【雅思写作真题】剑桥8 Test4小作文实例批改丨附考官范文

剑4 2-1The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.The table gives a breakdown of the different types of family who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999.On average, 11% of all households,comprising almost two million people, were in this position. However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children(7%) than those with children(12%). It is noticeable that for both types of household with children, a higher than average proportion were living in poverty at this time.Older people were generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favoured elderly couples(only 4%) rather than single elderly people(6%).Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples.剑4 2-2Happiness is considered very important in life.Why is it difficult to define?What factors are important in achieving happiness?Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people. While some people link happiness to wealth and material success,others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness.Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy.Of course, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness, too. But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy.Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.).Like self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness.剑4 3-1The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The chart gives information about post-school qualifications in terms of the different levels of further education reached by men and women in Australia in 1999We can see immediately that there were substantial difference in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level, where 90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men, compared with only 10% of women. Bycontrast, more women held undergraduate diplomas(70%) and marginally more women reached degree level(55%).At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterpart (70% and 30%, respectively)，and also constituted 60% of Master’s graduates.Thus we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education, while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men. The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelor’s degree, however.剑4 4-2In many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior. What do you think are the causes of this?What solutions can you suggest?Poor student behavior seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline.They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.Teachers continually complain about this problem and measures should be taken to combat the situation. But I think the solution to the problem lies with the families, who need to be more aware of the future consequences of spoiling their children. If they could raise them to be considerate of others and to be social, responsible individuals, the whole community would benefit.Perhaps parenting classes are needed to help them to do this, and high quality nursery schools could be established that would support families more in terms of raising the next generation. The government should fund this kind of parental support, because this is no longer a problem for individual families, but for society as a whole.。

雅思写作四分范文题目：Some people think that all school students should wear school uniforms. Others think that students should be allowed to choose their own clothes to wear at school. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.In schools around the world, there's always this big debate about school uniforms. Let's have a look at both sides of the coin.On one hand, some people firmly believe that all students should wear school uniforms. Well, there are some good reasons for this. First of all, school uniforms can create a sense of unity among students. Imagine a school where everyone looks the same in their neat uniforms. It's like they all belong to one big team. When students go on school trips or participate in school events, they look really organized and it gives a good impression of the school. It's like when you see a football team all in their matching jerseys, you know they are a united bunch.Another thing is that uniforms can save a lot of time in the morning. You know how it is, if you don't have to think about what to wear, you can just grab your uniform and go. There's no need to worry about whether your clothes are cool enough or not. This can be especially great for those of us who are not exactly fashion forward or are just too sleepy in the morning to make a fashion choice.However, on the other hand, there are those who think students should be allowed to choose their own clothes. For one thing, wearing your own clothes can be a way to express your personality. Everyone is different, and some students might be really into fashion or have a unique style that they want to show off. If they have to wear the same old uniform every day, it's like suppressing their creativity. I mean, think about all those coolkids who love to mix and match different styles. They might feel really bored in a uniform.Also, different clothes can be more suitable for different activities. For example, if you have a physical education class, you might want to wear some sporty and comfortable clothes. But if the school has a strict uniform policy, you might have to wear the same uniform for PE as you do for regular classes, which can be really uncomfortable.In my opinion, I kind of lean towards having school uniforms, but with a bit of flexibility. Maybe the school could have a basic uniform, like a simple shirt and pants or skirt, but also allow students to add some personal touches. For example, they could wear their favorite scarf or a cool badge. This way, we can have the best of both worlds. We can keep the sense of unity that uniforms bring, but also give students a chance to show off a little bit of who they are. So, that's my take on this whole school uniform debate.。

小站分享8月4日雅思写作考试范文超级汇总By Catherine目录8月4日雅思写作考试范文超级汇总 (1)目录 (2)1.新东方版范文 (4)2.雅思哥版范文 (5)3.panda 版范文 (6)小站雅思免费公开课传送门扫描二维码或戳击此处，即可收看刘薇领衔名师团 8 月冲 7 集训营8 月雅思来站一夏0.真题作文题目Task： Some people think traveling abroad is necessary while others think that is not necessary because TV and the internet can give the same information. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.去其他地方学习其他文化是没有必要的。

我们可以从书本、电影和互联网上学习。

你在多大程度上同意或不同意?以下版本即将陆续更新，点击标题可查看相应范文。

1.新东方版范文这次大作文相对简单，而且是一道老题目(2011.1.27)。

所以广大考生勤刷题，很有可能你练过的文章就是考场上考到的文章哦!此题的中心topic是learn about other countries. 一些人认为有必要身体去旅行(travel abroad);另一些人认为不必要，从电视或者网络上学习即可。

支持前者的一些论点比如：1)亲眼所见，切身体会，能够比较直接深入地了解国外风土人情;2)对比网络或者电视，出国旅行能够更加准确地获取一些信息，而非简单滴从别人的眼里看到世界。

支持后者的一些观点比如：1)信息化时代，网络和电视能够提供各类信息，并且以photo,video各种形式呈现，加之现在有很多旅游节目带你深度了解一个国家;2)对比出国游，这种方式更经济省时间。

对于这样的题目的结尾或者个人观点陈述，可以选择“有条件地支持”这种写法，即：有钱有时间出国游，没钱没时间通过上网或者看电视学习。

剑桥雅思8考官范文【哪儿可以下载到剑桥雅思1剑1到剑8都是剑桥出的官方复习参考资料，都是一段时间考过的真题，挑选出来出的一本书，最后还有部分考官的写作范文。

1-4不是很清楚，5是2006年，6是2007年，7是2009年，8是2011年。

剑8肯定不可能是中国人出的，没这实力，剑8是最贴近最近出题趋势的，但是事事无绝对，只是用于参考。

补充回答第一个问题，两者区别在哪里我不是很清楚，都是解析真题的，还是很有用的，尤其是对于阅读，他能很清楚的告诉你每道题的答案是怎么出来的，这样比较容易搞懂，在家自己就能多多训练，不然对好答案，也不知道错在哪里，应该怎么做。

求雅思剑桥4先审题。

题目是说，技术的发展改变了人们的交往方式。

是怎样改变的？它起着积极还是消极的作用？这样应该主要分2个部分来写，先说技术发展是通过的方式改变了人们的交往，可以列举的有网络，电话，交通等；至于所起的作用是积极还是消极，我建议你两者选其一，只要言之成理即可。

你可以根据字数要求，自由发散。

希望对你有所帮助。

剑桥雅思后面的范文是多少分,就是那种说是very good 的那种,希望...雅思考试一共四门听说读写，考试主要还是以生活为主不像美国系列基本除了考试就不会遇到那些单词。

技巧复习都是在你希望得到的分数的基础上去考虑如果你的要求很高那么现在还是别想那么高，6分的话使一把劲还是有希望的，首先是词汇量高中3500 雅思基础词汇2300 大学四级词汇，看似不少其实你完全不认识的大约就是2000左右这是考试必备的，如果你连词汇都没有，那还是别浪费1456块的报名费了。

多看看电影当然不是中文的要看发音比较标准的可以是英音也可以是美英，看至少3遍能够模仿达到不看字幕知道在演什么。

这样既可以提高口语还可以提高听力。

还有就是把剑桥雅思系列4-7全部做完。

不是写一遍就行要每个TEST都能明明白白的理解，还有哪些题型。

模仿附的高分作文还有考官范文。

还有就是去报个雅思班详细了解考试流程。

剑桥雅思真题8—写作（Test 2 附高分范文）Writing Task 1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.Write at least 150 words.参考范文1：The three pie charts present the trend of annual expenditure in an UK school in 1981, 1991, 2001. At first glance, teachers' salaries remained the largest percentage of the total expenditure.The teacher's salaries were fluctuated across the period. It started from 40% in 1981, followed by 50 % in 1991 and reduced to 45% in 2001. Resources such as books experienced a similar pattern. In 1981, it occupied 15% of the spending and it rose to one fifth in 1991 before dropping to 9% in 2001.Other workers' salaries had been decreasing over last three decades, which reduced from 288% in 1981 to only 15% in 2001. On the other hand, more money had spent on insurance. It first rose by 1% to 3 % in 1991 and then dramatically climbed to 8% in 2001. Furniture and equipment also increased from 15% in 1981 to 23% in 2001, despite the fact that it declined by 10% in 1991.Overall, teachers and other workers’ salaries, furniture and equipment were the highest expenses of the school for the last 30 years.参考范文2：The charts compare changes in the shares of five different items which comprised the yearly expenses of a British school between 1981 and 2001.Overall, while the shares of three items experienced rises, there were declines in the remaining two. Moreover, academic staff salaries contributed the largest proportion of expenditure throughout the survey, whereas insurance had the smallest share.Wages paid to the teaching staff accounted for the most significant proportion of expenditure in 1981 (40%) and went up by a quarter before declining slightly. In comparison, the salaries of non-academic employees were responsible for less than a third of all expenses in 1981, but their share dipped substantially by 13% over the course of these 20 years.The share of furniture and equipment was initially as high as that of educational resources (15%), but while the former dropped by 2/3 before rising fivefold, the latter experienced a marked rise after which it halved, reaching just below 10%.The contribution of insurance had risen minimally from 2% to 3% by 1991, before climbing almost threefold in 2001.参考范文3（考官范文）：The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years: 1981, 1991 and 2001.In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other workers’ salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981to only 15% of spending in 2001, teachers’ pay remained the biggest cost, reaching 50% of total spending in 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001.Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to20% by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period. In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly, the cost of insurance saw arising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.Overall, teachers’ salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, and while spending increased dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were corresponding drops in expenditure on things such as books and on other workers’ salaries.Writing Task 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge orexperience.Write at least 250 words.参考范文：It is true that new technologies have had an influence on communication between people. Technology has affected relationships in various ways, and in my opinion there are both positive and negative effects.Technology has had an impact on relationships in business, education and social life. Firstly, telephones and the Internet allow business people in different countries to interact without ever meeting each other. Secondly, services like Skype create new possibilities for relationships between students and teachers. For example, a student can now take video lessons with a teacher in a different city or country. Finally, many people use social networks, like Facebook, to make new friends and find people who share common interests, and they interact through their computers rather than face to face.On the one hand, these developments can be extremely positive. Cooperation between people in different countries was much more difficult when communication was limited to written letters or telegrams. Nowadays, interactions by email, phone or video are almost as good as face-to-face meetings, and many of us benefit from these interactions, either in work or social contexts. On the other hand, the availability of new communication technologies can also have the result of isolating people and discouraging real interaction. For example, many young people choose to make friends online rather than mixing with their peers in the real world, and these ‘virtual’ relationships are a poor substitute for real friendships.In conclusion, technology has certainly revolutionised communication between people, but not all of the outcomes of this revolution have been positive.。

极智批改网用户剑8 Test 4小作文真实批改报告题型：雅思小作文题目：剑8 Test 4 小作文原文字数：211批改时间：2013年05月06日14：27The graph illustrates the 1amount of goods transported 2bu four different modes in the United Kingdom between3the time period of 1974 and 2002.Over 4the span of 28 years5 .6It can be seen that 7the most popular mode is road. The 8amount of goods transported by road was 70million tonnes in 1974 9which followed by a fluctuant rise and 10end up with nearly 100 million tonnes in 2002.It was always higher than the rest 11modes in this period. 12The 13amount of goods transported by water and rail is alomst14constant at 40 million tonnes from 1974 to 1978.After 197815the line of water show a plain in 1982 and 1998 after a dramatically jump and it rase gradually again from 1998 to 2002 before reaching the peak at the end.However the period 1972-2002 saw 16a almost constant 17in the amount of rail transportation. 18The quantities of goods transported by pipeline is the 19minimum 20amogest the four 21methords. It 22refects a stable 23climbing 24in1974 25and 2002 26and come to the high point in 1994 at 22 27while the other 28all are29decling30 .In conclusion, 31road is the main way to transport goods in the UK,and 32the way of water 33andpipline is 34become 35increasingly used.错误归类分析：选词错误：1: 修改建议：quantities (because this is the word that matches with “good”). 4: 修改建议：this.8: 修改建议：quantity.13: 修改建议：quantity.14: 修改建议：the same.15: 修改建议：goodstransported by water rose to about 58 million tonnes in 1982. From 1982 to 1992 the quantity of goods transported by water remained stable at 59 million tonnes. In 1992 there was a decline to 1998 where the quantity of goods transported by water reached approximately 55 million tonnes. In 1998, goods transported by water increased again to reach 61 million tonnes in 2002.17: 修改建议：number of goods transported by rail.19: 修改建议：lowest.23: 修改建议：increase.26: 修改建议：reaching a.35: 修改建议：more widely.拼写错误(SPL)：2: 修改建议：by.6: 修改建议：it.20: 修改建议：amongst.21: 修改建议：methods.22: 修改建议：reflects.29: 修改建议：declining.多余文字：3: 修改建议：This is redundant since 1974-2002 is a time period so you can cut it.9: 修改建议：It wasn’t just a rise-so you would need to say something about increases and decreases in this time period.32: 修改建议：notnecessary.标点错误：5: 修改建议：no period.词序不当：7: 修改建议：roadtransportation is most popular.单词缺失：11: 修改建议：of the.18: 修改建议：not really-there was a decrease, then an increase, then a decrease and then a final increase-so you need to describe this as I did for water.27: 修改建议：milliontonnes.28: 修改建议：modes of transportation.30: 修改建议：I don’t understand what you mean here-the other modes all increase from 1974.单词重复过多：12: 修改建议：This just says again what your first sentence said-so it would be better to give more details about what happened to road transportation during this time period.冠词错误：16: 修改建议：an.介词错误：24: 修改建议：from.25: 修改建议：to.单复数错误：31: 修改建议：roads are.33: 修改建议：andpipelines are.时态错误：34: 修改建议：becoming.得分6.0分（满分9分）任务完成情况Development and DetailsCovers all requirements of the task.文章组织和结构Organization & Structure信息和内容组织符合逻辑，分段足够且恰当Sequencing of information and ideas logically, sufficient and appropriate paragraphing.论点扩展和细节运用Development & Details清晰辨别主要特征因素，必要时可适当运用比较Clearly identifies all principle features and makes comparisons where needed. 词汇运用Lexical resources词汇丰富，能流畅使用丰富多样的语言并精准表达意思Uses a range of vocabulary fluently and flexibly to convey precise meanings.语法Grammar能运用标准的书面英语，包括语法及句式结构Command of the elements of Standard Written English, including grammar, and sentence structure.整体评分Holistic Assessment有效地对事实进行识别、分析及评价，表达准确流畅Effectively identify, analyze, and evaluate the facts, and conveyed clearly in a fluent manner.总评The main area for improvement in this essay is to make sure you include some information about all relevant data. For example, you need to include more details about rail transportation. Also, you need to be sure that what you say is accurate - as in when I questioned what you meant when you said the modes were decreasing. Also, be a bit careful about spelling.写作题库练习，专业的考官外教批改；考前一对一完全仿真批改，实现雅思作文高分。

目录剑桥雅思8作文范文Test1Task1 (2)剑桥雅思8作文范文Test1Task2 (4)剑桥雅思8作文范文Test2Task1 (8)剑桥雅思8作文范文Test2Task2 (10)剑桥雅思8作文范文Test3Task1 (14)剑桥雅思8作文范文Test3Task2 (16)剑桥雅思8作文范文Test4Task1 (20)剑桥雅思8作文范文Test4Task2 (21)剑桥雅思8作文范文Test1Task1题目分析,包括回答中需要涉及的要点、对比以及考生可能对题目产生的错误理解。

要点1. 这个饼形图表现了导致土地退化的三个主要原因。

2. 表格中列举的三个地区土地退化的原因各有不同考生可能产生的错误理解和问题1. 第二个表格中列举的数字是某种原因导致的退化的土地在所有退化土地中所占的比例,而不是在所有土地(包括退化的土地和建议的写作结构,对比此结构与考生有可能采用的不恰当结构。

介绍部分应该把题目用自己的话重写一遍。

最好用一段描述饼形图,另起一段描述图表。

可以直接引用图表中的数据(切记这些数据是退化土地面积的比例),或者指出相对的比例(见参考范文)。

最后应该有一个简短的结论。

参考范文：The pie chart and table show how land around the world was degraded during the 1990s –the former on a worldwide scale and the latter in three different regions.Worldwide, over-grazing was the biggest cause of land degradation (35%), with deforestation causing 30% and over-cultivation causing slightly less (28%). Other factors caused 7% of land degradation.The table shows that, during the 1990s, 23% of the land in Europe was degraded, more than in Oceania (13%) and far more than in North America (5%). In Oceania, over-grazing was primarily responsible for land degradation, with deforestation accounting for far less and none caused through over-cultivation. In North America, over-cultivation was the main reason, with about a third of land degradation being caused by over-grazing and very little being caused by deforestation. In Europe, deforestation was responsible for about 40% of the land degradation, over-cultivation about 30% and over-grazing about 20%.To summarise, land degradation was due to three main factors and these factors differed in proportion in different regions.(168 words)饼形图和图表反映了20 世纪90 年代全世界土地的退化情况——前者是针对世界范围, 后者是针对三个不同的区域。

雅思写作四分范文题目：Some people think that all school students should wear school uniforms. Others think that students should be allowed to choose their own clothes to wear at school. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.正文：In schools all around the world, there's this big debate about school uniforms. Some people are really into the idea of making every student wear the same school uniform, while others think that students should be free to pick their own clothes for school. Let's have a look at both sides.On the one hand, those who support school uniforms have some good points. First of all, uniforms make everyone look the same. It's like when you see a group of students in uniforms, you know right away they belong to that school. It gives a sense of unity. It's kind of like everyone is onthe same team. And it can stop students from comparing themselves too muchin terms of clothes. You know, in a normal school without uniforms, somerich kids might show off their fancy designer clothes, and that can make other students feel bad. With uniforms, everyone is equal in what they wear.Also, uniforms can be practical. Teachers can easily spot theirstudents in a crowd, like on a school trip. And schools don't have to worry too much about students wearing inappropriate clothes. I mean, some kids might come to school in really strange or revealing clothes if there wereno rules.On the other hand, the people who want students to choose their own clothes also have valid reasons. Well, for one thing, when students canpick their own outfits, they can express their personalities. Everyone is different, right? Some students are really into music and might want towear a cool band T shirt to show their love for music. Others might be into sports and like to wear sporty clothes. It's a way for them to be themselves.Another thing is that choosing your own clothes can be a good learning experience. Students can learn about fashion, colors, and how to match different pieces of clothing. It can also help them develop their own sense of style from a young age. And let's face it, most students don't really like being told exactly what to wear all the time. It can feel a bit like being in prison if you have to wear the same old uniform every day.In my opinion, I think a bit of both could work. Maybe schools could have a uniform for certain days, like Mondays when there are important school events or assemblies. This would keep that sense of unity. But on other days, students could be allowed to wear their own clothes. That way, they get to show off their personalities and also enjoy the freedom of choosing what to wear sometimes. All in all, it doesn't have to be all or nothing when it comes to school uniforms.这篇范文尽量以口语化和比较幽默轻松的风格去探讨问题，逻辑也比较简单直接，符合4分左右的雅思写作水平要求（从连贯性、词汇和语法丰富度等方面综合考虑）。

剑8 1-1The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural and land becomes less productive. Th table shows how these causes affected thress regions of the world during the 1990s.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The pie chart shows that there are four main causes of farmland becoming degraded in the world today. Globally 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. A further 28% of global degradation is due to over-cultivation ofcrops. Other causes account for only 7% collectively.These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation, while the impact of this on Oceania and North America was minimal, with only 1.7% and 2% of land affected respectively. Europe with the highest overall percentage of land degraded(23%),also suffered from over-cultivation(7.7%) and over-grazing(5.5%). In contrast, Oceania had 13% of degraded farmland and this was mainly due to over-grazing(11.3%). North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main causes of this were over-cultivation(3.3%) and , to lesser extent,over-grazing(1.5%).Overall, it is clear that Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other regions, and the main causes there were deforestation and over-cultivation.剑8 1-2Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. Other, however, believe that school is the place to learn this.Discuss both these views and given your own opinion.A child’s education has never been about learning information and basic skills only. It has always included teaching the next generation how to be good members of society. Therefore , this cannot be the responsibility of the parents alone.In order to be a good member of any society the individual must respect and obey the rules of their community and share their values. Educating children tounderstand the need to be obey rules and respects others always begins in the home and is widely though to be the responsibility of parents. They will certainly be the first to help children learn what is important in life, how, they are expected to behave and what role they will play in their world.However learning to understand and share the value system of a whole society cannot be achieved just in the home. Once a child goes to school,they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home. At school,children will experience working and living with people from a whole variety of background from the wider society. This experience should teach them how to co-operate with each other and how to contribute to the life of their community.But to be a valuable member of any community is not like learning a simple skill. It is something that an individual goes on learning throughout life and it is the responsibility of every member of a society to take responsibility for helping the younger generation to become active and able members of that society.剑8 2-1The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981,1991 and 2001.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years 1981,1991 and 2001.In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other workers salaries saw a fail from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001,teachers pay remained the biggest cost reaching 50% of total spendingin 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001.Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period. In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly,the cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.Overall, teachers’ salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, and while spending increased dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were corresponding drops in expenditure on things such as books on other wokers’salaries.剑8 3-2Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution problems.To what extent do you agree or disagree?What other measures do you think might be effective?There is no doubt that traffic and pollution from vehicles have become huge problems, both in cities and on motorways everywhere. Solving these problems is likely to need more than a simple rise in the price of petrol.While it is undeniable that private car use is one of the main causes of the increase in traffic and pollution.higher fuel costs are unlikely to limit the number of drivers for long. As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very unpopular with everyone who needs to travel on the roads. But there are various other measures that could be implemented thatwould have a huge effect on these problems.I think to tackle the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to be developed. The technology is already available to produce electric cars that would be both quieter and cleaner to use. Persuading manufacturers and travellers to adopt this new technology would be a more effective strategy for improving are quality,especially in cities.However, traffic congestion will not be solved by changing the type of private vehicle people can use. To do this, we need to improve the choice of public transport services available to travellers. For example, if sufficient sky trains and underground train systems were built and effectively maintained in our major cities, then traffic on the roads would be dramatically reduced. Long-distance train and coach services should be made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving your own car for long journeys.In conclusion, i think that long-term traffic and pollution reductions would depend on educating the public to use public transport more, and on governments using public money to construct and run efficient systems.。