Analysis of Intel 2013 Annual Report

企业盈利质量分析中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Measuring the quality of earnings1. IntroductionGenerally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) offer some flexibility in preparing the financial statements and give the financial managers some freedom to select among accounting policies and alternatives. Earning management uses the flexibility in financial reporting to alter the financial results of the firm (Ortega and Grant, 2003).In other words, earnings management is manipulating the earning to achieve apredetermined target set by the management. It is a purposeful intervention in the external reporting process with the intent of obtaining some private gain (Schipper, 1989).Levit (1998) defines earning management as a gray area where the accounting is being perverted; where managers are cutting corners; and, where earnings reports reflect the desires of management rather than the underlying financial performance of the company.The popular press lists several instances of companies engaging in earnings management. Sensormatic Electronics, which stamped shipping dates and times on sold merchandise, stopped its clocks on the last day of a quarter until customer shipments reached its sales goal. Certain business units of Cendant Corporation inflated revenues nearly $500 million just prior to a merger; subsequently, Cendant restated revenues and agreed with the SEC to change revenue recognition practices. AOL restated earnings for $385 million in improperly deferred marketing expenses. In 1994, the Wall Street Journal detailed the many ways in which General Electric smoothed earnings, including the careful timing of capital gains and the use of restructuring charges and reserves, in response to the article, General Electric reportedly received calls from other corporations questioning why such common practices were “front-page” news.Earning management occurs when managers use judgment in financial reporting and in structuring transactions to alter financial reports to either mislead some stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of the company or to influence contractual outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers (Healy and Whalen, 1999).Magrath and Weld (2002) indicate that abusive earnings management and fraudulent practices begins by engaging in earnings management schemes designed primarily to “smooth” earnings to meet internally or externally imposed earnings forecasts and analysts’ expectations.Even if earnings management does not explicitly violate accounting rules, it is an ethically questionable practice. An organization that manages its earnings sends amessage to its employees that bending the truth is an acceptable practice. Executives who partake of this practice risk creating an ethical climate in which other questionable activities may occur. A manager who asks the sales staff to help sales one day forfeits the moral authority to criticize questionable sales tactics another day.Earnings management can also become a very slippery slope, which relatively minor accounting gimmicks becoming more and more aggressive until they create material misstatements in the financial statements (Clikeman, 2003)The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued three staff accounting bulletins (SAB) to provide guidance on some accounting issues in order to prevent the inappropriate earnings management activities by public companies: SAB No. 99 “Materiality”, SAB No. 100 “Restructuring and Impairment Charges” and SAB No. 101 “Revenue Recognition”.Earnings management behavior may affect the quality of accounting earnings, which is defined by Schipper and Vincent (2003) as the extent to which the reported earnings faithfully represent Hichsian economic income, which is the amount that can be consumed (i.e. paid out as dividends) during a period, while leaving the firm equally well off at the beginning and the end of the period.Assessment of earning quality requires sometimes the separations of earnings into cash from operation and accruals, the more the earnings is closed to cash from operation, the higher earnings quality. As Penman (2001) states that the purpose of accounting quality analysis is to distinguish between the “hard” numbers resulting from cash flows and the “soft” numbers resulting from accrual accounting.The quality of earnings can be assessed by focusing on the earning persistence; high quality earnings are more persistent and useful in the process of decision making.Beneish and Vargus (2002) investigate whether insider trading is informative about earnings quality using earning persistence as a measure for the quality of earnings, they find that income-increasing accruals are significantly more persistent for firms with abnormal insider buying and significantly less persistent for firms with abnormal insider selling, relative to firms which there is no abnormal insider trading.Balsam et al. (2003) uses the level of discretionary accruals as a direct measurefor earning quality. The discretionary accruals model is based on a regression relationship between the change in total accruals as dependent variable and change in sales and change in the level of property, plant and equipment, change in cash flow from operations and change in firm size (total assets) as independent variables. If the regression coefficients in this model are significant that means that there is earning management in that firm and the earnings quality is low.This research presents an empirical study on using three different approaches of measuring the quality of earnings on different industry. The notion is; if there is a complete consistency among the three measures, a general assessment for the quality of earnings (high or low) can be reached and, if not, the quality of earnings is questionable and needs different other approaches for measurement and more investigations and analysis.The rest of the paper is divided into following sections: Earnings management incentives, Earnings management techniques, Model development, Sample and statistical results, and Conclusion.2. Earnings management incentives2.1 Meeting analysts’ expectationsIn general, analysts’ expectations and company predictions tend to address two high-profile components of financial performance: revenue and earnings from operations.The pressure to meet revenue expectations is particularly intense and may be the primary catalyst in leading managers to engage in earning management practices that result in questionable or fraudulent revenue recognition practices. Magrath and Weld (2002) indicate that improper revenue recognition practices were the cause of one-third of all voluntary or forced restatements of income filed with the SEC from 1977 to 2000.Ironically, it is often the companies themselves that create this pressure to meet the market’s earnings expec tations. It is common practice for companies to provide earnings estimates to analysts and investors. Management is often faced with the task of ensuring their targeted estimates are met.Several companies, including Coca-Cola Co., Intel Corp., and Gillette Co., have taken a contrary stance and no longer provide quarterly and annual earnings estimates to analysts. In doing so, these companies claim they have shifted their focus from meeting short-term earnings estimates to achieving their long-term strategies (Mckay and Brown, 2002).2.2 To avoid debt-covenant violations and minimize political costsSome firms have the incentive to avoid violating earnings-based debt covenants. If violated, the lender may be able to raise the interest rate on the debt or demand immediate repayment. Consequently, some firms may use earnings-management techniques to increase earnings to avoid such covenant violations. On the other hand, some other firms have the incentive to lower earnings in order to minimize political costs associated with being seen as too profitable. For example, if gasoline prices have been increasing significantly and oil companies are achieving record profit level, then there may be incentive for the government to intervene and enact an excess-profit tax or attempt to introduce price controls.2.3 To smooth earnings toward a long-term sustainable trendFor many years it has been believed that a firm should attempt to reduce the volatility in its earnings stream in order to maximize share price. Because a highly violate earning pattern indicates risk, therefore the stock will lose value compared to others with more stable earnings patterns. Consequently, firms have incentives to manage earnings to help achieve a smooth and growing earnings stream (Ortega and Grant, 2003).2.4 Meeting the bonus plan requirementsHealy (1985) provides the evidence that earnings are managed in the direction that is consistent with maximizing executives’ earnings-based bonus. When earnings will be below the minimum level required to earn a bonus, then earning are managed upward so that the minimum is achieved and a bonus is earned. Conversely, when earning will be above the maximum level at which no additional bonus is paid, then earnings are managed downward. The extra earnings that will not generate extra bonus this current period are saved to be used to earn a bonus in a future period.When earnings are between the minimum and the maximum levels, then earnings are managed upward in order to increase the bonus earned in the current period.2.5 Changing managementEarnings management usually occurs around the time of changing management, the CEO of a company with poor performance indicators will try to increase the reported earnings in order to prevent or postpone being fired. On the other hand, the new CEO will try shift part of the income to future years around the time when his/her performance will be evaluated and measured, and blame the low earning at the beginning of his contract on the acts of the previous CEO.3. Earnings management techniquesOne of the most common earnings management tools is reporting revenue before the seller has performed under the terms of a sales contract (SEC,SAB No. 101,1999).Another area of concern is where a company fails to comply with GAAP and inappropriately records restructuring charges and general reserves for future losses, reversing or relieving reserves in inappropriate periods, and recognizing or not recognizing an asset impairment charge in the appropriate period (SEC, SAB No. 100, 1999).Managers can influence reported expenses through assumptions and estimates such as the assumed rate of return on pension plan asset and the estimated useful lives of fixed assets, also they can influence reported earnings by controlling the timing of purchasing, deliveries, discretionary expenditures, and sale of assets.3.1 Big bath“Big Bath” charges are one-time restructuring charge. Current earnings will be decreased by overstating these one-time charges. By reversing the excessive reserve, future earnings will increase.Big bath charges are not always related to restructuring. In April 2001, Cisco Systems Inc. announced charges against earnings of almost $4 billion. The bulk of the charge, $2.5 billion, consisted of an inventory write down. Writing off more than a billion dollars from inventory now means more than a billion dollars of less cost in the future period. This an example of what ultra-conservative accounting in oneperiod makes possible in future periods.3.2 Abuse of materialityAnother area that might be used by accountants to manipulate the earning is the application of materiality principle in preparing the financial statements, this principle is very wide, flexible and has no specific range to determine where the item is material or not. SEC uses the interpretation ruled by the supreme court in identifying what is material; the supreme court has held that a fact is material if there is a substantial likelihood that the fact would have been viewed by reasonable investor as having significan tly altered the “total mix” of information made available (SEC, SAB No. 99, 1999).The SEC has also introduced some considerations for a quantitatively small misstatement of a financial statement item to be material:. whether the misstatement arises from an item capable of precise measurement or whether it arises from an estimate and, if so, the degree of imprecision inherent in the estimate;. whether the misstatement masks a change in earnings or other trends;.whether the misstatement hides a failure to meet analysts’ consensus expectations for the enterprise;. whether the misstatement changes a loss into income or vice versa;. whether the misstatement concerns a segment or other portion of the registrant’s business that has been identified as playing a significant role in the registrant’s operations or profitability; and. whether the misstatement involves concealment of an unlawful transaction.3.3 Cookie jar“Cookie jar” reserve –sometimes labeled rainy day reserve or contingency reserves, in periods of strong financial performance, cookie jar reserve enable to reduce earnings by overstating reserves, overstating expenses, and using one-time write-offs. In periods of weak financial performance, cookie jar reserves can be used to increase earnings by reversing accruals and reserves to reduce current period expenses (Kokoszka, 2003).The most famous example of use of cookie jar reserves is WorldCom Inc. In August 2002, an internal review revealed that the company had $2.5 billion reserves related to litigation, uncollectible and taxes. The company used most of them in a series of so-called reserve reversals in order to have higher earnings.Source: Khaled ElMoatasem Abdelghany,2005. “Measuring the quality of earnings”, Managerial Auditing Journal, vol.20, no.9, pp.1001 – 1015.译文：衡量盈利质量1、引言一般公认会计原则（GAAP）提供准备一定的灵活性的财务报表，给财务经理一定的自由空间进行选择会计政策和方案。

Table of ContentsGet the power of Hadoop faster, with less risk 2What is your business goal? 2Dell EMC Ready Bundle for Cloudera Hadoop 3Configuration details 3Why Dell EMC for Hadoop? 4Complete your solution with Dell EMC Services and financing 5Dell EMC Professional Services 5Dell EMC Financial Services 5Find out more today 6Dell EMC Ready Bundle for Cloudera HadoopAn end-to-end Hadoop system, designed to address data analytics requirements, reduce costs and optimize performanceLeverage anend-to-end solutionReduce development costsOptimize performance Get the power of Hadoop faster, with less riskUnlike traditional systems, Hadoop enables multiple types of analytic workloads to runon the same data, at the same time, at massive scale on industry-standard hardware Cloudera’s Distribution of Hadoop (CDH) includes Apache® Hadoop and additional key open source projects to ensure you get the most out of Hadoop and your data, and it's engineered to meet the highest enterprise standards for 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data analytics — Dell EMC has the expertise, tools and solutions needed to drive successful, flexible and scalable Hadoop deploymentsConfiguration detailsDell EMC Ready Bundles for Cloudera Hadoop offer a variety of configurations to meet your needs 1Dell EMC Cloudera Hadoop solution on PowerEdge R730XD ServerDell EMC Cloudera Hadoop solution on PowerEdge FX2 ServerDell EMC Cloudera Syncsort ETL offload Hadoop solution on PowerEdge R730XD Server Dell EMC Cloudera Syncsort ETL offload Hadoop solution on PowerEdge FC630 Server Dell EMC QuickStart for Cloudera HadoopUse cases Active archive/customer 360-degree Active archive/customer 360-degree ETL offload ETL offloadTesting and proofs of concept (POCs)Sizing Scales from 5 to 252 nodes, 3 8PBScales from 5 to 252 nodes, 3 8PBScales from 5 to 252 nodes, 3 8PB Scales from 5 to 252 nodes, 3 8PB 48TBSoftwareCloudera Enterprise OpenManage/iDRAC with Lifecycle Controller Cloudera Enterprise OpenManage/iDRAC with Lifecycle Controller Cloudera Enterprise Syncsort DMX-h and SILQ™Cloudera Enterprise Syncsort DMX-h and SILQCloudera Basic Edition OpenManage/iDRAC with Lifecycle Controller Pod network2 x Networking S4048 10GbE pod switches 1 x S3048 iDRAC switch 2 x Networking S4048 10GbE pod switches 1 x S3048 iDRAC switch 2 x Networking S4048 10GbE pod switches 1 x S3048 iDRAC switch 2 x Networking S4048 10GbE pod switches 1 x S3048 iDRAC switch Networking S3048-ON switchNetworking S4048-ON switchCluster network 2 x Networking S6000 40GbE cluster switches 2 x Networking S6000 40GbE cluster switches 2 x Networking S6000 40GbE cluster switches 2 x Networking S6000 40GbE cluster switches Infrastructure nodes1 x PowerEdge R630 Server admin node3 x PowerEdge R730XD Server name nodes1 x PowerEdge R730XD Server edge node 1 x PowerEdge R630 Server admin node3 x PowerEdge R730XD Server name nodes1 x PowerEdge R730XD Server edge node 1 x PowerEdge R630 Server admin node3 x PowerEdge R730XD Server name nodes1 x PowerEdge R730XD Server edge node 1 x PowerEdge FC630 Server admin node 3 x PowerEdge FC630 Server name nodes 1 x PowerEdge FC630 Server edge node2 x PowerEdge R730XD ServersWorker nodes10 x PowerEdgeR730XD Servers with 3 5" Drives — 48TB or 10 x PowerEdgeR730XD Servers with 2 5" Drives — 24TB10 x PowerEdge FC630 Servers10 x PowerEdge FD332 Storage — 32TB10 x PowerEdgeR730XD Servers with 3 5" Drives — 48TB or 10 x PowerEdgeR730XD Servers with 2 5" Drives — 24TB10 x PowerEdge FC630 Servers10 x PowerEdge FD332 Storage — 32TB3 x PowerEdge R730XD Servers1T he quantity and configurationDell EMC PowerEdge R730 Server : Impressive processor performance, a large memory footprint, extensive I/O (input/output) options and a choice of dense, high-performance storage or low-cost, high-capacity storageDell EMC PowerEdge FX2 Server : Modular server, storage and networking blocks are neatly combined in a compact, converged 2U rack chassis to redefine data center agility Dell EMC Networking S4048-ON 10/40GbE : T op-of-rack, high-density 1U switch with forty-eight 10GbE uplinks It offers ultra-low-latency and line-rate performance that is optimized for data centersDell EMC FC630 PowerEdge Server nodes : The 2-socket, half-width 1U workhorse server blocks are ideal for a wide variety of business applicationsDell EMC FD332 Storage : Flexible, high-density, half-width 1U storage modules enable you to rapidly scale direct attached storage (DAS)The Dell EMC Ready Bundle for Cloudera Hadoop Services includes:5• Onsite hardware and Operating System (OS) deployment services via Dell EMC ProDeploy• Dell EMC Cloudera Accelerator Services : Best practice guidance, hands-on labs,roadmap planning and knowledge transfer so you can get from install to full productivity, with the skills and knowledge to get the greatest value from your big data solution • Dell EMC Cloudera Hadoop Health Check Services : Reviews your current datatechnologies and processes, and makes recommendations for Cloudera tools, testing and 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to 50X performance improvement 3Dell EMC40% increased automation of standard sales reports60% faster response times for prescriptive and predictive analysis 42D ell EMC case study, "Accelerating big data ROI with Hadoop ," April 20153D ell EMC case study video, "Dell EMC Drives Big Data Solutions at TACC ," November 2016 4D ell EMC case study, "Unlocking data's value for better insights and decisions ," May 2015 5A ll Dell EMC Services are standard in the US and Canada For all other regions, services are custom6I DC WW Quarterly ConvergedSystems Tracker, June 2016, Vendor Revenue—EMC FY 20157I DC WW Quarterly Enterprise Storage Systems Tracker, June 2016, Vendor Revenue—EMC CY 2015 8D ell EMC Annual Report, 2015 9I DC WW Quarterly Cloud ITInfrastructure Tracker, Q1 June 2016, Vendor Revenue—EMC FY 2015 10I DC WW Virtual Machine and Cloud System Market Shares 2015, July 2016Complete your solution with Dell EMC Services and financingDell EMC Professional ServicesSolutions customized for your needsDell EMC Hadoop Consulting is a best-in-class service delivered by certified Cloudera Hadoop experts to help you get the business value of data analytics using Hadoop The services include a data analytics assessment, workshop, testing, proofs of concept and production implementation These Hadoop experts help determine where Hadoop is a good fit for your organization They also help you build your own team of Hadoop experts through knowledge transfer at each stepSupport always on for youDell EMC ProSupport offers a single point of accountability from experts withsolution-specific training, along with premium hardware and software support available 24x7x365 ProSupport also includes collaborative support for Cloudera Enterprise software Additionally, ProSupport includes next-business-day onsite service withfour- and eight-hour parts and labor response options, and escalation management with customer-set severity level optionsDeployment assistance when you need itDell EMC offers a broad menu of installation and implementation services for Hadoop solutions through Dell EMC ProDeploy Dell EMC Services include onsite hardware and software installation, optional rack integration at a Dell EMC facility and validation of the installed solution Dell EMC takes care of the complete project management, from order drop to your acceptanceFor more information, visit Dell com/ServiceDescriptionsDell EMC Financial ServicesLet the wealth of leasing and financing options from Dell EMC Financial Services help you find opportunities when your organization faces decisions regarding capital expenditures, operating expenditures and cash flowDell EMC offers a wide range of payment options to make it easier than ever to meet your needsLearn more about Dell EMC Financial Services“We’ve completelyredesigned how we capture, store and provision data with the new Dell Hadoop cluster We can gather larger amounts of data, and our analysts and statisticians can mine that data in ways they 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Will smart home replace the traditional home?Abstract:This report is aimed at finding a conclusion on whether smart home will replace the traditional home. Firstly, we make an introduction about the background of smart home. Then, we make a comparison among smart home and the traditional home through three aspects: the advantages and disadvantages of their function. And concretely analyze their differences. Finally, after the series of analysis we get the final conclusion that although there are still some problems to be solved, smart home is developing rapidly. In the future, smart home may replace the traditional home and turns into a new trend.Key word: Smart home, traditional home, replaces, marketing, Industrial Environment Contents1. Introduction (1)1.1 Smart Home (1)1.2 Categories of Smart Home (1)2. Methodology (1)3. Results (2)4. Analysis and Discussion (2)4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of smart home (2)4.2 Market Analysis (2)4.3 Industrial Environment (3)5. Conclusion (4)6. References (4)1.Introduction1.1Smart HomeSmart home is a residential platform that combines integrated wiring technology, network communication technology, security technology, automatic control technology and audio and video technology together to build effective Housing Facilities and family affairs management system. The purpose is to improve house security, convenience, comfort, artistry and archive eco-friendly living environment.The application field of smart home is wide, from switch or light bulbs to air conditioning and refrigerator. We can divide into the following three categories according to the function of home devices.1.2Categories of Smart HomeHousehold helperThe main purpose of household helper products aims at maximum convenience of home life. There are a lot of categories in this field, and the technology is relatively easy, such as smart socket with Wi-Fi and smart sweeping robot. Of course we can use our smart phone as a remote control for home devices.Home healthO bviously it’s related to our health. Compared to the previous category, it has fewer species, a higher technological content and price. Such as Smart Cup, it gives you family members reasonable daily water demand and drinking time according to the user's water intake, physical activity levels and the temperature of the user. It will record the information of user by smart phone.Home energyThe third category of smart home products aims to maximize the conservation of resources, providing healthy and efficient energy use. Compared with the previous categories, the biggest difference is that the kinds of products are rarely as a whole. They are usually pipe routing beyond we can see.2. MethodologyIn order to get a conclusion on our topic,” Will smart home replace the traditional home and turns into a new trend?”, we pretend to make an analysis on these three aspects as follows:Firstly, get more information about the present development of smart home and the traditional home. Therefore; we are able to compare their advantages and disadvantages on the influence to our daily life.Since every sword has two edges, so does the smart home. There is no doubt that smart home can bring us much convenience and comfort. Smart home makes it possible that we can just press a small button or say a simple word to control our television, electric rice cooker and so on even in a long distance. Besides, smart home products are aimed to maximize the conservation of resources, providing healthy and efficient energy use. However, in this stage of development, it has emerged some problems not to be ignored. For instance, our personal privacy is easy to leak in the home internet, which will provide opportunities to the hackers.Secondly, every industry can’t develop rapidly without market. So it is necessary to study on the consumers’demands. Are the consumers more willing to purchase the traditional home or the smart home? Why? For those customers in favor of smart home, which property do they pay more attention to? How about the distribution of these consumers?Onopposite, forthose customers in favor of traditional home, what are their demands? Through series of these investigates, we will easily find the present market and the future development trend of smart home and the traditional home.Finally, it is extremely important to compare the industry environment of them. Only having a stable macro environment tosupport, can a new industry have more space to grow up? It now appears that the industry of smart home lacks of a unified standard and its industrial chain and business model is not perfect. But varieties of people are making efforts to this new industry. On the contrary, the traditional industry has a mature business model. Then how will their respective industry environment affect them? In this aspect, does smart home have advantage to the traditional home? This report will study on this point in the following.Above all, the next step we will look for some files from the above three aspects to confirm our expected results.3. ResultsR1: Smart home is a new industrial trend. This essayaims to give a brief introduction of the field and analyzes the initial market situation.R2: In the future, smart home will take place of traditional home devices. More and more home devices will be connected to the internet and people will control their home devices easily.4.Analysis and Discussion4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of smart homeSmart home, to put it simple, is a people-centered control system which combines all the switches together in order to make it easily to control home devices. The purpose is to make our life more convenient through Science and Technology. Their advantages are as follows:1)Remote ControlJust imagine when you are in your office you can control your home devices like Water Heater, Air conditioner and so on. How amazing it is!2)WirelessControlIn the past, you can control your TV with tele-control! In the future, you can control the curtain, the light, and other devices with a tele-control only.3)Smart SecuritySmart home will offer functions like against burglar, fire alarm, gas leak alarm. These functions will give you enough security guarantees and it will work steady and highlyeffective.As every sword has two sides,there are also some disadvantages of smart home. For instance, our private life may be let out to the public and our home may suffer the attack from hackers if we connect our homedevices to the internet.4.2 Market Analysis1)Market ResearchAs the data released from the professional market analysis company Juniper shows that the global smart home market size was $33billion, 15% growth compared to 2012. At the same time, the agency predicted the scale will increase to $71 billion until 2018. If themarket keeps the growth rate, the number must be over the predicting number after 4 years.In early 2014, The International Things Trade and Application Association released the report <2013 Annual China Smart Home Industry Research Report>.It shows that, in the future 3 years, the market in China will keep increasing, the scale will turn to ￥8 billion in 2017. Also Intel gives the forecast that smart home will expand from every family to the community even to the whole city.Figure 4.1 The forecast of Smart HomeMarket in China2)Market StatusBaidu index indicates that, from 2011 to 2014, the frequency of ’smart home’ as the search keyword is up 3 times. Microsoft indicates in WinHEC conferencethat networking platform is the focus of the development of Windows10. Meanwhile smart home will be one of the service objects of the platform. Apple also released the smart home platform HomeKit in 2014. In 2015 CES conference, a lot of HomeKitdevices participated the show. And the package products arise rapidly. Google acquired the brand of smart home—Nest.Samsung released many smart devices such as smart TV, smart washer and smart lock. In addition, many Chinesecompanies also have products of smart devices including Xiaomi, Huawei, Haier and so on.3)Market FutureThere is no doubt that smart home has a bright future. The development of technology is mature while the market is in the initial state. The three major reasons of the phenomenon are as follows:Lack of unified technologystandardsHigh price of smart home devicesBad appearanceNo adequate competitionIn order to promote the process of smart home, it is necessary of our governmentto release the uniform technology standards. Our government should inspire the creative firm to develop new smart products.At the same time, single appearance design can’t meet demands of consumers any more.It is a must to design some meet individual products. Of course, this is just an issue of time.With the development of Chinese economy and promotion of people’s living standards, it is believed in the near future those cold data will turn to many sorts of smart things going to people’s daily life. The conveniences of smart home willinfluence each aspect of our life.4.3 Industrial EnvironmentThere is no doubt that home smart is not just several separate products, but a large, integrated industry. As the development of every industry can’t leave the strong support of a unified standard and its industrial chain, so does home smart.1) Standardization statusGarber Megan, a prominent commentator in the American Journal of the Atlantic, once pointed out that the most important thing for Internet of Thingsis not "Things" nor "Internet", but the "the" which exists as a standard. Therefore, the standard is the core of the whole industry chain which can pull the development of the home smart. Smart home is related to various technologies and industries, so its technology standards are involved in a wide range, such as electronics, communications, construction, home appliances and other areas.In the electronic information field, the Ministry of industry and information technology has set up the "home network standard working group", "resource sharing, collaborative service standard working group (IGRS)" and "digital TV receiving equipment and home network platform interface standardworking group”. It also proposed a total of 19 national standard projects.In the communication field, China Communications Standards Association set up a special working group of the home network, in 2006 promulgated the first batch of 2 standards. In 3GPP proposed the mobile communication standards related to the lightweight IPv6.In the construction and community information field, The National Standardization Management Committee in 2006 promulgated a series of national standards about the digital technology of the construction and residential area, including four sub standards.From these information it can be seen that although in various parts of the industry the standards are becoming more and more consummate, the whole industry still haven’t formed a integrated standard. In another word, it is hard to combine these different standards into the whole industry chain.2)The industry chain of smart home From the perspective of architecture,smart home based on the Internet of things is composed with three parts: perception, transmission and information application. Perception refers to the end of the home sensing, information collection and control, and other devices. Transmissionincludes the home network and public external network data collection and transmission. The application of information mainly refers tosmart home applying various services from service provider.As an important application of the Internet of things, smart home involves many areas and other industries with a large number of cross application. At present, the application of smart home is a vertical development. The industry's developmentcannot be interconnected, and cannot be related to the entire system architecture of the smart home.But it should be seen, smart home has been developed for many years, the business chain on all aspects, except for the business platformhave been more mature, and with their own independent standard systemalso can get profits.5. ConclusionConclusion1：Although we may be threatened by theleak of our privacy, the benefits andadvantages of smart home are still themain trend. In the future, people willuse to smart devices.Conclusion2:The technology of smart home ismature while the market just starts. Astime goes by, more and more intelligentproducts will emerge and they willbecome smarter. Meanwhile,competition will go into a new andfierce situation. Chinese companies willplay a unique role in this revolution era. Conclusion3:The smart home is a product of social productivitydevelopment, technological progress and social needs.With the improvement of people's life, the establishment of the relevant industry associations, smart home will gradually form a complete industrial chain, unified industry technical standards and norms will be further developed and perfected.Conclusion4:From the analysis of three aspects it can be concluded that although there are still some problems to be solved, smart home is developing rapidly. In the future, smart home may replace the traditional home and turns into a new trend.6. References[1]Su liguo.基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的智能家居系统.Chine Network.2012.09[2]Xuan Hang.基于物联网的智能家居监控系统的开发.2013.04[3]Ye Lingli.智能家居畅想未来不是梦.2008.11[4]Dou Qiang.智能家居发展现状研究.2012.05[5]Gao Xiaoping.中国智能家居的现状及发展趋势.2013.08[6]Tong Xiaoyu.物联网智能家居发展分析.2015.02。

本科毕业设计（论文）联想集团的投资分析论文题目联想集团的投资分析系部经济学部专业班级学号学生姓名指导教师摘要中国的PC工业自80年代初诞生以来，经过二十多年的发展历程，而从2001年加入WTO至今的十年里这一发展更是势如破竹。

随着科技的发展、市场的扩大，联想集团作为中国民族工业的旗帜型企业之一，凭借其技术领先的个人电脑产品、易用的功能、个性化的设计以及多元化的解决方案，在中国的市场拥有极高的份额，甚至在国际市场上也有着不可忽视的地位。

一方面，本文根据上市公司联想集团的基本情况，包括公司简介、所处行业环境分析、以及新浪财经网上的有关联想集团的2010年至2013年的财务报表信息，通过基本的财务分析步骤和指标对其进行了详细深入的分析，通过该公司的财务效率分析和自己的一些总结，希望能利用其相关的内容为详细地了解联想公司的近年财务状况及未来发展趋势提供绵薄之力。

另一方面，通过对联想集团所处的环境进行分析，针对联想集团目前所面临的营销环境和自身能力等因素进行了机会、威胁及优劣势分析，并就联想当前的营销组合策略进行相关的剖析，从而发现问题并且提出相应的解决方案。

关键词：联想集团，财务状况，财务分析，SWOT分析，营销策略AbstractChina's PC industry since the early 1980s, was born, after twenty years of development, from the 2001 accession to the WTO ten years sincethis development is even more formidable. With the development of technology, expansion of markets, Lenovo Group, as one of China's national industrial enterprises banner, with its technology-leading PC products, easy to use features, personalized design and a wide range of solutions in China the market has a very high share, and even in the international market also has a position can not be ignored.According to the basic conditions listed Lenovo Group, including the Company, the industry in environmental analysis on the one hand, in this article, as well as financial statements Reuters online information about Lenovo Group from 2010 to 2013 through the basic steps of financial analysis and indicators its a detailed in-depth analysis of the company's financial efficiency through analysis and summary of some of their own, hoping to use its contents related to detailed understanding of the financial position of the association's recent and future trends to provide modest. On the other hand, through the Lenovo Group to analyze the environment for Lenovo Group currently facing the marketing environment and their own ability and other factors were opportunities and threats and analyze strengths and weaknesses, and to think of the current marketing mix strategies related analysis, which found the problem and propose appropriate solutions.Key words：Lenovo Group, Financial Condition, Financial Ratios, SWTO Analysis, Marketing Strategy目录1.绪论 11.1选题的背景和意义 11.2研究内容和方法 22.公司概述 32.1公司简介：联想集团有限公司 32.2公司发展战略 43.行业分析 63.1外部宏观环境分析 63.2外部微观环境分析 73.2.1行业潜在者的威胁 73.2.2购买商 73.2.3供应商 83.2.4行业内竞争 83.2.5替代品 83.3内部环境分析 94.财务会计分析 104.1资产负债表水平分析 104.2现金流量表的水平分析 124.3综合损益表水平分析 134.4资产负债表垂直分析表 144.4.1资产结构分析 154.4.2资本结构分析 154.5问题小结 154.5.1资产负债表 154.5.2利润表 164.5.3现金流量表 165.财务比率分析 175.1盈力能力分析 175.2营运能力分析 175.3偿债能力分析 185.4发展能力分析 185.5综合分析 196.其它分析 206.1宏观经济分析 206.2市盈率估值分析 207.SWOT分析 227.1优势 227.2劣势 237.3机会 247.4威胁 258.营销组合策略分析 268.1产品 268.1.1产品布局模糊 268.1.2产品布局模糊 268.2价格 278.2.1影响价格的因素 278.2.2定价策略 278.3渠道 288.3.1无序的开发渠道 288.3.2规范开发渠道 288.3.3制定战略指导渠道 288.4促销 288.4.1促销力度不够 288.4.2加大促销力度 28结论 29参考文献 301. 绪论众所周知，如今中国的经济一步步向市场化迈进，全球经济一体化趋势不断加快。

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NETWORK0167-577X MATER LETT0899-7667NEURAL COMPUT0960-1317J MICROMECH MICROENG275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284285 286 287288 289290 291 292 293 294 295 296297 298299INTERNATIOF ENERGY RESEARCHINTERNATIOF ADHESION ANDINTERNATIFOR NUMERICAL METHODSIN ENGINEERINGFunctionalIEEE TRANMICROWAVE THEORY ANDTECHNIQUESSMART MSTRUCTURESSTRUCTUACM TransaNetworksHYDROMENERGY AMATERIALSENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALSPROPERTIES MICROSTIEEE PTECHNOLOGY LETTERSIEEE ENGMEDICINE AND BIOLOGYMAGAZINEINDUENGINEERING CHEMISTRYEUROPEJOURNAL EINTERNATIOF MACHINE TOOLS &MANUFACTUREJOUBIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-NEURALJOURNALTECHNOLOGY ANDBIOTECHNOLOGYJournal of thInformation SystemsMATERIALBULLETINFOOD ADCONTAMINANTSJOURNAL OEDUCATIONBaltic JourBridge EngineeringINTERNATIOF ELECTRICAL POWER &ENERGY SYSTEMS22222222222222222222222220964-1726SMART MATER STRUCT0167-4730STRUCT SAF0363-907X INT J ENERG RES0029-5981INT J NUMER METH ENG1793-6047FUNCT MATER LETT0018-9480IEEE T MICROW THEORY1041-1135IEEE PHOTONIC TECH 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作文自动评分综述摘要：自动作文评分( AES )是利用计算机技术对中文或者英文作文进行评分的任务。

近年来随着人工智能（Artificial Intelligence，AI）、机器学习（Machine Learning，ML）与深度学习（Deep Learning，DL）的迅速发展，自然语言处理（Natural Language Processing，NLP）作为人工智能领域重要分支也得到了学术界和产业界的充分重视，越来越多的基于NLP技术的应用出现在人们的视野当中。

随着全世界大部分国家对教育的重视程度越来越高，教育领域内的NLP应用得到了国内外研究机构与产业界的重点关注。

关键字：作文自动评分，自然语言处理，机器学习PEG（Project Essay Grader，PEG）[1]作文自动评分系统最早由Ellis Batten Page与他的同事于1960年代引入。

该系统是收集了两批作文样本中的其中一批用于作文评分模型的构建，另一批用于模型评估，每个样本都经过了多个评分者的评价。

在构建该模型时，利用评分的字段分布或者字数等浅层特征，通过人工评分员提取作文的外部浅层特征，使用模型对作文进行打分。

IEA（Intelligent Essay Assessor，IEA）[2]作文自动评分系统是皮尔逊公司在1989年成功研发。

智能作文评阅器(IEA)对作文内容质量进行评价，IEA利用潜在语义分析( Latent Semantic Analysis，LSA )[3]对文章进行评分。

IEA与其他自动打分模型的有所不同，其他打分模型都是基于作文外部非内容性特征得到分数，而基于LSA得到的分数与人类评分者更接近。

E-rater[4]由美国教育考试服务中心(Educational Test Service, ETS )的Burstein等人自1999年开发并开始投入使用。

此系统主要是专门为分析学生作文量身定做的基于统计人工智能和NLP相结合的打分系统，结合了PEG和IEA的优点，并为研究生管理招生考试写作部分进行打分。

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