融合技术管理沟通管理沟通(双语)管理会计学管理经济学管理经济学管理前沿理论(第五项修炼)管理实习管理实习管理文秘管理心理学管理心理学管理信息系统管理信息系统课程设计管理学管理学概论管理学概论管理学原理管理学原理管理研讨光波导原理光波导原理与技术光传送与接入技术光电检测技术光电检测与传感技术光电检测与传感技术光电信息科学专题讲座光电子器件与集成技术光电子器件原理及应用光电子学光电子学光电子学光计算机简介光交换技术光通信的物理基础光网络基础光网络技术光纤通信光纤通信基础光纤通信类课程设计光纤通信网络光纤通信系统光纤通信系统光纤通信原理光信息处理光信息科学与技术专业课程设计光信息科学与技术专业实验光学光学光学光学系统与光电仪器光学系统与光电仪器光学信息处理广播电视艺术广告策划广告设计广告学与广告设计广告学与广告设计广告与营销策划国际电信服务贸易国际法国际法学国际会计国际会议交流英语国际结算国际结算国际金融学国际经济法国际经济法国际经济合作国际经济学国际经济学(双语)国际贸易国际贸易理论与实务国际贸易理论与实务国际贸易模拟国际贸易与国际金融国际贸易与国际金融国际贸易与金融国际企业管理国际商法国际商务函电国际商务函电(双语)国际商务礼仪国际商务礼仪国际商务礼仪(英文授课)国际市场研究国际市场营销国际市场营销国际市场营销学国际私法国际私法国际投资国际投资学国家大学英语四级考试国家大学英语四级考试国家地理资源国家公务员制度国家日语四级国家英语六级统考国家英语四级统考过程控制汉语阅读与写作航天技术概论合唱训练与指挥合同法合同法宏观经济学互动多媒体设计(二)互动多媒体设计(一)互动媒体课程设计互动媒体设计(二)互动媒体设计(一)互换性与测量技术互联网(社会)概论互联网编程互联网数据库互联网协议互联网协议互联网应用互联网应用环境法环境物理汇编语言与接口技术会计报表分析会计报表分析会计电算化会计电算化会计电算化与ERP沙盘模拟会计学会计学会计学基础会计学基础与模拟会计综合实训婚姻家庭法混沌计算混沌理论及其应用货币银行学机电控制系统机电一体化机器人嵌入式系统实验机器人系统综合实验机器视觉机器学习机器智能机械创新设计机械设计机械设计基础机械设计基础实验机械设计课程设计机械设计课程设计机械原理机械原理及设计机械原理课程设计机械制造工程基础机械制造工艺实习机械制造工艺实习机械制造基础机械制造基础(上)机械制造基础(下)机制工艺课程设计机制工艺实习基础会计学基础力学实验基础日语1基础日语2基础日语2基础日语3基础日语4基础设计基础素描基础英语(二)基础英语(一)基础英语1基础英语2基础英语3基础英语4基于C/C++语言的编程实践基于多媒体信息检索平台的设计激光光谱激光技术激光原理激光原理与技术激光原理与技术集成电路工艺及电子化学品集成电路设计概论集成电路制造技术集散控制系统集体创作集邮学集邮学计量经济学计量经济学计算导论与程序设计计算方法计算方法程序设计计算机3D造型设计计算机病毒及其防治计算机病毒及其防治计算机操作基础和程序设计计算机导论计算机犯罪计算机犯罪计算机仿真计算机仿真计算机仿真计算机辅助工业设计(二)计算机辅助工业设计(一)计算机辅助机械工程计算机工程实践计算机工程实践计算机和网络类课程设计计算机检测控制系统课程设计计算机检测控制系统课程设计(上)计算机控制仿真课程设计计算机控制系统计算机控制系统计算机控制系统设计计算机类课程设计计算机立体辅助设计计算机平面辅助设计计算机软件技术基础计算机实习计算机实习计算机实习计算机实习计算机实习计算机实习计算机实习计算机实习计算机实习计算机视觉计算机算法与数学模型计算机算法与数学模型计算机算法与数学模型（上）计算机算法与数学模型（下）计算机通信与网络计算机通信与网络实验计算机图形图像处理计算机图形学计算机图形学计算机图形学计算机图形学计算机图形学基础计算机图形学基础计算机网络计算机网络计算机网络计算机网络计算机网络计算机网络基础计算机网络技术实践计算机网络技术与应用计算机网络技术与应用计算机网络课程设计计算机网络课程设计计算机网络课程设计计算机网络实验计算机网络与通信计算机文化基础计算机系统结构计算机系统结构计算机系统结构计算机应用基础计算机游戏开发计算机与办公自动化计算机原理计算机组成与系统结构计算机组成与系统结构计算机组成原理计算机组成原理计算机组成原理计算机组成原理课程设计计算机组成原理与系统结构计算机组织与结构计算机组织与结构计算数学计算物理与实践计算物理与实践计算智能计算智能技术经济学技术经济学技术美学价格管理讲座价值评估与管理检测技术与信号处理检测与估值检测与估值理论健美健美操交互设计交互式媒体设计交互式媒体设计交互式网页设计交换网络与性能分析交流技能1交流技能2角色与场景设计脚本设计接口技术课程设计接入网技术界面设计金工实习金工实习金工实习金融法金融风险管理金融工程与风险管理金融市场金融数学金融学金融学金融学金属腐蚀和防护近代光学近代物理基础近代物理实验近代物理实验(续)近世代数近世代数及其应用近世代数及其应用经典英文电影赏析经济法经济法经济法经济法概论经济法学经济管理经济管理论文研究与写作方法经济管理综合案例分析经济统计学经济学经济学原理精密机械与仪器精密机械与仪器课程设计精算数学精算学基础竞争情报技术镜头画面设计镜头画面设计I镜头画面设计II就业指导就业指导矩阵理论剧作结构分析决策分析军事理论军训军训科技法科技史与方法学科技史与方法学科技文献检索与利用科技文献阅读与翻译科技英语笔译科技英语口译科技英语文献阅读与翻译科技英语阅读科学计算与Fortran语言科学计算与编程科学技术史可编程逻辑设计可用性测试技术客户关系管理客户关系管理前沿课程设计课程设计课程设计空间解析几何控制工程基础控制原理跨国财务管理跨国公司财务管理跨国经营跨文化交际实用技能跨文化交际学宽带接入网宽带通信网宽带通信网络宽带网络与媒体传输扩频通信篮球劳动法和社会保障法劳动合同法学乐理垒球离散多元分析离散计算机技术离散计算技术离散事件控制系统离散数学离散数学离散数学离散数学离散数学离散数学(上)离散数学(下)离散数学(下)礼仪与形象理解人际沟通理论力学理论力学力学历史管理学立体构成立体构成量子力学量子力学量子力学导论量子力学与统计物理量子力学专题讲座量子信息基础量子信息科学领导学领导学概论流体传动与控制旅游日语马克思主义基本原理马克思主义哲学原理马克思主义政治经济学原理毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想(上)毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想(上)(实践)毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想(下)毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论(下)(实践)毛泽东思想概论毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论(实践)贸易实务操作实训贸易实务操作实验美国经济、商业与股市的理解与分析美国文学美国文学简史及选读美术基础与欣赏美术鉴赏美术经典作品鉴赏美术造型基础(上)美术造型基础(下)美学概论秘书学面向对象程序设计面向对象程序设计面向对象程序设计方法面向对象程序设计与交互系统面向对象程序设计与实践(C++)1面向对象程序设计与实践(C++)2面向对象程序设计与实践1面向对象程序设计与实践2面向对象大型程序设计实践面向对象的UML与JAVA面向对象的UML与JAVA面向对象的分析与设计面向对象方法与C++面向对象分析与设计面向对象分析与设计(Java)面向领域的实践1面向领域的实践2民法分论民法学(上)民法学(下)民法总论民事诉讼法模糊集合与灰色系统应用模糊数学模拟电子技术模拟电子技术模拟法庭模拟集成电路设计模式分析模式识别模式识别模式识别模式识别及应用模式识别及应用模型制作纳米材料与技术纳米技术与纳米材料脑与认知科学基础脑与认知科学认识实验排队论排队论排球偏微分方程品牌管理与CI策划乒乓球平面构成平面构成企业ERP及应用企业电子商务管理企业管理企业管理企业管理。

英文：Student Information Management SystemOf a school, it can provide users with adequate information and efficient query tool. But there has been people using traditional artificial way, have brought many difficulties for data search, update and maintain.With the continuous improvement of the science and technology, computer science is the maturing of its powerful features has a profound understanding of people. Using a computer to manage student information, with a lot of manual management of the incomparable advantages, such as: the rapid retrieval, find a convenient, high reliability, memory capacity, security and good, long life, low cost. These advantages can the earth to improve work efficiency, therefore, to develop a student information management software is necessary. This system is to use the Visual FoxPro development and production of student information management system, has the following advantages:1) can be quickly and efficiently to achieve school student information, online query performance information;2) can easily achieve the elective operation;3) the statistics of students' basic information, and print4) just one to two management staff to the operating system, save a lot of manpower.System requirements analysis through surveys, the system needs to have the following features:1) requires a good man-machine interface to facilitate the management of the operation;2) the system using the object, requiring better management of privileges;3) the original data to modify a simple and convenient, multi-condition changes;4) to facilitate data queries, support for multi-criteria query;5) can automatically be selected and withdraw from the election operation according to the school courses.Considering this system is mainly aimed at schools, design Student Information Management System's main purpose is to use fast queries and computing capabilities of the computer, replacing the manual processing of management data, and thus the system should function, including students' basic information management, school offered by the course management, course management and performance management. The ongoing management of a variety of information of the students to achieve the modern office, we must often query the data, modify, add, delete, statistics and print and other operations by computer, therefore, the design of information management system should include these features module.Function of the system, combined with the practicality of operating convenience, the student information management system should include the system of the main module and query, maintenance, statistics, course selection and printing of several functional modules.1) the main module. This module is the main interface of the student information management, it is only that the population into the system. In the interface, thelegitimacy of the identification of system users, adding users, modify user operation, while the functional modules of the system operation method prompts.2) the query module. Query mode that the main function is to provide for the data query operation of the user interface, the user can select the appropriate query object based on the query target, and then specify the query basis, related to the query data.3) maintenance module. Maintenance module's main function is to allow users of the data in the database maintenance operations, such as add, delete, modify. The upper body of the procedure is to first select the need to maintain the object (table), then the data need to be celebrated by maintenance work.4) statistical module. The main function of the statistics module to achieve the results of the course students learn the appropriate statistical operations. Statistics in accordance with students' personal circumstances or single subject statistics.5) elective modules. The elective module courses offered by the school elective operating. In this module, provides courses to choose from, users can according to their course selection or withdraw from the election operation, elective operation can also be carried out under certain conditions, the courses can be selected credits and gate count statistics .6) Print module. Print print module real calamity for some basic information.In the implementation of this system, first of all according to the needs of different users to select the appropriate module, then the appropriate response based on the user's actions. Overall, the system is a transaction management system. Transaction processing, the system shown in Figure 2.Entities involved in database design student information management system student entity, program entities and achievements entity, which can create the corresponding database table used to store the data information of the entity. In this system, students entities and the results between the entities, the course entities and the results between the entities, a one-to-many relationship, through the index to establish the appropriate contact.The main interface of the system is the control system functional modules of the application program interface, the user can perform the various functions of the system, through the interface and the interface is still a form to.Functional sub-modules in the system query, the query on the students' basic information, course information and performance information, can form in the form of frames to the organization.1)"Student Information" query interface. Student information query interface the user can select the query conditions (name, student number, or professional) to find the students checked the students found will be displayed in the table below.2)"Course Information" query interface. The course information query interface, users can select your search criteria (course name, course number) to find the courses offered by the school, checked to find the courses will be displayed in the table below.3)"performance information" query interface. "Achievements" in the queryinterface, users can select the "Student Number" to query the results of the students in all courses, select the "Course Number" to find the results of the course students, checked the information found in the table below displayed.Syem maintenance interface is the main maintenance operations on the data in the database. The specific procedure is to first select the object (table) need to be maintained, then the need for a corresponding increase, delete, modify, and other operations.System statistics interface is mainly used for the statistics on student achievement, the main design in this system the two statistical methods, a statistics in accordance with the individual students, the other statistics in accordance with the Billing Division.System elective interface real calamity of the courses offered by the school elective operation. Offers a choice of courses in this interface, the user can according to their course selection or withdraw from the election operation, elective operation can also be carried out under certain conditions, the courses can be selected credits and gate count statistics. The interface by way of form.System print screen to print a variety of information. In the interface, you can call the form of statements in the form.Overall, this system is to use the Visual FoxPro development and design of a student information management system. School student information through the system, performance information query, modify, statistics, printing operations, and elective operation; these operations only one to two management staff to complete and save a lot of manpower, which greatly facilitates the school for students a variety of information management, improve the work efficiency, provided the conditions for the school of modern management.The following are a few examples of the application of the Visual FoxPro development and designExample one. Enrollment of new students is an important task of the annual new semester enrollment. Although admission enrollment database already has a lot of the new students’ electronic information, because of large number of guys, large amount of the data and the changes in timeliness require high, management is more complicated. If using the traditional manual processing,it is not only time-consuming, but also directly affect the quality of work and work efficiency, extremely incompatible with the management requirements of the Information Age . Therefore, in order to save manpower, time and to ensure the accuracy of management information, and subsequently to achieve the modernization of College Student Management, the development of college students in the unit rule requires the electronic registration system has become an urgent need to address the problem of the management and development of colleges and universities . VFP(Visual Foxpro)is a very good database application development software and an object-oriented programming language. It uses a visual programming system designed data access speed, compatibility, has strong portability and simple operation interface, easy to get started. In addition, due to the VFP itself NCRE two compulsory subjects, the school has a broad user base, therefore, the choice of the VFP design and development of college students in the electronic registrationsystem.Example two. Design and Implement a child care information management system developed with Visual Foxpro6.0. The system is based on C / S mode operation. Using the first to build a prototype of the local multi-user management information systems, and then promoted to the route of the C / S system development. This paper analyzes the system requirements, database design and system structure and function, and mainly discusses the key problems of the child care placement, system security control, and a sharing violation.Example three. College student should finish the photo collection unified by the Xinhua News Agency before graduation, it is sued for the diploma and on-line academic qualifications. Before the photo collection,students need to correctly fill in the “Higher education certificate image acquisition card”. The name card code, institution code, Where the campus, and other information are unfimiliar to students who are relatively unknown. Inorder to better serve students, usually bit is the school who to collate and print out the data need to fill in the information capture card data items ,then Released to the students to fill.Example four.Facing of in a wide variety of data and reports that in the evaluation process of the private enterprises, manual handling has been significantly behind the pace of modern management, the use of modern IT in the management of the assessment process is becoming a trend, based on the the VFP evaluation of management information systems, a fully object-oriented analysis and design methods, more human-friendly interface, simple and easy-to-read algorithms to achieve a convenient entry, classification, query, statistics, reports, print function, so that private enterprise assessment management can be more systematic and standardized, automation, improve work efficiency.中文：学生信息管理系统学生信息管理系统是一个学校不可缺少的部分，它能够为用户提供充足的信息和快捷的查询手段。

100个信息工程专业术语中英文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Information engineering is a vast field that covers a wide range of knowledge and skills. In this article, we will introduce 100 important terms and concepts in information engineering, both in English and Chinese.1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) - 人工智能2. Machine Learning - 机器学习3. Deep Learning - 深度学习4. Natural Language Processing (NLP) - 自然语言处理5. Computer Vision - 计算机视觉6. Data Mining - 数据挖掘7. Big Data - 大数据8. Internet of Things (IoT) - 物联网9. Cloud Computing - 云计算10. Virtual Reality (VR) - 虚拟现实11. Augmented Reality (AR) - 增强现实12. Cybersecurity - 网络安全13. Cryptography - 密码学14. Blockchain - 区块链15. Information System - 信息系统16. Database Management System (DBMS) - 数据库管理系统17. Relational Database - 关系数据库18. NoSQL - 非关系型数据库19. SQL (Structured Query Language) - 结构化查询语言20. Data Warehouse - 数据仓库21. Data Mart - 数据集市22. Data Lake - 数据湖23. Data Modeling - 数据建模24. Data Cleansing - 数据清洗25. Data Visualization - 数据可视化26. Hadoop - 分布式存储和计算框架27. Spark - 大数据处理框架28. Kafka - 流数据处理平台29. Elasticsearch - 开源搜索引擎30. Cyber-Physical System (CPS) - 嵌入式系统31. System Integration - 系统集成32. Network Architecture - 网络架构33. Network Protocol - 网络协议34. TCP/IP - 传输控制协议/互联网协议35. OSI Model - 开放系统互连参考模型36. Router - 路由器37. Switch - 交换机38. Firewall - 防火墙39. Load Balancer - 负载均衡器40. VPN (Virtual Private Network) - 虚拟专用网络41. SDN (Software-Defined Networking) - 软件定义网络42. CDN (Content Delivery Network) - 内容分发网络43. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) - 互联网语音44. Unified Communications - 统一通信45. Mobile Computing - 移动计算46. Mobile Application Development - 移动应用开发47. Responsive Web Design - 响应式网页设计48. UX/UI Design - 用户体验/用户界面设计49. Agile Development - 敏捷开发50. DevOps - 开发与运维51. Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) - 持续集成/持续部署52. Software Testing - 软件测试53. Bug Tracking - 缺陷跟踪54. Version Control - 版本控制55. Git - 分布式版本控制系统56. Agile Project Management - 敏捷项目管理57. Scrum - 敏捷开发框架58. Kanban - 看板管理法59. Waterfall Model - 瀑布模型60. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) - 软件开发生命周期61. Requirements Engineering - 需求工程62. Software Architecture - 软件架构63. Software Design Patterns - 软件设计模式64. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) - 面向对象编程65. Functional Programming - 函数式编程66. Procedural Programming - 过程式编程67. Dynamic Programming - 动态规划68. Static Analysis - 静态分析69. Code Refactoring - 代码重构70. Code Review - 代码审查71. Code Optimization - 代码优化72. Software Development Tools - 软件开发工具73. Integrated Development Environment (IDE) - 集成开发环境74. Version Control System - 版本控制系统75. Bug Tracking System - 缺陷跟踪系统76. Code Repository - 代码仓库77. Build Automation - 构建自动化78. Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) - 持续集成/持续部署79. Code Coverage - 代码覆盖率80. Code Review - 代码审查81. Software Development Methodologies - 软件开发方法论82. Waterfall Model - 瀑布模型83. Agile Development - 敏捷开发84. Scrum - 看板管理法85. Kanban - 看板管理法86. Lean Development - 精益开发87. Extreme Programming (XP) - 极限编程88. Test-Driven Development (TDD) - 测试驱动开发89. Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) - 行为驱动开发90. Model-Driven Development (MDD) - 模型驱动开发91. Design Patterns - 设计模式92. Creational Patterns - 创建型模式93. Structural Patterns - 结构型模式94. Behavioral Patterns - 行为型模式95. Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) - 软件开发生命周期96. Requirement Analysis - 需求分析97. System Design - 系统设计98. Implementation - 实施99. Testing - 测试100. Deployment - 部署These terms are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to information engineering. As technology continues to advance, new terms and concepts will emerge, shaping the future of this dynamic field. Whether you are a student, a professional, or just someone interested in technology, familiarizing yourself with these terms will help you navigate the complex world of information engineering.篇2100 Information Engineering Professional Terms in English1. Algorithm - a set of instructions for solving a problem or performing a task2. Computer Science - the study of computers and their applications3. Data Structures - the way data is organized in a computer system4. Networking - the practice of linking computers together to share resources5. Cybersecurity - measures taken to protect computer systems from unauthorized access or damage6. Software Engineering - the application of engineering principles to software development7. Artificial Intelligence - the simulation of human intelligence by machines8. Machine Learning - a type of artificial intelligence that enables machines to learn from data9. Big Data - large and complex sets of data that require specialized tools to process10. Internet of Things (IoT) - the network of physical devices connected through the internet11. Cloud Computing - the delivery of computing services over the internet12. Virtual Reality - a computer-generated simulation of a real or imagined environment13. Augmented Reality - the integration of digital information with the user's environment14. Data Mining - the process of discovering patterns in large data sets15. Quantum Computing - the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena to perform computation16. Cryptography - the practice of securing communication by encoding it17. Data Analytics - the process of analyzing data to extract meaningful insights18. Information Retrieval - the process of finding relevant information in a large dataset19. Web Development - the process of creating websites and web applications20. Mobile Development - the process of creating mobile applications21. User Experience (UX) - the overall experience of a user interacting with a product22. User Interface (UI) - the visual and interactive aspects of a product that a user interacts with23. Software Architecture - the design and organization of software components24. Systems Analysis - the process of studying a system's requirements to improve its efficiency25. Computer Graphics - the creation of visual content using computer software26. Embedded Systems - systems designed to perform a specific function within a larger system27. Information Security - measures taken to protect information from unauthorized access28. Database Management - the process of organizing and storing data in a database29. Cloud Security - measures taken to protect data stored in cloud computing environments30. Agile Development - a software development methodology that emphasizes collaboration and adaptability31. DevOps - a set of practices that combine software development and IT operations to improve efficiency32. Continuous Integration - the practice of integrating code changes into a shared repository frequently33. Machine Vision - the use of cameras and computers to process visual information34. Predictive Analytics - the use of data and statistical algorithms to predict future outcomes35. Information Systems - the study of how information is used in organizations36. Data Visualization - the representation of data in visual formats to make it easier to understand37. Edge Computing - the practice of processing data closer to its source rather than in a centralized data center38. Natural Language Processing - the ability of computers to understand and generate human language39. Cyber Physical Systems - systems that integrate physical and computational elements40. Computer Vision - the ability of computers to interpret and understand visual information41. Information Architecture - the structural design of information systems42. Information Technology - the use of computer systems to manage and process information43. Computational Thinking - a problem-solving approach that uses computer science concepts44. Embedded Software - software that controls hardware devices in an embedded system45. Data Engineering - the process of collecting, processing, and analyzing data46. Software Development Life Cycle - the process of developing software from conception to deployment47. Internet Security - measures taken to protectinternet-connected systems from cyber threats48. Application Development - the process of creating software applications for specific platforms49. Network Security - measures taken to protect computer networks from unauthorized access50. Artificial Neural Networks - computational models inspired by the biological brain's neural networks51. Systems Engineering - the discipline that focuses on designing and managing complex systems52. Information Management - the process of collecting, storing, and managing information within an organization53. Sensor Networks - networks of sensors that collect and transmit data for monitoring and control purposes54. Data Leakage - the unauthorized transmission of data to an external source55. Software Testing - the process of evaluating software to ensure it meets requirements and functions correctly56. Internet Protocol (IP) - a set of rules for sending data over a network57. Machine Translation - the automated translation of text from one language to another58. Cryptocurrency - a digital or virtual form of currency that uses cryptography for security59. Software Deployment - the process of making software available for use by end-users60. Computer Forensics - the process of analyzing digital evidence for legal or investigative purposes61. Virtual Private Network (VPN) - a secure connection that allows users to access a private network over a public network62. Internet Service Provider (ISP) - a company that provides access to the internet63. Data Center - a facility that houses computing and networking equipment for processing and storing data64. Network Protocol - a set of rules for communication between devices on a network65. Project Management - the practice of planning, organizing, and overseeing a project to achieve its goals66. Data Privacy - measures taken to protect personal data from unauthorized access or disclosure67. Software License - a legal agreement that governs the use of software68. Information Ethics - the study of ethical issues related to the use of information technology69. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) - the process of optimizing websites to rank higher in search engine results70. Internet of Everything (IoE) - the concept of connecting all physical and digital objects to the internet71. Software as a Service (SaaS) - a software delivery model in which applications are hosted by a provider and accessed over the internet72. Data Warehousing - the process of collecting and storing data from various sources for analysis and reporting73. Cloud Storage - the practice of storing data online in remote servers74. Mobile Security - measures taken to protect mobile devices from security threats75. Web Hosting - the service of providing storage space and access for websites on the internet76. Malware - software designed to harm a computer system or its users77. Information Governance - the process of managing information to meet legal, regulatory, and business requirements78. Enterprise Architecture - the practice of aligning an organization's IT infrastructure with its business goals79. Data Backup - the process of making copies of data to protect against loss or corruption80. Data Encryption - the process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access81. Social Engineering - the manipulation of individuals to disclose confidential information82. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) - the network of medical devices connected through the internet83. Content Management System (CMS) - software used to create and manage digital content84. Blockchain - a decentralized digital ledger used to record transactions85. Open Source - software that is publicly accessible for modification and distribution86. Network Monitoring - the process of monitoring and managing network performance and security87. Data Governance - the process of managing data to ensure its quality, availability, and security88. Software Patch - a piece of code used to fix a software vulnerability or add new features89. Zero-Day Exploit - a security vulnerability that is exploited before the vendor has a chance to patch it90. Data Migration - the process of moving data from one system to another91. Business Intelligence - the use of data analysis tools to gain insights into business operations92. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) - a protocol that encrypts data transmitted over the internet93. Mobile Device Management (MDM) - the practice of managing and securing mobile devices in an organization94. Dark Web - the part of the internet that is not indexed by search engines and often used for illegal activities95. Knowledge Management - the process of capturing, organizing, and sharing knowledge within an organization96. Data Cleansing - the process of detecting and correcting errors in a dataset97. Software Documentation - written information that describes how software works98. Open Data - data that is freely available for anyone to use and redistribute99. Predictive Maintenance - the use of data analytics to predict when equipment will need maintenance100. Software Licensing - the legal terms and conditions that govern the use and distribution of softwareThis list of 100 Information Engineering Professional Terms in English provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts and technologies in the field of information technology. These terms cover a wide range of topics, including computer science, data analysis, network security, and software development. By familiarizing yourself with these terms, you can better understand and communicate about the complex and rapidly evolving world of information engineering.篇3100 Information Engineering Professional Terms1. Algorithm - 算法2. Artificial Intelligence - 人工智能3. Big Data - 大数据4. Cloud Computing - 云计算5. Cryptography - 密码学6. Data Mining - 数据挖掘7. Database - 数据库8. Deep Learning - 深度学习9. Digital Signal Processing - 数字信号处理10. Internet of Things - 物联网11. Machine Learning - 机器学习12. Network Security - 网络安全13. Object-Oriented Programming - 面向对象编程14. Operating System - 操作系统15. Programming Language - 编程语言16. Software Engineering - 软件工程17. Web Development - 网页开发18. Agile Development - 敏捷开发19. Cybersecurity - 网络安全20. Data Analytics - 数据分析21. Network Protocol - 网络协议22. Artificial Neural Network - 人工神经网络23. Cloud Security - 云安全24. Data Visualization - 数据可视化25. Distributed Computing - 分布式计算26. Information Retrieval - 信息检索27. IoT Security - 物联网安全28. Machine Translation - 机器翻译29. Mobile App Development - 移动应用开发30. Software Architecture - 软件架构31. Data Warehousing - 数据仓库32. Network Architecture - 网络架构33. Robotics - 机器人技术34. Virtual Reality - 虚拟现实35. Web Application - 网页应用36. Biometrics - 生物识别技术37. Computer Graphics - 计算机图形学38. Cyber Attack - 网络攻击39. Data Compression - 数据压缩40. Network Management - 网络管理41. Operating System Security - 操作系统安全42. Real-Time Systems - 实时系统43. Social Media Analytics - 社交媒体分析44. Blockchain Technology - 区块链技术45. Computer Vision - 计算机视觉46. Data Integration - 数据集成47. Game Development - 游戏开发48. IoT Devices - 物联网设备49. Multimedia Systems - 多媒体系统50. Software Quality Assurance - 软件质量保证51. Data Science - 数据科学52. Information Security - 信息安全53. Machine Vision - 机器视觉54. Natural Language Processing - 自然语言处理55. Software Testing - 软件测试56. Chatbot - 聊天机器人57. Computer Networks - 计算机网络58. Cyber Defense - 网络防御60. Image Processing - 图像处理61. IoT Sensors - 物联网传感器62. Neural Network - 神经网络63. Network Traffic Analysis - 网络流量分析64. Software Development Life Cycle - 软件开发周期65. Data Governance - 数据治理66. Information Technology - 信息技术67. Malware Analysis - 恶意软件分析68. Online Privacy - 在线隐私69. Speech Recognition - 语音识别70. Cyber Forensics - 网络取证71. Data Anonymization - 数据匿名化72. IoT Platform - 物联网平台73. Network Infrastructure - 网络基础设施74. Predictive Analytics - 预测分析75. Software Development Tools - 软件开发工具77. Information Security Management - 信息安全管理78. Network Monitoring - 网络监控79. Software Deployment - 软件部署80. Data Encryption - 数据加密81. IoT Gateway - 物联网网关82. Network Topology - 网络拓扑结构83. Quantum Computing - 量子计算84. Software Configuration Management - 软件配置管理85. Data Lakes - 数据湖86. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - 基础设施即服务87. Network Virtualization - 网络虚拟化88. Robotic Process Automation - 机器人流程自动化89. Software as a Service (SaaS) - 软件即服务90. Data Governance - 数据治理91. Information Security Policy - 信息安全政策92. Network Security Risk Assessment - 网络安全风险评估93. Secure Software Development - 安全软件开发94. Internet Security - 互联网安全95. Secure Coding Practices - 安全编码实践96. Secure Network Design - 安全网络设计97. Software Security Testing - 软件安全测试98. IoT Security Standards - 物联网安全标准99. Network Security Monitoring - 网络安全监控100. Vulnerability Management - 漏洞管理These terms cover a wide range of topics within the field of Information Engineering, and are essential in understanding and discussing the various aspects of this discipline. It is important for professionals in this field to be familiar with these terms in order to effectively communicate and collaborate with others in the industry.。

外文翻译08信管(2)班Xc08540214 张力炯原文1Verifying Policy-Based Web Services Security SECURITY POLICIES FOR WEB SERVICES1 Web Services and XML Rewriting AttacksWe consider systems of SOAP processors distributed across multiple machines. The primitive message pattern is asynchronous communication of a single SOAP message from one processor to another. A common derived message pattern is a request-response protocol between a client and a server. A single SOAP processor (e.g., a web server) may act both as a client and a server. For example, acting as a server, it may receive a request and then, acting as a client of another server, send a new request and use the subsequent response to construct its response to the original request.Each SOAP message conforms to an XML schema for an envelope, comprising an optional header element for routing, security, and other metadata, plus a mandatory body element containing the message payload. For instance, here is a simple (unprotected) envelope.<Envelope><Header><To>/service.asmx</To><Action>http://petshop/premium</Action><MessageId>uuid: 5ba86b04...</MessageId></Header><Body><GetOrder><orderId>20</orderId></GetOrder></Body></Envelope>We treat SOAP faults as ordinary SOAP responses. For the sake of read-ability,our presentation omits many details of the XML wire format, such as XML namespace information, and uses an abstract syntax for policies and configurations. Our formalism retains many details of the XML syntax, as they matter for security; for example, an XML signature may cover some chosen subset of the SOAP headers, so our model needs to represent the various headers. Even though our formalism hides some of the XML details, our tools directly consume and produce the XML file formats used by WSE.There is a risk, of course, that SOAP messages may be read in transit by a passive attacker able to read network traffic. Moreover, SOAP messages may be created, modified, and replayed by an active attacker able to inject messages into the network. (In fact, the flexibility and explicitness of SOAP messages also make such attacks easier to set up.) The usual solution is to secure messages with cryptography. The details are subtle. The incorrect use of cryptography may leave vulnerabilities open to attack, as described by Needham and Schroeder [1978]. The conservative recommendation of Needhamand Schroeder is that the security goals of protocols based on cryptography should be established even in the presence of a demanding adversary: one who is in control of the network, has the use of some of the cryptographic keys belonging to principals of the system, and may employ these keys in attacks against other principals.2 WS-SecurityAs we discuss elsewhere [Bhargavan et al. 2005a], WS-Security provides a precise grammar and default processing for elements in the security header, but prescribes no fixed protocol itself.Hence,compared to traditional transport security, WS-Security is more flexible, yet more costly in terms of performance and complexity.In this article, we consider two representative sorts of security token; the standard defines several others. An X.509 token supports XML encryption and signature based on public-key cryptography. It is an XML element whose convent is an encoding of an X.509 certificate, a binary format including a subject name and a public key, jointly signed by a private key of some certification authority.A username token [Nadalin et al. 2004a] supports XML signature based on password sharing. It is an XML element that always includes a username and may include other elements such as a timestamp and a nonce. Provided sender and receiver know the password associated with the username, they can derive a shared symmetrickey from the token by hashing the password with the timestamp and nonce, and then use this key to produce and verify the MAC embedded in the signature. The mechanism for key derivation is left unspecified in the standard. For concreteness, we follow the WSE implementation, which uses the P SHA1 function defined in TLS [Dierks and Rescorla 2006] to derive keys that are used for message authentication—but not for encryption. However, this does not reflect a limitation in our formalism or analyses, which can be used to model both signature and encryption using a variety of key derivation algorithms.We assume a population of known principals, principals able to authenticate their identity via passwords or public keys. For simplicity, principals are identified by their name, as it appears in security tokens: the subject field in X.509 certificates, and the username element in username tokens. We let names range over arbitrary strings. We say a security token is known if it is recognized by the system. An X.509 token is known if the underlying X.509 certificate is issued by an acceptable certification authority. A username token is known if the corresponding username and password are registered in the password database. Not all known principals are trusted to keep their cryptographic materials secret (see Section 3.4).作者：Karthikeyan Bhargavan,Cédric Fournet,Andrew D. Gordon国籍：英国出处：Verifying policy-based security for web services译文1验证基于策略的Web服务安全性Web服务的安全策略1. Web服务和XML重写攻击我们认为SOAP处理器系统分布在多台机器。

外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources (databases) that the user needs(or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant effort has also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilizedin the invention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presentingsearch results.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the completedocument selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types in turn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, THE INTERNET, AND YOU（信息技术、互联网和你）INFORMATION SYSTEMS(信息系统)The way to think about a microcomputer is to re-alize that it is one part of an information sys-tem. There are five parts of an information system:译文:把微型计算机作为信息系统其中的一部分来考虑。

信息系统有五个部分：1.People are an essential part of the system. The purpose of information systems is to makepeople, or end users like you, more productive.译文：人是系统中必不可少的一部分。

信息系统的目的是使人或者最终用户喜欢，更有生产性。

2.Procedures are rules or guidelines to follow when using software, hardware, and data. Theyare typically documented in manuals written by computer professionals.译文：步骤是当使用软件、硬件和数据时可以遵循的规则或者指导方针。

通常情况下由计算机专业人士写的文档手册。

3.Software(programs) provides step-by-step instructions to control the computer to con-vertdata into information.译文：软件（程序）提供一步一步的指示来控制计算机将数据转换成信息。

4.Hardware consists of the physical equipment. It is controlled by software and processes datato create information.译文：硬件包括物理设备。

中英文对照翻译附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and DesignWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn't enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day，employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user's field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1.Problem definition2.Analysis3.Design4.Implementation5.MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. [1] The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst's objective is determining what the user (in this case, the store's owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a "magic box, "and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst's understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be salved in the user's environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, the analyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system's basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store's owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the system's basic functions, the analyst's next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated orchange by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person's memory. Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for agiven item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a data dictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system's major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user's needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst's memory) for example, if the analyst doesn't have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst's understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system's necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let's focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig.4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In add ition to the hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures. Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file's data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because "that's when the air defense program is run" is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the system's major components have been identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and theircontents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.2- 5 MaintenanceMaintenance begins after the system is released. As people use it, they will suggest minor improvements and enhancements. Occasionally, bugs slip through debug and testing, and removing them is another maintenance task. Finally, conditions change, and a program must be updated; for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting income taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and well-structured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost.附录2 外文翻译(译文)系统的分析与设计在存储程序的控制下，计算机把数据处理成信息。

信息技术课程标准英文译文General High SchoolCurriculum Standard inTechnology’s Area(The part of IT)The People’s Republic of China2003-3ContentI. Curriculum’s basic ideaII. The thoughts of curriculum design 4III. Curriculum goalIV. Content standard1 Compulsory part 91.1 Compulsorymodule: The IT foundation92 Elective parts. 122.1 Elective Module1: The algorithm and the programming2.1.1 The basicprocess to solve problems by using the computer2.1.2 Preliminarylearning on programming language2.1.3 Somealgorithms for solving problems2.2 Elective Module2: The application of multimedia technology2.2.1 Multimediatechnology and social life2.2.2 Collect andprocess multimedia information2.2.3 Express andexchange multimedia information2.3 Elective Module3: The application of network technology2.3.1 Internetapplication182.3.2 The networktechnology foundation192.3.3 Design andevaluate websites192.4 Elective Module4: The data management technology2.4.1 Elementaryknowledge of data management2.4.2 Create, useand maintain database212.4.3 Databaseapplication system212.5 Elective Module5: The preliminary learning on artificial2.5.1 Knowledge andits express222.5.2 Reasoning andexpert system232.5.3 Artificialintelligence language and problem solutionV. Suggestions for implementation1 Suggestions forinstruction252 Suggestions forassessment282.1. Principle forassessment282.2 Assessmentcontent and assessment way2.3 Organize andimplement assessment313 Suggestions fortextbook compilation324 Suggestions forusing and developing curriculum resourcesVI. CasesI. Curriculum’s basic idea1. Information literacy, the need for qualifiedcitizen in an era of informationInformation literacy is necessaryfor people in the era of information. The high school IT curriculum is based on the compulsory education’s ITcurriculum. Its objective is to improve students’ information literacy. Therefore,the curriculum emphasizes the solution of actual problems, permits the student toexperience the progress by collecting, processing, managing, expressing andexchanging information, so as to let them rein the IT, feel the information culture, strengthen informationconsciousness, and internalize information ethics. High school students then becomecitizens with good information literacy better adapted to the era ofinformation.2. Good information environment, the platform oflifelong studyThe developmentof IT curriculum should integrate educational resources to provide thenecessary software, hardware and healthy information for the students bymotivating families, schools and communities. This will then create a goodinformation environment, not only for the students’ present learning, but a lsofor lifelong learning.3. Characteristics of IT curriculum, all students’needThe fullconsideration of high school students’ level and individual differences meanswe should emphasize students making choices and designs by themselves. Weshould also extend the curriculum’s content appropriately, develop eachindividual potential.Attention should be paid to theimbalance of each area’s development. In the premise of achieving the ITcurriculum standard, we encourage consideration to be given to individual developmentin response to different conditions.4.Problem solving, using IT in innovational practiceThe high school IT curriculum emphasizesthe design of problems in relationship with students’ actual life and study, introducingstudents to the methods and ideas of applying IT to solve problems. It alsoencourages students to actively apply IT for production, life, practice andeven innovation.5.Healthy Information Culture, constructed in communication and collaborationThe high schoolIT curriculum encourages students to apply the appropriate IT to express theirown ideas, communicate and collaborate in study and life. In this way, studentscan share thinking process, stimulate inspiration and self-reflection, promotefriendships and construct together a healthy information culture.II. The thoughts of curriculum design1. Thethoughts of curriculum design and the module structureIT education has already surpassed pure computer skills training,changing into an information literacy education that adapts to the demands ofinformation society.Therefore,the design of high school IT curriculum has three characteristics:(1)The curriculum goal is the integration of humanities literacy and applicationability.(2)The curriculum content conforms to the demand of physical and mentaldevelopment.(3) The curriculum structure is helpful tostudents’ individual and comprehensive development.The high school IT curriculum includes two parts: one is compulsory,another is elective. The compulsory part contains only one module named “the ITfoundation”, which is linked up to compulsory education, while the electivepart contains five modules. Each module has 2 academic credits. Since the compulsorypart is the foundation to raise students’ information literacy, it is the premise of studying each elective module. This module is organized from thebasics of processing & communicating information to IT in social practice.Based on students applying IT to solve problems in daily study and life, theessential aim of this module is to enable students to acquire methods of collecting,processing, managing, expressing and communicating information andexperiences.The students are required to rationally experience and construct theinformation culture’s modality and connotation, understa nd IT’s influence onsocietal development, and construct the relevant ＆#118alues and responsibilities.It is suggested that this module start in the first semester of high schoolfreshman class.The elective part includes five modules: “Elective Module 1: Thealgorithm and the programming”, “Elective Module 2: The application ofmultimedia technology”, “Elective Module 3: The application of networktechnology”, “Elective Module 4: The data management technology”, and “ElectiveModule 5: The preliminary learning on artificial intelligence”. Each module hasthe ＆#118alue of 2 academic credit points. The elective part attaches muchimportance in raising both students’ technical ability and humanities literacybased on the compulsory part. It is a platform to enhance not only the students’information literacy but also their individual development. Every module’scontent design pays attention to technology’s depth and breadth, and moderatelyreflects the frontier of technological progress. It also emphasizes the expressionof ideas concerning technology and information culture. In these five modules,Module 1 is designed for the computer application’s technological base; Module2, 3 and 4, for the general IT application; Module 5 for the intelligentinformation processing technology. The five modules are parallel and relativelyindependent, made to strengthen the freedom for students to select their own learningarea. There are different conditions to put these five modules into practice. Everyschool should initially offer at least two modules among elective module 1, 2,3 and 4, and find ways to gradually overcome all kinds of difficulties such asfunds, teachers, location, equipment, and so on, in order to put all modules intopractice. It is suggested that the elective part start in the second semesterof high school freshman class or later. Because Module 1 is relevant to somecontent of math curriculum, this Module is supposed to start in the firstsemester of the second year or later.Someof the contents of IT range in "general technology curriculum" are"the electronic control technology" and "the simple robotmanufacture", etc.Becausesome of the content of IT development can require higher conditions, it is notsuitable to be contained in national curriculum. But Schools, now ever maydevelop local curriculum or school curriculum to embody this content. Schoolsmust also be good at discovering the students who really have IT talent orstrong skills, and give them the special education.Inorder to guarantee effective study schools should ensure that students have along period of time to pursue their study in this field.Thechat about relationship between six modules:2.Relating to academic evaluationIfa student wants to get the high school graduation qualifications, he must gainat least 4 academic credit points in IT curriculum (2 for compulsory module, 2for elective module). If a student has more interest and potential in ITcurriculum, it is suggested the student study more modules and gain moreacademic credits to prepare for future study.3.Frame of content StandardContentStandard is the core of high school IT curriculum standard, which is composedof “content text”, “example” and “activity suggested”. The “content text” isthe body, the “example” is a further explanation of the “content text”, and the“activity suggested” is used to guide teachers through the method of teaching.(4) Learninggoal and behavior verbInorder to help readers to understand the curriculum standard, the following categoriesshow the behavior verb, the corresponding study goal and the level ofproficiency that is used in it.各水平的要求内容标准中使用的行为动词3. Be capable of discovering problems in dailystudy and life. which are required utilizing information and IT to solve; and beingcapable of defining information need through problem analysis.4. According to the needs of the task studentsshould be capable of determining the information type and origin, evaluate theauthenticity, accuracy and relevance of information.5. Be capable of choosing theappropriate IT tool to collect, save and manage information effectively.6. Be capable of adopting the appropriate IT tooland manner to present information, express viewpoints, communicate ideas andpromote collaboration.7. Be proficient in utilizing the IT tool toattempt creative exploration or solve actual problems through planned andreasonable information processing.8. Be capable of elevating their own and otherstudents’ information activity process and result, be capable of inducing basicideas and methods of applying IT to solve problems.3.Feeling, attitude and ＆#118alue9. Experience the cultural connotation containedin IT, stimulate and maintain the appetite to learn IT, and achieve thepositive attitude in learning & utilizing IT as well as taking parting ininformation activity.10. Be capable of dialectically comprehending theinfluence that IT has on the development of society and the progress in science& technology, daily study and life.11. Be capable of understanding and observing theethics, morals, laws and regulations related to information activities, and usingIT responsibly, safely and in a healthy manner.Inconclusion, the above three aspects of information literacy mesh mutually, and relateto each other organically. They constitute the high school IT curriculum’soverarching goal. In the course of actual instruction, we are supposed to guidestudents harmoniously improving the integration of the three aspects ofinformation literacy, as opposed to separate the relationship between these threeaspects thus raising them in isolated instructional activities.IV. Content standard1 Compulsory part1.1 Compulsory module: TheIT foundationThis module is compulsory and is organized by introducing the basicsof processing & communicating IT information in social practice. Since thecompulsory element is the foundation raising students’ information literacy, itis the premise of studying each elective module.After studyingthis module, students ought to acquire methods of how to collect, process,manage, express and communicate information; they should be proficient inapplying IT in order to solve problems in daily study and life; as well asexperience and rationally construct the information culture’s modality andconnotat ion; finally, they ought to understand IT’s influence on thedevelopment of society and construct the relevant ＆#118alues and responsibilities. Theinstruction of this module should relate to students’ daily study and life, andlet students improve information literacy by personal experience.This module is composed of 4 topics; its structureis as follows:1.1.1 CollectingInformation1. Contentstandard(1) Describe theinformation’s basic characteristics, enumerate instances of IT application, andknow the history of IT and the development tendency.Example: The beacon tower, letter, telegramtelephone, broadcast television and computer network all represent thedifferent stages of IT development.(2) Know the multiplicity of information sources and its practicalsignificance; be able to define the information needed and information sourcesaccording to the problems, and choose suitable methods of collectinginformation.(3) Graspseveral kinds of important strategies and the skills to search information innetwork, while being capable of legitimately colleting on-line information.(4) Grasp the basic methods of estimating the ＆#118alue of information,and be able to distinguish and evaluate information.2. Suggestions for instructional activitiesIT enables people to know everything that happenedaround the world in the shortest time. For example, weather information mayupdate synchronically with the observatory’s forecast, but certainly not allwebsites which provide weather information to visitors make full use of thissuperiority. In order to seek the most dependable weather forecast website,student may make an investigation on this topic, visit weather forecastwebsites, and make statistics and analysis according to its updating speed,accuracy (compared with actual weather situation) and so on.1.1.2 Processingand expressing information1. Content standard(1)Be capable of proficiently utilizing words and graphs processing software, etc.to process information for expressing viewpoints according to the needs of thetask. Also be capable of choosing appropriate software to process multimediainformation for presenting a topic and doing it with originality.Example: May usemultimedia material processing software, multimedia integration software, andhomepage manufacture software and so on to process the multimedia information.(2) Be capable of conforming to laws and regulations to use networkand other media for issuing information and idea.(3) Be capable of elementarily grasping several basic methods ofprocessing information by using computers, and to know its work process andbasic characteristics.(4) Through the use of some intelligent information processingsoftware, experience its basic work process and know its ＆#118alue in practicalapplication.Example 1: Type of pattern recognition: Optical characterrecognition (OCR), Chinese character input by handwriting, Chinese characterinput by voice, etc.Example 2: Type of natural languages recognition: Natural languagedialogue and machine translation, etc.2. Suggestions for instructional activities(1) The approaches of applying the computer to solve actual problemsare diverse. We may program the computer as well as utilize words and graphprocessing software and so on to process information. The teachers maydemonstrate and dissect a segment of computer programs, and may also letstudents program in a high-levelprogramming language to solve a simple problem according to the actualsituation.(2)Use the bidirectional translation software to translate a paragraph of an Englisharticle to Chinese at first, and then translate this Chinese paragraph back toEnglish. Evaluate its accuracy and discuss the advantages and disadvantages ofmachine translation.(3) Visit awebsite on natural language processing, for example:Http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html or /live.html,use natural language to dialogue with robot in this website, find its flawsduring conversation and discuss the current limitation in natural languageprocessing.1.1.3 ManageInformation & resource s1. Content standard(1) Throughthe actual operation or the field survey, know the aim and methods of common informationresource management, describe each method’s characteristics and analyze itsrationality.Example 1: personal books, library books, audio and video material,Internet information and so on, all needto be managed.Example 2: The aim of managing instructional information &resources: raises the instructional information & resources’ utilizationratio, thus improving instructional efficiency and quality.(2) Through the use of common database application systems, realizethe superiority of using database to save, manage and search mass information.(3) Throughdissecting some simple databases, know the basic ideas and methods of how tomanage information in databases.2. Suggestions for instructional activities(1) Under the teachers's guidance, each group chooses a topicrelated to database, discusses the methods and plans of how to create a database.According to the actual situation, they may moderately participate in theconstruction of school educational resources database.(2) Visit an on-line database, for example: "the scientificdatabase" (/), make an investigation on a topic (forexample: the eyes and the vision), analyse information searched in this databse,and discuss these information’s accuracy, abundance, dependability and so on.1.1.4IT and society1. Content standard(1) Discuss the influence that IT had on the development of society,on the progress in technology, on the daily study and life.Example 1: Utilize the Internet and otherinformation channels to make an investigation on new vegetable breeds, andformulate a plan on how to introduce some breeds.Example 2: E-mail has facilitated people'scommunication, but the junk mails bring the trouble.(2) Be capable of utilizing modern information communication channelsto make wide collaboration and solve problems in study and life.(3) Strengthen consciousness to observe the ethics, morals, laws andregulations related to information activities, and be responsible in using IT.(4) During the course of using the Internet, understand the basicconnotation about regulations and ethics; be capable of distinguishing andresisting the wrong information; enhance the safe consciousness aboutcommunication in network.(5) Enhance the consciousness of the safety of information, graspthe basic methods to guard against viruses and protect information; know thedanger of using computers to commit a crime, foster positive actions toparticipate safely in information activity.(6) Know the possible disadvantages that IT brings to our physical andmental health, foster positive actions for the safe useof IT.Example 1: if adolescents indulge themselves onthe Internet for a long period of time, they can easily reduce social skills.Example 2: If one looks at the monitor for a longperiod of time, it can easily lead to fatigued eyes and harm one’s health.2. Suggestions for instructional activities(1) Supposing the scho ol willopen a BBS for students, now, some rules for regulating everybody’s behaviorneed to be established. According to this school’s specific situation, studentsmay need to establish their own regulations.(2) There is a famous cartoon whose topic is "on the Internet,nobody knows you are a dog"; also written as follows, "Don’t thinkyou are a dog hidden deeply ". Organize the student to discuss: What arethe new ethical problems caused by the anonymous activity in network?(3) Looked from the basis of communication structure, the telephoneis the point-to-point information communication network, the broadcast televisionis the point-to-all information communication network, and the computer networkis the point(all)-to-point(all) information communication network. Give someexamples and discuss the influences on our social life caused by each kind of communicationstucture.2 Elective parts2.1 Elective Module 1: Thealgorithm and the programmingThe purpose of this module is to let studentsexperience the idea of algorithm, know the role and function of algorithm andprogramming in solving problems; be capable of designing algorithm andprogramming to solve simple problems. This module is elective.The instructionof this module should link up to some content of the math curriculum, emphasizethe union of theory and practice, guide students to carefully discover actualproblems, then design algorithms and programs to solve them. Teachers shouldtry their best to discover the talented students in programming, and give themgood opportunities to improve their capacity in programming according to actualconditions. This module pays more attention to the methods of how to solveactual problems by algorithm and programming, therefore it is not necessary tospecify a certain programming language, and programming language may be electedaccording to actual need.This module iscomposed of 3 topics; its structure is as follows:2.1.1 The basicprocess to solve problems by using the computer1. Content standard(1) Basedon some relevant examples, experience the basic process of solving problems byanalyzing problems, designing algorithm and programming, also know the role, functionof algorithm and programming in problems solving.(2) Experience the process how to describe algorithm in naturallanguage, flowchart or pseudo code, etc.(3) During the course of programming computers to solve actualproblems, take part in activities including watching & imitating teachers’sdemonstration and inquiry & practicing in person, so as to understand threekinds of basic control structures (order, selection and circulation) and itsimportant functions, grasp the basic concepts of computer programs, and becapable of explaining the basic executing process of computer programs.(4) Be familiar with the elementary knowledge of programminglanguages, program editting softwares, compiling programs, linking programs andprogramming environment, etc.2. Suggestions for instructional activitiesSome experts believed that the problems solved byusing computers might be classified into three types according to theirstructured degree. The type of structured problem is able to describe and be solvedby using the formalization or formulation methods; the type of non-structuredproblems are difficult to describe definitely and we generally resort toexperience to solve them; the type of half-structured problems are between theaforementioned two types. Please make and investigate on some instancescontaining structured problems, induce and summarize the common regularities tosolve these types of problems.2.1.2 Preliminarylearning on programming language1. Content standard(1) Understand and grasps the elementary knowledge of one kind ofprogramming language, including sentence, data type, variable, constant,expression and function. Be capable of programming three kinds of control structuresincluding order, selection and circulation.Example1: Order structure: A train goes ahead at a speed per 40 KM an hour (V = 40km/h), then at an accelerated speed of 1.5 m/s2(a=1.5 m/s2), what isthe train’s speed (V) and the distance (S) departed from the starting pointsafter 2 minutes.Example 22.4 Elective Module 4: Thedata management technologyThe datamanagement technology has already been applied in many fields and widely seepedinto people's social life. The design of this module is based on theapplication of data management technology.After learning this module, students ought tograsp the basic knowledge of data management technology and the common methods ofdesigning database; elementarily utilize database to manage information andsolve problems in daily study and life, and experience and understand theimportant influence that data management technology has on people’s social life.The instruction of this module should em phasizethe understanding of “relationship” characteristics in data technology, with aneye on data management technology application in actual life and study, whilepaying attention to the relevant technology’s development trend. In practicalinstruction, the teachers may choose to introduce one common databasemanagement systems.This module iscomposed of 3 topics; its structure is as follows:2.4.1 Elementaryknowledge of data management1. Content standard(1) Know thebasic concept of data management technology and be capable of describing itsprocreative background and development trend.(2) Be capableof using the available database to assist learning and make monographic study.Example: by theaid of "the databank of nutritional and physical status of Chinesepopulation"(/), know the different areas of the stateof youngster nutritional and physical health in our country.(3) Grasp theconcepts in relational database: base, table, field, record, and understand themeaning of “relation”.(4) Byinvestigating and analyzing examples, understand the application methods and＆#118alues of databases in the multimedia and network.2. Suggestionsfor instructional activities(1) Though visitingor using different database application systems such as library books querysystem, hospital management system, train tickets booking system and so on,analyze their organizational structure of basic data.(2) Every groupcollaborates to determine a study topic, for example, “the rare and preciousanimal protection”, query relative databases on the Internet or otherresources, and write a monographic report.2.4.2 Create, use andmaintain database1. Contentstandard(1) By analyzingthe example, grasp the basic methods of how to collect data, classify data and createdata relational model. Be capable of describing the data’s relational model byusing an entity relationship diagram.(2) Be familiar withone database management system software; grasp the basic methods of how tocreate a database structure, edit and add data.Example 1: Createa database to save the basic information on some scenic spots.Example 2: Makean investigation of a classmate’s basic information, design the structure of"classmate basic information database" and describe it using a table.(3) Grasp thebasic methods of how to query data and output report sheet, grasp the methods ofhow to filter and order statistical data.(4) Grasp thebasic methods of how to link databases, input and output data.(5) Understandthe basic concept of SQL (Structured Query Language); grasp the basic dataoperation and dataquery sentences (SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE) in SQL.2. Suggestionsfor instructional activitiesEvery group collaborates to design a databaseproject about a “student is personal study portfolio” according to the requestof some curriculum instruction, and recommend it to the teachers for using inactual instructional activities.2.4.3 Databaseapplication system1. Contentstandard(1) Understandthe basic concept of the hierarchical and mesh data model.(2) Throughanalyzing cases, understand the concepts and their correlation of database,database management system and database application system.(3) Grasp thebasic methods of how to design and realize a simple database applicationsystem.(4) Be capableof describing the functions that database application systems have ininformation resource management.(5) Understandthe idea and significance of data standardization; know its ＆#118alues andfunctions in constructing database application system.2. Suggestionsfor instructional activities(1) Design andrealize a database application system for managing family CDs or personal books.This system should have friendly interface to input and query statistical data.(2) Collectinformation about database application, classify them and create a database forclassmate and teachers to share.2.5 ElectiveModule 5: The preliminary learning on artificialintelligenceArtificial intelligence (AI) technology is a hot topicin current IT application & paredwith the common information processing technology, the artificial intelligencetechnology has originality in the solution strategies and processing methods.This module is designed to introduce the artificial intelligence’s basicconcept and content for students to understand and grasp easily.After learningthis module, students should grasp the basic concept of artificialintelligence, use a kind of artificial intelligence language to solve simpleproblems, and understand its basic characteristics; be capable of utilizing thesimple expert system shell to develop the simple expert system; know theinfluence that artificial intelligence has on people’s study and life; furtherhope for the development prospect of IT an d pursue the future life by feeling therich charm of artificial intelligence technology.The instruction of this module should emphasis to letstudents experience several representative artificial intelligenceapplications. Teachers should spread out instruction according to the highschool student's foundation of knowledge and the school’s actual conditions. Studentswho have talent or strong suitability in AI should be given special education.It is not necessary to specify a certainartificial intelligence language,and artificialintelligence language may be elected according toactual need.This module is composed of 3 topics. Its structureis as follows:2.5.1 Knowledge andits express1. Contentstandard(1)Be capable of describing the basic concepts and features of artificialintelligence; know the facts and objective rules that the artificialintelligence technology is developing with the progress and application need ofcomputer hardware and software technology.(2) Enumeratethe main application fields of artificial intelligence; experience severalrepresentative artificial intelligence applications through demonstration oractual operation, and understand its development。

信息工程专业术语中英译文信息工程专业术语中英译文汇总menu 选单menu bar 菜单条menu dialog 选项单式对话menu formet 项目单格式menu selection 项目单选择menu technique 菜单技术mercury delay line 水银延迟线mercury memory 水银存储器mercury storage 水银存储器merge 归并merge exchange sort 归并交换分类merge order 归并次序merge program 归并程序merge sort 归并分类merging 归并mesh 网格mesh connected array 网状连接阵列mesh network 网状网铬mesh of cells 细胞网meshed network 网状网铬message 信息message block 信息块message buffer 消息缓冲区message circuit 报文线路message compression 报文压缩message control program 信息控制程序message exchange 信息交换message formet 消息格式message handler 报文处理程序message header 报文标头message passing 信息传递message processing 报文处理message processing program 信息控制程序message queue 信息排队message routing 消息路由选择message segment 报文段message switching 数据交换message switching center 信息转接中心message switching computer 报文转接计算机message text 报文正文message trailer 报文尾message transport 信息转送messaging 报文发送metacompiler 元编译程序metadata 元数据metaknowledge 元知识metal oxide semiconductor 金属氧化物半导体metalanguage 元语言metalinguistic variable 元语言变量metaprogram 元程序metarule 元规则metasymbol 元符号meter case 仪其mf 中频mft 任务固定的'多道程序设计系统mh 报文处理程序mhz 兆赫micr 磁墨水字符识别microammeter 微安计microanalysis 微量分析microassembler 微汇编程序microbrain 微脑microchip 微型芯片microcircuit 微电路microcode 微指令microcode memory 微编码存储器microcoding 微程序设计microcommend 微命令microcomputer 微计算机microcomputer software 微计算机软件microcomputer system 微计算机系统microcontroller 微控制器microelectronics 微电子学microfiche 缩微胶片microfloppy disk 缩微型软磁盘microfloppy disk drive 微型软磁盘驱动器microimege 缩微图像microinstruction 微指令micrologic 微逻辑micromeinframe 微型助microminiaturization 超小型化micromodule 微型组件microoperation 微操作microoptoelectronics 微光电子学microorder 微命令microphone 传声器话筒microprinter 微型印刷机microprocessing 微信息处理microprocessor 微处理机microprocessor based system 基于微处理机系统microprocessor chip 微处理机芯片microprocessor exerciser 微处理机试验器microprocessor set 微处理机集microprocessor system 微处理机系统microprocessor unit 微处理机部件microprogram 微程序microprogram memory 微程序存储器microprogram unit 微程序部件microprogrammeble computer 微程序控制计算机microprogrammeble instruction 微程序指令microprogrammed control 微程序控制microprogramming 微程序设计microprogramming control 微程序控制microroutine 微例行程序microsecond 微秒microvoltmeter 微伏计mid frequency 中频middle frequency 中频middleware 中间软件migration 迁移milliammeter 毫安计million instruction per second 百万条指令/秒millivoltmeter 毫伏特计mimd archictecture 多指令多数据玲构mimd mechine 多指令多数据龙mini laser 小型激光器miniassembler 小型汇编程序miniature electronic brain 微型电脑miniaturization 小型化miniaturization of components 元件小型化miniaturized circuit 小型电路minicassette 小型卡型盒式磁带minicomputer 小型计算机minidisc 小型磁盘minification 微小minifloppy 小软盘minimizing of commend language 指令语言的最小化minimum access coding 最快存取编码minimum access programming 最快存取程序设计minimum access routine 最佳程序minimum delay coding 最小延迟编码minimum distance code 最小距离码minimum latency 最小等待时间minimum length tree 最小长度树minimum scale value 最小刻度值minor control change 次要控制改变minor cycle 小周期minor failure 次要故障minor structure 子结构minor time slice 小时间片minor total 小计minterm 最小项minuend 被减数minus zone 负区mips 百万条指令/秒mirror imege 镜象mirroring 镜面反射mis 管理信息系统miscalculation 计算错误miscellaneous time 杂项时间misd architecture 多指令单数据系结构misfeed 误传送mismetching 失配misoperation 误操作misphasing 相移miss 失误missing page 缺页missing page interrupt 缺页。

学生基本信息管理系统英语In the fast-paced world of technology, the need for efficient and effective tools to manage student information has become paramount. The Student Information Management System (SIMS) is a cutting-edge solution thatrevolutionizes the way educational institutions handle and store student data. This system not only enhances the overall administrative efficiency but also ensures the accuracy and security of sensitive student information.The core functionality of SIMS revolves around the centralized storage and retrieval of student details. These details range from basic information such as name, age, and gender to academic records, attendance, and disciplinary actions. The system allows educators and administrators to access this information seamlessly, enabling them to make informed decisions and provide personalized learning experiences.One of the most significant benefits of SIMS is its ability to streamline administrative tasks. With all student data stored in one central location, teachers and administrators can spend less time searching forinformation and more time focusing on teaching and learning. This saves valuable resources and enables educational institutions to function more efficiently.Moreover, SIMS enhances the accuracy of student data. Automated data entry and validation features reduce the chances of human error, ensuring that student records are accurate and up-to-date. This is crucial for tracking student progress, identifying areas of need, and planning appropriate interventions.Security is another crucial aspect of SIMS. With strict data encryption and access controls, the system ensuresthat student information remains confidential and protected from unauthorized access. This is especially important in today's digital age, where data breaches and privacy concerns are on the rise.However, it's important to note that the effectivenessof SIMS depends heavily on the quality of data entered into the system. If the initial data is incomplete or inaccurate, the system's ability to provide valuable insights and support decision-making will be compromised. Therefore,it's essential to invest in training and educating staff on the importance of accurate data entry.Additionally, SIMS can be customized to meet the specific needs of different educational institutions. Whether it's a primary school, secondary school, or university, the system can be tailored to accommodate unique requirements and processes. This flexibility allows institutions to leverage the full potential of SIMS and maximize its benefits.In conclusion, the Student Information Management System is a critical tool for modern education. It revolutionizes the way student data is managed, enhancing administrative efficiency, ensuring data accuracy, and safeguarding student privacy. By investing in this technology, educational institutions can streamline operations, improve decision-making, and ultimately provide a better learning experience for their students.**学生信息管理系统：现代教育的关键工具**在科技快速发展的今天，对于高效、实用的学生信息管理工具的需求变得至关重要。