国际经济学课后答案版

《国际经济学》课后习题参考答案第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。

答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。

答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。

答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。

克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案【篇一：克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点】lass=txt>第12章国民收入核算和国际收支1、如问题所述，gnp仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。

在国民收入账户中，如果进口的中间品价值从gnp中减去，出口的中间品价值加到gnp中，重复计算的问题将不会发生。

例如：美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。

其中出售给通用公司的钢材，作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的gnp中。

出售给日本丰田公司的钢材，钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的gnp，而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。

所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的gnp中减去，并加入美国的gnp。

2、（1）等式12-2可以写成ca?(sp?i)?(t?g)。

美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。

（2）既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响，所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。

不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。

例如，关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资，从而使经常账户恶化。

（当然，使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。

）同时，当对投资中间品实行关税保护时，由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降，从而改善经常项目。

一般地，永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。

这个问题的要点是：政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。

3、（1）、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

相应地，当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时，因为他对瑞士请求权减少，故记入美国金融项目的贷方。

这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。

（2）、同样，购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商（此时，记入美国经常项目的贷方）或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产（此时，记入美国金融项目的贷方）。

最后，银行采取的各项行为将导致记入美国国际收支表的贷方。

第二章古典国际贸易理论1.根据重商主义的观点，一国必须保持贸易顺差。

在两国模型中是否可能？为什么？思路：在两国模型中一国的贸易顺差等于另一国的贸易逆差，不可能出现两国都顺差的情况，重商主义贸易顺差的目标必有一国无法实现。

2.在分析中国加入世界贸易组织（WTO）的利弊时，有人说“为了能够打开出口市场，我们不得不降低关税，进口一些外国产品。

这是我们不得不付出的代价”；请分析评论这种说法。

思路：这种说法实际是“重商主义”，认为出口有利，进口受损，实际上降低关税多进口本国不具有比较优势的产品，把资源用在更加有效率的产品生产中去再出口，能大大提高一国的福利水平，对一国来说反而是好事。

3.在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。

画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。

从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国，B 国生产大米具有比较优势。

4.理论，决不是个强权理论，只要按照比较优势进行贸易，专业化生产，充分有效地利用资源，穷国也可以得到好处，这不仅可以从Sachs 和Warner 对78个发展中国家贸易与经济发展的关系研究中的得到证实，单从中国改革开放的实践就可以得到说明。

5. 下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。

假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。

（1） 计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。

（2） 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？800 1200（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。

国际经济学课后答案（word版）第三章复习题(1)本国共有1200单位的劳动，能⽣产两种产品：苹果和⾹蕉。

苹果的单位产品劳动投⼊是3，⾹蕉的单位劳动产品投⼊时2。

a.画出本国的⽣产可能性边界。

b.⽤⾹蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是多少？c.贸易前，苹果对⾹蕉的相对价格是多少？为什么？答：a.本国的⽣产可能性边界曲线是⼀条直线，在400（1200/3)处与苹果轴相截，在600（1200/2）处与⾹蕉轴相截，如图2-7所⽰。

b.⽤⾹蕉衡量苹果的机会成本是3/2。

⽣产1单位苹果需要3单位的劳动，⽣产1单位⾹蕉需要2单位的劳动。

如果放弃1单位苹果的⽣产，这将释放出3单位的劳动。

这2单位的劳动可以被⽤来⽣产3/2单位的⾹蕉。

c.劳动的流动性可以使得各个部门的⼯资趋同，竞争可以使得商品的价格等于它们的⽣产成本。

这样，相对价格等于相对成本，⽽相对成本等于⼯资乘以苹果的单位劳动产品投⼊。

因为各个部门⼯资相等，所以价格⽐率等于单位产品劳动投⼊的⽐率，即⽣产苹果所需的3单位劳动与⽣产⾹蕉所需的2单位劳动⽐率。

（2）假设本国的情况和习题1相同。

外国拥有800单位的劳动，外国苹果的单位劳动投⼊是5，⾹蕉的单位产品劳动投⼊是1。

a.画出外国的⽣产可能性边界。

b.画出世界相对供给曲线。

答：a.外国的⽣产可能性边界曲线是⼀条直线，在160（800/5）处与苹果轴相截，在 800(800/1)处与⾹蕉轴相截。

如图2-8所⽰。

b.世界相对供给曲线可以由苹果和⾹蕉的相对价格和相对供给量绘出。

如图2-9。

从图2-9可以看出，苹果对⾹蕉的最低相对价格是3/2，在这个价格上，苹果的世界相对供给曲线是⽔平的。

在3/2的相对价格上，本国对苹果的最⼤供给量是400，外国对⾹蕉的供给量是800，这时，相对供给量为1/2。

只要相对价格保持在3/2和5之间，相对供给量就不变。

如果相对价格成为5，两个国家都会⽣产苹果，⾹蕉的产量为零。

这时，相对供给曲线是⽔平的。

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。

答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。

答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。

答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A 国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版《国际经济学（第四版）》课后复习与思考参考答案-第1章到第4章目录绪论练习与思考参考答案 (1)第一章练习与思考参考答案 (3)第二章练习与思考参考答案 (7)第三章练习与思考参考答案 (13)第四章练习与思考参考答案 (16)绪论练习与思考参考答案1．答：传统贸易理论研究产业（industry）或部门（sector）层面，假定企业同质；新新贸易理论研究企业（firm）层面，假定企业异质。

2．答：以斯蒂德曼为代表的新李嘉图主义的国际贸易理论坚持并继承了李嘉图的比较利益论，认为贸易的真正来源在于各国的比较优势的差异，而并非资源禀赋的差距。

新李嘉图主义以一种比较动态的、长期均衡的分析来解释国际贸易。

新李嘉图主义贸易理论把收入分配置于突出位置，并贯穿分析的始终。

新李嘉图主义的国际贸易理论与李嘉图理论不同主要在于：李嘉图是从各国生产的角度即从各国的生产特点不同和劳动效率的高低不同上来解释比较优势的差异；新李嘉图主义不仅从各国生产的角度来分析和比较各国的比较优势的差异，而且强调要从各国分配领域，从经济增长、经济发展的动态角度来分析和比较各国比较优势的不同。

3．答：北京师范大学李翀教授认为，马克思曾经有一个六册著作的写作计划，准备研究国内和国际经济问题，建立一个完整的经济理论体系。

然而遗憾的是，马克思没有能够完成他的研究工作。

将马克思经济学的基本理论和基本方法应用于国际经济问题的研究，构建马克思主义国际经济学理论体系，是一个很有意义的研究领城。

随着经济的全球化，国际经济体系已经成熟，建立马克思主义国际经济学的条件已经具备。

国际经济的本质是资本的跨国流动，因此，应该从商品资本、生产资本、货币资本的跨国流动三个方面来构建马克思主义国际经济学。

在商品资本的跨国流动方面，需要从国际价值、生产价格和垄断价格等基本范畴出发，来分析国际贸易的原因、流向和利益分配。

在生产资本的跨国流动方面，需要从生产资本本质的角度重新构建直接投资的原因、流向和利益分配。

第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础一、名词解释1、国际贸易的交换利益：是指如果个人或国家之间拥有不同的商品禀赋或不同的偏好，那么通过互相之间的商品交易，他们均可改善各自的福利。

2、国际贸易的专业化利益：是指个体或国家之间可以通过专门从事其效率相对最高的生产来获得额外的利益。

3、国际均衡价格：是指一国的过剩需求等于一国的过剩供给时，对应的相对价格。

4、生产可能性边界：是指在一定的技术条件下，一国的全部资源所能生产的各种物品或劳务的最大产量。

5、开放经济：是指一国经济与世界经济存在着广泛的联系。

6、封闭经济：是指一国经济与世界经济没有任何的经济往来关系7、贸易条件：是出口商品价格指数与进口商品价格指数之比。

二、是非判断题1、国际经济学是研究稀缺资源在世界范围内的有效分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。

（正确）2、国际经济学是经济学的分支学科，是建立在微观经济学和宏观经济学基础上的。

（正确）3、国际经济学经历了重商主义、自由贸易和现代国际经济学理论多层面发展的三个阶段。

它是伴随着国际经济活动的不断增加而逐渐完善起来的。

（正确）4、与一般经济学的研究方法相同，国际贸易理论在分析上也分为实证分析和规范分析两种。

（正确）5、国际贸易理论分析不涉及货币因素，考虑各国货币制度的差异与关系的影响。

（错误）6、大多数国际贸易理论都是一种静态或比较静态分析，时间因素在国际贸易理论中较多体现。

（错误）7、没有贸易价格差的存在，就不会发生国际贸易。

（正确）三、单项选择题1、国际经济学在研究资源配置时，作为划分界限的基本经济单位是（D ）A、企业B、个人C、政府D、国家2、从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是（B ）A、商品B、资本C、人员D、技术3、若贸易的开展导致社会无差异曲线向远离坐标原点的方向移动，则判定贸易对该国是（ A ）A、有益B、有害C、不变D、不能判断4、消费点在同一条社会无差异曲线上移动，表示整个国家的福利水平（C ）A、增加B、减少C、不变D、不能判断5、在封闭经济条件下，下列不属于一国经济一般均衡的条件的是（ D ）A、生产达到均衡B、消费达到均衡C、市场出清D、货币市场达到均衡6、国际贸易建立的基础是（ B ）A、绝对价格B、相对价格C、不变价格D、以上三种都不是7、在封闭经济条件下，A国X商品的相对价格低于B国X商品的相对价格，我们称A国在X商品上具有( B )A、绝对优势B、比较优势C、没有优势D、以上三种都不是8、一国从国际贸易中所获利益的多寡取决于（ D ）A、市场占有率B、技术优势C、竞争优势D、贸易条件四、简述题：1、试用图形分析国际贸易的交换利益和专业化利益。

international（国际经济学）课后习题及答案----------------------- Page 1-----------------------Review Questions and Condensed Answers forInternational Trade TheoriesChapter 1 World Trade and the National EconomyReview Questions::::1( What features distinguish international from domestic transactions?2( What can you say about the growth of world trade in both nominal and real terms? Was itfaster than the growth of output?3( Evaluate the statement,” the United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is ofno consequence to it.”4( Distinguish between export industries, import-competing industries and nontraded goods.Give examples of each.5( Using the figure in table 1-3, what can you say about the trade structure of the USA andJapan.Condensed Answers to Review Questions::::1. The text discusses ways that international transactions differfrom domestic ones.i. International trade requires that transactions be conductedbetween twocurrencies mediated by an exchange rate. Domestic transactions are conductedin a single currency.ii. Commercial policies that operate to restrict international transactions cannot, ingeneral, be imposed on domestic trade. Such policies include tariffs, quotas,voluntary export restraints, export subsidies, and exchange controls.iii. Countries pursue different domestic macroeconomic policieswhich result indivergent rates of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.iv. More statistical data exist on the nature, volume, and value of internationaltransactions than exist in domestic trade.v. Factors of production are more mobile domestically than internationally.vi. Countries exhibit different demand patterns, sales techniques,and marketingrequirements. Many of these are due to culture and custom. Someresult fromdifferences in government regulations. Included here are health, safety,environmental, and technical rules.2. The real volume of world exports grew at an annual rate of more than 6 percent between1950 and 2000. Global output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent. Export growth inexcess of output growth reflects the increased openness to trade of many countries.3. The United States is a relatively closed economy since the share of trade in GDP issmaller than that of most other industrial nations. In 2000, U.S. exports of goods andservices were 11 percent of GDP. The U.S. economy is less dependent on the foreignsector than other major economies, but to say that foreign trade is of no consequence is anexaggeration. The U.S. economy has become increasingly open and, therefore, moreimpacted by trade developments over time. This trend is likely to continue. Curtailingimports would, for example, have a big effect on consumers' ability to buy some goods----------------------- Page 2-----------------------(e.g. tropical products) and would raise the prices of others. The absence of certain keycommodities and material inputs would greatly disrupt areas of U.S. industry.4. a. Export industries send a substantial share of their output abroad. Ratios ofexports to GDP are much higher than the average ratio for all industries. Netexporting industries are those for which exports exceed imports. U.S. netexporting industries include farm products, chemicals, certain types of machinery,and aerospace products.b. Import-competing industries are domestic industries that sharethe domesticmarket with a substantial import presence. These activities haveratios ofimports to GDP that are much higher than the average ratio for all industries.U.S. import-competing industries include fuels, automobiles,clothing, footwear,and iron and steel.c. Nontraded goods are those which, because of their nature and characteristics, arenot easily exported or imported. Examples are hair-dressing, movie theaters,meals, construction activity, and health-care.5. Table 1.3 contains figures on the trade structure of the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a netexporter of food, certain ores, chemicals, and other machinery and transport equipment,and is a net importer of raw materials, mining products, fuels, nonferrous metals, iron andsteel, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive products,textiles and clothing, and other consumer goods. Japan is a net exporter of iron and steel,chemicals, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotiveproducts, other machinery and transport equipment, and other consumer goods. Importsexceed exports in food, raw materials, and textiles and clothing.----------------------- Page 3-----------------------Chapter 2 Why Nations TradeReview Questions::::1( a. In what sense are the cost data of footnote 4 related to the figures of scheme 1?b. Based on the figures of footnote 4, determine the:Direction of trade once it develops.Limits to mutually beneficial trade.Limits to a sustainable exchange trade.2. Evaluate the following statements:a. In international trade, domestic cost ratios determine the limits of mutually beneficial trade,whereas demand considerations show where, within these limits, the actual exchange ratio will lie.b. Comparative advantage is a theoretical concept. It cannot be used to explain any real-worldphenomena.c. The opening up of trade raises the price of export goods; hence trade is inflationary.d. The concept of absolute advantage offers explainations for East Germany’s high unemploymentrates in the 1990s.3. a. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain why it pays for:The USA to export grains and import oil.Russia to export oil and import grains.b. Why does the popular press believe that grain exports are inflnationary? What is wrongwith this porposition?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. a. Scheme 1 is based on labor productivity comparisons, while Footnote 4presentsper unit cost data. Production cost ratios are inversely related to productivitymeasures.b. i. Textiles will be exported from the U.K. and wheat from the U.S.ii. The U.S. will trade only if one yard of textiles costs less than3 bushels ofwheat. The U.K. will trade only if 1 yard of textiles can be exchangedfor more than 2 bushels of wheat.iii. The value of the ? must be between $1 and $1.502. a. Consider Figure 2.2. The domestic cost ratios define limits of mutually beneficialtrade. Within the region of mutually beneficial trade the actual exchange rate willbe determined by the relative intensity of each country's demand for the othercountry's product. A full analysis requires an understanding of reciprocal demandcurves, but the following general principle might help heuristically. If the Britishare more eager to buy U.S. wheat than the Americans are eager for British textiles,the exchange ratio falls close to the U.K. domestic cost ratio and the U.S. can beviewed as capturing a greater share of the gains from trade.b. Since the real world does not conform to the convenienttwo-country, two-goodassumptions, the simple theoretical model is not immediately applicable.However, we can generalize the model to many goods and many nations. Thefundamental truth remains. Countries export those goods in which their relativeproduction costs are lower and import those goods for which the relative costs arehigher.----------------------- Page 4-----------------------c. While trade tends to raise the prices of exportables in the domestic economy, theeffect of trade is to lower the average price level of all goods. Trade givesconsumers an opportunity to consume at lower world prices. Many goods will becheaper when purchased from foreign supply sources. Trade also conveysprocompetitive effects, stimulates the adoption of new technologies, and allowsfirms to achieve efficient scale production levels. Thus, trade is anti-inflationary.d. The reunification of the Germany economy in 1990 was undertaken on the basisthat a unit of the deutschmark, the West German currency, should be equal in valueto a unit of the ostmark, the East German currency. At this exchange rate, goodsproduced in East Germany were almost universally more expensive to producethan their counterparts in the West. Labor productivity in East Germanmanufacturing was found to be about 35% of the West German level. Underthese conditions the East German manufacturing sector collapsed. Investors werereluctant to purchase East German factories and large scale closures and dismissalsresulted.3. a. The U.S. enjoys a comparative advantage in grains. It also produces oil, but will gain byspecializing in grain production and using proceeds of exported agriculturalproducts to purchase oil from nations that produce oil relatively more efficiently.Russia is relatively more efficient in the production of oil and will gain bypurchasing grain from the U.S. in exchange for oil.b. The popular press asserts that by exporting grain from the U.S. (say to the former U R)we are lowering the domestic supply of grain and raising the domestic U.S. price of grain. Sincegrain is an important ingredient in many food products, grain exports are believed to increase theprice of those products. However, the price of grain is determined in world markets. U.S.exports alone cannot permanently raise the domestic U.S. price. If the domestic U.S. grainpricerose above the world price, the U.S. would be a net importer of grains and the domestic price wouldfall.----------------------- Page 5-----------------------Chapter 3 The Commodity Composition of TradeReview Questions::::1( Does the factor proportions theory provide a good explanation of intraindustry trade? Ifnot, can you outline an alternative explaination for the growing phenomenon?2( Explain the dynamic nature of comparative advantage using Japan’s experience as anexample.3( Once the United States acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft production it canbe sure of a dominant position in the global market forever. Do you agree with thisstatement? Explain.Condensed Answers to Review Questions1. The factor proportions theory is better suited to explain interindustry trade, or the exchangebetween countries of totally different commodities, than intraindustry trade, which is thetwo-way trade of similar commodities. The growth of intraindustry trade is greatest inimperfectly competitive industries characterized by economies of scale. Here, scaleeconomies force firms in each industry to specialize in a narrow range of products withineach industry to achieve efficient scale operations. Intraindustry specialization combinedwith diverse consumer tastes gives rise to two-way trade within the same industryclassification.2. Japan's comparative advantage in the immediate post-war period was in labor intensivegoods. The high level of saving and investment transformed Japan into a relatively capitalabundant country. Its advantage in the labor-intensive industries was lost as wages rose.Moreover, Japan increased its technological capability through high spending on R&D.Now Japan's advantage lies in the production of high-tech, capital intensive goods similar tothe U.S. This in large part explains the increasing trade friction between the twocountries.3. Once the U.S. acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft, it is likely to enjoy a dominantposition in the global marketplace for years, but not forever. Jet aircraft production is characterizedby huge economies of scale due largely to research and development costs. High capitalrequirements and scale economies pose large entry barriers. It is extremely difficult for a countryto enter into aircraft production once the U.S. has the lead. The new firm would initially have asmall market share and would be unable to compete on a cost basis. The new market entrant wouldrequire considerable government support and encouragement. This was the case with the EuropeanAirbus.----------------------- Page 6-----------------------Chapter 4 Protection of Domestic Industries: The TariffReview Questions::::1( A tariff on textiles is equivalent to a tax on consumers and a subsidy to the textileproducers and workers.2( Explain the concept of effective rate of protection.a. What does the effective rate on final goods depend upon and how?b. In what way does the effective rate analysis help to illuminate these policy issues:Deepening of production in LDCsEscalation of tariff rates by degree of processing in industrial countries3. A tariff lowers the real income of the country, while at the same time it distributes income fromconsumers to the governments and to the import-competing industry.Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. The effect of a tariff is comparable to the combined effects of a tax on consumers and a subsidy toproducers. Using Figure 4.3, one can show a tariff results in a transfer of resources from theconsumers (who lose P P fd ) to the producers (who gain P P ec). With a non-prohibitive tariff, the2 3 2 3government will also gain revenue efmn. Whether the two schemes are equivalent depends on theexact nature of the tax and subsidy scheme.2. a. The effective rate of protection measures the percentage increase in domesticvalue added per unit of output made possible by tariffs on the output and onmaterial inputs. Determinants of the effective rate include thetariff on the finalproduct, tariffs on the imported material inputs, and the free trade value added perunit of output which is influenced by intermediate input coefficients. Effectiverates are positively related to the tariff on the final product and negatively related toboth tariffs on imported inputs and the free trade value added. A derivation ofthe formula appears in footnote 10, and footnote 12 interprets that formula.b. "Deepening" of production in LDCs involves import substitution industrializationpolicy. A final assembly plant is given a protective tariff and imported inputs areaccorded duty free treatment. As a second stage, the LDC begins to deepenproduction by manufacturing inputs and according them protection. By imposingtariffs on imported inputs, the LDC is reducing effective protection for the finalgood.Because of relatively high rates of protection on finished goods and low protectionon unfinished goods and raw materials, effective tariff rates in developed countriesmay be as much as double their nominal counterparts. Developing countriesmaintain that such tariff structures fatally harm their efforts to increase exports offinished manufactures.3. Again using Figure4.3, the loss in real income is shown by triangles cen and mfd.Redistribution has been given in 8a.----------------------- Page 7-----------------------Chapter 5 Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) to TradeReview Question::::Suppose the USA steel industry is seeking protection from foreign imports. Compare andcontrast the following measures of restricting steel industries: a tariff, a quota, and voluntaryexport restraints.Condensed Answers to Review Question:There are a variety of ways in which a tariff may be considered to be less harmful than an equivalentquota:i. The revenue effect. Tariffs provide revenue. Quotas do not automatically providerevenue. Under a quota, revenue accrues to holders of import licenses.Depending on the quota scheme, licenses may be held by domestic importers, foreign exporters, foreign governments, or domestic officialswho may use them to encourage bribery. Only through auctioning or selling licenses can the government capture quota rents.ii. Performance under demand and supply changes. Any amount of imports can enterunder a tariff, but with a quota import volumes are fixed. When demandgrows, or there is a shortfall in supply, the quota does not permit a quantityadjustment. The domestic price can depart significantly from the worldprice. Under a tariff, the domestic price cannot rise above the worldprice by more than the tariff rate. Thus, a tariff is less harmful than aquota.iii. Impact on Exporters. When a tariff is levied on an imported good it is usually rebatedwhen the good is exported. The same is not true for a quota. Quotas maytherefore be more harmful to export performance.iv. Curbing monopoly power. Quotas curtail monopoly power less than an equivalent tariff.v. Terms of Trade Effects. Quotas provide no incentive for exporting nations to absorb partof the price increase; tariffs do if the exporting nation wishes to retainmarket share.vi. Quality Upgrading. Quotas give an incentive for the exporting country to engage in qualityupgrading. Ad valorem tariffs do not provide an incentive for this behavior but specific duties do.VERs share all of the undesirable effects of quotas. When the exporter does the restricting, there isno opportunity to sell import licenses. Quota rents accrue toforeign exporters orgovernments under a VER. Therefore, VERs are more costly to society than anequivalent quota with licenses sold or a tariff. Quantitative restrictions like VERsare discriminatory. VERs are also hard to monitor. Since shipments from thirdparty countries are unrestricted, transshipment throughnonrestricted countries is amajor problem. One advantage of VERs is they do not invite retaliation sincethey are profitable to foreign exporters and governments.Tariffs, quotas and VERs may be equivalent in terms of effects on the domestic price and thevolumeof imports. This may be shown using diagram 5-1. However, there are important differencesdiscussed in 1a. above.----------------------- Page 8-----------------------Chapter 6 International and Regional Trade Organizations Among Developed CountriesReview Questions::::1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2.What are the conflicts between the WTO and the environmental movement?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. Trade creation refers to the replacement of high cost production in each member by importsfrom another member. This effect is favorable to world welfare. Tradediversion is the diversion of trade from a nonmember to a higher cost member.This is unfavorable because it reduces worldwide resource allocative efficiency(See Figure 4-8).The basic approach to calculating welfare effects associated with customs union formation is toconstruct hypothetical estimates of what member country trade patterns wouldhave been in the absence of integration, comparing these with actual trade flows,and attributing any difference to integration. Effects ofintegration can be isolatedby using trade flow data pertaining to nonmember "normalizer" countries over thesame period to suggest what trade patterns would have been expected for memberswithout integration. Assume, in the absence of integration, both total (internalplus external) and external member imports would have grown at the same rates asthe corresponding imports in the normalizer. The normalizer's external importsrefer to its imports from third countries (i.e. intra-trade is excluded). Thenormalizer's internal imports are imports of normalizer countries from each other(e.g. intra-trade). The preintegration member country total import level ismultiplied by the corresponding normalizer import growth rate to yield an estimateof hypothetical total imports without integration. When compared with actualtotal imports, an estimate of trade creation is obtained. Trade diversion isestimated by multiplying the member country preintegration external import levelby the normalizer's rate of change of external imports to yield hypothetical membercountry external imports. The excess of hypothetical over actual external importsconstitutes trade diversion. The European Union (EU) is a customs unioncomprised of 15 West European countries.2. WTO rules often conflict with both international environmental agreements and nationalenvironmental laws. For example, a 1991 GATT panel upheld a Mexican challenge to aU.S. law banning importation of tuna caught indolphin-killing purse-seine nets.GATT/WTO provisions are concerned with products and not production methods.----------------------- Page 9-----------------------Chapter 7 International Mobility of Productive FactorsReview Question::::What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that induce companies to invest abroad.Condensed Answers to Review Question:Direct Foreign Investment refers to international capital movement that gives a company controlover a foreign subsidiary. It may be the purchase of an existing company, a substantial part of itsshares, or the establishment of a new enterprise. It should be contrasted with portfolio investmentthat gives, by and large, no control over foreign assets.The motives are diverse and any particular investment may involve one or more of the followingi. investment in extractive industries to secure raw material supplies;ii. investment in manufacturing industry to take advantage of cheaper foreign labor;iii. to locate production close to foreign markets and avoid transportation costs;iv. to take advantage of incentives offered by host countries;v. to circumvent tariff barriers;vi. changes in the exchange values of currencies; andvii. marketing considerations.。

第一章绪论(一) 选择题1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，是以〔D.政府〕作为根本的经济单位来划分的。

2.国际经济学研究的对象是〔D 各国之间的经济活动和经济关系〕3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，〔C人员〕流动最容易〔二〕问答题1．试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。

答案提示：〔1〕联络：国际经济学与国内经济学研究的经济活动是相似的，面临的主要问题也是相似的；〔2〕最主要的区别是国际经济的民族国家性。

第二章古典的国际贸易理论〔一〕选择题本国消费A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国消费这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30，根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比拟优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比拟优势？〔〔ｃ〕Ａ、Ｄ〕答案：Ｃ〔二〕问答题1．亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要奉献有哪些？答案提示：亚当·斯密的主要奉献是：〔1〕鞭挞了重商主义；〔2〕提出了绝对优势之一概念；〔3〕强调国际分工是使国民财富增加的最重要手段。

2．绝对优势理论和比拟优势理论的区别是什么？答案提示：〔1〕绝对优势理论强调，国与国之间劳动消费率的绝对差异导致的技术程度的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因；〔2〕比拟优势理论强调，劳动消费率的相对差异导致的技术程度的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因。

第二章问答题2．假设A、B两国的消费技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进展贸易的动机吗？解释原因。

答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比拟优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。

所以，两国没有进展国际贸易的动机。

3．证明即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比拟优势。

答案提示：假如ax>bx，那么称A国在X消费上具有绝对优势；假如ax/ay>bx/by，那么称A国在X消费上具有比拟优势。

当 ay=by或者ay<by的时候，由ax>bx可以推出ax/ay>bx/by，但是，当ay>by的时候，ax>bx不能保证。