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《技术支持的思维建模》几种工具的介绍《技术支持的思维建模》---几种工具的介绍000一、 stella软件:一种组合建模工具Isee系统(过去的高绩效系统)是世界领先的系统思维软件的制造商。
成立于1985年,isee开发了STELLA,第一个将系统思维方式带入到桌面系统的软件。
除了STELLA这样主要为教育学家和研究人员使用的软件以外,isee 提供iThink软件来进行商业仿真。
Isee是一个自负盈亏的公司,广泛涉足全球大量的商业,教育和政府市场。
针对教育和科研的系统思考方法当教育和研究完全离开课堂和图书馆,并且为大家提供创造、体验和观察的机会的时候,这时的教育和科研是最令人兴奋的。
STELLA™软件提供了一个实用的方法来动态展现和表达复杂系统和概念实际是如何工作的。
STELLA 软件有适合Windows和Macintosh两个版本.建模新手和老手(包括教师、学生和研究人员)都可以通过STELLA来探索和回答如下所示的无穷无尽的问题:•长期的气候变化对生态系统有什么影响?•如果汉姆雷特早一点杀掉克劳地亚斯,他的命运会不会得到改变?•油价将如何回应市场供求的振荡?•臭氧层消失之后将会怎样?•宏观经济学的原理如何影响收入和消费量?“STELLA 软件给了我们一个非常强大且灵活的工具,用来构造允许人们通过亲手实验来进行学习的环境。
”— Dennis Meadows,交互式学习实验室的负责人,合作作者 Growth:30年的改造。
黄金标准使用方便, STELLA 的模型通过询问“如果这样,那么”提供了数不清的探索问题的机会,同时观察发生的情况并且激发学习过程中令人兴奋的领悟瞬间。
数以千计的教育家和研究人员将STELLA作为黄金标准;使用该软件来学习每一件东西,从经济学到物理学,从文学到微积分学,从化学到公共政策。
K-12,学院和研究机构已经就STELLA的独有的激励学习的能力达成了共识。
共享学习你清楚地明白当你的学生能够挨个解释时,他们就学到了相关的信息。
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iSee(图⽚专家)使⽤教程iSee(图⽚专家)使⽤教程许多朋友喜欢我做的图⽚,想学习。
今天向⼤家推荐⼀款⽐较易⽤的⼀款图⽚处理软件iSee。
这是⼀款功能全⾯的数字图像浏览处理⼯具,不但具有和ACDSee媲美的强⼤功能,还针对⽤户实际量⾝订做了⼤量图像娱乐应⽤。
⽐如在线相册、图⽚处理、动画制作等。
让你的图⽚真正地动起来,留下更多更美好的记忆!如今,数码相机的普及正在改变⼈们的⽣活,但是数码照⽚的后期处理还仍然是少数“PS⾼⼿”的专利,这也成了⼀些初学电脑者难以逾越的⼀道鸿沟。
针对此⽅⾯的问题,我们向⼤家推荐⼀款⽐较易⽤的⼀款图⽚处理软件iSee。
这是⼀款功能全⾯的数字图像浏览处理⼯具,不但具有和ACDSee媲美的强⼤功能,还针对⽤户实际量⾝订做了⼤量图像娱乐应⽤。
⽐如在线相册、图⽚处理、动画制作等。
让你的图⽚真正地动起来,留下更多更美好的记忆!iSee 使⽤⼀个可执⾏安装程序包:iSeeSetup.exe,你可以在华军软件园(/soft/39528.htm)下载该安装包,安装时请运⾏该安装包, iSee的安装⾮常简单,只要⼀路“Next(下⼀步)”即可。
运⾏ iSee时只需在Windows左下⾓点“开始->程序->iSee->iSee”,即可运⾏ iSee 主程序。
进⼊该软件的主界⾯,我们可以看到iSee采⽤了ACDSee的缩略图模式(如图1所⽰),但如果我们细细观察的话,即会发现其实它相对于ACDSee来说,⼜增加了许多有趣实⽤的功能,可最⼤限度的满⾜⽤户对图⽚处理的各类需要。
所以说iSee虽然个性化不突出,但其易⽤性、亲和⼒显⽽易见。
下⾯我们以简单的图⽚处理为例来介绍⼀下基本的使⽤⽅法。
图1 iSee缩略图模式⼀、打开图⽚ 启动iSee,依次打开⽂件夹,双击所要处理的图⽚后,会将iSee的界⾯转换为⼤视图模式(如图2所⽰),将选中的图⽚单⼀进⾏显⽰,这⼀点⾮常⽅便。
此模式状态下使⽤⿏标左右键中间的滚轮可以⾮常轻松快捷的对当前⽂件夹下的图⽚进⾏浏览。
2009 年第1 期导弹与航天运载技术No.1 2009总第299 期MISSILE AND SPACE VEHCILE Sum No.299文章编号:1004-7182(2009)01-0007-04日-地系拉格朗日点任务及其转移轨道设计方法刘建忠(北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076)摘要:绕日-地系拉格朗日点的深空探测任务越来越多,这些任务的目标轨道一般为Halo 轨道或Lissajous 轨道。
介绍了3种从地球停泊轨道出发到拉格朗日点的转移轨道设计方法,并进行了对比。
最后以A z=-800 000 km 的Halo 轨道为例,验证了直接转移轨道设计方法的有效性。
关键词:日地系统;拉格朗日点;转移轨道;Halo 轨道;Lissajous 轨道中图分类号:V412.4+1 文献标识码:AMissions of Sun-Earth Lagrange Points and Design Method of Transfer TrajectoryLiu Jianzhong(Beijing Institute of Space System Engineering, Beijing, 100076)Abstract: Missions of deep-space exploration surrounding Sun-Earth Lagrange points are increasing. Target orbits of these missions are generally the Halo orbit or the Lissajous or bit. Three methods of transfer trajectory design bet ween parking orbit and Lagrange points are introduced and compared. The Halo orbit of A z=-800 000 km is used as an example to verify the validity of direct transfer orbit design.Key Words: Sun-earth system; Lagrange points; Transfer trajectory; Halo orbit; Lissajous o rbit0 引言1772 年法国数学家J.L.拉格朗日研究发现,在一个旋转的二体引力场中存在5 个受力平衡点,这些点称作拉格朗日点(也称平动点或动平衡点)。
Manual Supplement Manual Supplement Rev. 4 forQA-ES III Electrosurgical AnalyzerGetting Started Manual (Rev. 1)Manual Title: QA-ES III Getting Started Supplement Issue: 4Part Number: 4473063 Date: 12/22Print Date December 2015 Page Count: 8Revision/Date: 1This supplement contains information necessary to ensure the accuracy of theabove manual.QA-ES III Getting Started SupplementAbout This Manual SupplementThis document is a manual supplement against the QA-ES III Getting Started Manual (Rev. 1 | 12/15). This document acts as an erratum to the original manual. Any changes detailed in this document reflect the most up-to-date information about the product.1QA-ES III Getting Started SupplementChange #1, 781, 248On page 2, add the following to the Symbols table:Conforms to relevant South Korean EMC Standards.On page 17, under Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), add:Korea (KCC) ................................... Class A Equipment (Industrial Broadcasting & Communication Equipment)Class A: Equipment meets requirements for industrial electromagnetic wave equipment and theseller or user should take notice of it. This equipment is intended for use in businessenvironments and not to be used in homes.2QA-ES III Getting Started SupplementChange #2, 18On page 4, under Safety Information, add these warnings:•The chassis ground of the ESU must be tied to the Ground Lug (Item 12 on Figure 1) of the QA-ES III using one of the safety leads, provided as a standard accessory, during all testing for ESUs with operatingfrequencies >1 MHz.•The ESU and QA-ES III must be plugged in to the same power receptacle.•Do not exceed 2-meter power leads for both the ESU and the QA-ES III.•Avoid connecting the ESU and/or QA-ES III to power strips with long power leads or into tables fitted with outlets (that also have long power leads).•Stay clear of the ESU, its leads, and the QA-ES III during powered operation and testing.3QA-ES III Getting Started Supplement 4Change #3, J252Starting on page 51, replace the Technical Specification section through the HF Leakage Current sub-section with:Technical SpecificationsSpecifications apply for a period of one year from date of the most recent calibration.Measures ............................................................ Cut and coag waveformsMonopolar and bipolar outputsPower and currentmeasurements .................................................. true RMSBandwidth ......................................................... 30 Hz to 5 MHz at -3 dB including loadsDelay Time for singlemeasurements ............................................. 0.2 seconds to 4.0 seconds from Foot Switch activation to start of measurementDuty CycleVariable Load .............................................. 10 seconds on, 30 seconds off, at 100 W, all loadsFixed 200 Ω Load ..................................... 10 seconds on, 30 seconds off, at 400 WLoad BankLoad ResistanceVariable ................................................... 0 Ω, 10 Ω, 20 Ω, 25 Ω to 2500 Ω (by 25 Ω), 2500 Ω to 5200 Ω (by 100 Ω)DC Accuracy ........................................... ±2.5 %Power Handling (for inputs <5Mhz)At 25% duty cycle (10 seconds on,30 seconds off) ............................................ 10 Ω: 300 W, 20 Ω to 2900 Ω: 400 W, 3000 Ω to 5200 Ω: 200 WQA-ES III Getting StartedSupplement5At 10% duty cycle (5 seconds on,45 seconds off) .............................................10 Ω: 300 W, 20 Ω to 2400 Ω: 500 W,2425 Ω to 2900 Ω: 400 W,3000 Ω to 5200 Ω: 200 WPower Handling (for inputs >5MHz):150W maximum for all duty cycles/loads listed above.Table 1. System Bandwidth including Load Bank Load ResistanceSettingBandwidth (kHz) 5% Accuracy 10 – 25 Ω1kHz – 400 kHz 50 – 125 Ω1kHz – 3000 kHz 200 – 275 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz 400 – 500 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz 800 – 1400 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz 1650 – 2300 Ω1kHz – 3000 kHz 2500 – 2900 Ω1kHz – 3000 kHz 4200 – 4300 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz 4600 – 5100 Ω1kHz – 1800 kHz All other settings 1kHz – 1000 kHzQA-ES III Getting Started Supplement 6System Bandwidth ........................................... 3 MHz at -3 dB including loads (2 MHz for 10 Ω setting)PowerRanges ........................................................... 0.0 W to 99.9 W100 W to 500 WAccuracy ....................................................... < 10 W: ±5 % + 1 W,10 W: ±5 % CurrentRMS ................................................................ 0 mA to 5,500 mAAccuracy ....................................................... ±(2.5 % of reading + 1 mA)VoltagePeak ............................................................... 10 kV Peak to PeakAccuracy ....................................................... ±(10 % of reading + 50 V)Crest Factor ....................................................... 1.4 to 16.0Defined as the ratio of Peak voltage to RMS voltage (Vpk / Vrms), using the larger of the 2 peaks (positive or negative)Vessel Sealing MeasurementLoop Current, RMS...................................... 0 mA to 5500 mAAccuracy ...................................................... ±(2.5 % of reading + 1 mA)HF Leakage CurrentFixed Load .................................................... 200 ΩLoad Accuracy ............................................ ±2.5 %Power rating ................................................. 400 WAdditional Fixed Load ............................... 200 ΩCurrent, RMS ................................................ 0 mA to 5500 mAAccuracy ....................................................... ±(2.5 % of reading + 1 mA)QA-ES III Getting Started Supplement Bandwidth ......................................................1 kHz – 6.5 MHz, ± 5%, 1 kHz – 10 MHz, -3 dBChange #4, CK 5/7/21Under Technical Specifications, which starts on page 17, change the following bandwidth spec:From:Bandwidth ..........................................................30 Hz to 5 MHz at -3 dB including loadsTo:Bandwidth ...........................................................3 MHz at -3 dB including loads (2 MHz for 10 Ω setting)7QA-ES III Getting Started SupplementChange #5, BG 12/9/2022Under Technical Specifications, which starts on page 17, change the following bandwidth spec:From:Power (Accuracy) ............................................ < 10 W: +/- 5 % + 1 W≥ 10 W: +/- 5 %To:Power (Accuracy) ............................................. < 50 W: +/- (6.25 % + 1 W)≥ 50 W: +/- 6.25 %From:Current (Accuracy) .......................................... +/- (2.5 % of reading + 1 mA)To:Current (Accuracy) ........................................... < 50 mA: +/- (3.5 % + 1 mA)≥ 50 mA: +/- (2.5 % + 1 mA)8。
HP ProLiant DL380G5Data Protection Storage Server 安装指南本指南提供有关在Microsoft®Windows®Storage Server2003R2中使用HP ProLiant DL380G5Data Protection Storage Server的安装和配置信息。
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目录关于本指南 (7)适用读者 (7)获得帮助 (7)相关文档资料 (7)约定 (8)文档约定和标记 (8)文本标记 (8)HP技术支持 (9)HP Subscriber’s Choice (9)HP授权经销商 (10)其他有用的网站 (10)HP硬件支持服务 (10)1安装概述 (11)安装规划 (11)规划网络配置 (14)配置清单 (14)2安装服务器 (17)检查工具箱中的物品 (18)熟悉前面板/后面板 (18)查找并记下序列号 (21)完成导轨工具箱的安装 (21)用电缆连接服务器 (22)打开服务器电源 (23)3访问HP Data Protection Storage Server管理控制台 (25)使用直接连接法 (25)使用远程浏览器法 (26)使用远程桌面法 (28)使用Integrated Lights-Out2法 (29)4配置网络服务器 (33)HP ProLiant DL380G5Data Protection Storage Server3准备工作 (33)运行快速启动向导 (35)运行DPM迷你安装 (36)5完成系统配置 (39)其他配置任务 (39)A针对Web访问配置存储服务器(可选).41设置Internet连接 (41)索引 (43)4图一览1确定网络访问方法 (12)2工具箱中的物品 (18)3前面板 (19)4后面板 (20)5电缆连接 (22)6电源开启按钮 (23)7“Internet选项”屏幕 (27)8iLO2接口端口 (30)9快速启动向导 (35)10“自动配置”设置 (41)11“代理服务器”设置 (42)HP ProLiant DL380G5Data Protection Storage Server5表一览1文档约定 (8)2网络访问方法 (13)3安装和配置清单 (15)4服务器配置工作表 (33)6关于本指南本指南提供有关设置并配置HP ProLiant DL380G5Data ProtectionStorage Server的信息。
EICAD简介目录1. 目录 (2)2. 1.系统概况 (3)2.1 1.1 创新道路设计领域的“建筑信息模型BIM”理念 (4)2.2 1.2 构建智能化实体及其内部关联 (4)2.3 1.3 高交互式和可视化地创建道路模型 (4)2.4 1.4 出色的可视化性能 (4)2.5 1.5 突破内存限制的64位操作系统,支持大型工程设计项目 (4)3. 2.数字地面模型 (4)3.1 2.1 支持大型数据集、多种显示模式的数模实体 (6)3.2 2.2 MeshEditor程序支持快捷、高效的模型编辑 (6)3.3 2.3 支持道路设计过程中实时剖切 (6)3.4 2.4 进行场地整平设计 (6)4. 3.路线平面设计 (6)4.1 3.1 智能化“道路中线”实体 (7)4.2 3.2 更加快捷的平面设计和编辑功能 (7)4.3 3.3 实时联动设计 (7)5. 4.纵断面设计 (7)5.1 4.1 “拉坡图”实体 (8)5.2 4.2 智能化“竖曲线”实体 (8)5.3 4.3 实时变化的监视断面 (8)6. 5.横断面设计 (8)6.1 5.1 路基模板实体 (9)6.2 5.2 超高实体 (9)6.3 5.3 边坡模板实体 (9)6.4 5.4 道路模型实体 (9)7. 6.图表生成 (9)7.1 6.1 智能“图框”实体 (10)7.2 6.2 图纸集管理 (10)1. 目录1 系统概况(见 [标题编号.])1.1 创新道路设计领域的"建筑信息模型BIM"理念1.2 构建智能化实体及其内部关联1.3 高交互式和可视化地创建道路模型1.4 出色的可视化性能1.5 突破内存限制的64位操作系统,支持大型工程设计项目2 数字地面模型(见 [标题编号.])2.1 支持大型数据集、多种显示模式的数模实体2.2 MeshEditor程序支持快捷、高效的模型编辑2.3 支持道路设计过程中实时剖切2.4 进行场地整平设计3 路线平面设计(见 [标题编号.])3.1 智能化"道路中线"实体3.2 更加快捷的平面设计和编辑功能3.3 实时联动设计4 纵断面设计(见 [标题编号.])4.1 "拉坡图"实体4.2 智能化"竖曲线"实体4.3 实时变化的监视断面5 横断面设计(见 [标题编号.])5.1 路基模板实体5.2 超高实体5.3 边坡模板实体5.4 道路模型实体6 图表生成(见 [标题编号.])6.1 智能"图框"实体6.2 图纸集管理2. 1.系统概况1. 系统概况狄诺尼集成交互式道路与立交设计系统EICAD 3.0汇集了近十年来公路与城市道路设计领域的理论创新成果;全面贯彻了全三维化设计的新理念,设计过程中可实时观察道路模型的三维状态;实现了一套智能化自定义实体及其底层联动机制,通过夹点编辑和双击编辑功能,设计命令大大减少,而设计功能更加丰富,可大幅度提高设计效率。
2019年英语(一)考研真题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without aphone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answertwo questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area And where is the nearest watersource Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.you may be 11 If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in denseforest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and otherpaths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.frequent, look for the 19 we leave18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend toon the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of bigbanks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 yearsif their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose o f this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust infinancial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long termdecision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economyfor future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly tradedcompanies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant ofclassical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like“Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than pu them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, hasdropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, whodemand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has b een dubbed “quarterlycapitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers.seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-t erm investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speechthis week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce“short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds thatsubstantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.-termism,” such as changes in the tax Much more could be done to encourage “longcode and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto acompany investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in acompany.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executivesto think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britainnew rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not justfor the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_________.A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments ’ impatience in decision -makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short -termism ” in economics activi ties23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies canbe__________.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.A. the obstacles to preventing “short -termism ”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long -termism ”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over thepast few decades —is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, inwhich students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force —a policyoften buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness ”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating astudent’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continueto do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve theirgraduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited tofreshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled intheir transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selectivecampuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low gradesforgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about thegrade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degreeprogram and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ove more success because they retake aState University’s registrar,“we see students achiecourse and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them tograduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own ne For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics suchas graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures likethose, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, atthe end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuitiondollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding tor education. Since students and parents expect a collegeconsumers’ expectations for highedegree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are asqualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incenti seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflationA. The change of course catalogs.B. Students’ indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments’ needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5,most probably meanA. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.A. assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness What makes humans humans”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the wayhumans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea ofrobots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depictedon popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced,n a situation wheresays David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just ithere are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you couldever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The com of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human driverssometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combinationof instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tellthem in that mo ment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. Andto anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helpingthe government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore,other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines.Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overa or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate internationalnorms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or humanrights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea thatdecisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machinesreflects humanity’s highest values Only then will they be useful servants and not-of-control monster.Frankenstein’s out31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. In David Eaglema n’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that The Supreme Court’s opinionstates said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it moredifficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned sai d that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, bu most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each ye physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results insignificant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices.-term prosperity and hasKennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek longprevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usuallycollect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where theyen collecting sales tax nationwide because they typicallyhadn’t before. Big chains have behave physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellerswho use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a fewstates have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outsidethose states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, alsohaven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass lawsrequiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local andonline businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers,especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various statesales tax laws. TheSmall Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement,businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willns with statesA. Dette business’ relutioB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sales taxD. forces some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the dominance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchasesD. were considered up favorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. boosted growth in states revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big-chair ownersC. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you arerequired to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the listA-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and F have been correctlyplaced. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beatingyour opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people.Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If wereadjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchangethrough which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the verynature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not toaccuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate themproperly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admitgood arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humilityrequires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to acceptreasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time youstate your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourselfwhether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, askthem to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assessits strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think ofthem. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win,you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were evenjust competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth untilone winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is whyso many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote:“there is only one way…to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personaland social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fightor competition, you can win by cheating a s long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about howignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or theissues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing theminimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,” and I yell. “No,” n learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis forcompromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: thatfull-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonableargument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for lesstime. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, sincewe both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, andbegan to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much ofthe medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: thekind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli aweek were times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from perniciousanaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which,when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares andshort-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer th intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do badscience, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What isimportant is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There hasbeen a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a researchpost has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required forthe same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying toincorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicantpapers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has beenquoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paperwill be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it werenot for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their futurepublications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately,the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likelyto be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningfuland reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppse you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School” project of your universi Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifyingdetails of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 poin Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, youshould1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。
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International Sun-Earth Explorer-3, ISEE-3, ISEE-C or Explorer-59, renamed ICE International Cometary Explorer in 1983 Launched 1512 GMT 12 August 1978 on a Delta 2914 from ETR Launch Complex 17BCOSPAS Identification 1978-079A, USAF Space Catalog number 11004Structure:Mass: 390 kg dry, 479 kg at launch16 sided cylindrical body, 1.73m (5’8’’) across by 1.61m (5’4”) highA tower elevates the telemetry antenna above the spacecraft body and provides a clear field of view for several cosmic-ray detectors. The spacecraft body supports a total of ten appendages. Two equatorial experiment booms (3 m long) support the magnetometer and plasma-wave sensors. Four wire antennas (each 49 m long) are deployed in the spin plane as part of the radio-wave and plasma-wave investigations. Two axial antennas (7 m each) extend above and below the spacecraft parallel to the spin axis to render the radio-wave measurements three dimensional. Finally, two short inertial booms provide stability.Spin stabilized with a nominal spin rate of 19.75 ±0.20 rpm (1%).A hydrazine propulsion system is used for attitude and ΔV maneuvers. 12 TRW MRE-4 thrusters , four radial, four spin-change, two upper-axial, and two lower-axial with 8 conospherical fuel tanks held ~90 kg (200 lbs) of hydrazine, providing a total ΔV capacity of about 430 m/sec. Pulse mode thruster operations were monitored in real time by a single unidirectional pendulous servo force balance accelerometer mounted near the spacecraft centre of gravity with its sensitive axis 60° from the spin axis. As a result of a nominal launch, gas usage has been much lower than anticipated, resulting in a substantial amount of excess gas still being available.A Ball Bros. Panoramic Attitude Sensor (PAS) and a pair of Adcole Fine Sun Sensors (FSSA and FSSB), accuracy about 0.1° with0.004° FOV, determined spacecraft attitude which maintained the spin axis pointing within 1 degree of the North Celestial Pole or normal to the Ecliptic planeUpper and lower ring of 16 solar cell panels each, 175W beginning of life and 160W end of life (3 years)14 cell Silver-Cadmium 19.7 V 10AH batterySpacecraft main bus voltage 28±2% VDCDesigned and managed by GSFC, manufactured and integrated by Fairchild Space and Electronic Co with components and experiments supplied by GSFC and universities.Telecommunications:Redundant telemetry data multiplexer unitsRedundant digital command decoders and relaysRedundant S-band transponders, each 5 Watt RF outputTransponder A: 2090.66 MHz RHCP uplink, command or ranging2270.40 MHz RHCP downlink, telemetry or rangingTransponder B: 2041.95 MHz LHCP uplink, command2217.50 MHz LHCP downlink, telemetryTransmit antenna: medium gain with dual inputs for simultaneous right and left hand circular polarization downlink, 8 rows of 4 elements, 7 dBi, ±6° beamwidth, multibeam, electronically steerable, four lobe, omni directional coverage in azimuthReceive antenna: 2042 MHz, intermediate gain, 1 row of 4 elements, 0 dBi, ±45° beamwidthRanging: Phase coherent ranging using f downlink = 240/221 x f uplinkCommand: PCM/FSK-AM/PM, 256 bps, f1 7500 Hz, f0 9000 Hz. AEM/IUE type decoders with a total capacity which is not all installed or used, of: 128 discrete low voltage impulse commands, 70 latched relays for power or pyrotechnics and 64 37-bit serial digital commands with NRZ data, 4266 Hz clock and individual enable lines. The command word length is 60 bits consisting of an 8 bit spacecraft/ decoder address, a 44 bit command data field, a 7 bit Error Check code and 1 bit fill. The 44 bit command can be either one Serial/Discrete bit (0) and 8 of 43 bits for discrete command code or one Serial/Discrete bit (1), 6 bit serial command address and 37 bit serial data. A preamble for uplink carrier acquisition and bit synchronization is at least 15 zeros followed by a 1 bit Sync (1). Telemetry: The PCM telemetry bit stream can be convolutionally encoded with constraint length K = 24, Rate R =1/2, non-systematic and non-transparent. G1=73353367 octal and G2=53353367 octal with G2 parity output inverted. This is a Massey-Costello Quick Look In code where D = P1 xor P2. Linkabit LS4815 sequential decoders were used by GSTDN and DSNTwo fixed formats and two programmable formats available from spacecraft dataplexers?Emergency format - 64 bps, ?? words/minor frame, 3 word sync code FAF320hexHigh/Low/Engineering format - 2048/1024/512 bps, 128 words/minor frame, 4 word sync code EC819FBE hex2048 bps, 1024, 512 and 256 bps PCM (BiØ-L)/PM PM ±60°128 and 64 bps PCM (NRZ-L)/BPSK/PM 1024 Hz sub-carrier, PM ±40°A High/Low/Engineering format minor frame is 128 8 bit words with 116 words for science data from 12 instruments, 6 word sub commutation of spacecraft housekeeping data, 1 word for minor frame identification and 4 words for minor frame synchronization.A major frame is 32 minor framesISEE-3/ICE Telemetry format for High Data Rate (2048 bps) and Low Data Rate (1024 bps)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3132 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 6364 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 9596 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127116 words for science dataWords 30, 31, 62, 63, 92, 95 – 192 Spacecraft housekeeping words sub commutation over 32 minor framesWords 60, 61 – Minor Frame identification (0-31 is 5 bits), format ID, data rate, coding, status, command verification?Words 124, 125, 126, 127 – minor frame synchronization words, EC819FBE hexTracking: GSFC Ground STDN 26m (85’) network from launch to 1983, data rate 2048 bps at L1 then by JPL DSN, data rate 1024bps during ICE phase, 512 bps on 12/9/1985, 256 bps on 1/5/1987, 128 bps on 24/1/1989, 64 bps on 27/12/91; terminated 5/5/1997ISEE-3/ICE Timeline:12 August 1978 ISEE-3 launched20 November 1978 injected into L1 halo orbit10 June 1982 Leave L1 halo orbitNovember 1983 start 2 months Parallel STDN and DSN operations22 Dec 1983 After 5th Perilune at 119.4 kms, commence heliocentric orbit andrenamed International Cometary Explorer, ICE6 Jan 1984 512 bps at handover to DSN8 September 1985 1024 bps11 September 1985 Giacobini-Zinner GZ encounter12 September 1985 512 bps31 October 1985 First Halley encounter28 March 1986 Second Halley encounter5 January 1987 256 bps24 January 1989 128 bps20 Oct 1990 JPL Advance Receiver test with 256 symbols per second on 1024 Hz sub carrier.Nov-Dec 1991 Extended ICE mission with Ulysses on same Sun radial27 December 1991 64 bps19 December 1995 Telemetry modulation turned off, carrier used by JPL Radio Science5 May 1997 ICE mission support terminated..18 Sept 2008 ICE carrier recovered and tracked by DSN 7,8August 2014ICE returns to Earth-Moon vicinity11, 12Internet references: Accessed July 20121. /nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-079A2. /nmc/spacecraftTelemetry.do?id=1978-079A3. /ipn_progress_report/issues.cfm?force_external=04. /wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer5. https:///web/eoportal/satellite-missions/i/isee6. /ice.htm7. /news/viewnews.html?id=13098. /blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2008/1673.html9. .au/2010/01/i-like-ice.html10. /spacecraft_data/isee/isee3/11. /helios/heli.html12. .au/2012-ISEE-3-SWE-543.pdf。