第二章 古典贸易理论
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2.1 The Evolution of Classical Trade Theory第一节古典贸易理论的演变一.Adam smith’s Contribution to International Trade Theory亚当.斯密对国际贸易理论的贡献1.Criticism to mercantilism 对重商主义的批判⑴ 衡量一国财富的不是其所拥有的贵重金属的多少,而是这些贵重金属所能购买的商品数量;⑵ 扩大生产才能提高本国的生活水平,而生产的扩大最根本的动力是劳动生产率的不断提高。
财富增加依赖于劳动分工,这就是亚当·斯密的劳动分工学说的基本思想。
Smith challenged the mercantilist views on trade by arguing that, with free trade, international specialization of factor inputs could increase world output, which could be shared by trading nations. All nations could simultaneously enjoy gains from trade. Smith maintained that each nation would find it advantageous to specialize in the production of those goods in which it had an absolute advantage.Mercantilism)强调国库和王室成员所拥有的贵重金属的多寡是衡量国家是否繁荣昌盛的最重要的标志。
所以,为政府开具的调节经济的处方是取消进口,因为进口会导致本国贵重金属的流失,同时鼓励出口,因为出口会导致贵重金属的流入。
重商主义认为国际贸易是一种零和博弈(zero-sum game),鼓吹经济民族主义(Nationalism)。