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语⽤学：语⽤模糊浅析 引⾔ ⾃从美国控制论专家扎德（L.A.Zadeh）1965年在《信息与控制》杂志上提出了著名的模糊理论，使“模糊集”成为⼀个科学术语以来，就诞⽣了⼀系列模糊学的边缘学科。
语⾔的模糊性研究以及模糊语⾔学的研究也就应运⽽⽣了。
国内从伍铁平先⽣的论著和论⽂开始，就兴起了对模糊语⾔研究的热潮，随着研究的深⼊，⼈们普遍认为这种局限于语义模糊的研究已经不能解决复杂的语⾔世界和⾔语交际中的实际问题。
因此，⼈们认为⾮常有必要把语境考虑到模糊语⾔的研究范围之内，由此，对语⽤模糊的研究势在必⾏。
本⽂试图从宏观的⾓度对语⽤模糊的术语界定，产⽣原因以及功能问题进⾏分析和探讨，以期推动对语⽤模糊现象的进⼀步深⼊研究。
1.语⽤模糊的术语界定 “语⽤模糊”这个术语最早是七⼋⼗年代由利奇（cf.Leech1977）;布朗和列⽂森（Brown&Levinson1978[1987]）提出来的。
90年代，国内外的学者们对语⽤模糊的界定，以及与语法歧义的对⽐进⾏了较系统的研究。
⽽学术界对语⽤模糊的术语和概念⼀直存在争议（俞东明1997；张乔1998）。
如俞东明（1997）沿袭了托马斯(J.Thomas1995)的定义：语⽤模糊(Vagueness)是指说话⼈在特定的语境或上下⽂中使⽤不确定的，模糊的或间接的话语向听话⼈同时表达数种⾔外⾏为或⾔外之⼒这类现象。
⽽从Kempson(1977)的Vagueness发展⽽来的何⾃然则⽤语⽤含糊统指约略,模糊,笼统,两可,含混,暗喻,弱陈,反讽,夸张等。
他认为语⽤含糊是指“从语⾔的使⽤和理解的⾓度谈语⾔的不确定性”。
他不但要研究看似是词汇，实际上是话语中的“模糊限制语”（hedge）,还包括那些被不少⼈认为是“语义模糊”，⽽实际上是语⽤模糊的现象。
综观以上两派对于“语⽤模糊”的界定。
俞认为何⾃然⽤pragmaticvagueness,实际上是指语义模糊（vagueness）和模糊限制语（hedges）,前者属于语义学的研究范畴，⽽后者主要是模糊语⾔学的研究对象。
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语用学pragmatics语用学：语用学(pragmatics)是对人类有目的的行为所作的研究(广义)，对有目的的语言活动的研究(狭义)。
源起符号学(semiotics)。
符号学：符号学是系统地研究语言符号和非语言符号的学科。
有三个分支--符号关系学、语义学、语用学。
符号关系学(syntactics)研究符号之间的形式关系。
语义学(semantics)研究符号与符号所代表的事物之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics)研究符号与符号解释者之间的关系。
语用学与语义学的联系和区别：语用学和语义学都是符号学的分支。
语义学主要指狭义的语义学，即逻辑语义学，它研究句子和词语本身的意义，研究命题的真值条件(truth conditions)。
语用学研究言语使用上的意义，研究传递语言信息的适宜条件(felicity conditions)。
语义学揭示的意义是二元关系的句子意义(sentence meaning)，解决"Whatdoes Xmean?"的问题。
语用学揭示的是三元关系的说话人意义(Speaker meaning)，解决"What did you mean by X?"的问题。
语境(context)：最狭义的语境是指语言的上下文。
语境还必须包括语言外的因素。
语境因素包括语言知识、语言外知识；语言知识包括对所使用的语言的掌握、对语言交际上文的了解；语言外知识包括背景知识、情景知识、相互知识，背景知识包括百科全书式的知识(常识)、特定文化的社会规范、特定文化的会话规则，情景知识包括交际的时间、地点、交际的主题、交际的正是程度、交际参与者的相互关系。
语境是一个动态的、发展的概念。
交际本身就是一个动态的过程，在交际过程中，语境也随之而变。
有些语境因素相对来说比较稳定，例如背景知识、交际的时间、地点等，但有些因素却会变化，特别重要的是相互知识这一因素，它在交际过程中不断扩大，原来不为双方所共有的知识完全可能在交际过程中变为相互知识，成为进一步交际的基础。
Analysis of Hedges and Their Pragmatic Functionsin News1.Introduction Fuzziness is the nature of language， and hedging is a crucial part of fuzzy language. G. Lakoff （1972） first studies the fuzzy words in the field of linguistics and his focus is on the logical properties of hedges in their ability “to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy”.He also suggests that hedges are words whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy （quoted from He Zi-ran，2003：141）. Now， many scholars start to inquire into the application of hedges in all kinds of genres， but the research findings of hedges in English news are not quite persuasive from pragmatics. Therefore，the writer explores the pragmatic functions of hedges in the online materials from BBC and New York Times by contextual analysis of the hedges to sum up their pragmatic functions and to make the readers understand the hedged sentence. From the above mentioned， it can be concluded that hedging， referring to those words and expressions making things fuzzier or less fuzzy， is a linguistic device to encode the speaker’s degree of commitment to the truth condition.2.Pragmatic Classification of Hedges Prince divides hedges into two types from the pragmatic view， approximators and shields. Approximators can be further classified into adaptors and rounders，while shields cover plausibility shields and attribution shieldsas their own subordinate members （Dong Chan， 2006）.Approximators affect the truth conditions of the propositions associated with them but not the speaker's commitment （He Zi-ran， 2003： 142）. This type of hedges also can change or even cancel the original meaning.One is adaptors，which can change the degree of truth condition of the statement， including sort of， somewhat， commonly，etc.The other type of approximators is rounders， which give a certain range to a proposition. There are rounders， such as around，roughly， etc..Shields do not affect the truth conditions of the propositions. With plausibility shields， speaker/writer makes his direct estimation or shows his hesitation towards the event， such as I think， probably， as far as I can， etc. Attribution shields are used to express the attitude of guess or doubt that is stated by a third person， though the writer also agrees with the same idea，such as presumably， someone says that.3.Characteristics of News Truthfulness and accuracy are the key elements in news and are essential for the information conveying. These require the pressman to report the facts accurately and objectively. Then， news information also needs conciseness. One of reporter’s purposes is to use the briefest words to provide the most information. Another aspect is that the value of news diminishes with time. So timeliness plays an important role in newsreporting. 4.Pragmatic Functions of Hedges in News Application of hedges plays a great role in the information propagation of news and strengthens the expressive force. Here the pragmatic functions list as follows.1.Achieving accuracy.When the writer edits the news report，it is impossible for him to provide the thorough knowledge of latest news. ①The leadership is planning to bring it back this week under the normal rules.（New York Times）“Under the normal rules”，indicates that the reporter confines his statement to a limited range， in which the truth-condition of the statement is assured.2.Improving flexibility.Reporters used hedges to avoid being too affirmative about the information conveyed through news， when they lack enough evidence②Currently there are some 100，000 United States forces in Afghanistan.（New York Times）“Some” makes the above example fuzzy but more flexible. Readers will not criticize the reporter even if the real number of United States forces in Afghanistan was not correct， for the use of hedge helps solve the problem on the point.3.Enhancing credibility.③The cabinet shake-up has long been demanded by Mr. Fayyad and others in the Fatah faction， according to Reuters news agency.（BBC）In order to improve the credibility of the news， the reporter states the source，by“according to”.Reuters news agency， as a renowned news medium， provides the relatively trustworthy news information. Though the reporter is in favor of the opinion of the reports show， to state the source can make the information objective and reliable.5.Conclusion As fuzziness is the nature of language， the application of hedges stands to reason. The plausible use of hedges can be of benefit for smooth communication. Hedging could moderate the speaker/writer’s language， and make clear his views. Hence，it is urgent for the scholars to explore and utilize the pragmatic functions of hedges.Bibliography：[1]G. Lakoff. Hedges： A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic Fuzzy Concepts [A]. Chicago： Chicago Linguistic Society， 1972[2]董婵. A Pragmatic Analysis of Hedges in Journalistic English[D]. 广西大学， 2006[3]何自然. Notes on Pragmatics[M]. 南京：南京师范大学出版社，2003[4]何自然，冉永平. 新编语用学概论 [M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2009希望以上资料对你有所帮助，附励志名言3条：：1、世事忙忙如水流，休将名利挂心头。
