课时管理做到这4点,课耗效率提高不止50%

A warehouse management system with sequential picking for multi-container deliveriesJiun-Yan Shiau a,*,Ming-Chang Lee b,caDepartment of Logistics Management,National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology,Kaohsiung,Taiwan bDepartment of Industrial and Systems Engineering,Chung Yuan Christian University,Chung-Li,Taiwan cDepartment of Information Management,Yu Da College of Business,Miaoli,Taiwana r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Available online 5May 2009Keywords:Sequential order pickingWarehouse management system Order picking and packing Multi-container loadinga b s t r a c tThe separation of picking and packing processes of a warehouse management system usually brings extra storage buffers and relatively longer operating time.This paper develops a hybrid algorithm to generate a picking sequence for combining picking and packing operations.The algorithm includes three elements:container selection,loading configuration,and loading/picking sequence.A generic warehouse manage-ment system with the proposed sequential order picking function for a tea factory in central Taiwan has been implemented to demonstrate the elimination of storage buffers and the reduction of operation time.Ó2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionA warehouse is a commercial building for buffering and storage of goods.Warehouses are utilized by manufacturers,importers,exporters,retailers,transport businesses,etc.A warehouse man-agement system (WMS)is a database driven computer application,which is used by logistics personnel to improve the efficiency of the warehouse by directing cutaways and to maintain accurate inventory by recording warehouse transactions.A common WMS includes functions for receiving process,storage process,order picking process,packing process,and shipping process (Rouwen-horst et al.,2000).The missions of a WMS could be (1)achieving transportation economies,(2)achieving production economies,(3)taking advantage of quality purchase discounts and forward buys,(4)supporting the firm’s customer service policies,(5)meet-ing changing market conditions and uncertainties,(6)overcoming the time and space differences that exist between producers and customers,(7)accomplishing the least total cost logistics commen-surate with a desired level of customer service,(8)supporting the just-in-time programs of suppliers and customers,(9)providing customers with a mix of products instead of a single product on each order,(10)providing temporary storage of material to be dis-posed or recycled,(11)providing a buffer location for trans-shipment.Order picking involves the processes of clustering and schedul-ing the customer orders,assigning stock on locations to order lines,releasing orders to the floor,picking the items from storage loca-tions and the disposal of the picked items.According to Koster,Tho,and Kees (2007),order picking systems can be classified as picker-to-parts systems,parts-to-picker systems,put systems,automated picking systems,and picking robot systems.Picker-to-parts systems are systems that order-pickers walk or drive along the aisles to pick items,whereas parts-to-picker systems are vice versa.Put systems are systems that consist of retrieval and distribution processes.Automated picking and picking robot systems are systems that employ machines for order picking.Put systems are particularly popular in case a large number of customer order lines have to be picked in a short time window.Normally,a put system can result in about 500picks or even up to 1000picks on average per order-picker hour (Koster et al.,2007).In such a system,first,retrieving items by parts-to-picker or picker-to-parts manner and then,the carrier with these pre-picked items is offered to an order-picker who distributes them over customer orders (‘puts’them in customer containers).When considering multiple customer orders with multiple customer containers,then put system is strongly associated with multi-container loading problem.As Ackerman (1997)pointed out,the separation of order picking process and packing process in a WMS will bring the needs of extra storage buffers and longer oper-ating time.Warehouse management for tea factories in Taiwan is an exam-ple requires a put system.A tea factory is a manufacturer who turns tea leaves into different levels.Those produced teas are cat-egorized according to their levels and stored accordingly in a ware-house.When customer orders are received by a tea factory,warehouse personnel are requested to pick the orders completely before packing.One by one warehouse personnel search items,which are on order list from shelves and place them into a cart.The loaded cart is then moved to a buffering space and waits for0360-8352/$-see front matter Ó2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.cie.2009.04.017*Corresponding author.Tel.:+88676011000X3224.E-mail address:sho@.tw (J.-Y.Shiau).Computers &Industrial Engineering 58(2010)382–392Contents lists available at ScienceDirectComputers &Industrial Engineeringj o ur na l h om e pa ge :w w w.e ls e v ie r.c om /lo c at e/c aiepacking process.If an order is large and needs to be separated into several routines to perform,then the more buffering spaces are re-quired.The warehouse personnel choose different numbers and different sizes of packing containers according to total volume of picked items in the buffering space.For optimizing space utiliza-tion,warehouse personnel will try to arrange the products into the containers with appropriate location and orientation.The objective of this paper is to propose a hybrid order pick-ing and packing algorithm called sequential picking to replace independent picking and packing functions of a put system in hope to eliminate the extra storage buffers and reduce operating time.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.In Section2, we review warehouse management and order picking approach lit-eratures.The proposed hybrid order picking and packing algorithm is presented in Section3.Section4presents the implementation result to validate the proposed algorithm.In thefinal section,we make a summary of our study,discuss the limitations,and suggest future researches.2.Literature reviewIn recent years,there has many researches on the ordering picking in warehouse management system(Hsieh&Tsai,2006; Hwang&Cho,2006;Bortfeldt&Mack,2007;Koster et al., 2007).Warehouse management system forms an important part of an enterprise’s logistics system,it involves the four processes: receiving,storage,order picking,and shipping.The receiving pro-cess is thefirst process encountered by an arriving item.In the storage process,items are placed in storage locations.Order pick-ing process refers to the retrieval of stock keeping units(SKUs) from their storage locations to satisfy customer orders.These SKUs may be transported to the sorting and/or consolidation pro-cess.Consolidation refers to the grouping of items destined for the same customer.At the shipping process,orders are checked, packed and eventually loaded in trucks,trains or any other carrier. The order picking function is a core function of warehouse man-agement system,and has advance in its information technology during the last decade.It is typically found at the interface be-tween production and distribution systems.Order picking policy consists as follows:basic order picking,zone picking,batch pick-ing,and wave picking(Van Den Berg,1999;Piasecki,2003).Basic order picking is a common policy where pickers complete a tour through the warehouse to pick all SKUs for a single order.Zone picking is another policy that divides the warehouse into zones and allows pickers to retrieve SKUs from within a single zone. In batch picking,orders are picked simultaneously by one order-picker,who is typically restricted to a certain zone in the warehouse.Batch picking reduces the mean travel time per pick; however,it requires that orders are to be sorted afterwards.The order-picker may either sort the orders while traversing the ware-house(sort-while-pick)or the items may be lumped together and sorted afterwards(pick-and-sort).Wave picking is a variation of zone picking where multiple workers picking the different parts of the same order at the same time from all zones.Order picking systems can be classified as whether humans or automated machines are used.Three types of employing humans can be distinguished:picker-to-parts,parts-to-picker,and put sys-tem(Koster et al.,2007).The picker-to-parts system refers to the order-pickers walks or drives along the aisles to pick items.It is most common in order picking.The parts-to-picker system in-cludes automated storage and retrieval systems(AS/RS),using mostly aisle-bound cranes that retrieve one or more unit loads and bring them to a pick position.Finally,the put system consists of retrieval and distribution processes.In the retrieval process of the put system,items are retrieved in a parts-to-picker or picker-to-parts manner.An order-picker then distributes the carrier with these pre-picked items over customer orders.With the recent growth of electronic commerce(EC),it has brought new attention to order picking with manyfirms caught unprepared for the tactical requirements of their new retail mar-kets(Cooke,1999).The Internet has had an obvious influence on warehouse management.The Internet-based stores are less likely to require physical place of selling.However,warehouses are still required to store the goods.On the Internet,direct contact with customers means many small orders;this is a different situation from stores which would normally order large numbers of goods. Simply stated,warehouses change from shipping large quantities of goods to shipping large numbers of small quantities of goods. Table1indicates that the comparison of two cases.Put system is particularly popular in cases where a large number of customer orders have to be picked in a short time period.The put system consists of two major activities,order picking and packing process for distribution.Generally,picking is a process for physical dis-semination of order information,locations,and quantities of products.Packing process is for dissemination of container size or loading configurations.For considering order picking and pack-ing processes simultaneously may be of crucial importance for contemporary warehouse management in Internet-based EC.This idea seems consistent with the‘put system’introduced by Koster et al.(2007).For the container loading,boxes can be any rectangular stack-able object.All kinds of goods can be and are packaged in boxes for easy handling.Boxes are then packed into a container for trans-portation and warehouse storage.The packing process may be per-formed manually or by a numerically controlled device.Optimal filling of containers will decrease the packaging cost and increase stabilities.There are several variants of container loading problem: strip packing,knapsack loading,bin-packing,and multi-container loading(Pisinger,2002).The container hasfixed width and height but infinite depth in strip packing problem.The task is to pack all boxes such that the depth of the container is minimized.In the knapsack loading,each box within a container has an associated profit,and the problem is to choose a subset of the boxes thatfits into a single container so that maximum profit is loaded.If the profit of a container is set to its volume,this problem corresponds to the minimization of wasted space.In bin-packing problem,all containers havefixed dimensions,and all the boxes are to be packed into a minimum number of containers.Multi-container loading problem is similar to the bin-packing problem except that the containers may have varying dimensions and the objective is to choose a subset of the containers which results in the minimum packaging costs.In this study,we concentrate on multi-container loading problem where the containers have varying dimensions. We consider the general packing problem that determines the optimal number of containers to pack a given set of rectangular boxes of different dimensions.The objective is to minimize the to-tal unused space.Chen,Lee,and Shen(1995)proposes a general model to analyze container loading problem.The problem is for-mulated as a zero-one mixed integer programming model.In the general operations of warehouse,packing process is carried out after accomplishment of order picking.Table1Traditional commerce vs.Internet-based electronic commerce.Traditional commerce Internet-based electronic commerceNumber of orders Small LargeOrder size Large SmallJ.-Y.Shiau,M.-C.Lee/Computers&Industrial Engineering58(2010)382–392383Considering order picking and packing concurrently,this paper aims to solve the problems of warehouse system design.The objec-tive of this research is to develop an approach to concurrently sup-port order picking and packing.In hope that the proposed hybrid order picking and packing algorithm can eliminate extra storage spaces,lower operation time,and reduces boxing space in packaging.3.The hybrid order picking and packing algorithmThe proposed hybrid order picking and packing algorithm con-sists of three elements,container selection,loading configuration,and loading sequence (as shown in Fig.1).First,container selec-tion,which is a heuristic model used to determine the required sizes and numbers of containers.The second element is called loading configuration.Based on customer orders and selected con-tainers,the position of each box in a container is calculated by a linear programming model.The third element is called loading se-quence.Based on the simulated positions from a loading configura-tion,a heuristic model is used to generate the loading sequence.The picking sequence,which is equal to the loading sequence,is then deployed to a mobile barcode reader.With the sequence in the barcode reader,an operator can pick and pack the order sequentially.The proposed algorithm,therefore allows picking process and packing process be done simultaneously.3.1.Container selectionAssume that there are n different sizes of containers suitable for delivering based on customer orders.Based on sizes,they are ranked from 1to n ,respectively.Rank 1container is the largest one,while rank n container is the smallest one.The objective of container selection is to reduce packaging costs.Since packaging cost is highly related to the number and the size of packages,to minimize packaging cost is equal to minimize the numbers and sizes of containers required for packing and delivering.The larger container utilized first rule is suited to the need.However,if a con-tainer is too large,it is ease to cause damages to items inside the container.Therefore,the largest container that is smaller than or equal to the total volume of each customer order should be selected first.If there are some unpacked items left,calculate thetotal volume of unpacked items and select the largest container that is smaller than or equal to that volume again.Recurring above processes until there is no unpacked item left.Flow chart as shown in Fig.2illustrates the procedures of container selection.The out-put of container selection procedures is an array,B ,which contains the numbers of each specific container,and it becomes the input for loading configuration calculation next.3.2.Loading configurationThe container loading problem discussed in this paper is a mul-ti-container loading problem.Multi-container loading problem is similar to the bin-packing problem except that the containers may have varying dimensions.In a bin-packing problem,all con-tainers have fixed dimensions,and all the boxes are to be packed into a minimum number of containers.Borrowing the ideas from Chen et al.(1995),a linear mixed integer programming model for multi-container loading configuration is developed.The objective of the proposed model is to minimize total unused spaces of all containers.The proposed model is subject to constraints of (1)no overlapping of item positions inside a container,(2)proper orien-tation of each item inside a container,and (3)ensuringloadedFig.1.The hybrid order picking and packingalgorithm.Fig.2.The flowchart of container selection procedures.384J.-Y.Shiau,M.-C.Lee /Computers &Industrial Engineering 58(2010)382–392items fit within the container volumes in term of x -axis,y -axis,and z -axis dimensions.3.2.1.Terminology Parameters N number of unpacked items m number of containers M a very large numberp ithe length of item i q ithe weight of item i r ithe height of item i L jthe length of container j W jthe weight of container j H jthe height of container j Variables s ij 1if item i is put into container j ;0otherwisex ix -axis position of the front-left bottom corner of item i be assignedy iy -axis position of the front-left bottom corner of item i be assignedz iz -axis position of the front-left bottom corner of item i be assignedl xi1if the length of item i is parallel to x -axis of the container;0otherwisel yi1if the length of item i is parallel to y -axis of the container;0otherwisel zi1if the length of item i is parallel to z -axis of the container;0otherwisew xi1if the weight of item i is parallel to x -axis of the con-tainer;0otherwisew yi1if the weight of item i is parallel to y -axis of the con-tainer;0otherwisew zi1if the weight of item i is parallel to z -axis of the con-tainer;0otherwiseh xi1if the height of item i is parallel to x -axis of the container;0otherwiseh yi1if the height of item i is parallel to y -axis of the container;0otherwiseh zi1if the height of item i is parallel to z -axis of the container;0otherwisea ik1if item i is on the left side of item k b ik1if item i is on the right side of item k c ik1if item i is front item k d k1if item i is in behind of item k e ik1if item i is below item k f ik1if item i is above item k 3.2.2.The linear programming modelThe objective of this model is to minimize the total unused space of the containers selected.The total unused space is equal to sum of the total volumes of containers Pmj ¼1L j ÁW j ÁH j minus the total volumes of items P Ni ¼1p i Áq i Ár.Minimize P m j ¼1L j ÁW j ÁH j ÀP Ni ¼1p i Áq i Ár i subject tox i þp i Ál xi þq i Áw xi þr i Áh xi 6x k þð1Àa ik ÞÁM for all i ;k ;i –k ;ð1Þx k þp k Ál xk þq k Áw xk þr k Áh xk 6x i þð1Àb ik ÞÁM for all i ;k ;i –k ;ð2Þy i þq i Áw yi þp i Ál yi þr i Áh yi 6y k þð1Àc ik ÞÁM for all i ;k ;i –k ;ð3Þy k þq k Áw yk þp k Ál yk þr k Áh yk 6y i þð1Àd ik ÞÁM for all i ;k ;i –k ;ð4Þz i þr i Áh zi þq i Áw zi þp i Ál zi 6z k þð1Àe ik ÞÁM for all i ;k ;i –k ;ð5Þz k þr k Áh zk þq k Áw zk þp k Ál zk 6z i þð1Àf ik ÞÁM for all i ;k ;i –k ;ð6Þa ik þb ik þc ik þd ik þe ik þf ik P s ij þs kj À1for all i ;k ;j ;i –k ;ð7ÞX mj ¼1s ij ¼1for all i ;ð8Þx i þp i Ál xi þq i Áw xi þr i Áh xi 6L j þð1Às ij ÞÁM for all i ;j ;ð9Þy i þq i Áw yi þp i Ál yi þr i Áh yi 6W j þð1Às ij ÞÁM for all i ;j ;ð10Þz i þr i Áh zi þq i Áw zi þp i Ál zi 6H j þð1Às ij ÞÁM for all i ;j ;ð11Þl xi þl yi þl zi ¼1ð12Þw xi þw yi þw zi ¼1ð13Þh xi þh yi þh zi ¼1ð14Þl xi þw xi þh xi ¼1ð15Þl yi þw yi þh yi ¼1ð16Þl zi þw zi þh zi ¼1ð17Þl xi ;l yi ;l zi ;w xi ;w yi ;w zi ;h xi ;h yi ;h zi ;a ik ;b ik ;c ik ;d ik ;e ik ;f ik ;s ij¼0or 1;ð18Þx i ;y i ;z i P 0:ð19ÞConstraints (1)–(6)ensure that items do not overlap each other.Checking for overlap is necessary only if a pair of items is placed in the same container,and checking step is taken care of by constraint (7).Constraint (8)guarantees that each item will be placed in ex-actly one container.Constraints (9)–(11)ensure that all the items placed in a container fit within the physical dimensions of the con-tainer.Constraints (12)–(18)ensure that the orientation of each item inside a container is proper.3.3.Loading sequenceOverlooking the outputs from loading configuration algorithm,the loading sequence can be further generated.For each container,the loading sequence is determined by the arrangement of items inside.The items,which will be arranged in the bottom of con-tainer,must be loaded first;whereas the items,arranged in the most top of container,must be loaded last.Fig.3illustrates the procedures for generating loading sequence for each container.First,we rank items from low to high in ascending sequence based on z -axis position of the front-left bottom corner of each item.Second,for those items,which have identical z -axis position,we further rank them from front to back in ascending sequence based on their y -axis positions.Finally,for those items,which have iden-tical z -axis and y -axis positions,we rank them from left to right in ascending sequence again based on their x -axis positions.A possi-ble loading sequence designed to minimize the unused space of a container is then generated.The loading sequence is to load items from front-left bottom corner to front-right bottom corner of the container,then from the front row to the back,and finally to from the bottom layer to the top.To simply rephrase this is to load items from front-left bottom corner of the container to the back-right top corner.The order pick sequence,which will be deployed to the mo-bile barcode reader,is the same as the generated loading sequence.With this way,pickers can pack the containers right after picking.There is no extra buffer space required for sorting and arranging items into a container and packing them.4.Implementation and resultsIn this section,a tea factory located in the central Taiwan is used to illustrate the implementation of sequential order picking and its numerical results with a WMS.The floor layout of a tea warehouse is illustrated as Fig.4.There are six square cabinets.Each cabinet isJ.-Y.Shiau,M.-C.Lee /Computers &Industrial Engineering 58(2010)382–3923853m in length,3m in width,and 4m in height.Each cabinet has four layers,and therefore there is a total of 24partitions.Each par-tition is assigned with a unique number (i.e.,A1,A2,A3,A4,B1,...).There is a 1m width passageway between two cabinets.Whenever customer orders received,warehouse personnel are re-quested to pick tea boxes from those 24partitions and pack them into mail boxes for delivery.A client-server based WMS is implemented to this tea factory.The core functions of the WMS are developed in Java with a MS-SQL database.The functions are receiving process function,storage process function,order picking process function,packing process function,and administration management function.These func-tions with manipulate console are developed for web-based clients by using JSP.For example as shown in Fig.5,one can retrieve a spe-cific packing list from customer order records.With this system,some mobile barcode reader programs are also required.During the prototyping phase,client application is developed in J2ME and installed and tested in wireless PDAs.As shown in Fig.6,a picking list is deployed to a wireless PDA through Wi-Fi network.The warehouse personnel pick an item that is displayed on the PDA screen and scan the barcode of the item.After scanning,the wireless PDA will then display the next item for picking.Now,let’s utilize the following data to demonstrate the merits of the proposed sequential order picking algorithm.Assume that we received two orders which ordered four and se-ven different items with different quantities separately and hoped the delivery date is as shorter as possible.Available container size:Container Length (cm)Weight (cm)Height (cm)Big 454550Middle 353540Small252520Customer order 1:Item Length (cm)Weight (cm)Height (cm)Required quantity 11510512202582320201024151061Customer order 2:Item Length(cm)Weight (cm)Height (cm)Required quantity 125256221025102320201014152510251510516252010573025152First,the first element,container selection ,determined the re-quired sizes and numbers of containers.We went through the con-tainer selection procedure (as shown in Fig.2)for each order separately.The suitable containers were decided as below:Order 1:Container Length Weight Height Required quantity Big 4545500Middle 3535400Small2525202Order 2:Container Length Weight Height Required quantity Big4545500Middle 3535401Small2525202Fig.3.Loading sequence generating procedures.386J.-Y.Shiau,M.-C.Lee /Computers &Industrial Engineering 58(2010)382–392Then,the second element,loading configuration ,is a liner pro-gramming model to minimize total unused spaces of all containers.For order 1,all items and containers were numbered as below:Item i Length ðp i ÞWeight ðq i ÞHeight ðr i Þ11510522025832025842020105202010615106Container j Length ðL j ÞWeight ðW j ÞHeight ðH j Þ125252022525205.The linear programming modelThe completed Lingo model of the given linear programming is as shown in Appendix.Going through the linear programmingmodel,the output data of simulated coordinates from the multi-container loading configuration of the proposed algorithm is visu-alized as Fig.7.Finally,the third element,loading sequence ,is generated by the arrangement of items inside.According to the coordinates of the six tea boxes in the containers,the loading sequence from the pro-posed heuristic (as shown in Fig.3)determined the arrangement of boxes inside.The sequence of loading/picking is prioritized by z -axis,y -axis,and x -axis coordinates,respectively.A summarized solution is presented in Table 2.The order is completed with a combined picking and packing operation.A picker follows the direction of picking sequence to pick all items for this particular order.For this factory layout,a picker spends 7.9s to pick the right item,and totally costs 47s to pick all six items.Therefore,about 455.69items can be picked on aver-age per pickerhour.Fig.7.3D perspective figure of loadingconfiguration.Fig.5.Packing list of WMS servermonitor.Fig.6.Packing list of WMS wireless device.J.-Y.Shiau,M.-C.Lee /Computers &Industrial Engineering 58(2010)382–392387In this case,the WMS calculates the packing sequence based on a customer order through the proposed algorithm and gives direc-tion of thefirst packing product to picker via the wireless device screen.As the picker follows the direction of a pick and scan,the barcode information is forward to the system.The system checks the information from wireless device and thus sends out the next picking direction.Since the system with sequential picking has been successfully implemented,warehouse operators can operate picking and packing at the same time.Operators can pack the con-tainer right after order picking.There is no extra buffer space re-quired for arranging items into a container and packing them. 6.ConclusionsA put system is a kind of order picking system of a warehouse management system for a large number of customer order lines that have to be picked in a short time window.Such a system not only involves the process of clustering and scheduling cus-tomer orders but also the process of distribution.Today,a ware-house management system normally consists of separated modules for order picking functions and packing functions.It would cause the need of extra storage buffers if such a WMS is uti-lized in a factory that required a put system.In this paper,a hybrid order picking and packing algorithm called sequential picking is proposed to replace independent picking and packing functions of a put system.The algorithm consists of three elements.One is container selection,another is loading configuration,and the other is loading/picking sequence.A heuristic for determine the required size and number of containers is provided as thefirst element.A linear programming model for calculate the position of each item in a container is developed as the second element.Finally,a se-quence of order picking is generated based on the positions from a loading configuration.A generic WMS with the proposed sequen-tial order picking function for a tea factory is implemented to dem-onstrate the merits of our idea.As the small example shown in previous section,the system not only helps eliminate the storage buffer but also reduce the operation time.For further research, additional constraints can be added to the algorithm to include other concerns in picking operation such as expiration date of the produced teas and weight restriction and/or balance of packed containers.AcknowledgementsThis research is partially supported by the National Science Council,Taiwan under the Grant NSC95-2815-C-033-025-E.Thank you for the efforts from my previous students,Hsiu-Kuei Huang, Shu-Pin Chen,and Pei-Hua Tseng.AppendixA completed Lingo code of the loading configuration example is given as below:min¼L1ÃW1ÃH1þL2ÃW2ÃH2Àp1Ãq1Ãr1Àp2Ãq2Ãr2Àp3Ãq3Ãr3Àp4Ãq4Ãr4Àp5Ãq5Ãr5Àp6Ãq6Ãr6;x1þp1Ãlx1þq1Ãwx1þr1Ãhx1x2þð1Àa12ÞÃ100;000; x2þp2Ãlx2þq2Ãwx2þr2Ãhx2x1þð1Àb12ÞÃ100;000; y1þp1Ãly1þq1Ãwy1þr1Ãhy1y2þð1Àc12ÞÃ100;000; y2þp2Ãly2þq2Ãwy2þr2Ãhy2y1þð1Àd12ÞÃ100;000; z1þp1Ãlz1þq1Ãwz1þr1Ãhz1z2þð1Àe12ÞÃ100;000; z2þp2Ãlz2þq2Ãwz2þr2Ãhz2z1þð1Àf12ÞÃ100;000; a12þb12þc12þd12þe12þf12!s11þs21À1;a12þb12þc12þd12þe12þf12!s12þs22À1;x1þp1Ãlx1þq1Ãwx1þr1Ãhx1x3þð1Àa13ÞÃ100;000; x3þp3Ãlx3þq3Ãwx3þr3Ãhx3x1þð1Àb13ÞÃ100;000; y1þp1Ãly1þq1Ãwy1þr1Ãhy1y3þð1Àc13ÞÃ100;000; y3þp3Ãly3þq3Ãwy3þr3Ãhy3y1þð1Àd13ÞÃ100;000; z1þp1Ãlz1þq1Ãwz1þr1Ãhz1z3þð1Àe13ÞÃ100;000; z3þp3Ãlz3þq3Ãwz3þr3Ãhz3z1þð1Àf13ÞÃ100;000; a13þb13þc13þd13þe13þf13!s11þs31À1;a13þb13þc13þd13þe13þf13!s12þs32À1;x1þp1Ãlx1þq1Ãwx1þr1Ãhx1x4þð1Àa14ÞÃ100;000; x4þp4Ãlx4þq4Ãwx4þr4Ãhx4x1þð1Àb14ÞÃ100;000; y1þp1Ãly1þq1Ãwy1þr1Ãhy1y4þð1Àc14ÞÃ100;000; y4þp4Ãly4þq4Ãwy4þr4Ãhy4y1þð1Àd14ÞÃ100;000; z1þp1Ãlz1þq1Ãwz1þr1Ãhz1z4þð1Àe14ÞÃ100;000; z4þp4Ãlz4þq4Ãwz4þr4Ãhz4z1þð1Àf14ÞÃ100;000; a14þb14þc14þd14þe14þf14!s11þs41À1;a14þb14þc14þd14þe14þf14!s12þs42À1;x1þp1Ãlx1þq1Ãwx1þr1Ãhx1x5þð1Àa15ÞÃ100;000; x5þp5Ãlx5þq5Ãwx5þr5Ãhx5x1þð1Àb15ÞÃ100;000; y1þp1Ãly1þq1Ãwy1þr1Ãhy1y5þð1Àc15ÞÃ100;000; y5þp5Ãly5þq5Ãwy5þr5Ãhy5y1þð1Àd15ÞÃ100;000; z1þp1Ãlz1þq1Ãwz1þr1Ãhz1z5þð1Àe15ÞÃ100;000; z5þp5Ãlz5þq5Ãwz5þr5Ãhz5z1þð1Àf15ÞÃ100;000; a15þb15þc15þd15þe15þf15!s11þs51À1;a15þb15þc15þd15þe15þf15!s12þs52À1;x1þp1Ãlx1þq1Ãwx1þr1Ãhx1x6þð1Àa16ÞÃ100;000; x6þp6Ãlx6þq6Ãwx6þr6Ãhx6x1þð1Àb16ÞÃ100;000; y1þp1Ãly1þq1Ãwy1þr1Ãhy1y6þð1Àc16ÞÃ100;000; y6þp6Ãly6þq6Ãwy6þr6Ãhy6y1þð1Àd16ÞÃ100;000; z1þp1Ãlz1þq1Ãwz1þr1Ãhz1z6þð1Àe16ÞÃ100;000; z6þp6Ãlz6þq6Ãwz6þr6Ãhz6z1þð1Àf16ÞÃ100;000; a16þb16þc16þd16þe16þf16!s11þs61À1;a16þb16þc16þd16þe16þf16!s12þs62À1;x2þp2Ãlx2þq2Ãwx2þr2Ãhx2x3þð1Àa23ÞÃ100;000; x3þp3Ãlx3þq3Ãwx3þr3Ãhx3x2þð1Àb23ÞÃ100;000; y2þp2Ãly2þq2Ãwy2þr2Ãhy2y3þð1Àc23ÞÃ100;000; y3þp3Ãly3þq3Ãwy3þr3Ãhy3y2þð1Àd23ÞÃ100;000; z2þp2Ãlz2þq2Ãwz2þr2Ãhz2z3þð1Àe23ÞÃ100;000; z3þp3Ãlz3þq3Ãwz3þr3Ãhz3z2þð1Àf23ÞÃ100;000; a23þb23þc23þd23þe23þf23!s21þs31À1;a23þb23þc23þd23þe23þf23!s22þs32À1;x2þp2Ãlx2þq2Ãwx2þr2Ãhx2x4þð1Àa24ÞÃ100;000; x4þp4Ãlx4þq4Ãwx4þr4Ãhx4x2þð1Àb24ÞÃ100;000; y2þp2Ãly2þq2Ãwy2þr2Ãhy2y4þð1Àc24ÞÃ100;000;Table2The loading/picking sequence of each box in the container.Box no.Coordinates Container no.Loading/picking sequencex-Axis y-Axis z-Axis100011260012317001340002551500266001014388J.-Y.Shiau,M.-C.Lee/Computers&Industrial Engineering58(2010)382–392。

第30卷第4期2023年8月水土保持研究R e s e a r c ho f S o i l a n d W a t e rC o n s e r v a t i o nV o l .30,N o .4A u g.,2023收稿日期:2022-06-07 修回日期:2022-07-06资助项目:流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室自由探索课题(S K L 2022T S 01);国家重点研发计划(2021Y F C 3200200);国家自然科学基金(52025093,51979284) 第一作者:钤会冉(1997 ),女,河南清丰县人,硕士,研究方向为水文水资源研究㊂E -m a i l :qi a n h u i r a n 123@163.c o m 通信作者:翟家齐(1984 ),男,河南信阳人,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事平原区水循环模拟㊁农业节水潜力评估㊁区域干旱评估研究㊂E -m a i l :j i a qi z h a i @163.c o m h t t p :ʊs t b c y j .p a p e r o n c e .o r gD O I :10.13869/j.c n k i .r s w c .2023.04.037.钤会冉,翟家齐,马梦阳,等.海河流域生长季植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析[J ].水土保持研究,2023,30(4):309-317.Q I A N H u i r a n ,Z H A I J i a q i ,MA M e n g y a n g ,e t a l .T e m p o r a l a n d S p a t i a l V a r i a t i o n o fV e g e t a t i o nC o v e r a g e a n d I t sD r i v i n g F o r c e sD u r i n gt h eG r o w -i n g Se a s o n i nH a i h eR i v e rB a s i n [J ].R e s e a r c hof S o i l a n d W a t e rC o n s e r v a t i o n ,2023,30(4):309-317.海河流域生长季植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析钤会冉1,2,翟家齐2,马梦阳2,赵勇2,凌敏华1,王庆明2(1.郑州大学水利科学与工程学院,郑州450001;2.中国水利水电科学研究院流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室,北京100038)摘 要:[目的]了解海河流域生长季植被覆盖度(F V C )的时空变化及其驱动力,以期为海河流域的生态保护㊁建设与可持续发展提供参考㊂[方法]基于MO D I SN D V I 遥感数据和同时期的18种影响因子,采用趋势分析法和M -K 显著性检验分析了2001 2019年海河流域生长季植被覆盖度的时空变化特征;并利用地理探测器探讨了其空间分异特征与驱动力㊂[结果]2001 2019年海河流域生长季植被覆盖度总体呈显著上升趋势,线性倾向率为0.063/10a ,2011年之后增速减缓㊂空间分布差异明显,植被覆盖度总体较高,仅环渤海湾地带和一些城市区域植被覆盖率较低㊂改善区域的面积远大于退化面积,其中改善部分以极显著改善为主,占流域总面积的60.42%㊂海河流域生长季植被覆盖度的空间分布差异主要由林地比例和林草混合地比例所决定,解释力均在30%以上㊂对海河流域生长季植被覆盖度交互作用解释力最强的是林草混合地比例和农田比例㊂[结论]海河流域植被覆盖度总体显著上升,空间分布差异主要驱动力为林地比例和林草混合地比例㊂关键词:植被覆盖度(F V C );生长季;地理探测器;海河流域中图分类号:Q 948 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-3409(2023)04-0309-09T e m p o r a l a n dS p a t i a lV a r i a t i o no fV e g e t a t i o nC o v e r a g e a n d I t sD r i v i n gF o r c e sD u r i n g t h eG r o w i n g Se a s o n i nH a i h eR i v e rB a s i n Q I A N H u i r a n 1,2,Z H A I J i a q i 2,MA M e n g y a n g 2,Z H A O Y o n g 2,L I N G M i n h u a 1,WA N G Q i n g m i n g2(1.S c h o o l o f W a t e rC o n s e r v a n c y E n g i n e e r i n g ,Z h e n g z h o uU n i v e r s i t y ,Z h e n g z h o u 450001,C h i n a ;2.S t a t eK e y L a b o r a t o r y o f S i m u l a t i o na n dR e g u l a t i o no f Wa t e r C y c l e i nR i v e rB a s i n ,C h i n aI n s t i t u t e o f W a t e rR e s o u r c e s a n d H y d r o p o w e rR e s e a r c h ,B e i j i n g 100038,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :[O b j e c t i v e ]I no r d e rt o p r o v i d er e f e r e n c ef o re c o l o gi c a l p r o t e c t i o n ,c o n s t r u c t i o na n ds u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t o fH a i h eR i v e rB a s i n ,t h e t e m p o r a l a n d s p a t i a l c h a n g e s o f v e g e t a t i o n c o v e r a ge (F V C )i n g r o w -i n g s e a s o na n d i t s d r i v i n gf o r c e sw e r e i n v e s t ig a t e d .[M e th o d s ]B a s e do n MO D I SN D V I r e m o t e s e n si n g da t a a n d 18i n f l u e n c i n g f a c t o r s o f t h e s a m e p e r i o d ,t r e n d a n a l y s i s a n d M -Ks i g n i f i c a n c e t e s tw e r eu s e d t oa n a l yz e t h e s p a t i o t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f v e g e t a t i o n c o v e r a g e d u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o no fH a i h eR i v e r B a s i n f r o m2001t o 2019.T h e s p a t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n dd r i v i n g f o r c e s a r e d i s c u s s e db y me a n s ofg e o g r a phi c d e t e c t o r .[R e s u l t s ]D u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o no fH a i h eR i v e rB a s i nf r o m2001t o2019,t h e v e g e t a t i o n c o v e r a g e s h o w e d a s i g n i f i c a n t u p w a r d t r e n d ,w i t ha l i n e a r t e n d e n c y ra t e o f 0.063/d e c a d e ,a n d t h e g r o w t h r a t e s l o w e dd o w na f t e r 2011.T h ev e g e t a t i o nc o v e r a g ew a s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n t h eB o h a i B a y ar e aa n d s o m eu r b a na r e a s .T h ea r e ao f i m p r o v e m e n ta r e aw a s m u c hl a r g e r t h a nt h a to fd e gr a d a t i o na r e a ,a n dt h e Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.i m p r o v e m e n t p a r tw a s d o m i n a t e db y e x t r e m e l y s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t,a c c o u n t i n g f o r60.42%o f t h e t o t a l b a s i na r e a.T h e s p a t i a l v a r i a t i o no f v e g e t a t i o n c o v e r a g e i n H a i h eR i v e rB a s i nd u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o nw a s m a i n l y d e t e r m i n e db y t h e p r o p o r t i o no f f o r e s t l a n da n dt h e p r o p o r t i o no fm i x e df o r e s t-g r a s s l a n d,a n dt h e e x p l a n a t o r yp o w e rw a sm o r e t h a n30%.T h e s t r o n g e s t e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e i n t e r a c t i o no f v e g e t a t i o nc o v e r a g e i nH a i h eR i v e rB a s i nd u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o nw a s t h e r a t i oo fm i x e d f o r e s t a n d g r a s s l a n d a n d t h e r a t i oo f f a r m l a n d.[C o n c l u s i o n]O v e r a l lv e g e t a t i o nc o v e r a g e i n c r e a s e ds i g n i f i c a n t l y i n H a i h eR i v e rB a s i n,a n dt h e m a i nd r i v i n g f o r c ew a s t h e p r o p o r t i o no f f o r e s t l a n d a n d t h e p r o p o r t i o no fm i x e d f o r e s t a n d g r a s s l a n d. K e y w o r d s:f r a c t i o n a l v e g e t a t i o n c o v e r a g e(F V C);g r o w i n g s e a s o n;g e o g r a p h i c a l d e t e c t o r;H a i h eR i v e rB a s i n植被作为陆地生态系统中一个重要的组成部分,在陆地生态系统物质循环㊁能量流动㊁信息传递等方面起到了重要的枢纽作用[1],既能促进地球生态系统平衡㊁水循环㊁气候变化[2-3],还可以用来监测生态环境变化[4]㊂植被覆盖度(f r a c t i o n a l v e g e t a t i o n c o v e r a g e,F V C)指植被(包括叶㊁茎㊁枝)在地面的垂直投影面积占观测区总面积的百分比[5],其变化能够直接或间接改变陆地地表下垫面属性,进而对气候调节㊁水土保持以及生态系统的稳定性等产生影响[6]㊂因此,开展流域尺度植被覆盖变化研究以及揭示其驱动力机制,有利于深刻认识陆地生态系统内部的相互作用,对进一步掌握生态系统恢复成效具有极大意义[7]㊂目前,国内外学者深入研究了不同区域尺度的植被覆盖时空变化规律,主要集中于海河流域㊁黄土高原地区等植被变化显著的区域[8],多年来一直是生态环境等领域研究的热点㊂对于植被覆盖度时空变化驱动力的研究主要运用多元线性回归分析㊁相关性分析等传统数学统计方法㊂为弥补仅把气温㊁降水等气候因子作为驱动因素来进行归因分析的片面性,国内外学者先后提出了残差趋势法[9]㊁回归模型法[10]㊁基于生物物理过程的模型方法[11]和地理探测器法[12]等,来定量分解气温㊁降水等自然因素和人类活动强度等人为因素对植被变化的相对贡献㊂其中,地理探测器法以统计学原理的空间方差分析为基础,对变量无限性假设,不仅能够检验气候㊁地形㊁人类活动㊁土壤等多种因子是否是形成植被覆盖时空格局的原因,还可以量化不同因子之间的交互作用对植被覆盖空间分布及其变化的影响程度,并且对数据要求低㊁运算速度较快且精确度高,能够极大程度提高归因分析的全面性,被广泛应用于植被N D V I驱动因子的探测中[13-19]㊂海河流域不仅是重要的工农业生产基地,还是我国的政治文化中心,其战略地位十分重要㊂近年来由于气候变化以及人类活动加强等原因,导致其自然灾害频发,生态系统十分脆弱[20]㊂自20世纪80年代以来,持续大规模封山育林育草㊁退耕还林还草㊁坡改梯㊁於地坝等水土保护措施,使得海河流域的植被覆盖度大幅度提升㊂目前,已有学者对该流域植被变化进行了相关研究[21-25],并且,王永财[26]和陈福军[27]等分别利用1998 2011年的S P O T/N D V I数据和2000 2016年MO D I S/N D V I数据对海河流域植被变化及其与气候因子的相关性进行了研究,对海河流域植被变化特征及其与气候的关系有了一定的认识,但对于人类活动㊁地形和土壤性质对植被覆盖的空间分布差异的影响等综合问题缺乏进一步解析㊂因此,本文利用2001 2019年MO D I S/N D V I数据和同时期18种因子,分析海河流域生长季(4 10月)植被覆盖度的时空变化特征,并利用地理探测器探讨其空间分异特征与驱动力,以期为海河流域的生态保护㊁建设与可持续发展提供参考㊂1资料和方法1.1研究区概况海河流域位于112ʎ 120ʎE,35ʎ 43ʎN,西以山西高原与黄河区接界,北以蒙古高原与内陆河接界,南界黄河,东临渤海㊂流域总面积3.182ˑ105k m2,占全国总面积的3.3%,属于半湿润半干旱的温带东亚季风气候区㊂地势总体上为西北高东南低,流域年平均气温1.5~ 14ħ,年平均相对湿度50%~70%;年平均降水量539 m m,属半湿润半干旱地带;流域由海河㊁滦河㊁徒骇马颊河三大水系㊁七大河系和十条骨干河流组成㊂其中,海河水系是主要水系,由北部的蓟运河㊁潮白河㊁北运河㊁永定河和南部的大清河㊁子牙河㊁漳卫河组成;滦河水系包括滦河及冀东沿海诸河;徒骇马颊河水系位于流域最南部,为单独入海的平原河道㊂土壤类型以褐土和棕壤为主㊂土地利用类型见图1㊂1.2数据来源及预处理植被N D V I数据为美国国家航空航天局(N A S A)提供的MO D I S MO D13A3产品,时间分辨率为月,空间分辨率为1k mˑ1k m㊂选取的数据年份范围为2001 2019年,利用A r c G I S10.8对其进行镶嵌㊁格013水土保持研究第30卷Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.式和定义投影等操作,本研究为最大程度消除云㊁雾㊁大气以及非生长季的影响,选取植被生长最为旺盛的生长季(4 10月)作为研究时段㊂利用最大值合成法合成年N D V I 数据;计算植被覆盖度所需要的L A I 数据来自于中分辨率成像光谱仪M O D I S 的500m 分辨率8d合成产品(MO D 15A 2H )㊂研究共选定的18种生长季植被覆盖度空间分布变化潜在影响因子,涵盖气候㊁地形㊁人类活动㊁土壤性质4个方面,数据类型㊁来源及简要说明见表1㊂为使各因子与N D V I 数据具有相同的投影坐标并保持像元大小一致,对其进行裁剪和重采样等预处理㊂按照5k mˑ5k m 格网,利用A r c G I S10.8中的渔网工具生成12818个采样点,并获取采样点对应地理位置的气候㊁人类活动㊁土壤和地形数据㊂为有效地避免人为因素的干扰,利用A r c G I S 中的自然间断法将各因子分为10类㊂图1 海河流域2018年土地利用类型表1 影响因子数据来源及处理因子类型因子符号单位数据来源及处理气候年均降水P R E mm中国气象数据网(h t t p :ʊd a t a .c m a .c n /d a t a /)年均温Tħ年潜在蒸散发P E mm /a G D PG D P 万元/k m 2中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(h t t p :ʊw w w.r e s d c .c n /)人口密度P O P人/k m 2林地比例F O %美国国家航空航天局(N A S A )提供的2001 2019年国际地圈-生物圈计划(I G B P )分类㊁空间分辨率为500m 的MO D I S 土地覆盖类型产品(M C D 12Q 1),计算百分比人类活动灌丛比例B U %农田比例F A %草地比例G A %林草混合地比例S A %城镇比例U B%地形D E M D E M m 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中(h t t p :ʊw w w.r e s d c .c n /)坡度S l o p e (ʎ)基于D E M 数据,采用A r c G I S 10.8S p a t i a lA n a l y s t 工具计算生成坡度栅格数据黏土比例C l a y%联合国粮农组织(F A O )和维也纳国际应用系统研究所(ⅡA S A )所构建的世界和谐土壤数据库(H a r m o n i z e d W o r l dS o i lD a t a b a s e )(HW S D )沙土比例S a n d %土壤性质壤土比例S i l t %有机碳含量O C %碎石含量G r a v e l %1.3 研究方法1.3.1 像元二分模型 采用改进像元二分模型[28]估算海河流域生长季的植被覆盖度㊂假设N D V I 只有植被和土壤两部分组成,N D V I =M ㊃N D V I V -N D V I S(1)M =N D V I -N D V I S N D V I V -N D V I SL A I >3M =N D V I -N D V I SN D V I V -N D V I S2L A I ɤ3ìîíïïïï(2)式中:N D V I V 为纯植被覆盖部分的N D V I 值;N D V I S为纯土壤覆盖部分的N D V I 值;M 为植被覆盖度;L A I 为叶面积指数㊂根据‘土壤侵蚀分级分类标准“(S L 190 2007)对计算得到的生长季植被覆盖度进行分级[29],见表2㊂1.3.2 线性趋势分析 采用一元线性回归分析法,逐像元分析海河流域生长季F V C 的变化趋势,计算公式如下:S l o pe =ðni =1(i -l )(N D V I i -ND V I )ðni =1(i =l )2(3)式中:S l o p e 为生长季F V C 的斜率㊂若值为正,表示海河流域生长季F V C 呈增加趋势;若值为负,则相反;若值为0,则表示没有变化㊂n 为所研究年份的时间跨度,本文n =19;i 为年份;`i 为平均年份;N D V I i 为第i 年的N D V I 值;N D V I 为年均N D V I 值㊂113第4期 钤会冉等:海河流域生长季植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.表2植被覆盖度等级分类等级裸地(Ⅰ)低覆盖度(Ⅱ)中低覆盖度(Ⅲ)中等覆盖度(Ⅳ)中高覆盖度(Ⅴ)高覆盖度(Ⅵ)植被覆盖度ɤ0.10.1~0.30.3~0.450.45~0.60.6~0.75ȡ0.75采用M a n n a-K e n d a l l检验(M-K检验)判断趋势的显著性,其优点为能够排除少数异常值对数据的干扰[30]㊂因此,本文将M a n n a-K e n d a l l检验与线性趋势分析相结合,根据趋势显著性检验结果将S l o p e趋势分为以下5个等级:极显著退化(S l o p e<0,p<0.01);显著退化(S l o p e<0,0.01ɤpɤ0.05),无显著变化(p>0.05);显著改善(0<S l o p e,0.01ɤpɤ0.05);极显著改善(0<S l o p e,p<0.01)㊂1.3.3地理探测器地理探测器[31]是通过探测事件空间分层异质性来揭示其背后驱动因子的一种统计学方法,空间分层异质性是指区域总方差大于层内方差之和的现象㊂该方法的核心思想为:如果某个自变量X对因变量Y有重要影响,那么自变量X与因变量Y的空间分布就具有一致性㊂地理探测器共有4个模块,分别为:因子探测器㊁交互作用探测器㊁风险探测器和生态探测器㊂本文主要应用地理探测器的因子探测器和交互作用探测器模块㊂利用因子探测器量化气候㊁人类活动㊁地形和土壤等各因子对海河流域生长季F V C的空间分异性的解释程度,其解释力大小用q值衡量,在生成q值的同时会对其进行显著性检验,表达式为:q=1-ðL h=1N hσ2hNσ2=1-S S WS S T(4)其中:S S W=ðl h=1N hσ2h,S S T=Nσ2(5)式中:h为自变量X的分层;N h和N分别为层h内和区域内的单元数;σ2h和σ2分别为第h层的方差和因变量Y的方差;S S W为层内方差之和;S S T为区域总方差㊂q的取值范围为0~1㊂q值越大表明因变量Y的空间分层异质性越强,自变量X对因变量Y的解释力也越强㊂根据q值大小可分析出各因子对海河流域生长季F V C影响的大小,能够直观地判断影响生长季F V C的主导因子㊂利用交互探测器识别不同因子之间的交互作用,即评估两个因子共同对生长季F V C的空间分布作用时,其解释力是增强还是减弱,或这些因子对生长季F V C空间分布的影响是相互独立的㊂评估方法是首先分别计算两种影响因素X1和X2对Y的q值,然后再计算它们交互作用时的q值,对三者之间的q值大小进行比较,主要结果为5种[32]㊂2结果与分析2.1生长季F V C的时空动态变化2.1.1生长季F V C年际变化特征选取每年的生长季F V C平均值代表当年植被覆盖状况,制作生长季F V C年际变化图,见图2㊂2001 2019年海河流域生长季F V C值在0.30~0.48波动,多年生长季F V C值平均值为0.41,最大值出现在2018年为0.46,2001年最小,其值为0.318,总体呈显著上升趋势,线性倾向率为0.063/10a㊂2001 2010年,生长季F V C整体上呈现明显的上升趋势,达到了多年均值水平,线性倾向率为0.087/10a,但在2006年和2010年出现低谷,原因主要是由于该年降水量偏低㊂2011年之后,生长季F V C增速减缓,均超过多年均值水平㊂图2表明,海河流域生长季植被覆盖度ɤ0.1的裸地面积占比由2001年9.85%降低到2019年的3.22%;低覆盖度的面积占比由2001年的30.37%降低到2019年的20.50%;中低植被覆盖度和中等植被覆盖度多年平均面积占比分别为32.87%,27.39%,是研究区生长季植被覆盖度的两种主要类型;中高覆盖度和高覆盖度呈现显著的增加趋势,分别由2001年的1.38%增加到2019年的17.64%和由2001年的0.00%增加到2019年的7.26%㊂总体来说,自海河流域实施持续大规模封山育林育草㊁退耕还林还草㊁坡改梯㊁於地坝等水土保护措施以来,生长季F V C一直呈增长趋势,后期出现增速减缓,主要是因为植被自然演替过程中,自然因素起主导作用㊂2.1.2生长季F V C空间分布及变化特征海河流域生长季植被覆盖度空间分布差异明显(图3A),高覆盖度区域零星分布,主要分布于流域的东北部和彰卫河山区的南部,占流域总面积的1.27%;中高覆盖度区域主要为高产草地㊁密林地用地,面积3.13ˑ104k m2,占流域总面积的9.79%,集中分布于流域东北部㊁太行山一带;中等覆盖度区域主要为中高产草地㊁林地㊁农田用地,主要分布于大清河淀西平原㊁子牙河平原㊁彰卫河平原以及徒骇马颊河区域,面积为9.83ˑ104k m2,占流域总面积的30.66%;中低覆盖度区域由中产草地㊁农田和低郁闭度林地组成,在大清河淀东平原㊁滦河平原和彰卫河山区广泛分布㊁黑龙港及运东平原,子牙河山区㊁大清河山区等均有分布,面积为1.07ˑ105k m2,占流域总面积的33.47%;低覆盖度区域主要分布于永定河山区㊁滦河山区的西北部,面积7.23ˑ104k m2,占流域总面积213水土保持研究第30卷Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.的22.57%;海河流域生长季植被覆盖度小于0.1的裸地区域主要为城市工矿㊁居民用地,面积为7.17ˑ103k m2,占流域总面积的2.24%,主要分布于环渤海湾地区以及一些城市中心区域㊂总体来说生长季F V C大于0.3的区域面积占流域面积的75.19%,植被覆盖度总体较高㊂从图3B C可以看出,2001 2019年各植被覆盖度等级之间相互转化明显,主要为裸地㊁中等㊁中低植被覆盖度等级转为中等至高覆盖度等级㊂其中永定河山区的植被覆盖度得到明显改善,植被覆盖度由2001年的0.14,提升到2019年的0.35,说明山丘区人工生态修复及水土保持工程对提升植被覆盖度作用十分显著㊂综上可知,研究区19年间生长季植被覆盖度总体较高,仅环渤海湾地带和一些城市中心区域生长季植被覆盖度较低㊂图22001-2019年海河流域生长季F V C 年际变化图3海河流域生长季F V C空间分布采用s l o p e趋势分析,对研究区生长季植被覆盖度变化趋势进行分析(图4),s l o p e的值域为-0.447~ 0.347,表明植被变化趋势存在着明显的空间差异,变化速率以0~0.2为主,占流域总面积的81.51%㊂对变化趋势进行M-K显著性检验(图5),海河流域生长季F V C改善区域的面积为2.15ˑ105k m2,占流域的67.28%,远大于退化面积,其中改善部分以极显著改善为主,占流域总面积的60.42%;退化区域占流域的总面积的8.28%,主要位于城市的周围㊂变化不显著的区域主要分布于改善区域和退化区域之间,面积占流域总面积的23.90%㊂综上可知,研究区大部分地区的植被得到了明显改善,但受城市扩张等因素的影响,城市外围区域的植被退化现象较为严重㊂2.2生长季F V C空间分异的驱动力分析2.2.1因子影响力探测分析利用因子探测器计算各因子的q值以量化其对海河流域生长季F V C空间分布的解释程度㊂由结果可见(图6),不同因子对海河流域生长季F V C空间分布的解释能力如下:林地比例(0.3427)>林草混合地比例(0.3346)>年均降水(0.202)>灌丛比例(0.197)>草地比例(0.184)>坡度(0.134)>年潜在蒸散发(0.114)>年均温(0.107)>城镇比例(0.094)>高程(0.089)>G D P(0.074)>壤土比例(0.066)>人口密度313第4期钤会冉等:海河流域生长季植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.(0.064)>沙土比例(0.062)>黏土比例(0.053)>碎石含量(0.051)>有机碳比例(0.040)>农田比例(0.027)㊂各因子对应显著性p值均小于0.01,通过显著性检验㊂综上分析可见:(1)林地比例和林草混合地比例的q值最大,分别达0.3427,0.3346,解释力均在30%以上,因此林地比例和稀疏草地比例是影响海河流域生长季植被覆盖度空间分布的主要影响因子;(2)海河流域的山区和平原区的生长季F V C空间分布的主要影响因子不同㊂林草混合地和林地比例对海河山区生长季植被覆盖度影响最大,解释力均在50%以上,G D P影响最小;农田比例和年潜在蒸散发对海河平原区植被覆盖度的分布影响最大,影响最小的因子是坡度;(3)整体来看,人类活动对海河流域生长季植被覆盖度空间分布的影响是最大的,其次是气候㊁地形,影响最小的是土壤性质㊂图42001-2019年海河流域生长季F V C线性趋势2.2.2因子交互作用探测分析本文进一步对海河流域以及其山区㊁平原区空间分布影响因子进行交互作用探测(表3 5),结果表明,在研究区域,任意两因子的叠加均会增强单因子对海河流域生长季F V C空间分布的解释能力,呈非线性增强或双因子增强作用,不存在独立关系,说明植被生长与生存往往并非受制于单一因素,而是多种因素协同作用的结果㊂由表3可见,交互作用解释力最强的是林草混合地比例和农田比例,它们双因子交互q值达到了0.58,其次是林草混合地比例和人口密度,q值达到了0.50㊂同时,林地比例㊁林草混合地比例和降水量与大多数因子相结合均呈现非线性增强,表明三者对海河流域生长季F V C空间分布影响程度占据主导地位㊂年均降水㊁年均温和年潜在蒸散发与其他因子的交互作用解释力均有显著增加,由其是与林地比例等人类活动因子的交互作用㊂因此,气候因子与人类活动因子共同作用将使生长季F V C空间分布受到更大的影响力度㊂图52001-2019年生长季F V C 线性趋势显著性图6因子探测器结果413水土保持研究第30卷Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.表3 海河流域因子交互作用探测器结果因子P R ET P E G D P P O P F O B U F A G A S A U B D EM S l o p e C l a y S a n d S i l t O C G r a v e lP R E0.22T0.330.10P E 0.400.320.11G D P0.360.230.190.07P O P 0.370.270.210.110.06F O0.500.440.420.430.450.34B U 0.360.260.290.270.280.370.20F A 0.320.280.230.120.130.490.300.03G A 0.300.280.330.320.330.450.330.390.18S A 0.470.460.410.460.500.410.350.580.470.33U B 0.370.250.200.120.140.420.270.150.360.430.09D EM0.350.220.260.200.240.420.250.310.300.440.230.09S l o p e 0.370.270.260.240.280.370.240.380.390.380.230.270.13C l a y0.320.240.200.160.170.360.230.160.260.380.170.200.200.06S a n d 0.300.260.200.170.180.360.230.170.270.360.180.240.210.140.07S i l t 0.300.260.230.170.180.370.250.170.260.380.180.240.220.160.120.07O C 0.280.200.200.130.140.370.230.110.240.380.150.180.200.200.230.210.04G r a v e l 0.280.220.180.150.140.370.240.110.240.380.160.190.200.170.190.150.150.05表4 海河山区因子交互作用探测器结果因子P R E T P EG D PP O PF OB UF AG AS AU BD EMS l o pe C l a yS a n dS i l tO CG r a v e lP R E0.40T0.480.19P E 0.470.390.08G D P0.520.290.140.02P O P 0.530.380.180.050.03F O0.710.630.580.550.550.54B U 0.520.390.370.310.320.600.30F A 0.580.340.190.060.070.580.330.02G A 0.480.380.380.400.470.640.480.590.32S A 0.680.660.610.600.610.700.620.660.650.59U B 0.500.280.140.080.080.560.330.100.450.610.07D EM0.500.340.260.190.240.610.360.230.390.630.230.13S l o p e 0.530.400.330.270.270.610.420.340.530.630.280.390.25C l a y0.490.340.210.150.160.560.380.160.420.620.180.270.320.12S a n d 0.480.340.240.190.210.580.390.220.420.620.210.300.330.240.15S i l t 0.490.360.270.210.230.580.410.230.430.630.220.310.350.270.220.16O C 0.440.280.220.140.180.580.350.170.370.610.170.230.320.300.290.310.11G r a v e l0.480.360.220.150.170.570.370.160.410.620.170.280.330.260.280.280.290.12在海河山区中,降雨㊁林地比例和林草混合地比例与各因子交互均有很强的非线性增强㊂因子间交互作用对海河山区生长季植被覆盖空间分异性解释力大小前六项依次为:降雨ɘ林地比例(0.71)>林草混合地比例ɘ林地比例(0.70)>林草混合地比例ɘ降雨(0.68)>林草混合地比例ɘ农田比例(0.66)>林草混合地比例ɘ年均温(0.655)>林草混合地比例ɘ草地比例(0.65);表明:人类活动对海河流域山区生长季植被覆盖度空间分布具有重要影响,一方面通过退耕还林还草㊁生态保护修复等措施可促进植被覆盖,另一方面通过城镇化建设㊁资源过度开发等行为可破坏植被覆盖[33]㊂在海河平原中,因子间交互作用对生长季植被覆盖空间分异性解释力大小前六项依次为:农田比例ɘ高程(0.653)>农田比例ɘ年潜在蒸散发(0.649)>农田比例ɘ草地比例(0.573)>农田比例ɘ降雨(0.568)>农田比例ɘ坡度(0.560)>农田比例ɘ林地比例(0.558)㊂513第4期 钤会冉等:海河流域生长季植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.表5 海河平原区因子交互作用探测器结果因子P R ET P E G D P P O P F O B U F A G A S A U B D EM S l o p e C l a y S a n d S i l t O C G r a v e lP R E0.04T0.340.13P E 0.390.420.32G D P0.270.330.440.21P O P 0.390.430.480.400.29F O0.060.150.340.220.330.02B U 0.060.150.340.220.320.020.01F A 0.570.600.650.510.540.560.550.50G A 0.200.290.400.350.380.190.180.570.14S A 0.070.170.350.220.340.030.020.550.190.01U B 0.300.390.510.300.400.260.250.530.380.260.24D EM0.260.310.390.410.460.210.200.650.290.220.460.20S l o p e 0.070.160.350.220.330.030.020.560.200.030.260.210.01C l a y0.160.260.400.270.380.080.080.530.230.090.340.290.090.06S a n d 0.130.260.380.270.370.090.090.530.250.100.340.270.100.140.08S i l t 0.190.280.410.280.370.100.100.530.240.110.350.290.110.200.200.08O C 0.200.260.410.290.400.110.110.540.260.120.350.310.110.240.230.230.09G r a v e l0.160.240.370.270.360.100.100.540.240.100.320.270.100.140.150.180.160.083 讨论和结论3.1 讨论本研究基于地理探测器,对海河流域生长季植被覆盖度空间分布的影响因素进行量化归因分析,结果表明人类活动对海河流域生长季植被覆盖度空间分布的影响是最大的,其次是气候㊁地形,影响最小的是土壤性质㊂海河流域自1980年以来,实施 三北 防护林工程㊁京津风沙源治理工程㊁退耕还林还草工程等一系列生态恢复工程㊁农业化开发和城镇化,使得当地土地利用/覆盖发生剧烈变化,主要表现为海河山区森林面积占比上升,草地和农田面积占比下降,海河平原区农田比例上升,人口密度上升㊂这些人类活动显著影响了植被覆盖度的空间分异规律,并显著增加了植被覆盖度㊂林草混合地比例㊁林地比例和草地比例主要影响了海河山区生长季植被覆盖度空间分布;农田比例㊁人口密度和城镇比例这些人类活动因子主要影响了海河平原区生长季植被覆盖度空间分布㊂年均降水㊁年均温和年潜在蒸散发这些气候因子的动态变化主要决定了生长季植被覆盖度的年际变化;坡度㊁坡向通过影响坡面接受的太阳辐射量和日照时数从而对植被的生长有一定的影响,土壤性质也主要决定了植被覆盖度的空间分异规律㊂各因子交互作用呈双因子增强和非线性增强两种类型,不存在相互独立作用,关于因子间交互作用是如何增强对生长季F V C 空间分异的解释能力还需进行更加深入的讨论㊂3.2 结论(1)年际变化分析显示,2001 2019年海河流域生长季F V C 总体呈显著上升趋势,线性倾向率为0.063/10a ,各等级植被覆盖度转化明显,中高覆盖度和高覆盖度的面积占比呈现显著的增加趋势;(2)空间变化分析显示,生长季F V C 总体较高,仅环渤海湾地带和一些城市区域植被覆盖率较低,海河流域生长季F V C 改善区域的面积为2.15ˑ105k m2,占流域的67.28%,远大于退化面积,其中改善部分以极显著改善为主;(3)因子探测发现,林地比例和稀疏草地比例是影响海河流域生长季F V C 空间分布的主要影响因子;海河流域的山区和平原区的生长季F V C 空间分布的主要影响因子不同;人类活动对海河流域生长季植被覆盖度空间分布的影响是最大的;(4)交互探测发现,2001 2019年,各因子对海河流域生长季植被覆盖变化存在呈双因子增强和非线性增强两种类型的交互作用,不存在相互独立作用或对植被覆盖变化解释力减弱的交互因子㊂参考文献:[1] P e n g W F ,K u a n g T T ,T a oS .Q u a n t i f y i n g in f l u e n c e s o f n a t u r a l f a c t o r s o nv e g e t a t i o nN D V I c h a n g e sb a s e do n g e o g r a ph i c a ld e t e c t o ri n S i c h u a n ,w e s t e r n C h i n a [J ].J o u r n a l o fC l e a n e rP r o d u c t i o n ,2019,233:353-367.[2] G o n g Z ,Z h a oS ,G uJ .C o r r e l a t i o na n a l ys i sb e t w e e n 613 水土保持研究 第30卷Copyright ©博看网. 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㊃论 著㊃[收稿日期]2023-03-21[基金项目]海南省卫生健康行业科研项目[作者简介]符国骥(1990-),男,海南文昌人,海南省琼海市妇幼保健院主治医师,医学学士,从事急性传染病防控研究㊂*通信作者㊂E -m a i l :3031548276@q q.c o m 非活动性H B s A g 妇女妊娠期及产后HB V 再激活的临床特征及危险因素分析符国骥1,王 桦2,许少珍3*(1.海南省琼海市妇幼保健院公共卫生科,海南琼海571400;2.海南省琼海市妇幼保健院妇保科,海南琼海571400;3.海南省琼海市妇幼保健院妇产科,海南琼海571400) [摘要] 目的分析非活动性乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(h e p a t i t i sBv i r u s s u r f a c e a n t i g e n ,H B s A g )妇女妊娠期及产后乙型肝炎病毒(h e pa t i t i sBv i r u s ,H B V )再激活的临床特征及危险因素分析㊂方法回顾性选取非活动性H B V 携带孕妇116例为研究对象㊂分析妊娠期H B V 再激活组与妊娠期H B V 未再激活组的基线资料,构建基线资料的临床预测模型并评估模型科学性;分析妊娠期H B V 再激活㊁产后H B V 再激活及妊娠期+产后H B V 再激活孕妇在H B V 激活时的肝功能㊁免疫功能㊁肝纤维化指标及炎症因子水平;评估妊娠期H B V 再激活影响因素对全因性产后H B V 再激活的影响㊂结果妊娠期H B V 再激活组基线H B V 脱氧核糖核酸(d e o x y r ib o n uc l e i c a c id ,D N A )㊁总胆固醇(t o t a l c h o le s t e r o l ,T C )㊁低密度脂蛋白(l o wd e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n ,L D L )水平㊁初产妇比例明显高于H B V 未再激活组,年龄㊁家庭月收入水平明显低于H B V 未再激活组(χ2/t =7.004,5.934,4.805,3.853,10.561,7.289,P <0.05)㊂基线H B V D N A 水平㊁年龄㊁家庭月收入对妊娠期H B V 再激活具有一定的预测价值(c 指数=0.653,A U C 5个月内=0.679,A U C10个月内=0.742,P <0.05)㊂仅发生妊娠期H B V 再激活组H B V D N A 水平㊁血清透明质酸㊁层黏连蛋白㊁三型前胶原N 端肽㊁四型胶原蛋白㊁C 反应蛋白㊁白细胞介素6㊁肿瘤坏死因子α低于仅发生产后H B V 再激活组㊁妊娠期+产后H B V 再激活组,C D 4+㊁C D 4+/C D 8+水平明显高于仅发生产后H B V 再激活组㊁妊娠期+产后H B V 再激活组(F =5.123㊁4.835㊁5.035㊁17.329㊁14.924㊁16.392㊁14.320㊁7.852㊁14.824㊁6.392,P <0.05)㊂年龄较低孕妇容易发生全因性产后H B V 再激活(P <0.05)㊂结论年龄低㊁基线H B V D N A 水平高及家庭月收入低的患者容易发生妊娠期H B V 再激活,产后H B V 再激活所引起的免疫损伤可能较妊娠期更为严重,年龄低者容易发生全因性产后H B V 再激活㊂[关键词] 妊娠;乙型肝炎病毒;乙型肝炎表面抗原 d o i :10.3969/j.i s s n .1007-3205.2024.04.014 [中图分类号] R 714.25 [文献标志码] A [文章编号] 1007-3205(2024)04-0451-07C l i n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d r i s k f a c t o r s o fH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o n i nw o m e nw i t hi n a c t i v eH B s A g d u r i n gp r e g n a n c y a n d p o s t pa r t u m F U G u o -ji 1,WA N G H u a 2,X US h a o -z h e n 3*(1.D e p a r t m e n t o f P u b l i cH e a l t h ,Q i o n g h a iM a t e r n a l a n dC h i l d H e a l t h H o s pi t a l ,H a i n a nP r o v i n c e ,Q i o n g h a i 571400,C h i n a ;2.D e p a r t m e n t o f W o m e n 'sH e a l t h ,Q i o n gh a iM a t e r n a l a n dC h i l d H e a l t h H o s p i t a l ,H a i n a nP r o v i n c e ,Q i o n g h a i 571400,C h i n a ;3.D e p a r t m e n t o f G y n a e c o l o g y ,Q i o n g h a iM a t e r n a l a n dC h i l d H e a l t h H o s p i t a l ,H a i n a nP r o v i n c e ,Q i o n gh a i 571400,C h i n a )[A b s t r a c t ] O b je c t i v e T oa n a l y z e t h e c l i n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n dr i s kf a c t o r so f h e p a t i t i sB v i r u s (H B V )r e a c t i v a t i o n i nw o m e nw i t hn o n -a c t i v eh e p a t i t i sBv i r u s s u r f a c ea n t ig e n (H B s A g)d u r i n g a n da f t e r p r e g n a n c y .M e t h o d s I n t o t a l ,116p r e gn a n tw o m e nw h ow e r en o n -a c t i v eH B V c a r r i e r sw e r er e t r o s p e c t i v e l y s e l e c t e d .B a s e l i n ed a t ao f H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y an d ㊃154㊃第45卷第4期2024年4月河北医科大学学报J O U R N A L O F H E B E I M E D I C A L U N I V E R S I T YV o l .45 N o .4A pr . 2024n o n-H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y w e r e a n a l y z e d t o c o n s t r u c t a c l i n i c a l p r e d i c t i o n m o d e l o f b a s e l i n e d a t aa n de v a l u a t et h es c i e n t i f i c i t y o f t h e m o d e l.T h e l e v e l so f l i v e rf u n c t i o n,i mm u n e f u n c t i o n,l i v e r f i b r o s i s i n d e x e s a n d i n f l a mm a t o r y f a c t o r s d u r i n g H B Va c t i v a t i o nw e r e a n a l y z e d i n p r e g n a n tw o m e n w i t h H B V r e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y,a f t e r p r e g n a n c y a s w e l la sd u r i n g p r e g n a n c y a n d a f t e r p r e g n a n c y.I n t h em e a n t i m e,t h e f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n g p r e g n a n c y o na l l-c a u s e p o s t p a r t u m H B V r e a c t i v a t i o n w a se v a l u a t e d.R e s u l t s B a s e l i n e H B V d e o x y r i b o n u c l e i c a c i d(D N A)l e v e l,t o t a l c h o l e s t e r o l(T C),l o wd e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n(L D L),a n d p r o p o r t i o no f p r i m i p a r a i n H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n gp r e g n a n c yg r o u p w e r es i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a nt h o s ei n n o n-H B V r e a c t i v a t i o n d u r i n g p r e g n a n c y g r o u p,w h i l ea g ea n df a m i l y m o n t h l y i n c o m e l e v e l w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h o s e i n n o n-H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o n d u r i n g p r e g n a n c y g r o u p. M o s tH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o n p a t i e n t s d u r i n gp r e g n a n c y w e r e p r i m i p a r a s(χ2/t=7.004,5.934,4.805,3.853,10.561,7.289,P<0.05).B a s e l i n eH B V D N Al e v e l,a g e a n dm o n t h l y f a m i l y i n c o m e h a dc e r t a i n p r ed i c t i v ev a l u ef o r H B V re a c t i v a t i o n d u r i n g p r e g n a n c y(c i n d e x=0.653,A U Cf i v e m o n t h=0.679,A U Ct e n m o n t h=0.742,P<0.05).H B V D N Al e v e l s,s e r u m h y a l u r o n i ca c i d, l a m i n i n,N-t e r m i n a l p e p t i d e o ft y p eⅢp r o c o l l ag e n,t y p eⅣc o l l a g e n,C-r e a c t i v e p r o t e i n, i n t e r l e u k i n-6,a n d t u m o rn e c r o s i s f a c t o rαi n H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n gp r e g n a n c yg r o u p th a ni n H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o na f t e r p r e g n a n c yg r o u p,w h i l et h el e v e l so fC D4+,C D4+/C D8+i n p r e g n a n t H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o n g r o u p w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e i nH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o n a f t e r p r e g n a n c yg r o u p a n d t h o s e i nH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n g a n d a f t e r p r e g n a n c y g r o u p(F=5.123,4.835,5.035,17.329,14.924,16.392,14.320,7.852,14.824,6.392,P<0.05).A l l-c a u s eH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o n w a sm o r el i k e l y t oo c c u r i n y o u n g e r p r e g n a n tw o m e n(P<0.05).C o n c l u s i o n P a t i e n t s w i t h y o u n g e r a g e,h i g h e rb a s e l i n e H B V D N Al e v e la n dl o w e r m o n t h l y f a m i l y i n c o m ea r e p r o n et o H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y,a n dt h e i mm u n ed a m a g ec a u s e db y H B Vr e a c t i v a t i o na f t e r p r e g n a n c y m a y b em o r e s e r i o u s t h a n t h a t d u r i n gp r e g n a n c y,a n d a l l-c a u s eH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o n a f t e r c h i l d b i r t h i sm o r e l i k e l y t oo c c u r i n y o u n g e r p a t i e n t s.[K e y w o r d s]p r e g n a n c y;h e p a t i t i sBv i r u s;h e p a t i t i sBs u r f a c e a n t i g e n s乙型肝炎病毒(h e p a t i t i sBv i r u s,H B V)是一种全球范围内广泛流行的常见病毒,属嗜肝病毒科(h e p a d n a v i r i d a e),基因组表现为部分双链环状脱氧核糖核酸(d e o x y r i b o n u c l e i c a c i d,D N A),H B V侵入肝细胞后,存在正链缺陷的H B V双链环状D N A会以负链D N A为模板进行缺陷修复,形成闭合环状D N A(c l o s e dc i r c u l a rD N A,c c c D N A)并以此为模板,转录形成几种长度不同的m R N A,形成前基因组R N A和编码H B V的各类抗原[1]㊂c c c D N A半衰期很长,在体内难以被彻底清除,因此H B V感染人体后很容易形成慢性持续感染,目前尚不能达到 完全治愈 ㊂尽管当前国家层面所开展的疫苗接种已经在很大程度上降低了乙型肝炎的发病率,但是很多基础与临床相关的问题仍是当前的挑战[2-3]㊂H B V对肝细胞的损伤并非表现为对肝细胞的直接攻击,而是通过激活自身免疫系统而间接造成细胞及组织的杀伤,而这种杀伤的形成也并非一蹴而就,需要经历免疫耐受期(慢性H B V携带)㊁免疫清除期(e抗原阳性慢性乙型肝炎)㊁免疫控制期(非活动性表面抗原携带状态)以及再活动期[4-5]㊂H B V的再激活通常是指稳定或检测不到H B V D N A的患者突然出现H B V的复制增加,是造成H B V相关肝炎㊁肝衰竭及肝癌等各类急慢性并发症的基础,是H B V研究的热点问题,当前仍没有一个统一的定论[6-7]㊂妊娠及免疫功能低下人群H B V感染的管理一直是严重的问题㊂本研究旨在回顾性分析慢性H B V携带孕妇发生H B V再激活的临床特征及潜在的危险因素,为进一步优化妊娠人群的乙型肝炎管理提供基础㊂1资料与方法1.1一般资料回顾性选取2018年1月1日 2022年12月1日海南省琼海市妇幼保健院非活动性H B V携带孕妇116例为研究对象㊂纳入标准:①诊断为非活动性乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(h e p a t i t i sBv i r u s s u r f a c ea n t i g e n,H B s A g)携带孕㊃254㊃河北医科大学学报第45卷第4期妇(非活动性H B V携带孕妇),即血清学检测H B s A g阳性超过6个月,乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(h e p a t i t i sBv i r u sea n t i g e n,H B e A g)阴性㊁乙型肝炎病毒e抗体(h e p a t i t i s B v i r u s e a n t i b o d y, H B e A b)阳性,H B V D N A<2k U/L,且丙氨酸转氨酶(a l a n i n e a m i n o t r a n s f e r a s e,A L T)㊁天冬氨酸转氨酶(a s p a r t a t e t r a n s a m i n a s e,A S T)㊁总胆红素(t o t a l b i l i r u b i n,T B I L)等肝功能相关指标均在正常范围内,同时影像学检测未见明显乙型肝炎进展征象[8];②处于妊娠期;③既往无H B V活动史且未接受相关抗H B V治疗;④平素无明确保肝治疗史;⑤在我院长期接受孕检及乙型肝炎随访观察;⑥相关临床资料完善㊂排除标准:①合并其他类型肝炎病毒感染;②合并心㊁脑㊁肾等重要脏器功能障碍及肿瘤;③合并人类免疫缺陷病毒㊁结核分枝杆菌等造成患者免疫功能低下的致病微生物感染;④合并免疫系统疾病,如类风湿性关节炎㊁系统性红斑狼疮;⑤近期服用糖皮质激素和(或)免疫抑制剂;⑥合并其他影响肝功能的疾病,如肝囊肿㊁肝脓肿等㊂获取上述116例患者的既往随访观察资料,观察其是否在妊娠期内及分娩后1年内出现H B V再激活,判定标准是:非活性动H B s A g携带者H B V D N A较基线升高ȡ1ˑ102k U/L,或非活动性H B s A g携带者H B V D N A由低于检测值下限到可以被检测到[8]㊂本研究经医院伦理委员会审批通过㊂1.2临床资料的收集及相关资料的检测方法收集患者的相关临床资料,包括①H B V血清学指标: H B s A g㊁H B e A g㊁H B e A b以及H B V D N A;②肝功能指标:A L T㊁A S T㊁T B I L㊁γ-谷氨酰转移酶(g a mm a-g l u t a m y l t r a n s f e r a s e,γ-G G T)㊁白蛋白(a l b u m i n,A L B);③一般资料:年龄㊁体重指数(b o d y m a s s i n d e x,B M I)乙型肝炎家族史㊁学历㊁家庭收入㊁家庭成员是否为H B s A g携带或乙型肝炎患者㊁吸烟饮酒史;④妊娠相关指标:妊娠时期㊁是否妊娠期糖尿病㊁是否妊娠期高血压㊁妊娠史㊁妊娠期是否出现H B V再激活及此时的妊娠时间㊁分娩后是否出现再激活及分娩后时间;⑤营养指标:A L B㊁血红蛋白(h e m o g l o b i n,H B);⑥免疫指标:I g A㊁I g G㊁I g M㊁C D4+㊁C D8+㊁C D4+/C D8+;⑦肝纤维化指标:血清层黏连蛋白(l a m i n i n,L N)㊁血清透明质酸(h y o l u r o n i ca c i d,H A)㊁三型前胶原N端肽(N-t e r m i n a l p e p t i d e o f t y p eⅢp r o c o l l a g e n,PⅢ-N P)和四型胶原蛋白(t y p eⅣc o l l a g e n,Ⅳ-C);⑧炎症指标:C反应蛋白(C-r e a c t i v e p r o t e i n,C R P)㊁白细胞介素6(i n t e r l u k i n-6,I L-6)㊁肿瘤坏死因子α(t u m o r n e c r o s i s f a c t o r-α,T N F-α);⑨血脂指标:总胆固醇(t o t a lc h o l e s t e r o l,T C)㊁三酰甘油(t r i g l y c e r i d e, T G)㊁低密度脂蛋白(l o w d e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n, L D L)㊁高密度脂蛋白(h i g h d e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n, H D L)㊂其中采用实时荧光聚合酶链式反应(r e a l t i m ef l u o r e s c e n t p o l y m e r a s e c h a i n r e a c t i o n,R T-P C R)检测H B V D N A含量(L i g h t C y c l e r96德国罗氏),检测下限为20k U/L;采用化学发光微粒子免疫分析法(A R C H I T E C T-i2000美国雅培)对患者H B V相关血清学标记物进行检测,指标阴性范围为: H B s A g<0.05k U/L,H B e A g<1S/C O,H B e A b>1 S/C O;采用全自动生化检测仪(T B A-2000F R日本东芝)检测患者肝功能指标㊁营养指标㊁免疫功能指标㊁肝纤维化指标㊁炎症指标及血脂指标;采用流式细胞分析仪(A t t u n eN x T美国赛默飞)检测患者各淋巴细胞所占比例㊂1.3 H B V再激活的治疗参照最新版慢性乙型肝炎防治指南[5]中的相关标准,妊娠中后期H B V D N A定量>2ˑ105k U/L,在患者知情同意的情况下,于妊娠第24~28周开始抗病毒治疗,同时建议免疫耐受期孕妇于产后即刻或1~3个月停药㊂停药后应至少每3个月检测肝脏生物化学和H B V D N A等指标,直至产后6个月,发生肝炎活动者应立即启动抗病毒治疗㊂1.4统计学方法应用S P S S22.0和R(v e r s i o n 4.1.1)统计软件分析数据㊂采用M e d c a l(v e r s i o n 19.8)及R(v e r s i o n4.1.1)统计软件绘制图形㊂正态分布的计量资料比较采用独立样本t检验㊁单因素方差分析和S N K-q检验;计数资料比较采用χ2检验;采用L a s s o回归分析评估多因素预测模型下的最佳纳入指标,并计算C指数(c i n d e x)评估模型的精度,c i n d e xɤ0.5表示无预测价值;>0.5~0.7表示精度较低;>0.70~0.8表示精度适中;>0.8以上表示精度较高,采用受试者工作曲线(r e c e i v e r o p e r a t o r c u r v e,R O C)分析预测模型对临床事件发生的预测价值,计算曲线下面积(a r e au n d e r c u r v e, A U C),采用校准图评估预测模型与实际情况的拟合程度;采用K a p l a n-M e i e r曲线分析因素对临床事件发生的影响㊂P<0.05为差异有统计学意义㊂2结果2.1非活动性H B s A g携带孕妇出现妊娠期H B V 再激活与妊娠期H B V未再激活的基线资料根据患者定期孕检及乙型肝炎随访的资料,116例患者中出现妊娠期H B V再激活47例(40.52%)㊂比较㊃354㊃河北医科大学学报第45卷第4期妊娠期H B V 再激活患者与未H B V 未再激活患者的基线临床资料(纳入研究时数据),妊娠期H B V 再激活组基线H B V D N A ㊁T C ㊁L D L 水平和初产妇比例明显高于未H B V 未再激活患者,年龄㊁家庭月收入水平明显低于妊娠期H B V 未再激活者,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);2组其余指标差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)㊂见表1㊂表1 妊娠期出现H B V 再激活与妊娠期H B V 未激活患者首次孕检临床资料比较T a b l e 1 C o m p a r i s o no f c l i n i c a l d a t a o f t h e f i r s t p r e g n a n c yt e s t i n p a t i e n t sw i t hH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o na n d n o n -H B Va c t i v a t i o nd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y组别例数H B s A g(x -ʃs ,10ˑk U /L )H B VD N A (x -ʃs ,10ˑk U /L )A L B(x -ʃs ,g/L )年龄(x -ʃs ,岁)孕前B M I (x -ʃs )H B(x -ʃs ,g/L )妊娠期H B V 未再激活693.27ʃ1.671.63ʃ0.7640.23ʃ4.2333.39ʃ3.1722.04ʃ1.04117.23ʃ9.32妊娠期H B V 再激活473.35ʃ0.652.44ʃ0.6942.09ʃ3.8427.22ʃ3.2023.13ʃ2.88123.24ʃ14.42t/χ2值0.5297.0040.5765.9340.8370.942P 值0.478<0.0010.435<0.0010.2710.103组别例数T C (x -ʃs ,mm o l /L )T G (x -ʃs ,mm o l /L )L D L (x -ʃs ,mm o l /L )H D L (x -ʃs ,mm o l /L )乙型肝炎家族史(例数,%)学历(例数,%)本科及以上本科以下妊娠期H B V 未再激活694.85ʃ0.641.56ʃ0.273.04ʃ0.761.14ʃ0.327(10.14)30(43.48)39(56.52)妊娠期H B V 再激活476.84ʃ0.571.63ʃ0.213.55ʃ0.580.94ʃ0.2110(21.28)18(38.30)29(61.70)t/χ2值4.8050.5723.8530.7782.7700.309P 值0.0180.4630.0310.3060.0960.578组别例数家庭月收入(例数,%)ȡ8000元<8000元吸烟饮酒史(例数,%)合并糖尿病(例数,%)合并高血压(例数,%)妊娠史(例数,%)初产妇经产妇妊娠期H B V 未再激活6955(79.71)14(20.29)2(2.30)9(13.04)7(10.14)25(36.23)44(63.77)妊娠期H B V 再激活4724(51.06)23(48.94)3(6.38)6(12.77)6(12.77)29(61.70)18(38.30)t/χ2值10.5610.8230.0020.1937.289P 值<0.0010.3640.9650.660<0.0012.2 基线临床资料发生妊娠期H B V 再激活临床模型的构建 以是否发生妊娠期H B V 再激活及发生H B V 再激活的妊娠周数为观察终点,构建上述基线临床资料(以P =0.5为筛选阈值)对发生妊娠期H B V 再激活的临床预测模型,L a s s o 回归分析显示,当纳入基线H B V D N A 水平㊁年龄㊁家庭月收入时构建的模型最佳(m i n =3),其中c i n d e x 为0.653㊂以妊娠5个月以及妊娠10个月为观察时间点,评估预测妊娠5个月及10个月时发生H B V 再激活的概率,此模型下妊娠5个月内发生H B V 再激活的A U C 为0.679,妊娠10个月内发生HB V 再激活的A U C 为0.742,与实际妊娠期HB V 再激活的发生情况较为拟合㊂见图1㊂2.3 妊娠期H B V 再激活与产后H B V 再激活的临床特点 在所有116例纳入研究的患者中,仅发生妊娠期H B V 再激活患者32例,仅发生产后H B V再激活患者(产后1年内)25例(21.55%),同时发生妊娠期H B V 再激活与产后H B V 再激活患者15例(12.93%),对比显示,发生再激活时,妊娠期H B V再激活组H B V 的D N A 水平㊁H A ㊁L N ㊁PⅢ-N P ㊁Ⅳ-C ㊁C R P ㊁I L -6㊁T N F -α低于产后H B V 再激活组㊁妊娠期+产后H B V 再激活组,C D 4+㊁C D 4+/C D 8+水平明显高于产后H B V 再激活组㊁妊娠期+产后H B V 再激活组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);3组其余指标差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)㊂见表2㊂2.4 妊娠期H B V 再激活影响因素对全因性产后H B V 再激活的影响 考虑到患者在发生妊娠期H B V 再激活时,会经过相关规范化抗病毒以降低发生母婴传播的风险,同时在产后也会根据患者的情况决定是否继续抗病毒治疗,故仅分析对妊娠期H B V 再激活有影响的因素是否对发生全因性产后H B V 再激活有影响㊂在发生产后H B V 再激活的人群中,基线H B VD N A 水平高(ȡ100k U /L )孕妇发生全因性产后H B V 再激活的概率明显高于基线H B V D N A 水平低的孕妇,年龄小(<30岁)孕妇发生全因性产后H B V 再激活的概率明显高于年龄大(ȡ30岁)者;在所有纳入研究的患者中,表现为年龄大者更容易发生全因性产后H B V 再激活(P <0.05)㊂见图2㊂㊃454㊃河北医科大学学报 第45卷 第4期图1 首次孕检临床资料发生妊娠期H B V 再激活临床模型的构建A.首次孕检资料纳入模型的L a s s o 回归分析;B .模型下妊娠5个月内及妊娠10个月内发生H B V 再激活的R O C 曲线;C .模型下5个月内发生H B V 再激活与实际情况的拟合;D.模型下10个月内发生H B V 再激活与实际情况的拟合F i g u r e 1 C o n s t r u c t i o no f c l i n i c a lm o d e l o fH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y i n t h e f i r s t p r e g n a n c yt e s t 表2 妊娠期H B V 再激活与产后H B V 再激活的临床特点T a b l e 2 C l i n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o fH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o nd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y a n da f t e r p r e g n a n c y(x -ʃs )组别例数H B s A g(10ˑk U /L )H B V D N A(10ˑk U /L )A L T(U /L )A S T(U /L )T B I L(μm o l /L )γ-G G T(U /L )I g A (g /L )妊娠期H B V 再激活323.78ʃ0.884.82ʃ1.28 29.34ʃ4.2328.32ʃ5.0210.42ʃ2.4217.23ʃ3.242.43ʃ0.87产后H B V 再激活253.69ʃ0.725.23ʃ1.48*28.81ʃ7.4227.33ʃ6.3214.23ʃ4.3418.23ʃ4.022.57ʃ0.77妊娠期+产后H B V 再激活153.58ʃ0.675.61ʃ1.32*30.22ʃ6.0330.82ʃ5.3414.72ʃ4.0519.23ʃ4.152.58ʃ0.68F 值0.2955.1230.8420.7410.3950.4700.208P 值0.5470.0050.1270.2150.4760.3750.375组别例数I g G (g/L )I g M (g/L )C D 4+(%)C D 8+(%)C D 4+/C D 8+H A (μg /L )妊娠期H B V 再激活3212.69ʃ2.182.55ʃ0.8135.23ʃ4.04 34.02ʃ5.041.04ʃ0.11 148.23ʃ39.42 产后H B V 再激活2514.28ʃ2.672.67ʃ0.7633.73ʃ3.89*34.89ʃ5.590.97ʃ0.09*179.32ʃ33.12*妊娠期+产后H B V 再激活1513.94ʃ2.502.77ʃ0.8031.22ʃ3.05*33.28ʃ5.040.94ʃ0.08*183.20ʃ40.42*F 值0.2770.3044.8351.8425.03517.329P 值0.5720.5230.0170.1040.007<0.001组别例数L N (μg /L )P Ⅲ-N P (μg /L )Ⅳ-C (μg /L )C R P (m g /L )I L -6(n g /L )T N F -α(n g /L )妊娠期H B V 再激活32128.41ʃ44.24117.32ʃ53.42118.29ʃ47.329.22ʃ1.6734.23ʃ8.3220.18ʃ3.24产后H B V 再激活25164.23ʃ69.23*123.32ʃ44.03*147.23ʃ44.23*13.77ʃ2.42*48.07ʃ12.37*27.93ʃ5.73*妊娠期+产后H B V 再激活15169.82ʃ79.42*123.26ʃ65.37*156.39ʃ49.43*15.29ʃ3.42*54.29ʃ10.38*28.22ʃ5.03*F 值14.92416.39214.3207.85214.8246.382P 值<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001*P 值<0.05与妊娠期H B V 再激组比较(S N K -q 检验)㊃554㊃河北医科大学学报 第45卷 第4期图2妊娠期H B V再激活因素对产后H B V再激活的影响A.发生产后H B V D N A激活患者中(n=40),基线H B V D N A水平对发生产后H B V再激活的影响;B.发生产后H B V D N A 激活患者中(n=40),家庭月收入水平对发生产后H B V再激活的影响;C.发生产后H B VD N A激活患者中(n=40),年龄对发生产后H B V再激活的影响;D.纳入研究患者中(n=116),基线H B V D N A水平对于发生产后H B V再激活的影响;E.纳入研究患者中(n=116),家庭月收入水平对于发生产后H B V再激活的影响;F.纳入研究患者中(n=116),年龄对于发生产后H B V再激活的影响F i g u r e2E f f e c t s o fH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o n f a c t o r s d u r i n gp r e g n a n c y o nH B Vr e a c t i v a t i o na f t e r p r e g n a n c y3讨论相对于慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(c h r o n i ch e p a t i t i s B,C H B)而言,非活性H B s A g携带者的疾病进程更为缓慢且容易忽视,一些特殊人群,如肿瘤化学治疗中㊁使用免疫抑制及器官移植的非活动性H B s A g 携带者容易在疾病进程中出现H B V再激活,此类人群的再激活特点及相应的应对策略目前已较为完善[9-10]㊂相比之下,非活动性H B s A g携带者在无明确医学干预的自然进程中出现H B V再激活的特征及机制仍不清晰㊂妊娠是一个特殊的生理过程,此阶段母体的免疫状态会发生较大的变化,以产生对胎儿的免疫耐受,但也造成了一些免疫相关性疾病出现及进展[11-12]㊂尽管积极的主动和被动免疫使国民的H B s A g携带率明显下降,但当前国内的H B s A g携带仍高达6.1%,而孕妇的H B s A g携带率约为6.0%~7.8%,可见孕妇的H B V管理对H B V相关公共卫生安全的重要性[13]㊂T h1/T h2的平衡是妊娠过程得以进展的前提,正常情况下T h1及其所属的细胞因子水平会受到抑制以避免对绒毛膜及胎儿本身产生攻击㊂且发挥负向调控的调节性T细胞的比例会随着妊娠时间的延长而增加,对母体产生免疫耐受具有重要的促进作用㊂妊娠期滋养层细胞中的MH C-Ⅰ和MH C-Ⅱ的缺失也在一定程度上降低了N K细胞和T细胞的杀伤性㊂此外,一些免疫抑制性酶类及激素,如吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶㊁妊娠期皮质醇及雌激素的增加等均会造成母体的免疫功能处于抑制水平[14-16]㊂尽管母体因妊娠过程发生了诸多免疫调节,但对于这种免疫调节是否会导致母体内的H B V 再激活尚无明确定论,早期研究观察了18例慢性H B V感染孕妇体内的H B V D N A变化,发现约50%的孕妇会在妊娠期间出现H B V D N A水平增加,以妊娠晚期增加更为明显[17]㊂但也有研究观察了371例H B s A g阳性孕妇在妊娠期及分娩后12个月内的H B V相关血清学标记物的变化,发现妊娠及分娩后并没有发生明显的H B V活动[18-19]㊂除母体免疫抑制外,另外一种可能导致妊娠期或产后出现H B V再激活的因素是母体内的激素变化,母体血清皮质醇随着妊娠时间的延长而增加,足月和分娩时达到高峰,是非妊娠期妇女的3倍以上,皮质醇存在明显的H B V特异性T细胞的功能抑制作用㊂在分娩后的一段时间内,皮质醇的迅速降低导致母体免疫系统出现类似于皮质醇戒断的症状,期间免疫功能较妊娠期进一步降低,待母体再次适应了低水平的皮质醇后,免疫系统恢复至妊娠前水平[10,20]㊂值得一提的是,这种皮质醇的变化也是母体出现妊娠期高血压㊁妊娠期糖尿病的重要原因之一[21]㊂具体发生机制仍有待进一步证实㊂本研究对比分析发生妊娠期H B V再激活及未发生妊娠期H B V再激活的患者,提示发生妊娠期H B V再激活患者的基线H B V D N A水平高㊁年龄大及家庭收入低,且存在一定程度的血脂代谢紊乱,这些因素可能并非单一作用,如家庭收入较低者可能在治疗上偏向于更为经济的方式,对于H B V及相关疾病的认识也更为有限,血脂代谢紊乱可能会通过影响皮质醇的水平而影响到妊娠期H B V再激活㊂由于各类因素之间可能存在的相互作用,通过构建多个因素间的临床预测模型,将阈值放宽至0.5,纳入包括年龄㊁孕前B M I及H B V在内的多个㊃654㊃河北医科大学学报第45卷第4期因素进入模型中,L a s s o回归风险显示年龄㊁基线H B V D N A水平及家庭月收入水平对妊娠期发生H B V再激活具有一定的预测价值,与实际发生情况也较为拟合㊂妊娠及分娩是两个截然不同的分娩过程,内环境也会存在一定的变化㊂本研究结果显示,产后H B V再激活患者H B VD N A水平明显高于妊娠期H B V再激活者,免疫抑制较妊娠期H B V再激活者严重(P<0.05),炎症因子的水平及肝纤维化水平也更高(P<0.05),进一步分析显示<30岁妇女较ȡ30岁妇女更容易出现产后H B V再激活(P<0.05),猜测其中可能的原因是<30岁妇女对H B V相关知识的掌握程度较低,在收集的实际资料中,此部分人群多为学历偏低(本科以下)及家庭条件较差的患者㊂因此对H B V相关知识的普及对进一步完善H B V管理也十分重要㊂综上所述,年龄低㊁基线H B V D N A水平高及家庭月收入低的非活动性H B s A g携带孕妇容易发生妊娠期H B V再激活,产后H B V再激活所引起的免疫损伤可能较妊娠期更为严重,年龄低者容易发生全因性产后H B 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s[J].JC l i n M e d,2021,10(13):2926.[20]J i n g W,L i u J,L i u M.E l i m i n a t i n g m o t h e r-t o-c h i l dt r a n s m i s s i o no fH B V:p r o g r e s sa n dc h a l l e n g e s i n C h i n a[J].F r o n tM e d,2020,14(1):21-29.[21]S o n g A,L i u Y,C a o Z,e ta l.C l i n i c a lf e a t u r e sa n d T c e l li mm u n e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p o s t p a r t u m h e p a t i t i s f l a r e i np r e g n a n tw o m e nw i t hH B e A g-p o s i t i v e c h r o n i cH B Vi n f e c t i o n[J].F r o n t I mm u n o l,2022,13:881321.(本文编辑:赵丽洁)㊃754㊃符国骥等非活动性H B s A g妇女妊娠期及产后H B V再激活的临床特征及危险因素分析。

１０．１１１１/j．１７４２Ｇ４６５８．２００６．０５３２８．x [４５]D i a zA ,C a s a r a v i l l aC ,B a r r i o sA A ,e t a l ．P a r a s i t em o l e c u l e sa n dh o s t r e s p o n s e s i n c y s t i c e c h i n o c o c c o s i s [J ]．P a r a s i t e I mm u Ｇn o l ,２０１６,３８(３):１９３Ｇ２０５．D O I :１０．１１１１/pi m．１２２８２[４６]K r a u t z ＧP e t e r s o nG ,D e b a t i sM ,T r e m b l a y JM ,e t a l ．S c h i s t o Ｇs o m a m a n s o n i i n f e c t i o n o f m i c e ,r a t sa n d h u m a n se l i c i t sas t r o n g a n t i b o d y r e s p o n s e t o a l i m i t e dn u m b e r o f r e d u c t i o n Ｇs e n Ｇs i t i v e e p i t o p e s o n f i v em a j o r t e gu m e n t a lm e m b r a n e p r o t e i n s [J ]．P L o SN e g lT r o p Di s ,２０１７,１１(１):e ０００５３０６．D O I :１０．１３７１/j o u r n a l ．pn t d ．０００５３０６[４７]Z a r l e n gaD S ,N i s b e tA J ,G a s b a r r eL C ,e t a l ．Ac a l c i u m Ｇa c t i v a Ｇt e dn u c l e o t i d a s es e c r e t e df r o m O s t e r t a g i ao s t e r t a gi ４t h Ｇs t a g e l a r v a e i sa m e m b e ro ft h en o v e ls a l i v a r y a p y r a s e s p r e s e n t i n b l o o d Ｇf e e d i n g a r t h r o p o d s [J ]．P a r a s i t o l o g y,２０１１,１３８(３):３３３Ｇ３４３．D O I :１０．１０１７/s ００３１１８２０１０００１２４１收稿日期:２０１９Ｇ０９Ｇ１９㊀编辑:张智芳 消息斜体字母、大小写字母使用规范表１㊀斜体字母的适合场合适用场合示㊀例物理量符号A 面积,a (加速度),p (压强)特征数符号R e (雷诺数),E u (欧拉数)数学中的变量符号㊁函数x ,y ,z (笛卡儿坐标),f (x )代表点㊁线等空间位置的量P (点),A B (直线)坐标㊁变动性数字或量符号表示的下标F x (力F 的x 方向分量),ρl (线密度)生物学中属以下(含属)的拉丁学名E q u u s (马属),O r y z a (稻)化学中表示旋光性㊁分子构型㊁构象㊁取代基位置等的符号d Ｇ(右旋),p Ｇ(对位)坐标㊁变动性数字或量符号表示的下标F x (x :x 轴),C v (V :体积)表２㊀大写字母的适合场合适用场合示㊀例来源于人名的计量单位符号的首字母H z (赫[兹]),A (安[培]),V (伏[特])化学元素符号的首字母O (氧),C (碳),C l(氯)S I 基本量的量纲L (长度),M (质量),T (时间),I(电流)表示的因数表示大于１０６的S I 词头符号M (兆),G (吉),T (太),P (拍),E (艾),Z (泽),Y (尧)表３㊀小写字母的适合场合适用场合示㊀例一般计量单位符号m (米),k g (千克),m o l (摩),r a d (弧度),s (秒),只有 升 L (l )例外表示的因数等于小于１０３的S I 词头符号k (千),d (分),c (厘),m (毫),n (纳),p(皮)８５１中国人兽共患病学报２０２１,３７(２)。

丰田车系5A-FE 直列四缸1.5L 16气门DOHC 威驰9.8 68/6000 124/32008A-FE 直列四缸1.3L 16气门DOHC 威驰9.3 64/6000 110/3200 丰田5A FE发动机目前国内天津一汽04年至05年1ZZ-FE 直列四缸1.8L 16气门DOHC、DIS（含铅汽油）花冠9.5 94/6000 162/44003ZZ-FE 直列四缸1.6L 16气门DOHC、VVT-i、DIS（无铅汽油）10.5 81/6000 146/44001NZ-FE 直列四缸1.5L 16气门DOHC、VVT-i、DIS（无铅汽油）威驰花冠2NZ-FE 直列四缸1.3L 16气门DOHC、DIS（含铅汽油）威驰花冠1MZ-FE V型6缸3.0L 24气门DOHC，10.5 188/5200 203/4400 佳美94年后1AZ-FE 直列四缸2.0L 16气门DOHC、VVT-i、DIS、ETCS-I 凯美瑞、 RA V4 9.8 108/6000 190/60002AZ-FE 直列四缸2.4L 16气门DOHC、VVT-i、DIS、ETCS-I 凯美瑞大霸王 RA V4 9.8 123/6000 224/40002TR-FE 直列4缸 2.7L 双凸轮轴16气门（VVT-i）霸道、海狮1GR-FE V型六缸4.0L 霸道、兰德酷路泽（第七代陆地巡洋舰）2GR-FE V型六缸3.5L 24气门DOHC、双VVT-i、DIS、ACIS、ETCS-i 新款凯美瑞10.8 204/6200 346/4700/3GR-FE V型六缸3.0L 24气门DOHC、双VVT-i、DIS 2005款皇冠、锐志10.5 170/6200 300/4400 5GR-FE V型六缸2.5L 24气门DOHC、双VVT-i、DIS 锐志10.0 145/6200 242/44001FZ-FE 直列六缸4.5L 陆地巡洋舰（第六代）2UZ-FE V型八缸4.7L 兰德酷路泽（第七代陆地巡洋舰）1NZ-FXE 1.5升4缸直列双凸轮轴16气门普锐斯1ZR-FE 1.6L DOHC 16气门Dual-VVT-I 卡罗拉10.2 92kW/6000 157/42002ZR-FE 1.8L DOHC 16气门Dual-VVT-I 卡罗拉10.0 98kW/6100 174/40002ZR-FAE 1.8L DOHC 16气门Dual-VVT-I Valvematic 卡罗拉10.0 110kW/6100 179/40003ZR-FE 2.0L DOHC 16气门Dual-VVT-I 10.0 105kW/5600 194/3900 Dual-VVT-I3ZR-FAE 2.0L DOHC 16气门Dual-VVT-I Valvematic 116kW/6200 195/4400 2007年4ZR-FE 1.6L 96.7kW Dual-VVT-i4Zr是丰田08年最新研发的发动机，ZR系列是丰田最新研究发动机之一。

高三化学10月考（答案在最后）可能用到的相对原子质量：H-1B-11C-12O-16Na-23Cl-35.5S-32Fe-56Ni-59Sn-119一、单选题（每小题3分，共15题，共45分。

每题只有一个选项符合题意。

）1．化学与生活密切相关，下列说法正确的是（）A ．福尔马林和2SO 均可做环境消毒剂B ．氯水、2SO 的水溶液滴在蓝色石蕊试纸上，均是先变红后褪色C ．陶瓷、玛瑙、砖瓦均为硅酸盐材料D ．食盐可作调味剂，也可做食品防腐剂2．下列化学用语或图示表达正确的是（）A ．24N H 的电子式：B ．丙炔的键线式：C ．激发态Cl 原子的价电子排布图：D ．3SO 的VSEPR 模型：3．A N 表示阿伏伽德罗常数的值，下列说法中不正确的是（）A ．4.6g 甲苯和甘油的混合物中，C H -键总数小于A0.4N B ．将甲醛完全燃烧产生的混合气体通过足量22Na O 充分反应，当固体增重60g 时，22Na O 参与的反应中转移电子数为A0.4N C ．2x Na S 发生氧化反应生成x mol 24Na SO ，失去电子数为A8N D ．将7.1g 2Cl 完全溶于水得到的氯水中，Cl -、ClO -、HClO 三种微粒中氯原子总数小于A0.2N 4．下列关于C ，Si 及其化合物结构与性质的论述错误的是（）A ．自然界中的14C 来自宇宙射线（中子）撞击14N ，其过程可表示为14114100N n N H+=+B ．4SiH 中Si 的化合价为＋4，4CH 中C 的化合价为－4，因此4SiH 还原性小于4CH C ．高压下制得的2CO 共价晶体结构与2SiO 晶体相似，其硬度和熔沸点均高于2SiO 晶体D ．Si 原子间难形成双键而C 原子间可以，是因为Si 的原子半径大于C ，难形成p-pπ键5．下列离子方程式书写正确的个数是（）①向()4Na Al OH ⎡⎤⎣⎦溶液中通入少量2CO ：()()2232432Al OH CO 2Al OH CO H O --⎡⎤+=↓++⎣⎦②向3NaHSO 溶液中滴入过量()33Fe NO 溶液：3223242FeHSO H O 2Fe SO 3H+-+-+++=++③氢氧化钙溶液与氢氟酸混合的离子方程式：2222OH Ca 2H 2F CaF 2H O -++++++=↓+④向碳酸氢镁溶液中加入过量澄清石灰水溶液产生白色沉淀：223323Mg 2HCO Ca 2OH CaCO 2H O MgCO +-+-+++=↓++↓⑤()2Ba OH 溶液中加入过量44NH HSO 溶液：22444322Ba 2OH NH H S Ba O SO NH H O H O+-++-+⋅+++++△⑥FeS 和浓硝酸反应得到黄色溶液和淡黄色沉淀：33226H 3NO FeSFe S 3NO 3H O+-++++↓+↑+△A ．1B ．2C ．3D ．46．这周末，高中生小汪帮家里做家务。

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x?<o c b 57663836w y Y K i b `t ,k I ``w y `Y x @K =>/w y k }`B [<t ,k IU =x k K P 6@w `k }Y x l m U *K P 428,<w y k }=F M T Z W B [6z [s 7g f f r`t ,k I 5[6k I vHh k I 9Y ;Y x U `Z 6;w y Y x P w 67Q <u Q t ,k I =+;s 7g `f r Z <q ;S X T p f y :_N }.6639m k l;k p E U Q <q o a ]2;Y k d h Y ,Q u m k ll m w y <6F 55.W 6-Y.r-Z.h r63:w y N [k I v t ,Q ^@B 8Y k d W 3V w y N [k I Q xX `h ?<t ,Q ^@=u X y6CB 8Y k d <~~5PV w y N [`k I <Y k d `t ,Q ^=Z Z [E <X?h [x Q `;:U =`P <;+r I 9o Y ,@9B k l P`p H =i b b :i c @L ?h`D o <.^>T o a 663;P ]Y k d `C e [T pP ]Y k d _/C e [k p Q <q o a ]2f T >k l v m k l -i b e t ,<6F 56-Z.h r63<w y k]2N[e B k IX M Y k d;t,m1f<K;?h I Y`05?hut v o?h\rb p{<Z;w y@N[`k I Y l e B[Q<=T M X h\r p{`Q^`}<n{Y k d`T p b:6U a|`a C Mg p H~Y k d`n{<q| `T p p1k I-n p:c k p.V w y[k663=k,w n}Q`o a X|6l k,w n}Q<q d\;u`Y k d w y_y`k I~<W3N[+rk I`*A Dp Y k d66l;y t Y w b e:y:}5R U w Q<Z w y k,|:Q<w y_y=sw k w`T J k4z J k I<> /[6h^<;Mg p H o<q;w y_y\o T p k}66354}L\C>kw y}^\C>k Q<sw w y 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4y w \o b K <i X 4`y w \;k ,`?X I @Q <q h T \o b K `_T y wY o \o -z p .:\o ]k ,@<M Q ?^S 3_w y W ^`8-^r 663573:E S 3U w y Y k d `X g v tk p6F 59.W U E S 3U w y Y k d `X g v tk p 6Z u f77t Q <k l V k 4B 8k <V p M X 8kk l V w y [k <T Y k d t ,<Z x m f77t Q <k 4B @>K`k I >m ;I d Rg v w y Bfac 6k <T Y k d Hh 6;T p K k p Q <q ;S X T p f }.k p o m 67;I735{=8Y k d `o a X |{=8Y k d u ^r `F 3,;<X T p Q q o a^o X |^]2z J a I 6735353c w T p 3,{=8Y k d h Z pwu 42e/;T r `3,<q ]2;<:bNY p 54:bNY ^K `e I o T p 6e]2;?*;5T C ;e 7`3,f T p 6Mg p H o <q T p /=8Y k d 6735363c w o k;q o ]j c N @~o k j c N Q <g d T p .~l o k W y :o k 6q ]2+I g o k <8n p +I g o k <?I =\a w y |w v ?h`n R D o 6736P t 59BY k d ;d ]n j 9B Q <?h =q ^:|<?I =\a e t ,6f F ;y `/=z J 9B `d d -6kE :c 5A e :c b .E r;?X N w @Q <\?n w ~s ^a .9B ~Y k d `n {<6T 9B 4~y Y k d `?h :[4~L q<`t ,4~/Y m <@h M 0d d :cE r;h ?N w @<@T p 59Y b 6i K <~w Y k d }^@w P t 3,f `p H o -6k,b .<q ]2y w -~x T p <g d hY k d Y o q o ]N w @6F 5:74;7376fQ `P t 59B 5I h;6f Y k d @r u Y k d `rb Q <8K ;n P`P t 59B vI h Q <?I =\a Y k d `Z I I C<q n w ?h P t 59B C c;5@3T H `59Q r 683,835c w i TY x 53,q o a T p {.`3,Y x h T +m z [s 7g f f r`Z 6i K <i T 3,f -B n *5@u j 0e 7-QM 65G 6Q b .@u E e 7`p H o <?h b 3h J /j 0=5P 0=@J u -B<H -\a o ?h \r v ?h a I <f F q Dp /=8Y k d 68Dp {=8Y k d A >T ;S X T p f _N }.6836~Y k d u o `e 7q ]2;p u^o e 7`3,f T p Y k d 6;M 03,f <{=8Y k d U h I ]2M 0e 7~?h`n {<q T p /=8Y k d 683635g 3,8;Y k d i T K ;g lb d -6g }j 5g t 5g lH b S 5g 88S b .</,=z J pg `:0e 7<?I =\a gJ u w ?h @i b o ?h ^683636j 0e 7-QM 65G 6Q.j 0e 7`T ?h j 0<\a ?h o ?h ^@h \>683637P 0W e 7-LMm.8;O x n P `3,f >|`z J k +`I 9<A k +z J `LMm =y g `x K j `p :0J 2k J /+|<H -F R H j `v h j :V Y k d `Y ,Q K I C6q c T pw O x P w `Z .`3,6837u p 5S [53S 5t `3,q h T ;Y k d =J u ]p 5S [53S 5t b`3,f T p v >K Y k d <f U p v S [=i b g d <R 5{bN 0<U =\a m k +o Y k d @k p <h [S v t =\a a _-M @g d N 06~w T p NB K >`Y k d <j :u E 3S E J~<4=\a K >3H 5:d 6838T p 5S d 56fQ `3,T p 5S d 56fQ <q ]2O e Y D 5eS 3|Y 5|O 5|I 6?y :T p 56f 5S d `Y 5O x 3T 6F 5:f 7gn t .W <`f5@`Y x *Y k d `8V -h ?6I b `T p`Y 5O x 3TU >5.Y x >p6.O x >9,PG p <9,PG7.e I ><:bNY p 54:bNY2F5;74<83835P O3,;P O3,f<i TY x M6`0Q<Y k dH j?I=r o<H-\a Y k d8-e05w y|w5J<b u *6Mg3,`i8W w Y y:n@6f`B@6r o Y[;P O3,o<Y x s P Y M z`U c Y Q<@hY k d s c Y M z Z`P Y f Q<p Q eO r`/p d`u*683836o`c Y3,;o`c Y3,f q o a r d u*6r d?I=\a?t j:`D x5t,K5@}C6tb a I6 r d Y[r o v e|P O3,f<J u w Y k d@`p:;Y x i`d h^o Q O r/d`u*683837c Y5c O3,q o a;c Y5c O3,f<{b?I=J0683838P Y5P O3,q o a Y k d}Q^-p6f^^.@w P Y5P O f Q<?h b3`J/P0=<\a o?h\r v?h a I< `/v h g d U4`0J P0@<R<H-z J Z I I C683839b3;r8-QKR8.Y k d`3,QKR8Y k d~O x Z n6N<f-n p a5O Q r<S d Q q o a^o P h>-5.5O Q r S:=~<q|<T p6-6.5O Q r S:=~8>}^S d<g d T pu O x C c`M?d69K9v E r935c w e^F y q^FX M H Y k d`NBA i;y3A n_]`Y e^F<-H/`24~-NY k d K>q3.A n_]`Y q^F6 q;T p z[s7g<v E r Y k d Q o a6936E r4~<7i u s7<A A X M Y k d`E r4~U-a4~<X U T Y k d X U\r v?=`Y,<E r4~U Y> T^r<r`693635F P t9B;Z n S z`E r41YT?h`t,4~L q<`t,4~y P t9B4~/Y m6r`Y;w y W>k`s2o<|[?h`F P F9B;n9<6l E r4~Z Z h I S U/`;I<6F5;64~ P t4~F 5<74=93636o ??=;E r Q |`T Y k d `?h 30l Y 4~<M Q h x ?]2J C 59-}G <U ;0J k +Q <T ?h`8f b v >+;@G ^J u;?h @6937z 5R E rz 5R E r *T Y k d Q <+``x -M 4?I =\a e |0+<U a ]2+`2K <q E b 8:`E r ^56*T D N }o E r Q <q o a h T T Y k d `3,Y x+m z [s 7g `f r Z 6938E r .`E rU a 5\]+5`9<E r Q q T p j y 6P w Y1q ;-428=p 42:<:.Lrd-9p ;.b_^r[d 3T H 6U a 5\w t <q T p Y 7j y 6939w 7V y w `E rE r w 7V y w `Y k d Q <w 7j x q ^84L p ;4L-8b_^p ;b_^.U t 693:+I g o kq h T T p +I g o k 4V o k Y k d <f U +I g =\a ?h D o 5w y |w b a I 693;Y w 8-RGR.Y k d `E r y q oX M RGR 8Y k d `E r y q o :P ^o P i<c F 5<>E r H ?n q S }+o k q ob 3@SQ |^o V j a h Y w 8-RGR.Y k d q o ;j c N @Q `o a h <q ,U S X T p Q `o <6o a 6l h .6T q Sy 7Y k d <=+o Y k d `Z I 6sw S ,_>`h ?=u h Z x x t q o@x t o k `]6<.^q o 3g /G w725=r 4V x f .j `_>v 4R 693;35E rq h T L u Y k d `y w -6F 5=.<M Q ?I +o Y k d `:U ;I 6q F J z [s 7g@`E r B XF T }[Y j c N6q o a S 3Y k d `\\6q o a E r p ^w `b r Y 1P`1?I =i b Y k dH j 0J a I6F 5=hr GG I 7F 6475493;36H ?n q Sn q S q T p 7F R ;`w y P l c <3S q T p 0E ,p n C `.~6q R -94`H ?n q S <^5\`{7Y k dH j6~w F V H ?<q S 3n qS W 3\r 6q n S X b T n q S h =c ]j c N `@36q o a h T T n q S J u;Y k d y w ^K `j X <M Q ?I \a Y k d `8-i c 6q o a ~w 5-K 8v5q S 8Y k d <h T T p h j c N H @4GG F 7F u n q S `n 0T `H ?4V <6F 64.W <Mg 4V =T n q Sy 7Y k dH j64c T o a `Y 5-K 8693;37}+U a L =q o ;I <q d \y :}+6q ;Y x U o 9j c N q o 3:5Q ^U 5:^H `9d o y :}+6q o a h T T pf rb a I b *f -}Q ^6b w P Y f `Y k d </,`:U ;I ?I \0J L `693;38q oq o o a X |c b 58693;39Q |x t q o W ~<U a ]2f q o Q `+`T Y k d @`/j d N 0<q ;q o ~X N >@Q |6{=8Y k d ~~I `y :o k <X ;Oq o N /Q <q h T hY k d X N x xo k <f UE ~o ?n ]`o k W ?I =+2Y k dH j `/=;693;3:o ko k Q q 3b 59D @o k 416Z Y k d r 7NBA N ~<6>y :S 7o k <q y _t [l }.<^_5[x Z `z [6q h T T p C V G5;s ]M 5h [S@f t y :o k 693;3;b 3@SU a 5\j c N `8-e 0<>T y :b 3@S Q q o a^o X |65-K 8L 5q S 8<=f U b 3@S Sy 7Y k dH j \a 0J a I <f F q h T y :b 3@S <@;b 3@S W ~:E r Y k d 6sw A 0b 3@S S ~Y k d u h ^n {<63s K >b <f F q .N D @5e ;S X T p Q y :_N }.6b 3@S S `Y x q h T +m Y k d *P `T p Y x <-lq;Y k d Q `|Y Q <l IV H b 3@S S 6c w H v u^o g d <c b 5:6F6575593<b 3;r 8-QKR.Y k d `E r y q oX M QKR 8Y k d `E r y q o :P ^o P i<c F 65>n qQ E r 6fo k;l q oF 66F 67756^o V j a h b 3;r 8-QKR.Y k d q o ;j c N @Q `o a h <q ,U S X T p Q `o <6q o a h T ;[Ym 1f +>Y k d 693<376fq}S;6f m1f<Y k d h =f d ]P tb f y -J z <^]2f F z J `q o h ^693<38;l q oF 66s W a {Kw ;q Q j c NN 3`Y x u w <X Y U Y k d `9d ?I =u .h ?<f F q o 3U Y k d `s 7g <6l s 7g f ~u I 7<?^T p F W Y x u w 6S q Sj c `q o ^rq o h ^Y }h~689`m P93<35n qQq Dp w y P v h p s `qQ <f U s?I \a Y k d z ;l v k p N F R 6q}.qQ H ?94<|x U 4259dd p 426dd 693<36E r;E r Y k d Q <<7s 7g Ti u I 7<A A q h pw `S 3Y E r ;b 5;.f r`Z ^H 6;Oq o N /Q <q h T hY k d X N x xo k <f UE ~o ?n ]`o k W ?I =+2Y k dH j `/=;6q h T hY k d {y;q S r f <M Q =T{b `9\a Y k d a I 6q o s 2q o <F 676F 6875793<39o ky :+k @{y o k <o kY x q C c;o 6q T p D P @p P o k W <-h T T p C V G5;s ]M 5h [S@f t y :o k 6q h T y :+I g o k <A A =i b w y |w v ?h D o 6h Z`q o=\a Y k d/=;I o i <F Q ]2~q~Y k d y :o k @b 3@S -{H S ,S .6:`/o a X |:35E {@`o a hq o a ;Y k d T |Y ,Q <6l p a ?;=u ?k`St 6q o a ;y :Y k d -Q I y w 05w -b \o j d .`E r 5V ,va I @S Q q p k |k ,6q o a ;y :y w \o Q <q p ~J z [s 7g@`o wF <~~:T }\o 66l \o M e ?I =i b `1}^`e t ,5e |0+5u >b p H 66l0J ?h D o 5o ?h ^5|w b h ^Q <=S o ``/mz<H `J :Q <q T p o h E {rb 6:36}d s Q r;T p }d s Q r `Y k d Q <q h TR LQ r d <T Y k d d ]9B <M Q ?I \a Y k d 0J a I 66l K Q r T p a \t :<q h \t :I 7;@Y k d <]2Y k d ;Q r d T 8[<6F 686\t :s A a V Q Ia Y k d `D Y 7i <b 5=s W z0z [`i 8s A a V <~w 478t `s A a V q o c U 8t `s 7g 6。

JIS烧结金属材料——规格JIS Z 2550：2000平成12年（2000）3月20日修正日本工业标准调查会审议（日本标准协会发行）Z 2550:2000前言本标准是以工业标准化法为基础，经过日本工业标准调查会审查，由通商产业大臣修改的日本工业标准。

根据本标准，对JIS Z 2550：1989（机械构造部件用烧结材料）修改置换。

JIS Z 2550附属书如下所示。

附属书（规定）机械构造部件用烧结材料主管大臣：通商产业大臣制订：昭和58（1983）.11.1 修改：平成12（2000）.3.20公示：平成12（2000）.3.21拟订原案合作者：日本粉末冶金工业协会审议部会：日本工业标准调查会非铁金属部会（部会长神尾彰彦）如对此标准有意见或者疑问，请联系工业技术院标准部标准业务科产业基盘标准化推进室（100-8921东京都千代田区霞关1条3-1）并且，日本工业标准根据工业标准化法第15条规定，以5年为最大期限，必须在此期限内附日本工业标准调查会审议，并及时确认、修改或废止。

日本工业标准烧结金属材料——规格Sintered metal materials—Specification序本标准是以1996年第一版发行的ISO 5755，Sintered metal materials—Specification为基础，制订的日本工业标准，但日本工业标准与ISO标准值的规定项目不一样，不可能直接对比统一。

这次修改，在附属书中对采用ISO的材料的日本工业标准材料进行了规定，使两者可以并用。

不过，因ISO开始了原国际标准的修改工作，需要注意ISO材料记号的使用。

此外，本标准中有侧线或者点线的部分，为附属书材料特性试验的相关部分，是国际标准中没有的事项。

1. 适用范围此标准规定了轴承与机械部件使用的烧结金属材料的化学成分、机械特性及物理特性。

备注1 选择粉末冶金材料时，材料的特性不单是化学成分及密度，还要考虑到制造方法。