A kinetic model for the decolorization of C.I. Acid Yellow 23 by Fenton process

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2017年第36卷第8期·3116·化 工 进展蛋白土-Fe 2O 3非均相Fenton 催化剂高效降解罗丹明B 染料废水王炫，李焕焕，张乾，陈俊涛（河南理工大学化学化工学院，河南 焦作 454000）摘要：采用共沉淀法将Fe 2O 3负载于蛋白土表面，制备出一种新型、高效的非均相光-Fenton 催化剂，并将其用于降解罗丹明B 染料废水，取得显著效果。

利用N 2吸附、X 射线衍射（XRD ）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM ）、能谱分析仪（EDS ）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR ）等方法对复合材料的结构进行了表征。

考察了废水中COD 去除率及影响降解效果的因素，包括溶液pH 、反应温度、催化剂投加量、H 2O 2投加量以及罗丹明B 的初始浓度等。

试验结果显示，在可见光照射下、pH=2.5、反应温度30℃、催化剂投加量0.15g/L 、H 2O 2投加量9.0mmol/L 、罗丹明B 初始浓度40mg/L 的条件下磁力搅拌120min ，罗丹明B 溶液脱色率达到96.49%，COD 去除率达到50.51%。

对反应过程进行了一级动力学方程拟合，在最佳反应条件下R 2=0.98，说明该反应过程属于一级动力学反应。

催化剂循环使用5次后，对罗丹明B 的脱色率仍能达到85%以上，证明该催化剂具有良好的循环性能。

最后，对反应过程进行了分析，提出了一种可能的反应机理。

关键词：蛋白土；降解；非均相Fenton ；催化剂；废水中图分类号：X703 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2017）08–3116–09DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017-0109Research on opal-Fe 2O 3 as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for degradingthe Rhodamine B dye wastewaterWANG Xuan ，LI Huanhuan ，ZHANG Qian ，CHEN Juntao（Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School ，Henan Polytechnic University ，Jiaozuo 454000，Henan ，China ）Abstract ：A novel and efficient heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst has been successfully prepared using co -precipitation method ，in which the Fe 2O 3 particles were loaded onto the surface of opal. The catalyst was then used to degrade the Rhodamine B （RhB ）. The structural characterization of catalyst wasanalyzed by N 2 adsorption ，X-ray diffraction （XRD ），scanning electron microscopy （SEM ），energy dispersive spectrometry （EDS ），Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR ）. The COD （chemical oxygen demand ）removal and the influencing factors of degradation effect were analyzed ，such as pH ，temperature ，catalyst dosage ，H 2O 2 dosage and initial dye concentration. The results showed that the decolorization rate of RhB and COD removal were 96.49% and 50.51% respectively under agitation after 120min treatment with pH of 2.5，reaction temperature 30℃，dosage of catalyst 0.15g/L ，dosage of H 2O 2 9.0mmol/L and initial concentration of RhB 40.0mg/L. The first-order kinetic equation was fitted to the reaction process ，and R 2=0.98 under the optimal condition ，which indicated that the reaction process obeys the first-order kinetic equation. The decolorization rate of RhB was still higher than 85% when the catalyst used for 5 times ，which proved that the catalyst has a good reusability. Finally ，the reaction process was analyzed and a possible photocatalytic mec hanism was proposed. Key words ：opal ；degradation ；heterogeneous fenton ；catalyst ；waste water深加工及矿产资源综合利用。

小学上册英语第3单元测验试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Parrots can ______ human speech.2.The __________ will help us know if we need to prepare for rain. (天气预报)3.The _____ (兔子) hops quickly to escape danger.4.________ (植物多样性研究) provides insights.5.My favorite toy story is about a brave ____. (玩具名称)6.The _______ of a flashlight beam widens as it moves away from the source.7.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. WarmB. ColdC. BoilingD. Freezing答案:B8.The __________ (历史的契机) can lead to breakthroughs.9.He is my good _____ (伙伴).10.The rain is _____ on the roof. (falling)11.My __________ (玩具名) can go really __________ (副词).12.The process of electrolysis uses electricity to cause a _____ reaction.13.The country known for its castles is ________ (以城堡闻名的国家是________).14.The _____ (植物参与) encourages active involvement in ecology.15.I like to ______ (参加) science experiments.16. A homogeneous mixture has a _____ composition throughout.17.What do we use to read?A. BookB. KnifeC. PlateD. Spoon答案:A Book18.What is the name of the popular animated series about a group of superheroes?A. Justice LeagueB. The AvengersC. Teen TitansD. X-Men答案: A19.The ______ (小鸟) chirps happily in the morning light, welcoming a new ______ (一天).20.中国的三国演义中有很多________ (heroes) 的故事。

中性红-甲基绿催化体系分光光度法间接测定药物中的铋朱庆仁;肖葳蕤;孙登明【摘要】在酸性条件下，Bi（Ⅲ）可以定量置换出Cu（Ⅱ）-EDTA中的Cu （Ⅱ），Cu（Ⅱ）对过氧化氢同时氧化甲基绿和中性红的褪色反应效果具有催化作用.通过测量535 nm和627 nm波长下的吸光度，建立双波长催化动力学分光光度法间接测定药物中铋的新方法.实验所得的最佳条件下进行实验，Bi（Ⅲ）在0.010~2.20μg/25 mL范围与ΔA呈良好的线性关系，检出限为8.9×10-9 g/mL.用于药物中铋的测定，结果满意.%It was found that Cu(II) had catalytic decolorization reaction of methyl green and neutral red by hydrogen peroxide in acidic condition(sulfuric acid system),and Bi(III) can displace Cu(II)in EDTA-Cu (II). By measuring the absorbance at 535 nm and 627 nm wavelength,a new method for dual-wavelength catalytic kinetic spectrophotometry indirect determination of Bi(III) has been developed.The linear range was 0.100~2.20 μg/25mL,and the detection limit was 8.9 ×10-9 g/mL.It has been successfully applied to the determination of bismuth in medicine.【期刊名称】《淮北师范大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2015(000)003【总页数】5页(P30-34)【关键词】分光光度法;铋(Ⅲ);双波长;甲基绿;中性红【作者】朱庆仁;肖葳蕤;孙登明【作者单位】淮北师范大学化学与材料科学学院，安徽淮北 235000;淮北师范大学化学与材料科学学院，安徽淮北 235000;淮北师范大学化学与材料科学学院，安徽淮北 235000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O657.32铋以化合物的形态广泛用于医学领域，例如次碳酸铋具有收敛作用常用来制作胃药治疗消化不良，在外科上也能利用其作用来止血和处理创伤，因此，研究铋含量的测定方法十分必要.目前铋的检测方法很多，主要有分光光度法［1］、原子吸收光谱法［2］、氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法［3］、共振光散射法［4］和电化学方法［5-6］等.但上述方法各有自己的局限性，有些设备仪器复杂、昂贵，有些线性范围窄，在高背景低含量样品测定中，精密度低.催化动力学分析法因其仪器设备简单，且灵敏度高，已经成为测量痕量物质组分的常用手段［7-8］.为进一步提高灵敏度，本实验利用在稀硫酸介质中，B（iⅢ）可定量置换出Cu（Ⅱ）-EDTA 中的Cu（Ⅱ），Cu（Ⅱ）对过氧化氢与甲基绿和中性红的氧化还原反应具有催化活性.通过测量535 nm和627 nm的催化体系和非催化体系吸光度的差值与B（iⅢ）的浓度之间成线性关系，建立双波长双指示剂催化光度法间接测定药物中铋的新方法，获得满意的结果.1 实验部分1.1 仪器与试剂UV-3600型紫外可见近红外分光光度计（日本，岛津公司）；pH-23C型酸度计（上海雷磁）；HH-4型数显恒温水浴锅（国华）.Bi（Ⅲ）储备液：0.500 mg/mL，Cu（Ⅱ）储备液：0.500 mg/mL，使用时稀释到所需浓度；EDTA 标准储备液：7.86×10-4 mol/L（用铜标准溶液标定），使用时稀释至所需浓度；中性红溶液：4.0×10-4 mol/L；甲基绿溶液：1.0×10-3 mol/L；0.1 mol/L H2SO4；3% H2O2溶液.实验所用水为二次蒸馏水，试剂均为分析纯.1.2 实验方法取两只25 mL 的比色管，分别向其中加入中性红溶液2.0 mL，甲基绿溶液2.0 mL，EDTA 工作液1.6 mL，Cu2+工作液1.4 mL，稀硫酸溶液0.3 mL，3%H2O2溶液1.0 mL，其中一只加入Bi3+工作液2.0 mL，另一只不加作空白.将两只比色管同时放入沸水中加热17 min，然后迅速用流水冷却4 min，用1 cm 比色皿，亚沸水作为空白参比，在分光光度计上于波长535 nm和627 nm处，分别测定偶合反应催化体系的吸光度（A0）和空白体系的吸光度（A），计算ΔA535=A0535-A535，ΔA627=A0627-A627，ΔA=ΔA535+ΔA627.2 结果与讨论2.1 吸收光谱曲线按照上述实验操作方法进行实验，绘制2条吸收光谱图（图1）.从图1中可以看出，当Bi3+与EDTA和Cu2+同时存在时（曲线2），Bi3+可置换出Cu2+对双氧水氧化中性红和甲基绿的反应起到催化作用，且在535 nm和627 nm时有最大吸收峰，因此实验选择525 nm和627 nm作为体系的测量波长.图1 吸收光谱曲线图2 Cu2+工作液的用量对体系的影响2.2 实验条件的优化2.2.1 Cu（II）工作液的用量对体系的影响其他实验条件固定不变，改变Cu（II）工作液的用量分别进行实验.由图2发现，当Cu（II）工作液取的量过低时体系基本没有催化作用，而随着增加Cu（II）工作液用量，催化效果显著变化，从图2中可以看出，当Cu（II）工作液取1.4 mL 时吸光度差值达到最大，故选用Cu（II）工作液用量为1.4 mL.2.2.2 EDTA工作液的用量对体系的影响改变EDTA工作液的用量，发现当EDTA工作液用量较少时两体系均有明显褪色，而随着EDTA工作液用量的提高，无Bi（III）体系褪色不再明显，最后不褪色，由图3可以看出，当EDTA工作液用量取1.6 mL时，吸光度差值达到最大，所以，EDTA工作液用量选为1.6 mL.图3 EDTA工作液用量对体系的影响图4 稀硫酸用量对体系的影响2.2.3 稀硫酸的用量对体系的影响在pH 1.0时，利用不同酸性介质进行实验，发现反应在稀硫酸介质中效果最好.按照实验方法，其他条件固定不变，仅改变稀硫酸的用量进行实验，随着稀硫酸用量的增加，发现ΔA变化程度不同.由图4可知，当稀硫酸用量为0.3 mL时ΔA 最大，所以，本实验稀硫酸的用量选为0.3 mL.2.2.4 中性红的用量对体系的影响改变中性红溶液的用量进行实验，随着中性红用量的增加，ΔA先增加后减小.由图5可知，中性红的用量在2.0 mL时，ΔA最大.因此，中性红溶液的用量选为2.0 mL.图5 中性红用量对体系的影响图6 甲基绿用量对体系的影响2.2.5 甲基绿的用量对体系的影响在其他条件不变的情况下，改变甲基绿的用量进行实验，发现ΔA随着甲基绿用量的增加先增加后减小.由图6可知，甲基绿的用量为2.0 mL时，ΔA最大.因此，选用甲基绿的用量为2.0 mL.2.2.6 H2O2溶液的用量对体系的影响按照实验方法，固定其他条件不变，改变H2O2溶液的用量，进行实验，随着H2O2溶液用量的增加，ΔA先增加后减小.由图7可知，H2O2溶液选为1.0 mL 时，吸光度差值达到最大，故H2O2溶液选为1.0 mL.图7 H2O2用量对体系的影响图8 反应温度对体系的影响2.2.7 反应温度对体系的影响按照实验方法，改变反应温度进行实验，发现在温度较低时，体系基本不反应.随着温度的升高ΔA随之变大，由图8得出，在沸水时ΔA最大，因此，选用沸水为实验温度.2.2.8 反应时间对体系的影响按实验方法，其他条件不变，单独改变反应时间，实验结果表明，ΔA与反应时间具有线性关系，线性方程ΔA=-0.207 1+0.075 74 T，R=0.990 9，在节约能源和条件适中的情况下选用时间为17 min.图9 反应时间对体系的影响图10 工作曲线2.3 工作曲线在最佳实验条件下，分别取不同量的Bi3+进行实验，根据ΔA的值与Bi3+的浓度关系绘制工作曲线（图10）.由图10可见，吸光度差ΔA与Bi3+的浓度在0.100～2.20 μg/25mL范围内呈良好的线性关系，线性方程为ΔA=0.1638+0.406 5 CBi3+（μg/25mL），R=0.997 8.同时在最佳实验条件下对空白进行了11次平行实验，测定的相对标准偏差为3.0%，并计算出本实验方法的检出限为8.9×10-9 g/mL.2.4 共存离子的影响根据实验方法，控制相对误差在±5%以内，在体系内加入不同的干扰离子，对浓度为0.0500 μg/25mL的Bi3+进行测定，以下离子的允许量（倍数）为：Pb2+、NO3-、K+、NH4+、SO42-、CO23-、Na+、F-、Mg2+、Cl-、Ca2+（500倍）；Al3+（50倍）；Hg2+、Zn2+（40倍）；Mn2+、Cr6+（10倍）；Fe3+＜5倍.由实验结果可见，对于大部分离子来说允许量较高，选择性较好.而对于Fe3+含量较高时可用KF掩蔽后再进行测定.2.5 样品分析按照试验方法，测定枸橼酸铋钾颗粒中的铋（每袋1.0 g：含铋110 mg，丽珠集团丽珠制药厂）以及复方铝酸铋片中的铋（每片含铝酸铋0.2 g）.用浓HClO4和HNO3处理药物样品0.100 0 g，定容至100 mL容量瓶中，稀释样品并测定，结果见表1所示.表1 样品中铋的测定结果Table1 Analytical results of samples（n=6）样品平均值/(ng/mL)RSD/%加入量/(ng/25mL)回收率/%枸橼酸铋钾测定值/(ng/mL)60.14 52.25 59.37 49.15 53.49 58.38 55.464.4620加标后测定值/(ng/mL)78.71 73.85 78.31 68.65 72.49 77.38 96.8复方铝酸片53.30 52.49 48.78 47.25 50.13 47.29 49.872.5820 73.19 73.23 69.14 67.25 70.98 68.53 102.6参考文献：［1］庞秋霞，柴红梅.阻抑过氧化氢氧化橙黄G 褪色分光光度法测定人发中的痕量铋［J］.光谱实验室，2013，30（3）：1261-1263.［2］FARZANEH S，MAJID B，MAJID R，et al.Determination of ultra trace amounts of bismuth in biologica and water sam⁃ples by electrothermal atomic absorotion spectrometry（ET-AAS）after cloud point extraction ［J］.Analytica Chimica Ac⁃ta，2005，534（1）：84-88.［3］LIU Rui，WU Peng，XU Kailai，et al.Highly sensitive and interference-free determination of bismuth in environmental samples by electrothermal vaporization atomic flourescence spectrometry after hydride trapping on iridium-coated tung⁃sten coil［J］.Spectrochimica Acta Part B：Atomic Spectroscopy，2008，63（6）：704-709.［4］崔凤灵，王丽，崔延瑞，等.磷酸铋共振体系光散射法测定药物中的铋［J］.分析化学，2006，9（34）：136.［5］LUIZ C S，FIGUEIREDO F，BRUNO C，et al.Inexpensive and disposable copper mini-sensor modified with bismuth for lead and cadmium determination using square-wave anodic steipping voltammetry ［J］.Analytical Method，2013，5：202-207.［6］FARIBA F，DARYOUSH A，ALI M，et al.Fabrication of a new carbon paste electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube for stripping voltammetric determination of bismuthⅢ［J］.Electrochimica Acta，2013，103（30）：206-210.［7］SU Ling，LI Jian Guo，MA Hong Bing，et al.Determination of trace amounts of manganese in natural-waters by flow-inec⁃tion stopped-flow catalytic kinetic spectrophometry［J］.Anal Chim Acta，2004，522：281-288.［8］LI Baoxin，ZHANG Zhujun，WU Manli.Flow- injection chemiluminescence determination of sulfite using on- lineelectro⁃generated silver（Ⅱ）as the oxidant［J］.Anal Chim Acta，2001，432：311-316.。

Modeling of Kinetics of Mass-Exchange Processes for Fruit and Berry Production PreservationBazarnova Yu.G., Kuznetsova T.A., Aronova E.B.Higher School of Biotechnology and Food TechnologyPeter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University,St.Petersburg, RussiaAbstract—At preservation of fruits and berries mass-exchange processes take place in liquid mediums, which define quality of the canned production. The composition of covering syrup should guarantee preservation of turgor, taste and color of fruits and berries and prevent fermentation processes. We carried out construction and adequacy examination of kinetic model for moisture osmotic transfer for fruit-berry material to covering syrups at thermal and refrigerating preservation. We obtained empirical coefficients. It was established that moisture migration rate depends on berry type and syrup concentration. Moisture loss for more than 30% results in berries turgor loss, which makes its further storage impractical. Using the obtained equation and empirical constants, we have established that the duration of the refrigeration storage of cowberry canned in 30% sugar syrups for the stated conditions was about 130 days.Keywords—kinetics modeling, mass-exchange processes, osmotic moisture transport, berries, syrup, preservationI.I NTRODUCTIONThe most common cause of deterioration in the texture of food products during refrigeration processing and storage is a change in its moisture content, including loss of moisture, an increase in humidity, or migration of moisture. Moisture migration can occur in multicomponent products if individual components are characterized by different indicators of water activity [1, 2]. The organoleptic perception of the product is governed by a combination of many changing factors. However, the correlation of organoleptic, physico-chemical and biochemical parameters is often absent. Testing the product during storage allows one to determine the indicators which are most important for assessing its quality and safety [3, 4].The processes of diffusive transfer of soluble components and osmotic transfer of moisture limit the period of cold storage of canned fruits and berries in liquid media. The study of the kinetics of mass transfer processes leading to the redistribution of soluble substances in the “berries-syrup” system is relevant in the development of technologies based on fruit and berry raw materials preserved in liquid media.For implementation of defrosting end storage of wild fruits and berries in liquid mediums in unregulated conditions the composition of covering syrups should guarantee quality (turgor, taste, color) of the fruits and berries and prevent fermentation processes [5,7]. The intensity of the diffusion-osmotic processes depends on a number of factors, including temperature, viscosity and density of the medium, the presence of various electrolytes. Therefore, when defrosting fruits and berries in liquid media, it is necessary to take into account the rheological properties of these media, the viscosity and density of which have a significant effect on the rate of diffusion of soluble substances.With respect to berries cell juice the sugar-covering syrups are hypertonic solutions. In order to prevent plasmolysis, one should choose its concentrations in such a way as to ensure alignment of the osmotic pressures. From the other side, osmotic pressure should be enough for microorganism cell dewatering, its plasmolysis and total inactivation [8,9].To assess the intensity of changes occurring in products during storage, and to obtain information about the influence of various factors on the storage time, the principles of modeling are used [10–12].The development of kinetic models suitable for practical use has some difficulties. Most often, they are developed on the basis of empirical data obtained from model experiments. In this case, the necessary condition is to check the adequacy of the obtained models to prove that they are reliable not only in laboratory conditions, but also when describing real food systems [13].The aims of the present work are to construct kinetic model of moisture osmotic transport process from the fruit-berry material to the covering syrups; carry out adequacy examination of the obtained model; obtain kinetic constants for various types of fruits and berries.II.M ATERIALS AND METHODSIn order to examine the adequacy of the developed mathematical model we used fresh and frozen cranberries and cowberries and syrups with sucrose content of 30, 40 and 50%. Analysis of sucrose content in berries and syrups was carried out by refractometry technique, which is widely used in many research areas [14-16].III.R ESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA.Construction of physical-mathematical modelFor construction of appropriate physical-mathematical model we will consider the following terms:International Conference on Smart Solutions for Agriculture (Agro-SMART 2018)V is juice volume in a berry, m 3;ν is total content of solvable sugars in a berry, mole; τ is time of berry storage in syrup;C s is sucrose concentration in a syrup, mole/m 3.C 0 is total sugar concentration in a berry, mole/m 3, which might be presented as:C ν=0, (1)at this C 0 < C s .Due to appearance of osmotic pressure the water moleculesfrom berry will migrate to the syrup through the berry surface layer. This layer is a membrane, which is permeable for water molecules and non- permeable for larger particles, in particularly, sucrose molecules. This process will continue until the sugar concentrations in a berry juice С(τ) and syrup C s become equal.The osmotic water transport through the surface layer of a berry is a slow (and, consequently, laminar) flow of viscous liquid through small channels. So we may use the Poiseuille [17] formula for liquid volume dV, passing during the time d τ, i.e. the following expression (2):τμξd dS N p dV o ⋅⋅⋅⋅=-2,(2)where:p 0 is osmotic pressure, Pa;N is amount of channels in a berry surface layer; S is sectional area of one channel, m 2;d is channel length which is equal to a berry surface layer width, m;μ is dynamic water viscosity, kg/(m .s);ξ is dimensionless coefficient, which depends on the channel shape (for a round channel ξ = 1/8π).Osmotic pressure is described by expression (3):()RT C C p s )(0τ-=, (3)where:R is universal gas constant, J/(mole .K); T is absolute temperature, K.By substituting (3) in (2) taking into account the following expressions:2;CdCdV CV ⋅=-=νν. (4)Let us obtain the following expression:dT R S N C k d C C k C dCC s s s ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=-=μνξτ2222;)(. (5)The expression (5) is easy to integrate. Its solution, whichmeets the initial condition C(0)= C 0 is the following (6):τk C C C C C C C C C C lпs s s s =+-⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧--000)()(. (6)Further we introduce dimensionless constants:sC C a 0=; 0V V w =,(7)where: V 0, V are initial and current moisture volume in a berry, m3;And the expression (6) can be represented in the following way (8):τk a w a w a =-+⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧--11ln . (8)Fig.1 presents relations between dimensionless concentration C/C s and dimensionless time k τ.Fig. 1. Relation between dimensionless concentration of sugar in a berry C/C s and dimensionless time k τ for various numerical values of dimensionless initial concentration a = C 0/C s.Empirical values of kinetic coefficient k, obtained using the expression (8) are presented in Table 1.TABLE I. C ONSTANTS OF MOISTURE OSMOTIC TRANSPORT RATE , K , DAYS –1 AT REFRIGERATORY STORAGE IN SYRUPS FOR CANNED CRANBERRIESAND COWBERRIES ; (4±2) ︒CFig.2 presents research data on residual moisture content incanned (a) and unfrozen in syrups (b) cowberries depending on its storage duration at temperature of (4±2)˚ С.It was established that turgor conservation for berries canned in syrups is reached at usage of sucrose concentration not more than 30%. It allows one to reduce osmotic losses of the cell juice for canned and unfrozen in syrups berries.Fig. 2. Relation between residual moisture content for canned (a) and unfrozen in syrups (b) cowberries and storage duration. (4±2) ︒C. Empirical data is shown by dots, lines stand for calculation data.At berries preservation in isotonic syrups the osmotic concentration of berries cell juice is reaching the concentration of solvable dry syrup substances. So according to the expression (7)10→=sC a , the formula (8) can be rewritten as:τk w -=1. (9)IV. C ONCLUSIONSThe obtained expressions (6) and (8) might be used for development of composition of sugar-covering syrups and regulation of storage modes of preserved in covering syrups berries. They allow one to determine the residual moisture content in berries at any storage period [18].It was established that moisture migration rate depends on berry type and syrup concentration. Moisture loss for more than 30% results in berries turgor loss, which makes its further storage impractical.Using the expression (8) and empirical constants (Table 1), we have established that the duration of the refrigerator storage of cowberry canned in 30 % sugar syrups for the stated conditions was about 130 days. During this period cowberries preserve its taste and turgor.References[1] G. Balasubrahmanyam, A. K. Datta, “Prevention of moisture migration infondant coated biscuit”, J. of food engineering, vol. 21 (2), pp. 235-244, 1994.[2] T. P. Labusa, D. Riboh, “Theory and applications of Arrhenius kinetics tothe prediction of nutrient losses in food”, Food technology, vol. 36, pp. 56-61, 1982.[3] Yu.G. Bazarnova, “Study of content of some food supplements withantioxidant activity in wild herbs and berries”, Voprosy Pitaniia, vol. 76, №1, pp. 22-26, 2007.[4] Yu. G. Bazarnova, Food shelf life: calculation and testing (translated.from English, ed. R. Stele), St. Peterburg: Professiya, 2006, 460 p.[5] Yu. G. Bazarnova, T V. Shkotova, “The method for canning of wildberries” Pat. № 2286674 RF, MPK A23V 7/08, № 2004136398; of 10.11.06, 2006.[6] G. Skrede, R. E. Wrolstad, P. Lea and G. Enersen, “Color Stability ofStrawberry and Blackcurrant Syrups”, J. Food Sci., vol. 57, pp. 172–7, 1992.[7] M. J. Beker, J. E. Blumbergs, E. J. Ventina and A. I. Rapoport,“Characteristics of cellular membranes at rehydration of dehydrated yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 19, pp. 347–52, 1984.[8] M. J. Beker, A. J. Rapoport, P. B. Zikmanis and B.E. Damberga,“Dehydration as a yeast metabolism regulating factor”, Environmental Regulation of Microbial Metabolism: Proceedings of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies Symposium Held in Pushchino, USSR, pp 105–11, 1985.[9] N. M. Panagiotou, V. T. Karathanos and Z. B. Maroulis, “Effect ofosmotic agent on osmotic dehydration of fruits”, Dry. Technol., vol. 17, pp. 175–89, 1999.[10] J. Kristott, “Fats and oils” in The stability and shelf-life of food. D.Kilcast, P. Subramaniam, Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Woodhead Publishing, 2000, P. 279–309.[11] T. P. Labusa, M. K. Schmidt, “Accelerated shelf-life testing of food”,Food Technology, vol. 39, pp. 57–62, 1985.[12] Shelf-life of food — guide-lines for its determination and prediction.Institute of food science and technology (UK). London: IFST, 1993, 230 p.[13] Yu. G. Bazarnova, T. E. Burova, A. L. Ishevsky, V. M. Zyukanov,“Possibilities of applying the principles of chemical kinetics to assess the quality of food products”, Storage and processing of agricultural raw materials, vol.11, pp. 33–36, 2004.[14] E.S, Lur’e, A.I. Sharov Technological control of raw material at candyproduction. Moscow: Kolos, 2001.[15] A. V. Belashov, A. A. Zhikhoreva, V. G. Bespalov, V. I. Novik, N. T.Zhilinskaya, I. V. Semenova, O. S. Vasyutinskii, “Refractive indexdistributions in dehydrated cells of human oral cavity epithelium”, J. Opt.Soc. Am. B Opt. Phys., vol. 34, pp. 2538–43, 2017.[16]K. N. Semenov, G. O. Iurev, N. M. Ivanova, V. N. Postnov, V. V.Sharoyko, I. V. Prikhodko, I. V. Murin, “Physico-chemical properties of the C60-L-lysine water solutions” J. Mol. Liq., vol. 225, pp. 767–77, 2017. [17] S. P. Sutera and R. Skalak, “The History of Poiseuille’s Law”, Annu.Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 25, pp. 1–20, 1993.[18] Yu. G. Bazarnova, V. E. Kucakova and S. V. Frolov, “Modeling ofosmotic processes at berries storage in a syrup”, Pishchevye tekhnologii-2006: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Conference, p.14, 2006, October [17-19 October 2006, Odessa].。

小学下册英语第6单元期末试卷考试时间：90分钟（总分:140）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：What is the smallest continent?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. AustraliaD. Europe答案:C2. 选择题：What is the term for a small rocky body that orbits the sun?A. CometB. AsteroidC. MeteorD. Planet3. 听力题：I want to ________ (create) something special.4. 选择题：What is the main purpose of a compass?A. To tell timeB. To find directionC. To measure distanceD. To calculate speed答案: B5. 填空题：The ______ (蚂蚁) works hard to gather food.6. 选择题：What is the name of the famous explorer who sailed the Pacific Ocean?A. Ferdinand MagellanB. Christopher ColumbusC. Vasco da GamaD. John Cabot答案: A7. 填空题：中国的________ (historical) 文化深深植根于传统和信仰中。

8. 选择题：What is the capital city of France?A. BerlinB. LondonC. ParisD. Madrid9. 选择题：What do we call a person who plays the piano?A. PianistB. MusicianC. ArtistD. All of the above10. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character who has long hair?A. MulanB. RapunzelC. ArielD. Belle11. 填空题：The _______ (青蛙) likes to jump around.12. 选择题：What do you call a collection of books?A. LibraryB. ArchiveC. AnthologyD. Gallery答案:A13. 填空题：The _____ (小狗) is barking at the mailman.14. 听力题：The Ptolemaic model placed the Earth at the _______ of the universe.I enjoy making ______ (手工艺品) from recycled materials. It’s a fun way to be creative and eco-friendly.16. 填空题：The ancient Egyptians created vast ________ (陵墓) for their pharaohs.17. 填空题：I have a toy ______ (飞机) that can fly high in the sky. It is very ______ (酷).18. 选择题：What instrument has strings and is played with a bow?A. FluteB. PianoC. ViolinD. Drum答案: C19. 填空题：We have a ______ (特别的) day planned for school.20. 填空题：The __________ (历史的分析工具) aid in research.21. 填空题：My mom loves __________ (参加志愿活动).22. 听力题：A _______ is a reaction that releases heat.23. 选择题：What is 7 x 2?A. 12B. 14C. 16D. 18答案: B24. 听力题：The _____ (telescope) helps us see stars.25. 填空题：I enjoy watching the _______ (小动物) in the park.We are learning about _______ (动物) in school.27. 选择题：What is the name of the ocean between Africa and Australia?A. Atlantic OceanB. Indian OceanC. Arctic OceanD. Southern Ocean答案: B28. 选择题：What do you call a drink made from fermented grapes?A. BeerB. WhiskeyC. WineD. Cider答案:C29. 填空题：The ________ was a famous artist known for his paintings.30. 填空题：The __________ (历史的价值) is foundational.31. 填空题：The flamingo stands gracefully on one _________. (腿)32. 填空题：A ________ (植物景观规划) beautifies spaces.33. 填空题：The _______ (The 19th Amendment) granted women the right to vote in the US.34. 填空题：The discovery of ________ has had extensive implications for health.35. 听力题：I want to _____ (visit/see) my grandma.36. 听力题：When vinegar and baking soda mix, they produce ________.37. 填空题：The __________ (历史的讨论) can lead to greater understanding.What do you call the main character in a story?a. Antagonistb. Protagonistc. Narratord. Villain答案:B39. 填空题：My favorite subject to study is ______.40. 填空题：I want to learn how to ________ (骑车).41. 选择题：What instrument is known as the "king of instruments"?A. PianoB. OrganC. GuitarD. Violin42. 填空题：People often plant flowers for __________ (美观).43. 听力题：I like to ______ movies with my family. (watch)44. 选择题：What do we call a sweet food made from sugar and typically eaten after a meal?A. DessertB. SnackC. AppetizerD. Side dish答案：A45. 听力题：Planetary atmospheres can protect from harmful _______ radiation.46. 选择题：What do we call a story that is meant to teach a lesson?A. FableB. MythC. LegendD. Folktale答案: AThe chicken lays ______ (鸡蛋). They are a good source of ______ (蛋白质).48. 选择题：What do we call a collection of maps?A. AtlasB. DictionaryC. EncyclopediaD. Almanac答案:A49. 填空题：The __________ (历史的深度) enhances insight.50. 选择题：What do we call the person who designs buildings?A. EngineerB. ArchitectC. ContractorD. Carpenter答案: B51. 选择题：What is your name in English?A. NameB. TitleC. IdentityD. Label52. 听力题：The state of matter that fills its container is a _______.53. 选择题：Which planet is known as the Blue Planet?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. Jupiter答案: B54. 听力题：The __________ can help reveal the effects of human activities on the environment.55. 听力题：The chemical formula for linoleic acid is ______.A __________ (溶胶) is a colloidal mixture with solid particles dispersed in a liquid.57. 听力题：The chemical formula for sodium acetate is _______.58. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in sushi?A. RiceB. NoodlesC. BreadD. Potatoes答案: A59. 填空题：My sister has a keen interest in __________ (天文学).60. 填空题：We saw a _______ (电影) last night.61. 选择题：What is the capital city of Nigeria?A. LagosB. AbujaC. Port HarcourtD. Kano62. 听力题：A _______ can symbolize friendship.63. 填空题：I can ______ (提升) my creativity through art.64. 选择题：What do bees make?A. MilkB. HoneyC. BreadD. Cheese答案:B65. 选择题：What do you call the act of putting something away in a safe place?A. StoringB. HidingC. KeepingD. Securing答案: A66. an Revolution led to the establishment of the ________ (苏维埃政权). 填空题：The Russ67. 填空题：I saw a _______ (小鹿) drinking water.68. 填空题：The capital of Greece is ________ (雅典).69. 填空题：The __________ (国际合作) is needed for global issues.70. 填空题：My dad enjoys helping me with ____.71. 填空题：The flamingo stands gracefully on _______ (一条腿).72. 听力题：Some birds build nests to protect their __________.73. 填空题：My brother is really _____ (幽默) and always makes me laugh.74. 选择题：How many continents are in the world?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 875. 听力题：A __________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.76. 填空题：The __________ (历史的交织) creates understanding.77. 填空题：I love my _____ (毛绒玩具) that is soft.78. 听力题：The capital of Thailand is ________.79. 填空题：The __________ (历史的桥梁) connect past and present.80. 听力题：Soil is essential for ______ growth.81. 填空题：The _____ (紫罗兰) blooms in spring.82. 听力题：If you drop a feather and a rock, the rock will fall _______.83. 听力题：I want to be a ________.84. 填空题：I like to _______ new things every day.85. 选择题：How many legs does an octopus have?A. 6B. 8C. 10D. 12答案: B86. 填空题：A dolphin is a playful _______ that enjoys swimming in the sea.87. 听力题：The chemical formula for lithium hydroxide is _______.88. 填空题：I have a toy _______ that can change colors.89. 填空题：I am learning how to ________ (游泳) this summer.90. 听力题：The train is coming ___. (soon)91. 选择题：What do we call the holiday celebrated on January 1st?A. ChristmasB. New Year's DayC. Valentine's DayD. Thanksgiving92. 听力题：His favorite food is ________.93. 选择题：What do we call the force that pulls objects toward the Earth?A. MagnetismB. GravityC. FrictionD. Pressure答案:B94. 听力题：The ____ is often seen in gardens looking for food.95. 听力题：The soup is ___ (hot/cold) today.96. 填空题：__________ (植物) use water and sunlight for photosynthesis.97. 选择题：What is the main purpose of a compass?A. To measure weightB. To tell timeC. To find directionD. To measure temperature答案:C98. 填空题：A _____ (海豚) is very friendly.99. 填空题：The raccoon is known for its _______ (聪明) nature.100. 选择题：What is the capital of Estonia?a. Tallinnb. Tartuc. Narvad. Pärnu答案:a。

响应曲面法优化感应电芬顿预处理染料废水的运行参数胡耀笛;张利;刘松;孙梅香;刘会应;戴捷【摘要】在传统电芬顿技术的基础上引入感应铁电极以改变Fe2的投加方式,构建了以铁板为感应阳极、不锈钢板为阳极、高纯度TiO2镀膜石墨板为阴极的感应电芬顿体系.为探究感应电芬顿处理染料废水的最优运行参数及参数间的交互作用,采用响应曲面法建立连续变量曲面模型,优化试验并确定最佳水平范围.结果显示,经模型优化后的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间80 min,pH 2.59,电流密度30 mA·cm-2,在此条件下进行三组平行实验,得出染料废水的COD去除率平均值达到70.1％,而模型预测值为73.17％,实测值与预测值相对偏差为3.07％,两者能较好地吻合.%Using induction iron electrode to change the way of adding Fe2+ on the basis of the traditional electro-Fenton process,built the system of electro-Fenton using induction iron anode,stainless steel anode and plated oxide film of TiO2 based on the pure graphite plate.For explore optimum operation parameter and their interaction on the treatment of dye wastewater by induction electron-Fenton,built surface model with continuous variable using response surface methodology to optimize the experiment and determine the best range of each level.Results showed the best process conditions after optimization by the model,the optimum reaction time,pH and current density were found to be 80 min,2.59 and 30 mA · cm-2,respectively.Experiment with above optimum condition and repeated 3 times,found that the efficiency of COD removal to the dye wastewater can be reach 70.1％,and the prediction by the model is73.17％,the relative deviation between the actual value and prediction is 3.07 ％,the two value are close.【期刊名称】《科学技术与工程》【年(卷),期】2017(017)027【总页数】5页(P338-342)【关键词】染料废水;感应电芬顿;感应铁电极;响应曲面法【作者】胡耀笛;张利;刘松;孙梅香;刘会应;戴捷【作者单位】长江大学化学与环境工程学院,荆州434020;长江大学化学与环境工程学院,荆州434020;长江大学化学与环境工程学院,荆州434020;长江大学化学与环境工程学院,荆州434020;长江大学化学与环境工程学院,荆州434020;长江大学化学与环境工程学院,荆州434020【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X791染料废水因染料及其中间体种类繁多并含有大量盐份，导致该类废水污染物浓度高、可生化性差，实际处理难度极高[1—3]。

过氧化氢光催化脱色甲基橙溶液的研究曾俊;钟俊波;曾凤春;程杰;李建章;王少华【摘要】The photocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange with H2O2 under UV irradiation waa investigated. The results showed that Decolorization of MO increased with increasing the dosage of the H2O2 and had an optimal amount of H2O2 t in case. The decolorization reaction was a pseudo first - order reaction when the concentration of MO was less than 25 mg/L, the decolorization reaction was a zero-order reaction when the concentration of MO was more than 100 mg/L, but it was inconsistent with Langmuir Hinshewood kinetic model. The decolorization efficiency in acid was superior to that in baae. The decolorization efficiency of wastewater of dyes was good under sunlight radiation with H2O2.%本文在H2O2存在下用紫外灯照射对甲基橙溶液进行光催化脱色.结果表明,甲基橙溶液的脱色率随着H2O2的增加而增加,但存在一个最佳值.当甲基橙浓度低于25mg/L时,反应为假一级,当甲基橙浓度高于100mg/L时,反应为零级;但是不符合Langmuir-Hinshewood动力学模型.脱色率在酸性条件下比碱性条件高.日光照射下对实际染料废水的脱色效果好.【期刊名称】《西南农业学报》【年(卷),期】2012(025)002【总页数】4页(P676-679)【关键词】H2O2;光催化脱色;甲基橙;废水处理【作者】曾俊;钟俊波;曾凤春;程杰;李建章;王少华【作者单位】绿色催化四川省高校重点实验室,四川理工学院化学与制药工程学院,四川自贡643000;绿色催化四川省高校重点实验室,四川理工学院化学与制药工程学院,四川自贡643000;绿色催化四川省高校重点实验室,四川理工学院化学与制药工程学院,四川自贡643000;绿色催化四川省高校重点实验室,四川理工学院化学与制药工程学院,四川自贡643000;绿色催化四川省高校重点实验室,四川理工学院化学与制药工程学院,四川自贡643000;绿色催化四川省高校重点实验室,四川理工学院化学与制药工程学院,四川自贡643000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X52染料废水主要产生于染料及染料中间体的生产行业，成分复杂，含有多种有机物及中间体，色度深，毒性强，难降解，pH值波动大，组分变化多，且浓度高，水量大，一直是工业废水处理的难点［1］。

桂林“PEP”2024年10版小学四年级英语第二单元测验试卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:140）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题：The product of a chemical reaction is found on the _______ side of the equation.2. 选择题：What do we call a baby pig?A. CalfB. LambC. PigletD. Kid答案:C3. 填空题：We should always _______ (保持) our classroom _______ (干净).4. 听力题：The concept of ecosystem demonstrates the interaction between living and ______ things.5. 填空题：The __________ is a major city known for its cultural diversity. (洛杉矶)6. 填空题：I enjoy making ________ (拼贴画) in art class.7. 选择题：What do we call the process of a caterpillar becoming a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. TransformationC. EvolutionD. Development答案:AThe capital of Iraq is _______.9. 听力题：The ________ (networking) helps build connections.10. 填空题：My rabbit loves to chew on ______ (蔬菜).11. 听力题：A _______ can flourish in different environments.12. 选择题：How many legs does a cat have?A. TwoB. FourC. SixD. Eight答案:B13. 听力题：The Khmer Empire built the famous temple complex of _______ Wat.14. 选择题：What do we call the traditional Japanese theater?A. KabukiB. NohC. BunrakuD. All of the above答案:D15. 填空题：My friends and I often joke with each other and call each other __.(我的朋友和我常常开玩笑，相互称呼为。

Unit1Passage1Valentine’s Day probably has its origin in the ancient Roman celebration called Lupercalia(牧神节) . It was celebrated on February 15. In the Rom an calendar February was in the spring. The celebration honored the go ds Lupercus and Faunus as well as the twin brothers Romulus and Rem us, the legendary founders of Rome. As part of the ceremony the priest s paired up young man and women. The girls names were placed in a box and each boy drew a girl’s name. The couple was paired then until the next Lupercalia.In 260AD the emperor Claudius II, called Claudius the Cruel, decid ed that young soldiers would only be distracted by marriage and so orde red that young men may not marry. Valentinus( Valentine), a Christian pr iest, defied the emperor and got married in secret. He was caught exec uted(处死)，on February 14, the eve of Lupercalia. His name became as sociated with young love forever after. In 496, Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honor him as Saint Valentine and it has been St. Valenti ne’s Day ever since.In the Middle Ages, some of the customs of the Lupercalia still per sisted in spite of the attempts of the Church to put an end to these non -Christian customs and Christianize the holiday. Both men and women dr ew names from a bowl to see who their valentines would be. They woul d wear the names on their sleeves for a week. Today we still sometime s “wear our hearts on our sleeves” when we cannot conceal our feelings.In the 1600s, it became common to give flowers, particularly the r ose, as a sign of lov e as the “language of flowers”. This came to Europ e from Turkey. The color and placement of rose held a special significan ce--- a red rose, for example, meant beauty. Flowers have been part of Valentine’s Day ever since.情人节可能起源于古罗马的牧神节庆祝活动被称为（牧神节）。