MAIN ABSTRACTS

江苏大学研究生英语总结--下学期考试题型：一．回答问题二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的)三．语篇分析---textual development /analogy四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了There are numerous reasons for……at first, …….secondly,….In addition, /additionally,/furthermore, …/what is more,Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing1.1 Classification of professional paperA professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic.1)Report paper读书报告2)Research paper 研究论文3)Course paper课程论文4)Thesis paper(Dissertation)学术论文1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing StyleGenerally, English Academic writing is:1) complex(复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language2) formal(正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use contractions, colloquialisms and slang.3) impersonal and objective(客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you.4) explicit(清楚)--Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related.5) accurate(准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings.6) cautious or tentative(用词谨慎)7) responsible(负责)---Academic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work. Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each.Answer:Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles,passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: ―I’m......‖，―don’t......‖While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等）(subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......) Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords2.1 Titles2.1.1. General functions1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)2). Attracting the Reader (吸引读者)3). Facilitating the Retrieval (方便检索)2.1.2.Linguistic Features做分析题时候，可以根据下面的格式进行分析。

浅析论文摘要英语翻译错误论文摘要是文章内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，论文摘要有不同的分类方式，按摘要的著者分类，可以分为“专业摘要员编制的检索工具摘要”(abstracter’S abstracts)和“论文著者编写的和论文一同发表的随文摘要”(author’S abstracts)。

论文摘要的信息非常重要，可以帮助读者了解原文主要内容，不阅读论文全文就能获得必要信息；论文摘要也为科l技情报人员编制摘要型检索工具，为建设机检摘要数据库提供材料。

论文摘要能否完成其作用，关键就在于论文摘要的质量⋯。

通过对维普数据库收录的大量论文摘要翻译的阅读，发现一些比较严重的翻译错误，有些总共只有200个左右单词的摘要翻译错误多达4-5处，这些翻译错误造成读者对内容的错误理解，并严重影响了刊物自身的形象，在国际化趋势日益突出的今天也影响了国家形象。

文章将通过对维普数据库中收集的大量论文摘要英语翻译中常见的错误的分析，望对其他学者、专家的论文摘要的英语翻译有所帮助。

1 论文摘要翻译主要错误1．1语法错误在论文摘要翻译的错误中最突出是语法错误，有些错误是很基础的语法错误。

例1．论文《新疆一水利枢纽导流兼泄洪排砂洞进口闸室边墙开裂结构强度及稳定性分析》题目翻译“Analysis on hydro-junction project and flood discharge tunnel structure strength with wall cracks and it’S stability of Xinjiang”和正文摘要“点刚域的框架进行复核计算⋯⋯具有足够的强度和稳定性，不影响结构安全性”的翻译“In this paper，it’S strength and stability were calculated and⋯⋯an d it’ S safety is not affected．”，其中“it’S”使用错误，是“it is／was”的缩写与整个句子意思不一致，应该使用“it”的形容性物主代词“its”。

考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯!考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析abstract是什么意思及用法adj.1. 抽象的2. 抽象派的n.1. 抽象，抽象概念，抽象性2. 抽象派艺术作品3. 摘要，梗概及物动词：1. 提取，抽取2. 做…的摘要词形变化副词abstractly名称abstractness时态abstracted，abstracting，abstracts英语解释not representing or imitating external reality or the objects of naturemake off with belongings of othersdealing with a subject in the abstract without practical purpose or intentionconsider a concept without thinking of a specific example consider abstractly or theoreticallyconsider apart from a particular case or instancegive an abstract (of)a concept or idea not associated with any specific instancea sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theoryexisting only in the mind separated from embodiment 例句She beheaded me, and flung my head into abstract space 她切下了我的头颅，把它扔进抽象的空间。

The main items of a paper•Title•Abstract (keywords)•Introduction •Experimental section •Results and discussions •Conclusion •Acknowledgement •ReferencesTitle•The major purpose of a title is to inform readers about the specific content of the work, ideally identifying both what was studied and how it was studied.•Expression of the core content by using a few words, sometimes limitation of words number •More declarative （陈述句）•A question as the titleCommon pattern of a title in chemistry :“X of Y by Z”•Y: what was studied; X and Z modify or extend Y in some way. Y is required, and X and Z are optional, but tipically at last X or Z is present.•“of” can be replaced by “in, for, to etc.” •“by” can be replaced by “on, in, via, using, at, from etc.”•Avoid preceding X with empty words (e.g., “The,” “A,” “An”) or redundant phrases (e.g., “A Study of,” “Research on”);Common examples of the “X of Y by Z” pattern found in journal article titles X (optional)Y (required)Z (optional)A nominalization (e.g., Determination, Investigation, Analysis, Synthesis, Measurement)A phrase that refers to, describes,or modifies Y (e.g., Crystal structure, Cancer-preventive properties)ofinforto....What was studied oninviabyasusingatfrom....Target of Y orwhat wasimpacted by YMethod used (ordetail of methodused ) to study Y•Direct Measurement of Light Waves•Total Synthesis of (+)-Crocacin C Using Hidden Symmetry •Incorporation of Fluorinated Phenylalanine Generates Highly Specific Inhibitor of Proteasome’s Chymotrypsin-like Sites•Small Interfering RNA-Induced Transcriptional Gene Silencing in Human Cells•Preparation of the 2′-Deoxynucleosides of 2,6-Diaminopurine and Isoguanine by Direct Glycosylation•5-Amino-2-Aroylquinolines as Highly Potent Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors•1-Alkyl-4-phenyl-6-alkoxy-1H-quinazolin-2-ones: A Novel Series of Potent Calcium-Sensing Receptor Antagonists•N-Demethylation of N,N-Dimethylanilines by the Benzotriazole N-Oxyl Radical: Evidence for a Two-Step Electron Transfer−Proton TransferMechanism•Is science dangerous?•How do membrane proteins sense water stress?•How Do SET-Domain Protein Lysine Methyltransferases Achieve the Methylation State Specificity? Revisited by Ab Initio QM/MM Molecular Dynamics Simulations (JACS 2008)•Why Are Water-Hydrophobic Interfaces Charged? (JACS 2008)Capitalization in Titles Capitalize all main words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs). Do not capitalize prepositions or the following words (unless they are used as the very first word in a title):•a•an•and•but•nor•or•so•theExerciseRewrite the following titles so that they better conform to the writing guidelines presented in the chapter.•A Study Of How Fermentation and Distillation affect the Oxygen-18/Oxygen-16 Isotope Ratio in Ethanol•Are There Chlorogenic Acids and Lactones in Your Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffees? HPLC-MS has the AnswerAbstract & Key Words•To miniaturize the whole text, tightly around the title•The highlights of the paper: special experimental methods, objects, reactions, new results, important conclusion.•In some journals (e.g., JOC and OL), the abstract also includes a graphic.•Keywords: searchable words that help scientists find relevant works. Keywords are often in abstracts.The language features→short but pure→different categories→formalized structures→complete contents→whole compound names and abbreviationsThe structure of abstracts•The abstract involves three essential parts:(1) what was done;(2) how it was done; and(3) what was found.•Some abstracts also include a brief background introduction, especially in medicinal chemistry.• 1. State what was done:Identify the research area and its importance (optional) Mention a gap addressed by the work (optional)State purpose and/or accomplishment(s) of the work • 2. How it was done (Identify methods used):Procedures and/or instrumentation)• 3. what was found (Report principal finds):Highlight major results (quantitatively or qualitatively)Offer a concluding remark (optional)Tense•Past tense: Past tense is used to refer to work completed in the past and to describe results.Antioxidative compounds were isolated.A number of cigarettes were tested.All cigarette types tested showed the presence of . . .•Present tense: Present tense is used to make statements of fact, to identify information reported in the paper, and to state beliefs or interpretations expected to be true over time.Atrazine is a commonly used herbicide.The study undertaken opens several possibilities.•Present perfect: Present perfect can be used to summarize the work of others, demonstrate a gap, introduce one’s own work, and/or report principal findings.Studies have shown that . . .. . . in vivo toxicity has not yet been proved.VoiceBoth passive and active voice are used in abstracts, although passive voice is more common •Although cyclodextrins are used in soil decontamination . . .•The effects of RAMEB concentrations on clay minerals were studied . . .• A saponification-HSSPME procedure has been developed . . .•The scope of the reaction is quite broad.•Variations in temperature did not affect . . .•The results provide the first examples . . .Tips•Acronyms and abbreviations should be defined •In general, most journals prefer not to cite others’ works in the abstract•Error terms, such as standard deviations and standard errors, should be included in the abstract, when appropriate.•Compound labels are common in abstract. They should follow the numbering scheme used in the main text.。

英语学术论文中Abstract写作总结！作者简介：晨星，男，湖北武汉人，副高职称，博士，高级程序员，IAMG（国际数学地质协会）会员。

目前研究方向为地理信息数据挖掘与知识发现、地学信息三维可视化。

当年我在攒第一篇 SCI 论文的时候，是先写的 Abstract，然后再写的正文。

在我将自以为很用心撰写的论文交给副导师审阅后，就被他立即请到办公室去畅谈了一番心声：「不是 Abstract 的位置放在正文前面，就将Abstract 放在论文前面写的！你没看到你的Abstract 有问题吗？和全文对得起来吗？」那么，好的 Abstract 应该是怎么样呢？在 SCI 论文写作中，Abstract 是很重要的一部分。

所谓 Abstract，就是对所写论文主要内容的精炼概括。

Abstract 是美国人的说法，英国的科技期刊喜欢称之为Summary。

在英文中，有资料是这么对其定义的：Abstract is a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory in a paper.一篇英文科技论文特别是SCI 论文，是否能被编辑发出审稿乃至最后被录用，在很大程度上取决于论文的 Abstract 质量。

事实上，摘要由于其独特的功能，通常被认为是科技论文最重要的组成部分之一（有的文献认为是最重要的，没有之一）。

据我了解，英文科技论文的 Abstract 主要功能有以下三点：1. 提纲携领，方便检索Abstract 作为对英文科技论文的最主要内容进行不加注释和评论的简短陈述那一部分。

与整篇论文的其他部分相比，它起着至关重要的概括要点的作用。

从本质上讲，Abstract 是把论文的内容浓缩成一篇简短、简洁、概括性强的一个段落的文本。

Abstract 被看成是论文的缩略版或缩写，概括了主体的内容，例如背景、主题/问题、方法、结论和意义。

精心撰写的Abstract是检索科技文献的有用工具（反之，如果 Abstract 写得不佳，对检索该篇论文是个误导），它能使读者能够更快、更方便地识别论文的基本内容，确定论文与其个人兴趣相关性，并最终决定是否需要继续阅读整篇论文。

1. 化合物毒性相关数据库Toxnet /2毒性物质与健康和环境数据库/efdb/TSCATS.htm3. 急性毒性数据库/data/acute/acute.html4. SpectraOnline,Galact /SpectraOnline/Default_ie.htm5. 药物使用指南,USP DI /medlineplus/druginformation.html6。

美国常用药物索引库RxList /7. 有机化合物光谱资料库系统http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/menu-e.html8. NIST的Chemistry WebBook /chemistry/9. 化合物基本物性库10. 化学物质热力学数据/databases/key1.html11. 溶剂数据库SOLV-DB /solvdb.htm12. 三维结构数据库NCI-3D /nci3d/13. 有机合成手册数据库/14. Beilstein Abstracts /databases/belabs15. 有机合成文献综述数据库/... als/info/index.html16. 预测LogP和LogW /17. 物性、质谱、晶体结构数据库http://factrio.jst.go.jp/18. 网上光谱资料库/SpectraOnline/Default_ie.htm19. 中国科学院学位论文数据库/cgrs全球实用化学化工期刊和数据库网址资源名称：AIChE（美国化学工程师协会）资源地址：/获取途径：部分资源可免费查阅资源名称：American Chemical Society（美国化学学会网站）资源地址：/获取途径：大部分资源可免费查阅，34种期刊（/about.html）全部免费阅览全文。

精选网络化学资源之一常用资源? A. 元素周期表WebElements - /B. 化合物性质(MSDS)ChemFinder服务/化学专家站点/ccd/power/index.shtml化学快查站点/scripts/main.aspVermont安全信息资源公司/msds/index.htmlCornell大学/msdssrch.aspMSDS查找/C. 光谱学数据和有机化合物的查找NIMC站点http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/menu-e.html化学专家站点ChemExper Chem. Directory - /ccd/power/i ndex.shtmlNIST站点/chemistry/银河网/spconline/有机化学数据库/chemistry/cmp/cmp.htmlD. 家庭教师索引/tutorial.htm#tutorialE. 化学练习题/Malone3... one_site/Malone.htmF. 化学教育期刊索引（JCE）/Journal/Search/index .htmlG. 搜索引擎Google - Alta Vista - /Fast - Hotbot - /Ixquick - /Dog-pile - /H. 化学关键词查找期刊摘要/(free registration, go to data bases)精选网络化学资源之二化学物质的性质? A. 元素周期表1. Web Elements - /2. 其他有图表的元素周期表a. /viselements/pages/periodic_table.htmlb. http://chemlab.p/periodic/periodic.htmlc. /periodictable.htmld. /yogi/periodic/e. /Chemicool/3. Mendeleev表- /~giunta/mendeleev.html4. 其它元素周期表* /okapi/periodic3.htm/CapeCanaveral/4693/index.html/periodic.htm/smarsden/elements.htm/~holler/periodic/periodic.html/Chemistry/Links/refperiodic.html/WebChem/ProjectFrameSet.html//eleme... s/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/ElementWebsites/ElectPeriodicTable.htm/pt.htm/wgbh/nova/kaboom/elemental/* /* http://www.tabulka.cz/english/* http://www.vcs.ethz.ch/chemglobe/ptoe/* /* /physics/2000/applets/a2.html5. 元素周期表的目录列表/chemdex/periodic-tables.htmlhttp://www.anachem.umu.se/cgi-bin/pointer.exe?/HSG/GradChemistry.html#TABLES/~swenger/#periodic/m03ptabl.htmlhttp://macedonia.nrcps.ariadne-t... y2.pl?select=01-390/Chemistry/Links/refperiodic.html/periodic_tables.htm#PeriodicTables/education/chemistry/msub9.htm6. 同位素知识/education/isotopes.htm/CoN/index.htmlhttp://140.198.18.108/periodic/isotopes.htmlB. 化合物o 1. MSDS的化合物性质a.ChemFinder服务/b.化学专家/ccd/power/index.shtmlc.化学快查- /scripts/main.aspd.化学飞速- /efdb/Chemfate.htme.Chemidplus - /chemidplus/2. 化学目录(包括部分性质) -a. Aldrich, Sigma, Fluka (now with MSDS) - /3. MSDS的化学目录-a. Arcos and Fisher - /b. JT Baker (&Mallinckrodt) - 4. MSDS 的材料安全数据表a. MSDS在线? /b.牛津大学http://physchem.ox.a:80/MSDS/c. Directory of MSDS compilations, University of Kentucky - IkNe WFuZ2Rvbmd5dQ==FQG/msds/index.htmld. MSDS 搜索引擎Vermont 安全信息资源公司/msds/index.htmlCornell大学/msdssrch.aspMSDS搜索- http://www.m /e. /Chemistry/Links/refmsds.html5. 查找有机化合物的性质a. 有机化学数据库/chemistry/cmp/cmp.htmlb. 点击强力搜索at: /ccd/power/index.shtmlc. 银河- /spconline/d. NIMC站点http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/menu-e.html6. 化学物质的应用a. ChemExpo Commercial Chemical Profiles? /news/profile.cfm#menub. 化学与化工7. 有机物的溶解性/smurov/orgsoltab.htm/solvdb.htm/Data%20/Table_26.html8. 毒性/ngispgm3/iris/index.html/pubs/factsheets/toxnetfs.html/9. 环境保护基金会的化学物质“计分表”/chemical-prof iles/10. 光谱和热力学性质NIST站点的红外、质谱和热力学数据/chemistry/NIMC站点的核磁共振、红外和质谱数据http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/menu-e.h tml银河/spconline/化学专家主页/ccd/power/index.shtml红外谱图/~dls/ir/11. 酸碱的浓度、缓冲性质和平衡常数http://155.135.31.26/oliver/chemdata/12. 全美环境计划(UNEP)一个有关安全使用化学品的站点http://irptc.unep.ch/13. 全美癌症数据/nci99/index.asp精选网络化学资源之三化学事实和数据? A. 事实o 1. 基本常数（1986 CODATA推荐值）/cuu/Constants/ind ex.html?/codata86.html2.转换系数http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units.html/Cv_start.htm? B. 概念o 1. 物质的状态和磁性/cca/documents/dyoung/topics-orig/2. 化学概念和术语化学大百科/chem-ed/scidex.html词汇/high.htm#definitionsof chemical/dictionary//chem/senese/101/glossary.shtmlhttp://netaccess.on.ca/~dbc/cic_hamilton/dictionary/a.html/chem/letters//wldchem/home/refer/aframe.htm//yogi/chemistry/dictionary/词汇和术语/iupac/参见十、化学教育资源3. 实验室操作/che... ety/resources.shtml4. Safety, Ira Remsen quotation - /smurov/re msen.htm5. 核- /3659/nucreact/6. 平衡常数http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/courses/plambeck/p101/p0040x.htmpusmart.ab.ca/plambeck/che/data/p0040x.htmhttp://155.135.31.26/oliver/chemdata//Data%20/Data.htmlhttp://155.135.31.26/oliver/pubdomdb.htm7. pH 值和滴定曲线http://www.science.ubc.ca/~chem/tutorials/pH/index.html/CWIS/DEP... utorial/phmenu.html8.第二定律//9. 有效数字、单位和单位换算a. 有效数字/~giunta/rayleigh.html/~giunta/acspaper.htmlb. 单位/sections/s... sclimate990930.htmlhttp://clive.canoe.ca/CNEWSHeyMartha9911/10_metric.html/sd/08/00101/02/99/10/01/165724.HTMc. 单位换算/vc2/2my/my2_143.html/flightzz.shtml10. 理论化学/TheoryPage/精选网络化学资源之四应用化学? A. 氮、食物和火焰/orgs/aiche/archive/history/h_s_ n2.htmlor .tr/~che/akman/history/h_s_n2.htmlB. 硫酸-硫酸制造、化学工业之门/orgs/aiche/archive/history/h_s_acid.htmlor .tr/~che/akman/history/h_s_acid.htmlC. 石油o 1. 石油：化工原料和能源/orgs/aiche/archive/histor y/h_energy.htmlor .tr/~che/akman/history/h_energy.html2. 现代的石油提炼-一个实例/orgs/aiche/archive/history/h_refine.htmlor .tr/~che/akman/history/h_refine.html3. 化石用于燃料/c... /fossils/index.html4. 石油勘探/c... findoils/index.htmlD. 化学工业o 1. 化学50强(1996) /hotartcl/cenear/960624/prod.html2. 1997 事实和数字/hotartcl/cenear/970623/facts.html3. 2000 事实和数字/hotartcl/cenear/000626/7826intro.htmlE. 化学应用参见二-B-F. 化工中的危险/news.release/osh.t01.htmG. 化工专业引擎- /。

1.What are the features of academic writing?In what way is academic writing different from ordinary English?A:Hey XXX do you know that Miss zhang asked us to write a paper about moder art?B:Yeah,.and send to her E-mail before the weekend,right?and She also require us to write in English!A:That's the point!!I don’t have any experience to write a paper in English!.Do you have any idea about that?B:OK,I think I can share with you something about academic writing.First the academic writing has one central point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of argument,Its objective is to inform rather than entertain.A:This part Miss Zhang has told me last week,and what’s more she mentioned that there are eight main features of academic writing that are often discussed.Do you know the detail of this?B:of course!there are eight main features of academic writing to some extent,It include:Complexity,Formality,Precision,Objectivity,Explicitness Accuracy,Hedging and Responsibility.A:Wow.It sounds very complicated.and now I’m going to write a paper about moder art in English,but I don’t have any experience to write a paper in English,can you tell me something about that?B:I just know a little about that,in academic writing the V ocabulary and sentence is different from the ordinary English,In academic writing you should try to use different words,and try to use proper noun instead of the Common words.such as "try".we should change into"attempt".And so onA:you are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together!B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!2.What is the challenge of writing a good abstract?A:Hey XXX do you know that Miss zhang asked us to write a paper about moder art? B:Yeah,.and send to her E-mail before the weekend,right?and She also points out that we must done well in the the paper abstracts.A:That's the point!!I don’t have any experience to write a paper abstracts.Do you have any idea about that?B:OK,I think I can share with you something about how to write a paper abstracts.There are two typical types of abstracts:descriptive and informative.you should chose the types of abstracts at first.A:yeah.Miss zhang has told me about the two typical types of abstracts,and I have chose the descriptive abstract.because it can show the information which the paper mainly contains.and outlines the purpose,methods,scope of the paper,what’s more it can introduces the subject!!It is very suitable for me.B:What you said is exactly right,it seems that you also know a lot about the things.and then you should begin to write a paper abstracts,First is the Background of your paper.It include Context,research purpose,and research gap,and than is method and results and discussion,which you should pay more attention to.A:I think we should make a conclusions at last.After all,a good conclusions will make your paper in a more logical.B:Oh.I almost forget that,you are so cleve.and Remember to finally check if there is any mistake.Such as the spelling mistake.A:you are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together! B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!3.What are some challenges when giving a presentation of your research?A:Hey XXX do you know that I’m going to give a presentation about my research? B:Yeah,.the presentation will be held next weekend,right?Miss zhang has told me that.I will get there,when you begin your presentation!A:Thank you very much!But I don't have any experience for presentation.could you please share with me something about this presentation?B:Of course!I've experienced on similar situation,The most important thing is to do a good deal with the embarrassing questions and the questions which you don't know the answers in the question and answer session.A:The embarrassing questions?the questions which don’t know the answer?This is indeed requiring to attention!B:Ah,in the presentation any questions are likely to arise,you should show your best sincere,and answer it directly,don't try to cheat the questioner,Especially on those embarrassing questions and the questions you don't know the answer!A:It sounds like a good solution!And I think there are more ways.For example Try to change the subject,If that question is not very important or said that I will further check and then immediately turn to the next questioner.B:What a clever boy!However,one of them is not very appropriate which you try to change the subject,I think in the Q&A session,From some extent,it’s a way to evade questions,It might cause others’dislike,you’d better to make a sincere response directly.A:Oh I see,I will try to avoid using this method to answer the question,after all,it’s a bad thing to cause other’s dislike.B:yeah,and what’s more find more information before the presentation!It’s good to do more preparation anyway.A:you are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together! B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!4.If you are invited to speak at a conference but can not attend how would you turn down theinvitation?A:Hey XXX do you know that I will act as the speaker in a simulated plenary session?B:Yeah,.the simulated plenary session will be held next weekend,right?you has been chose to act as the speaker?Congratulations!A:Thank you very much!But my mom ask me to go to the Yunnan with The whole family for a travel.I’m going to write a letter of refusal to the organizing committee.but I don’t have any experience to write a letter of refusal.Do you have any idea about that?B:OK,I think I can share with you something about how to write a letter of refusal. First is the address of the writer and the full date,day,month,and year.It comes right after and just below the writer’s address.and then is the inside address.A:yeah.Miss zhang has told me that he format of the inside address is just like the letterhead,in addition to date.and then you should make a greeting to the recipient on the left margin below the letterhead.next is the body of the letter.B:The body of the letter should begin to write below the Call and the first paragraph should start from the top edge of the letter.And In the body of the letter,you should expressing thanks.giving convincing reason(s)for your refusal.and expressing your regrets.and at last extending good wishes.A:I think we should make a complimentary close on the left-hand side of the page,with the first letter capitalized,and followed by a comma after the body of the letter is finished.B:Oh.I almost forget that,you are so cleve.and put the signature in the end of the letter If you have any.A:you are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together! B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!5How can you judge whether the text you find on line is reliableA：Good morning,XXX,I want to write a job application letter,do you know something about that???B:Good morning,XXX,that’s a component of the application,do you want to apply for a position?A:Yes,I spent a long time on the Internet to search information on how to write a job application letter,However,only a small part of the information is collected,and I think there will be lots of many mistake in the information.B:Yes.the information in the Internet is Really complicated,after all.the source of Online information is very complex,and It’s also hard to find out that wether the text which collected from the internet is reliable.especially the useful information s.A:It seems that You have got a point there.I think to judge whether the text you find on line is reliable.first is to make sure the source of information is reliable,including find the upload time,The location of the uploaded and so on.Secondly is to make sure that The history of the People who upload information is reliable.B:Yeah,what’s more you should make sue the information form internet has a directly linked with the work that you are going to do.A:Ah,I think ask you are asking the right person,You mentioned a lot of details that I unthought-of.B:I just show what I know to you,It’s not a big deal.If you continue to go on in research in this area I’m sure that you can certainly find more than IA:I think that’s a good idea to go on in research in this area!wow Already9o'clock, let’s have dinner together!B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!6What is culture shock?What causes culture shock?How to overcome it?A:hey XXX.I was so excite that I have Got a foreign company OFFER!That's fortune 500company!B:congratulations!!I know that you prepared for a long time to this chance!and you got it at last!A:yeah.I am looking forward to the the future now!but I’m a little nervous now,I'm afraid that I can’t not adapt the new different environmentB:I think you don’t need to be nervous,It just a culture shock.as long as you do not lose yourself,You won't get a lot of problems.A:I know that,I will try my best to keep myself to not be lost.but I think When I go into a cross-cultural environment after a period of time,I will come into contact with many different cultures,I worry about that these things will have great influence on me,B:this is not a big deal,just overcome your nervous,try to understand other culture and respect their culture,and At the same time to communicate with foreigners politely and insist on a period of time then You will find that all you worry is not a problem.A:Ah that sounds very reasonable,can you speak more detail?I still remember that when I chat with a foreign friend,he asked me whether I was in favor of a question that I don't agree with.I feel so embarrassed that time.B:I think you don't have need to feel embarrassed.When you don't agree to something just say it directly.A:yeah.it’s not necessary to worried about saying the wrong thing just because the other side is a foreigner.Just be myself anyway.B,exactly.just be yourself,try your best to finish the job.and that’s enough.A:You are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together!B:Yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!7.How can you remain true to your own culture while respecting others?And how can you balance the two?A:hey XXX.I was so excite that I have Got a foreign company OFFER!That's fortune 500company!B:congratulations!!I know that you prepared for a long time to this chance!and you got it at last!A:yeah.I am looking forward to the start of the future!but I’m a little nervous now I don’t know exactly how to remain true to my own culture while respecting others when I join the foreign companyB:I think you don’t need to be nervous,as long as you do not lose yourself,You won't get a lot of problemsA:I know that,I will try my best to keep myself to not be lost.but I think When I go into a cross-cultural environment after a period of time,I will come into contact with many different cultures,I worry about that these things will have great influence on me,B:this is not a big deal,you just overcome your nervous,and try to understand other culture and respect their culture,and At the same time to communicate with foreigners politely and insist on a period of time then You will find that all you worry is not a problem.A:Ah that sounds very reasonable,can you speak more detail?I still remember that when I chat with a foreign friend,he asked me whether I was in favor of a question that I don't agree with.I feel so embarrassed that time.B:I think you don't have need to feel embarrassed.When you don't agree to something just say it directly.A:yeah.it’s not necessary to worried about saying the wrong thing just because the other side is a foreigner.Just be myself anyway.B,exactly.just be yourself,try your best to finish the job.and that’s enough.A:you are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together!B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!8.What gifts should we avoid giving to American people?Why?A:Do you know that next week there will be a new classmate from American will join in our classB:yeah.Xiaoming has told me just now,he says that the new classmate is a girl.A:Wow A girl!I think we should giving a gift for her when she came to our classB:That’s a good idea!I think that American girls will feel happy when she receive our gifts.A:You are right.Then what should we give her as a gift?I worry that if something wrong,It may cause others’dislike.we’d better send her something reliable.B:I don’t think so.I think we can send some characteristic items,after all,she knows that we are Chinese and she is fro American,s he may not have seen the characteristic items,maybe she will like it.A:Oh I think that’s t o casual,what about we send some practical things to her?such as cups,tea.or something lovely just like the plush toys?I think most of the girl,will like a plush toys.B:Maybe.I always think we send something to her is not so good,after all,there is always a chance that somebody else don't like it,why don't we just ask her go outside and find a good restaurant to have a authentic Chinese food?!A:I think that’s a good idea!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together!B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!9.What should an applicant pay attention to when writing a job application letter in English?A：Good morning,XXX,I want to write a job application letter,do you know something about that???B:Good morning,XXX,that’s a component of the application,do you want to apply for a position?A:Yes,I strive to become a prominent professor and researcher of fine art in Guangzhou.and I spent a long time on the Internet to search information on how to write a job application letter,However,only a small part of the information is collected,and I think there will be lots of many mistake in the information.B:OK,I think I can share with you something about how to write a job application letter.First you should show your purpose and interest in the job application letter,and then in the following paragraph,your academic qualifications,previous research experience and so on should be write clearly.A:Oh,that’s lot of things,should I show my current research interests such as moder art in the job application letter?B:Yeah,what’s more you should show more of the other experience,career goals and the reasons why you want to join a company.A:I think I think ask you are asking the right person,You mentioned a lot of details that I don't have contact which about writing a job application letter.B:I just show what I know to you,It’s not a big deal.and at last don’t forgot to restatement of your interest or goal at last.A:you are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together!B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!10.Discuss with your parter about the importance and functions of cross-cultural communication,esp.in the international academic communication.A:Hi XXX,I heard that you will participate in the international academic conference tomorrow?B:Yes miss zhang invited me to join in this conference last week.A:Wow.This is a good chance to communicate with st class miss zhang has just talked about cross-cultural communication.Do you think cross-cultural communication in the international academic exchanges is important?B:Of corse.I think It’s very important..Especially in the international academic communication.because the difference of culture is easy to cause misunderstand,for example In India,people shook his head to say yes,but in China it means to refuse.If you don't know the differences.It will be likely to cause misunderstanding.A:This is very interesting,last time miss zhang said that most of the cross-cultural communication obstacles are caused by different values,if you want to succeed in intercultural communication,you need to do a lot of work in advance.B:yes i’m going to search more information about the foreign,such as understand the customs of different countries,value concept,and so on,and I feel that’s a very complicated work.A:I agree with your that It is a very complicated job.I think you should at least spend a month on this matter.But this meeting will be held tomorrow!B:That's the point!I am worry about this problem,I’m not familiar with the cross-cultural communication,I think I'm easy to screw up.A:Don’t worry,I think I can give you a good advice!B:What’s the advice?A:After the meeting started,just shut up.and then You will never make mistakes!B:That’s a good idea!11.Suppose you are going to act as the speaker in a simulated plenary session, you are not surehow to react to embarrassing questions and how to respond to questions to which you donot know the answers,ask your partner’s opinions since he/she has some experience in thisrespect.A:Hey XXX do you know that I will act as the speaker in a simulated plenary session?B:Yeah,.the simulated plenary session will be held next weekend,right?you has been chose to act as the speaker?Congratulations!A:Thank you very much!But I don't have any experience for the Q&A session,could you please share with me something about this Q&A session?B:Of course!I've experienced on similar situation,The most important thing is to do a good deal with the embarrassing questions and the questions which you don't know the answers.A:The embarrassing questions?the questions which don’t know the answer?This is indeed requiring attention!B:Ah,in the Q&A session any questions are likely to arise,you should show your best sincere,and answer it directly,don't try to cheat the questioner,Especially on those embarrassing questions and the questions you don't know the answer.try to answer t directly!A:It sounds like a good solution!And I think there are more ways.For example Try to change the subject,If that question is not very important or said that I will further check and And immediately turn to the next questioner.B:What a clever boy!However,one of them is not very appropriate that you try to change the subject,I think in the Q&A session,From some extent,it’s a way to evade questions,It might cause others’dislike,you’d better to make a sincere response directly.A:Oh I see,I will try to avoid using this method to answer the question,after all,it’s a bad thing to cause other’s dislike.B:yeah,It’s very kind of you to avoid to do this.It’s late.I got to go home,see you and good luck!A:thanks for sharing.see you!12.You and your partner are invited to have dinner at your foreign teacher’s home,you two discuss the relevant table manners so as to be polite and be respectful to your teacher and his family.A:hi,XX.Do you remember the miss zhang has invited us to go to her house for dinner tomorrow night?B:Yes,Of course I remember.I just want to discuss this with you,I'm not sure We should pay attention to what issues that may appear on the etiquette manners,after all, she is a foreigner.I am not familiar with the relevant table manners.A:This is a problem that we need to face squarely.I heard that the Western table manners and etiquette Chinese food is very different,for example,we use chopsticks they use knives and forks,and even that knives and forks also very particular about the placing of the order.B:Yeah,but I've never used a knife and fork to have dinner,perhaps the right hand fork,knife left,and then we can use it to eat?A:No,I think I should It goes to be right hand knife,fork in left hand,and We should be in sequence to use knives and forks that on the table.More importantly,Avoid to make sounds when eating.B:This sounds a little complicated,but I think I should be able to do it.What if I need some seasoning,but those spices placed relatively far away from me,then I stood up and went over to get their own,What do you think of this kind of behavior will seem rude?A:I think this kind of behavior does not appropriate,I think you can call the person next to you to bring them for you,and when you ask fo help you should use"please" and when you have dinner with foreigner try not to leave the table in halfway.B:Originally there is so much etiquette,oh,it's getting late,I must go home now,see you tomorrow!A:Remember never smoking when we have dinner with miss Zhang.see you!B:I know that!See you~13.What do you think are the appropriate and inappropriate topics when you talk with a foreigner?Why?A:Do you know that next week there will be a new classmate from American will join in our classB:yeah.Xiaoming has told me just now,he says the new classmate is a girl.A:I think we can talk with her about the Travel Experience,reading and the Latest movies.B:That’s a good idea!I think that American girls will not resent these topicsA:You are right.Maybe we can chat with her something more in-depth such as Weight, age,religion and ethnicity,so that we can be more understanding and familiar with her.B:I don’t think so.some of the topics that mentioned by you is privacy,we'd better not to use these as conversation topics,especially the weight and age,that is the president of taboos,because these are sensitive issues,it is best not to mention.A:Oh,that’s particular about the topics,then some topics about personal information, such as:work salary,accommodation,etc.,are not suitable for the topic of conversation,after all,all this involves personal privacy,if we talk about these could cause the other person's unhappiness.B:Entirely correct,our topics that talk with a foreigner should avoid some bad topics which mentioned above,because it would seem to be impolite,in other word we should choose some polite topics,as you just mentioned,travel experiences,for example,reading and movies.I think most of the foreigners won't dislike these topics. A:you are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together!B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!14.Suppose you want to write a personal statement,but you have no idea how to do it exactly.Discuss with your partner about the contents,format,organization and tips of writing a proper personal statement.A：Good morning,XXX,I want to write a personal statement,do you know something about that???B:Good morning,XXX,that’s a component of the application,do you want to apply for a PhD?A:Yes,I strive to become a prominent professor and researcher of fine art in china.and I spent a long time on the Internet to search information on how to write a personal statement,However,only a small part of the information is collected,and I think there will be lots of many mistake in the information.B:OK,I think I can share with you something about how to write a personal statement.First you should show your purpose and interest in the personal statement,and then in the following paragraph,your academic qualifications,previous research experience and so on should be write clearly.A:Oh,that’s lot of things,should I show my current research interests such as moder art in the personal statement?B:Yeah,what’s more you should show more of the other experience,career goals and the reasons why you want to join a university.A:I think ask you are asking the right person,You mentioned a lot of details that I don't have contact which about writing a job application letter.B:I just show what I know to you,It’s not a big deal.and at last don’t forgot to restatement of your interest or goal.A:you are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together!B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!15.What are some of the differences between writing a letter in English and writing a letter inChinese?A:Do you know the girl has join our class last week??B:Yeah.the new classmate!a pretty American girl!A:I want to write a letter to her,but I don’t know exactly the difference between writing a letter in english and writing a letter in Chinese.do you know something about that?B:yes:There are many differences between them,such as the letterhead.In Chinese It just a salutation.however in English It’s a big part of the letter.A:I know the format of the english letter,first is the address of the writer and the full date,day,month,and year.It comes right after and just below the writer’s address.and then is the inside address.B:yeah.it’s different from the chinese letter.the format of the inside address is just like the letterhead,in addition to date.and then you should make a greeting to the recipient on the left margin below the letterhead.in chinese the address of the recipient is writing in the middle of the envelope.and what’s next is the body of the letter.A:This part Miss Li has told me already.she says that It should begin to write below the Call and the first paragraph should start from the top edge of the letter.What’s more,Each section of the first word from the second paragraph indented3or5letters.B:When you finish the body of the letter,you should make a complimentary close on the left-hand side or right-hand side of the page,with the first letter capitalized,and followed by a comma.A:Should I write a signature which should be put between the complimentary close and the typed name at last?B:Not exactly right,if you have any enclosures,you should put it in the end of the letter.A:you are such a warm heart man!wow Already9o'clock,let’s have dinner together!B:yeah!I’m starving now.I heard that there is a new restaurant outside the school,Let’s have dinner there!A:No problem!Let’s go now!!。

GlobalizationMonthly No.4 Apr.2013(1) Innovating both the Connotations and the Model, Deepening Economic Cooperation,Promoting a New Phase of Peace and Development for Cross Strait RelationsZeng Peiyan·004·In the last three decades, relationship of the two sides of the strait has achieved outstanding progress.The basic trend of this relationship consists of “Three Non-Changes” : First, the main trend of peace and development has remained non-changed; Second, the pattern of economic win-win cooperation has remained non-changed; Third, the institutionalized consultation has remained non-changed. Three proposals for economic cooperation for the future are put forward: First, to bolster coordination of policies of the two sides of the strait and updating commercial activities; Second, to innovate both the connotations and the model of practical cooperation; Third, to improve entrepreneur’s role in taking the advantage of peace and development dividend.(2) Strategic Research on Avoiding “Middle-Income Trap” for ChinaResearch Group·007·The study summarizes the concepts, causes and characteristics of “middle-income trap” and concludes that the root cause of languishing into “middle-income trap” is the result of lacking in institutional and technological innovations and multiple-imbalance in economic structure. The study holds that China is facing the challenges of weakened “demographic dividend” and uncoordinated economic stimuli but it has the advantages of rapid economic growth, drive for urbanization and improving innovation strength on levels of both the nation and the enterprises. Based on the above analysis, the study deems that China can avoid the “middle-income trap” around 2020 with continuous efforts in reform and open-up, maintaining stable and rapid economic growth and narrowing down the income distribution gap. The study concludes that China needs to adjust its economic development strategy, focus on innovation-driven growth,ABSTRACTS1252013年 第4期speed up its income distribution reform and take “a new model urbanization” strategy.At current stage, the present international monetary system is favorable to China as long as it’s stable. China doesn’t have the capacity to propose a totally new system and should recently(3) Foreign Exchange Market Opening-up: a Perspective on RMB Cross-border SettlementZhou Xianping and Deng Wei·021·RMB settlement in cross-border business is a long-term development strategy in China. With the reform of exchange rate formation, fluctuations of exchange rates have increased. Capital market and money market opening-up are not enough for RQFII and overseas RMB settlement institutions to hedge exchange rate risks. It is necessary to gradually open the foreign exchange market for overseas RMB position holders in accordance with the principle of actual needs, allowing them to operate in the foreign exchange market and hedge exchange rate risks, thus boosting RMB settlement in cross-border business.(4) Building Zhoushan into Our Bridge-Head of the Pacific Economic RimZheng Xinli·030··The article has highlighted and analyzed the Development Plan of the New Area of the Zhoushan Islands.It has commented on the strategic significance, introduced its strategy, goal , basic principles and the lay out of of the new area, analyzed in an in-depth way the highlights of the plan and a series of pioneering policies.(5) Opening-up Bolsters Construction of Blue Economic ZoneLiu Dejun·039·Under the condition of open environment and cooperation, the construction of Shandong peninsula blue economic zone must combine development and openness via the mode and measures of constructing parks jointly, building international platform, constructing regional cooperation experimental zone, absorbing foreign capital and talents, to participate in international cooperation and competition.(6) Creating a New Mode of Urbanization and Pushing Ahead a Continuous and Healthy Development126Chen Wenling·045·Since the opening-up and reform, China has made great progress in urbanization , but in general, the mode of development has been a crude way, a spreading out of existing cities, and there are multiple elements which have dragged down a sustainable development. The mode of urbanization has direct influence on the development quality of cities, so it is an all around and strategic problem related to the national economic and social development. Therefore, creating a new mode of urbanization should be regarded as a national strategy, thus remolding the thinking of urbanization, searching in great earnest for a mode of sustainable development.(7) Korea Deposit Insurance System: Comments and RevelationHe Dexu and Shi Xiaolin·056·Korea Deposit Insurance System plays a key role in securing a recovery during the financial crisis. The system gets a lot of publicity. This article introduces the basic status of Korea Deposit Insurance System, draws lessons from it, evaluates its performance, analyzes the problem, and provides the revelation from it.(8)Chinese Foreign Trade “Hot spots” and ReflectionsShen Danyang·067·At present, China’s reliance on foreign trade is not too high, there is still space of quotas to improve in the global trade.There is no need to sacrifice external demand to pursue internal demand. China should upgrade itself from a big to a strong foreign trade nation.(9) Innovation of Services Trade and Reform of the System and Mechanism in ChinaChen Zhao and Yu lixin·075·China's foreign trade has been in a low growth due to global downturn and the complex international political and economic environment.And the effect of using external demand to stimulate economic growth is weakening.Under this situation, the trade in services is a new way to stabilize external demand. At the same time, the reform of the relevant economic system should also be on the agenda, in order to ensure a sustainable development of trade in services.1272013年 第4期(10) Industrial Policy to Encourage Circulation Innovation and Promote the Manufacturing Industrial UpgradingSheng Chaoxun·084·With the changes in the stage of development of the manufacturing industry in China and the circulation in the enhancement of the status of the national economy, the circulation innovation’s function in China's manufacturing production upgrading, functional upgrading, technology upgrading, and chain upgrading is also becoming more and more significant. For this reason, we need to adjust our industrial policy to develop ideas and implemented new industrial policy to encourage circulation innovation to promote the upgrading of the manufacturing industry. China's industrial policy ideas should be simple to "value both the production and circulation" .(11) A Comparative Study on Financial Monitoring and Proposals for ChinaYang Lin·093·American financial crisis in 2008 shows that supervision relaxation on financial groups can lead to great financial calamities. In order to solve this kind of problems, this paper has chosen 7 samples including US, UK, Germany, Canada, Australia, Japan and Taiwan to conduct a comparable study on the financial group monitoring, to determine which model is the best, and thus proposes the best choice for China.(12) Adhering to Cultural Harmony, Creating a Global Haier BrandWang Anxi·109·Ever since it was founded in 1984, Haier Group has dedicated to innovation and entrepreneurship and thus creating a world famous brand. Originally a small collective plant on the verge of bankruptcy, it has now grown into an international group which has more than 80,000 employees around the globe Haier has risen to be the world No.1 brand of white goods. Adhering to tolerance and open cultural integration and providing end to end service solutions to global consumers, Haier now has taken roots in many countries and won the favor of local consumers as well as local governments.Editor:Li Wenzheng 128。

回顾某领域已取得的研究结果或介绍相关知识常用动词：present, summarize, review, outline句式：…is presented in this paper.This paper reviews the method for dealing with…This article summarizes the theory on...阐明论文写作和研究目的常用词：名词：purpose, aim, objective, goal动词：aim, attempt to, initiate, intend to, seek句式：The purpose of this study is to explore new methods on …The paper attempts to define ..in terms of.The study is aimed at finding out the basic similarities between … and …The main objective of the work is to justify.The primary goal of this research is …The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of …Based on recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of…The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish.论文观点和作者观点常用词：argue, account for, address, characterize, concern, contribute, describe, disclose, deal with, devote to, explain, introduce, present, report句式：This paper presents the mathematical model and its algorithm used for …The calibration and experiment design of multivariate force sensors are discussed. This paper reports the preparation and quantum confinement effects of…The principles and methodology of language teaching are described in this article. This paper is mainly devoted to ...介绍研究过程和研究范围常用词:过程：analyze, consider, discuss, examine, study, investigate, state, propose 范围：contain, cover, include, outline, scope, field, domain句式:The characteristic of …was investigated.The paper analyzes the possibility of ...We study the one-step-synthesis method for …in this paper.This article discusses the method of calculation of …The principle of constructing … is proposedThis paper states the reasons for...This study identifies some procedures for …This article outlines the preliminary process of …The scope of the study covers.The study includes.The paper contains the specific topic on …介绍计算、测量常用词：calculate, compute, determine, estimate, measure, work out句式：This paper determines the proper temperature for …The cooling rate was calculated by means of.The rational rage of power is measured by …In the paper, we measured the orientation and estimated parameter for ...The author worked out the probability of ...The author has computed equilibrium constant K and …阐明论证常用词：confirm, demonstrate, find, identify, indicate, monitor, note, observe, point out, prove, provide句式：The initial particles are found to be …It is found that the amorphous silicon nitride show a tendency in...It is noted that …can be found in …The result provides a sound basis for …The study of those properties indicate…The experimental results demonstrate that…The effects of …were observed and monitored.说明试验过程常用词：experiment, test, sample句式：The samples of pyroelectric ceramics （电释热陶瓷）亚©[© collected by …We sampled the blood and urine of …The blood screening test for the AIDS antibody has been carried out on…We experimented on the sintering property（流延特性）of …The new protocol architecture for distributed multimedia systems has been tested in …介绍应用、用途常用词：application, use及其动词形式句式：In this paper, the czochralski crystal growth method has been applied in ……technique is used to …The application of the new design is to develop and maintain …展示研究结果常用词：result, cause, increase, lessen, as a result, result in, arrive at句式：As a result we have got pure particle of ...The finding of our research on methodologies in …is….The results of calculation show that the minimum velocity arrives at...The relationship between …and ...is characterized by …The room temperature resistivity is lessened to …介绍结论常用词：conclude, summary, to sum up, lead to, in conclusion, conclusion句式：It is concluded that the absorption spectra of two kinds of particles include... We concluded that …It is concluded that...The conclusion of our research is …On the basis of …，the following conclusion can be drawn …Finally, a summary is given of …To sum up, we have revealed …Our argument proceeds in …The research has led to the discovery of …进行评述句式：There are hardly any data about …Middle management is considered as the go-between of …The shapes and locations of these inclusions are believed to be related to …The finding is acknowledged as essential to ...Existing methods are not sufficient for ...It is difficult to improve the therapy under the conditions of ...The disproportion of age groups will unfortunately lead to …The improper use of methods would seriously influence the performance of …The subject will deepen the understanding of …However, it does not mean that there is no limitation of ...It is well-known that in the field of .., there are still difficulties and challenges. Environmental protection has become the most important concern of …推荐和建议常用词：propose, suggest, recommend句式:The calculation suggests that…Bulk silk is proposed to be the alternative of ordinary silk because ...The finite element method is recommended to …提出进一步研究的可能性常用词：demand, desirable, expect, necessary, necessity, need, require, requirement 句式:Another term of the …need addressing because…However, the development of MRI is absolutely necessary for …To establish a .. .model continues to be a major concern for ...The underway measurement of sea surface temperature has made it necessary to... ..requires more work on …More concern about the blood cleaning point out the need for …There is a growing demand for …There is a surge in the use of …Although there is already an efficient procedure, more study is still needed.突出论文重点句式：The development of…is the primary concern of this paper.Particular attention is paid on the cultivation of …Interface structure is emphasized in the article because …This paper concentrates on the effects of …The chief consideration is …。

Writing: AbstractWHAT IS AN ABSTRACT1. The Definition of an Abstract1 ) the objectives and scope of investigation;2) the methods used;3) the most important results;4) conclusion or recommendation.2. Features of AbstractsBrevity Accuracy Specificity Objectivity Informativeness IndependencyCLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACTS1.Indicative Abstractsrmative Abstractsrmative-indicative Abstracts4.Other Types of Abstracts 1) Critical Abstracts 2) Mini-abstractsFUNCTIONS OF ABSTRACTSA Screening Device of Documents: An abstract gives readers the idea of what the article is about.A Self-contained Text: We’ll know the information it contains, without seeing the article .A Helpful Preview: It "frames" the article and prepares the reader for the main points to come.To Facilitate Indexing: It will improve the chances of having it read by the right people.STYLISTIC FEATURES OF ABSTRACTS1. The Length of Abstracts1) In general, there is a 100-300 word limit to the number of words in an abstract.2) Do not confuse an abstract with a review. There should be no comment or evaluation.3) Give information only once.4) Do not repeat the information given in the title.5) Do not include any facts or ideas that are not in the text.6) For informative abstracts, include enough data to support the conclusions.7) If reference to procedure is essential, try to restrict it to identification of method or process.8) State results, conclusions, or findings in clear concise fashion.9) Organize the information in the way that is most useful to the reader. (a thesis-first abstract)2. Verbs and Tenses Used in Abstracts1) Active verbs: use active verbs rather than passive verbs.2) Present tense: background information, existing facts, what is in the paper and conclusion.3) Past tense /present perfect tense: completed research, methodology or major activities results.3. Words Used in Abstracts1) Avoid use of highly specialized words or abbreviations. Define unfamiliar words.2) Synthesize or rephrase the information into clear, concise statements.3) Avoid using jargon.4. Sentence Structures of Abstracts1) Use third person sentences.2) Use short sentences, but vary sentence structure.3) Use complete sentences.4) The first sentence should present the subject and scope of the report. The thesis or the writer's focus should be presented in the second sentence. The balance of the article is a summary of the important points of each section, including methods, procedures, results and conclusions.5) Good abstracts are sure to include a variety of pat phrases:a. Background Information (Research has shown... It has been proposed... Another proposed property... The search is on for... One of the promising new...)b. Statement of the Problem (The objective of the research is to prove / verify... The experiment was designed to determine...)e. Statement of Procedure (To investigate this .... A group of 10 specimens / subjects ... Measurementswere taken after... A second group was...)d. Conclusions (It was found that .... Results imply... This data suggests... In the experimental group... In the control group...)e. Relates the Experiment to the Words (This kind of research encourages the belief that... Similar to ...) HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT (An abstract must be written last as it sums up the results)l) Locate the thesis statement, identify the main divisions of the document, find the main terms (key words) and statements in each section;2) Decide the degree of detail to include;3) Prepare a single paragraph including the crucial information gathered;4) Edit the draft, eliminate unnecessary background information, and reduce wordy phrases;5) Finally, revise the opening statement to emphasize the new information contained in the paper.Start out the abstract by telling exactly what you did and how you did it. Focus on the rationale and ideas of the study and why it is important in the first two sentences. In the next few lines, focus on the materials and methods, and the data generated from the study. Tell the reader how the data were collected, compiled, and state statistical significance(s). Mention any new tools developed.Avoid using bibliographic references in the abstract. However, if your article follows directly from a published work and is a major advance on that specific piece of work, do cite the paper in the abstract.The end of the abstract is just as important as the beginning. The concluding lines of the abstract should lead into the first paragraph of the introduction without repeating what has been said. State the implications of your studies to the field of scholarship in which you are working.1. How to Write Informative Abstracts1) An informative abstract should be orderly, succinct, and concrete, with the length of no mere than 10% of the essay.2) Plan to write an abstract that is in the first draft, note key facts, statistics, etc. on the organisms, materials and locations used.3) Do not include a statement of scope or a sentence like "this paper will look at .... ".4) Write selected details of the experimental methods, including the duration of the study, the treatments, methods and equipment used.5) Be sure to omit or condense lengthy examples, tables, and other supporting detail.6) Do not hedge or equivocate.7) Give the key results, with a description of them and some of the main figures and their statistical significance.8) Use active verbs such as "report", "propos ", and "analyze" rather than static verbs such as "is", "are" and "appears to be".9) Revise the draft into smooth, stand-alone prose; the abstract itself should be a mini-essay.10) Edit the revision. Be sure that the abstract is complete and accurate, with a brief note on the significance of the results.11) Double check that the abstract is written in the same voice as is the paper.2. How to Write Indicative Abstracts1) List the title of the research report after "Abstract of..." at the top of your page.2) Summarize the major thesis and supporting main ideas of the report without omitting any important ideas.3) Avoid wordiness and repetition.4) Condense source material in your own words, being careful not to directly borrow text. You should not use direct quotations in abstracts.5) Use good sentence structure, grammar, mechanics, and spelling.6) Adhere to the 100-word limit. (No fewer than 90, nor more than 110)3. How to write Abstracts for Engineering InformationBackground: A simple opening sentence or two ;Aims: One or two sentences giving the purpose, the development, the survey as well as the assignment and the scope of the research;Method(s): One or two sentences explaining what was done and what the principles, the theory, the condition, the objective, the techniques, the framework, the means, the equipment and the procedure, etc. used in the research are;Results: One or two sentences indicating the main findings, the result, the data, the relationship, the effect and the performance of the experiment and research;Conclusions: One sentence giving the most important consequence of the work, the results of the analysis, the research, the evaluation and the application, and the issues that are raised as well.4. How to Write Abstracts for DissertationsThere are two purposes in dissertation abstract writing: to inform your reader, and to market your product. Aside from the guidelines mentioned above, there are some others:1) a dissertation abstract should have three elements, and three elements alone:a. a section on the problem you examined;b. a section showing your method;c. a section showing your findings.2) you need not give the history of the problem, why you chose to study it, your philosophy, or your self-congratulatory but humble remarks about how your dissertation will change the world.3) be sure to use some key words for easy referencing, an accurate and specific summary of your findings, and as active a voice as you can muster.5. How to Write Abstracts for ConferencesIt is a competitive process, but one to be undertaken seriously.1) Look for "Call for Papers" notices.2) Title: The title should be informative and focused, indicating the problem, kind of data and your general approach.3) Make your abstract as brief as possible, within the word limit set by the "Call for Papers".4) Make sure to describe the general topic clearly.5) Try to make your abstract appeal to the concept for the conference as it is defined in the "Call for Papers".6) Describe your treatment of the topic, and how it relates to previous work on the same topic.7) Explain how you will justify your treatment, and quote crucial evidence.8) Consider your audience carefully. You are essentially writing a speech. Your sentence structures, use of specialized language and theories, etc., should take this into account. Also, in oral discourse, you might want to summarize and / or repeat ideas more often.6. How to Write Research Abstracts1)The purpose of a research abstract can be boiled down to providing the answers to the following questions:a. Why did you start?b. What did you do?c. What did you find?d. What does it mean?2) Title: Ideally about 10-12 words long, the title should include the scope of the investigation, the study design, and the goal. In general it is preferable to make the title a description of what was investigated. The title should be easy for the reader to understand and should not include jargon or 3) Introduction or Background: this should provide a brief context or explanation for doing the study, and state the aim of the study, and ideally should include a concise statement of the study' s hypothesis. A scientific study is "to find out whether it is true."4) Methods: In an abstract the description of the methods has to be concise, and much of the details of what was done must be omitted. However, in a few short sentences the reader can be given a good idea of the design of the study, the context in which it was done, and the types of patients or measurements that were included.5) Results: space is limited. Still, it is important to give the main results of the study not just in subjective terms but also in the form of the most important data. Do not include a table or figure unless it is necessary to convey your results.6) Conclusions: Keep your conclusions reasonable and supportable by the findings of your study.7) Follow the instructions7. Some Don'ts in Abstract Writing1) Do not commence with "this paper...", "this report..." or similar. It is better to write about the research. Similarly, do not explain the sections or parts of the paper.2) Avoid sentences that end in "... is described", "... is reported", "... is analyzed" or similar. These are simply too vague to be informative.3) Do not begin sentences with "it is suggested that...", "it is believed that... ", "it is felt that..." or similar, for the words can be omitted without damaging the essential message.4) Do not write in the first person. Not only should you avoid I, but also we , the author , the writer, etc., because the abstract should be about the research, not about the act of writing.5) Do not submit an abstract with the length exceeding the limit offered.6) Do not submit your abstract later than the given date.7) Do not write an imprecise abstract.SAMPLESSample 1:Microscopic characterization of a TiB2-carbon material composite:Raw materials and composite characterizationAbstract: Titanium diboride (TiB2) is a very attractive material for the aluminum industry, because it is readily wetted by molten aluminum and combines good physical properties (electrical conductivity), chemical (fairly resistant to dissolution by molten aluminum), and mechanical (wear resistance) properties.// In this article, both raw materials(anthracite, pitch, and TiB2powder) and TiB2-carbon composites (TCC) were characterized.//Inclusions of aluminosilicate and iron oxide types were found in the anthracity aggregates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis allowed differentiation between two types of aggregates: stratified (L C=44 nm) and nonstratified (L C=15 nm). The principal impurity found in the TiB2 powder was TiCN and surface analysis of the particles revealed the presence of a contaminant layer composed of C, N, O, and Ti; the thickness of this layer varied from 5 to 15 nm.// Characterization of the TiB2particles in the composite showed important surface modifications compared to their initial state. Evidence seen on the particles’ surfaces showed that a TiC-(O traces) formed preferentially on the side of particles rather than on top surface. The thickness of this TiC-(O traces) layer was evaluated to 30 nm.TiB2碳基复合材料的微观特征:原材料和复合物特征硼化钛(TiB2)在制铝业中是一种很受欢迎的材料,由于它易于被熔融的铝润湿,而且具有好的物理性能(导电率),化学性能(很好地抵御被熔融的铝分解)和机械性能(耐磨性).在这篇文章中,讨论了原材料(无烟煤,沥青和TiB2粉末)及TiB2碳基复合材料(TCC)的特征.在无沿煤聚合体中发现了铝矽酸盐和铁的氧化物.由X 射线衍射分析(XRD)可得两种聚合物的区别:层积的(L C=44 nm)和未层积的(L C=15 nm). TiB2粉末中发现的主要杂质是TiCN,另外颗粒表面分析可见由C, N, O, 和Ti组成的污染层;这个污染层从长远来5直15 nm 不等.符合物中TiB2颗粒的特征表明了与初始状态相比而言很重要的表面修正.颗粒表面所见的迹象显示TiC-(O traces)优先在颗粒的边缘而不是顶表面形成.这个TiC-(O traces)层厚度据估计有30 nm.Sample 2:Establishing a knowledge management programme for competitive advantage in an enterprise Abstract: This article is concerned with the establishment of a knowledge management programme that will ensure sustainable competitive advantage within an enterprise//. The main problem under investigation is to assess the importance of knowledge management within an enterprise and to ascertain how it can ensure sustained competitive advantage in an enterprise.// An empirical survey was conducted in the Eskom Transmission Group, Johannesburg, South Africa to investigate understanding of the knowledge management concept amongst business leader, determine enablers and barriers to implement a knowledge management programme and to determine whether knowledge is seen as a source for competitive advantage.// It is suggested that enterprises should adopt a holistic and integrated approach when establishing such a programme. Broad recommendations for establishing a knowledge management programme that will be source of sustainable competitive advantage are proposed. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.为实现企业的竞争优势建立知识管理的程序这是一篇关于为确保企业持续性竞争优势建立知识管理程序的文章.调查的主要问题是评价企业中知识管理的重要性和确定知识管理怎样保证企业的持续性竞争优势.为了调查知识管理概念在商业领导者中的理解程度,确定实施知识经济管理程序的有利和不利因素以及确定是否知识被看作竞争优势的源泉,南美约翰内斯堡的埃斯克姆传播小组进行了一次实验性研究.文章建议在建立知识管理程序的时候,企业应该采用完整综合的方法.文章在作为持续性竞争优势源泉的知识管理程序的建立方面提出了狠多的建议.。

本科毕业论文英文摘要怎么写Writing an Abstract for an Undergraduate ThesisAbstracts are concise summaries of research papers or academic articles that provide a brief overview of the study's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. They serve as a standalone text and enable readers to quickly understand the main points of the paper without having to read the entire document. This article aims to guide undergraduate students on how to write an effective abstract for their thesis.1. IntroductionThe abstract section is a vital component of any research paper. It should accurately represent the content of the thesis, enticing readers to continue reading. When crafting an abstract, it is essential to consider its length, organization, and the specific elements to include.2. Content of the AbstractTo ensure a comprehensive and accurate summary, an abstract should typically include the following elements:2.1. Background and Purpose: Briefly explain the context of the research and state the objectives or questions addressed in the study. Highlight the significance of the research topic and its relevance to the field.2.2. Methodology: Describe the research approach, including the study design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques employed. Mention any specific tools, software, or equipment used.2.3. Results: Summarize the main findings of your research. Provide the key quantitative or qualitative results obtained and emphasize their significance. Avoid including excessive details or statistical analyses.2.4. Conclusion: State the main conclusions drawn from the study. Highlight the implications of the findings and their potential impact on the research field or practical applications.3. Structure and FormattingTo ensure clarity and conciseness, follow these guidelines when structuring your abstract:3.1. Length: Typically, undergraduate thesis abstracts range from 150 to 350 words. Check if your university or department has specified any word limit requirements.3.2. Language and Tone: Use clear and straightforward language to convey your research effectively. Avoid jargon, abbreviations, or technical terms that may be unfamiliar to a broad audience. Maintain an objective tone throughout the abstract.3.3. Organization: Arrange the content logically and coherently. Start with an introduction, followed by the methodology, results, and conclusion sections. Consider the specific requirements of your discipline or department.3.4. Grammar and Style: Ensure proper grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. Use active voice and past tense to describe the research conducted and results obtained.4. Seeking Feedback and RevisionsAfter drafting your abstract, seek feedback from your advisor, professors, or peers. Incorporate any suggested revisions to enhance theclarity, accuracy, and overall quality of your abstract. Pay attention to word choice, grammar, and the appropriateness of the content.5. Checking for Accuracy and ClarityBefore finalizing the abstract, carefully review it to ensure its accuracy and clarity. Verify that the content provided aligns with your thesis, and all necessary details are included. Focus on maintaining a concise yet informative summary.6. ConclusionThe abstract serves as a condensed version of your undergraduate thesis, making it essential to capture the main points effectively. By adhering to the guidelines outlined above, you can write a clear, concise, and accurate abstract that provides readers with a comprehensive overview of your research. Remember, mastering the art of writing an abstract is crucial not only for your undergraduate thesis but also for future research endeavors.。

How to Write an Abstract一、什么是摘要Abstract?an abstract comprises one paragraph which describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper.摘要是叙述文章主要内容的一个段落，并且位于文章的开头部分.摘要是以梗概形式呈现的一篇文章要点的总结,它强调了一篇文章所包含的重要的信息.它也可以帮助读者快速的了解到是否这篇文章是他们感兴趣的，是否他们需要来阅读整篇文章。

而且，国家或国际出版社的编辑通常通过浏览投稿文章的摘要来决定是否投稿人的文章是可以被录用的。

因此，对于学者和研究人员来说，写一份好的摘要至关重要。

二、写作Abstract的目的对于科技论文的摘要，Abstract的目的有以下几点：1.Introduce journal articles.rm readers about article`s content.3.Help readers decide whether or not to read article.4.Overview conference programs,abstract collections，and book chapters.三、学习写作Abstract的必要性1。

Helps you present complex information in a clear,concise manner。

2.Helps you read abstracts more effectively.3。

Helps you conduct research.4.Helps you write abstracts for future publications。

5.Helps you condense report information into a short format for database searches。

How to Write an AbstractGroup TwoMain contents1.Definition of the abstract2.Function and Purpose3.Abstract Types4.Structure5.Tense/Voice and person6.Examples and analysis1.Definition of the abstractAn abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding(会议论文集) or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript.2.Function and PurposeAn abstract is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain(探知) the paper's purpose. acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.3.Abstract Types•InformativeThe informative abstract,also known as the complete abstract,is a compendious summary of a paper's substance, including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.•DescriptiveThe descriptive abstract,also known as the limited abstract or the indicative abstract,provides a description of what the paper covers without delving into its substance. A descriptive abstract is akin to a table of contents in paragraph form.4.Structurea)Background, statement of the problems, research issues;b)The research methods used ,such as experimental research,case studies, questionnaires, etc.);c)The results/findings of the research;d)The main conclusions and recommendations.5. Tense/Voice and personTense:a)The present tenseb)The past tensec)The future tensed)The present perfect tense∙∙∙∙∙∙Voice and Person:►Voice: ►Person:a)The active voice a)The first personb)The passive voice b)The second personc)The third person6.Examples and analysis Abstract 1Abstract 2Abstract 3Abstract 4Abstract—GPS receiver tracking loop will loose lock easily in high dynamic environments.The velocity of INS(inertial navigation system)aided GPS receiver may advance the tracking loop in a high performance and improve anti-jamming capability.In this paper,the design of FPGA and DSPs based software receiver is described.In this system,The INS processor is embedded in the GPS receiver,so the velocity of INS would be used to aid the receiver in tracking loop.The digital signal processer was composed of one FPGA and two DSPs,the FPGA was receiver’s correlation channel,one DSPs is GPS navigation processor the other is INS processor,the two DSPs communicate by their HPI interface.The experiment indicates that this design has a high performance positioning result,and is significant for the realization of deep coupled SINS/GPS integration.(136words)•在高动态的环境中，GPS接收机的跟踪环路将很容易失锁。

2. Contents1). paper writing: title, author/affiliation（从属关系）, keywords, abstracts, introduction, main body, discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, appendices(附件）, [əˈpɛndɪˌsiz] references, etc.2). strategies of paper publication3). other related informationGeneral description of academic paper writing(学术论文的总则)1. Types of academic papers1). Academic report 学术报告Definition（定义）:displaying the results of an experiment, investigation or inquiry (may not give personal opinions, evaluations on the issue).structure:IMRAD（论文主体）:导言、材料、结果及讨论introduction, methods, results and discussion.2). Research paper 研究论文definition:comparatively narrow subject（相对具体的主题，题目切记宽泛）;reporting empirical or theoretical work（实验或理论工作）in an academic field;usually published in academic journals;containing original research results;reviewing existing studies.structure:title, author/affiliation, abstracts, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis or experimental description, results and discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, references, appendices, etc.3). Course paper 课程论文definition:written by undergraduate or postgraduate students（本科生或研究生）.written in line with the course requirements （符合课程要求）structure:decided under the instruction of the course tutor.4). Thesis/ Dissertation 学位论文definition:submitted in support of a candidate for a degree;presenting a proposition to argue against or defend;exercising judgment, argument, logic etc.structure:acknowledgements（鸣谢）, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, data collection and analysis, findings and conclusions, suggestions for future work, etc.3. The style of academic writing 语体formal language（正式用语）：concise, concrete（具体）, objective（客观）, logical（合理）, coherent（连贯）.1). person: the writer, we, etc2). V oice（语态）: passive（被动）3). structure: nominal structure（名词结构）4). specialized vocabulary（专业词汇）4. General structure of an academic papertitleabstractskeywordsIntroductionliterature reviewresearch methodologies and proceduresresults and findingsdiscussionconclusionreferences※I. TitleGeneral functions1. summarizing2. attracting readers3. facilitating retrieval （便于检索）Linguistic features（语言特征）1. phrase instead of sentence用短语代替句子2. nouns and gerunds名词和动名词Writing requirements1. brief and conciseno more than 20 words, 8-12 on average subtitle is advisable if it’s long2. specific具体3. avoid questions不要用疑问句4. unified grammatically symmetrical, nouns and gerunds not mixed名词动名词不要混用5. Standard: abbreviations（缩略语）, symbols（符号）, terms（术语）, capitalization（大写）e.g. 1). LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND TEACHING CULTUREALBACKGROUND.2). Learning Foreign Languages and Teaching Cultural Background3). Learning foreign languages and teaching cultural background※II. Author/AffiliationGeneral functions1. Bearing author’s responsibility2. facilitating retrieval and correspondence便于检索和通信3. heightening academic level for valuing the academic levels of a researcher or anacademic institutionLinguistic featuresZhang Xing Chen Xinwu Ouyang HaiZHANG Xing CHEN Xinwu OUY ANG HaiZHANG, Xing Chen, Xinwu Ouyang, Hai Writing requirements1. format: the requirements of the journal2. number of authors: if more than 5, use “et al.”3. author’s title omitted4. address: from smaller units to larger onesWang ShuhuaSchool of Journalism and transmissionNorthwest UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi 710069P.R. China※III. KeywordsGeneral functions1. highlighting the theme2. retrieval便于检索Linguistic features1. more nouns2. limited numbers: 4-6 words on averageWriting requirements1. using the required section title:e.g. Keywords/Keywords Index/Keywords and Phrases/Indexing Terms, etc.2. placing the section correctly：below the abstract3. spacing the Keywords关键词之间的间隔：Comma（逗号）, semicolon（分号）, larger space（空格）, no full stop at the end（结尾不要句号）.4. adopting standard abbreviations采用标准的缩略形式※IV. AbstractI. Definition:An abstract is a succinct (sək’sɪŋkt)简洁summary of a piece of work, usually academic in nature.A self-contained （独立的）entity;tool in searching for information.II. Basic elements:backgroundtopicapproach three core elementsconclusionsignificanceIII. Category1. Descriptive abstract（说明性摘要）: tells in an all around way what thepaper contains, including background, topic, approach,conclusion and significance.2. Informational abstract（信息性摘要）: highlights the approach andconclusion briefly but quantitatively.3. Informational-descriptive abstract（信息-说明性摘要）：A combined form that bears specific information about the approach and conclusion. IV. Structuretopic sentence主题句---“what” is in an abstractsupporting sentence扩展句---further specifying the subjectconcluding sentence总结句--- summarizing the resultsUseful sentence patterns:Topic sentenceThe primary goal of the research is… The chief aim of the present work is to investi gate…Supporting sentenceThe method used in our study is known as…The technique we applied is referred to as…Concluding sentenceIn conclusion, we state that…As a result of our experiment, we concluded that…V. Writing requirementsLength: no more than 200 words for a long paper50-100 words for a short oneapproximately 3-5 percent of the length of the paper. Comprehensiveness详尽: containing essential elementsConciseness简明: avoiding long mathematical expressions数学公式and omitting tables 表格, graphs, pictures, in-text citations加注, etc.Consistency一致性: consistent with the other parts of the paper与文章的其他部分一致. Tense时态: present, past (approach), future (significance)Personal pronouns and voices人称代词和语气: 3rd person第三人称, passive voice被动语态, to limit the use of first-person pronouns and mixed voices.VI. Writing techniques1. 5 steps:1). defining the context, topic and purpose 2). outlining the approach and procedures 3). listing results, findings, conclusion and significance 4). drafting the abstract起草摘要5). checking2. 5A strategy:A1 background (one sentence)A2 topic (one topic sentence and one or two supporting sentences if necessary)A3 approach (two or more sentences to give specific information about the approach)A4 conclusion (one sentence or more if necessary)A5 significance (one sentence)3. Likely mistakes and common errors:1). Informal writing style非正式的写作风格written language书面语; avoid colloquial style避免口语2). Incompetent content内容不充分Basic elements included; avoid being too simple3). Monotonous language语言单调lack of variety leading to monotonous language4). Imbalance of informationbackground, topic, approach, conclusion and significance should be balanced.※V. IntroductionI. General functions1. introducing the background(content) what2. showing the research scope where3. stating the general purpose why4. explaining the content arrangement(process) howII. Structural featuresa funnel-shape漏斗形Starting with the research background(what has been done)Narrowing down tothe existing problem(what has notbeen done)Focusing onthe presentresearch(what amI goingto do)Background in the abstract and introduction•Abstract: may not have background;or if there is, it should be very short,just one or two sentences.•Introduction: the background should be much longer and more informative, and to take all these previous studies as the background of the present work.III. Expressions:1. Introducing the backgroundRecent experiments by…have suggested…Several researchers have theoretically investigated…There have been a few studies highlighting…In most studies of…has been emphasized with attention being given to…2. Presenting existing problemsGreat progress has been made in this field, however…3. Focusing on the present researchLimiting the scope of workThe problem I ha ve referred to falls within the field of…Introducing the present workIn this paper, …is investigated/studied/discussed/presentedPresenting research methods and proceduresThe method/approach used in the present study is…Indicating the organization of the paperThis paper is divided into five major sections as follows…Tips for writing an introduction:In contrast to an abstract, in this part, one is not encouraged to provide detailed information on the approach and conclusion of one’s study※VI. Main TextI. The structure of the main bodyIt varies from paper to paper and may depend on whether it is theoretical or experimental. Generally, it covers the 8 items(especially for papers of experimental nature):Materials usedEquipments, devices, or instruments仪器及设备Methods(steps, procedures, operation操作, conditions, etc)Calculations计算Surveys or investigations调查(data collection and analysis数据收集及分析)ResultsDiscussionsRecommendations建议Experimental VS Theoretical•Papers of the experimental nature: experiments,investigations, analysis of the results.•Papers of the theoretical nature: Description描述, logical development逻辑展开,etc. II. Language use at the lexical level词汇层面1.Words with specific meanings2. Words with specific meaningsreplacing verb phrases by a single word of a specific meaning；replacing informal words and phrases by formal onesverb phrases verbs Informal formalspeed up accelerate without in the absence ofput in add do a sum calculatebreathe in inhale do/act behavethink about consider about/more or less approximatelytake away remove upside down invertedincrease in amount accumulate sometimes occasionallyjoin together combine a little slightlypush away repel better(than) superior (to)get together concentrate give providepush into insert in the end eventuallynot natural artificialInformal formalmake less/become less decreaseget bigger expandnot as good (as) inferior (to)before this previouslyall right for/enough for suitable forwithout stopping unceasinglycarry transportstay alive survive句子改写6. Noun clusters and nominalizationNoun cluster are structures in which nouns are modified by other nouns instead of attributive clauses or prepositional phrases.用名词群代替定语从句或介词短语High precision instrument（better）---instrument of high precisionNearby engine noise---noise of the engine that is nearbyNominalization refers to the process or result of forming a noun phrase from a clause.it is first of all required that you accept what we propose here---the acceptance of this proposal is the first requirement.we noticed that the dog was really astonishingly clever---we noticed the dog’s really astonishing cleverness.练习 1 choose from column B phrases similar in meaning to verbs in column A. Some phrases may be matched with more than one verb.•ColumnA Column B•1) transmit 传播，发送，传达，传递b a. use up用完，耗尽•2) assimilate 同化，吸收f b. pass on传递•3) consume 消耗，耗尽a c. get rid of 摆脱，除去•4) diffuse 扩散，散开，传播e d. put off推迟，延期，阻止,扔掉•5) transfer 转移，转让,传递b e. spread out展开，铺展•6) eliminate 消除，排除c f. take in and use接受和使用Make the following sentences more concise and academic with nominalization.•If we know the forces on the gear齿轮, we can determine its size.-----1) Knowledge of the forces on the gear makes possible the determination of its size.（better）•The rocket has been developed. For this reason, men can enter space.----2) The development of the rocket makes it possible for man to enter space.•If we add or remove heat, the state of matter may change.----3) The addition or removal of heat may change the state of matter.•We can improve its performance when we use super-heated steam.---4) On using super-heated steam, its performance can be improved.•We analysed the experiment and what we found made us realize that the technique was quite complex.---5) The experimental analysis showed the technical complexity.•Non-finites: The research that is now being carried out in this area is extensive and meaningful.----The research now being carried out in this area is extensive and meaningful.•Attributive words: The precision of the experiment was affected by the noise of the engine nearby.---The experimental precision was affected by the nearby engine noise.•Verbs: The analysis of this method will be undertaken in the following sections.----The method will be analysed in the following sections.•Prepositional phrases: Because the weight of the rope and the sand was lost, the balloon rose suddenly into the sky.----Without the weight of the rope and the sand, the balloon rose suddenly into the sky.•Elliptical forms: Some motions appear to be very simple; others appear very complicated.---Some motions appear to be very simple; others very complicated.•Deleting redundant expressions: The best time for learning is the time of youth.---Youth is the best time for learning.•Less Concise Expressions More Concise Expressions•In spite of the fact that although•Provide an opportunity to allow•After this has been done then•In view of the fact that seeing that•Owing to the fact that since•In order to to•For the purpose of for•In a hasty manner hastily•On a regular basis regularly•Take into account consider• A number of several•In all cases always•In most cases usually• A small number of a few•In the foreseeable future soon• A great deal of much•With the exception of except•Less Concise Sentence Patterns More Concise Forms•It may well be that perhaps•It is evident that evidently•It is clear that clearly•There is no doubt that undoubtedly•It would be apparent that apparently•It would thus seem that seemingly•1) The density of water at 4 ℃is the greatest.---Water has its greatest density at 4 ℃•2) What he has investigated in the lab is encouraging.---His investigation in the lab is encouraging.•3) Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and in turn, mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy.---Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and in turn, mechanical energy into electrical energy.•4) Though he was a successful industrialist, Alfred Nobel was an idealist.---Though a succesful industrialist, Alfred Nobel was an idealist.III. Eight ways of giving definitions1. Dictionary definitions (词典定义法)2. Authoritative definitions (权威定义法)3. Negative definitions (反面定义法)4. Etymological definitions （词源定义法）5. Analogical definitions （类比定义法）6. Exemplar definitions (举例定义法)7. Contextual definitions (语境定义法) 8. Operational definitions (操作性定义法)Write more concretely•1)Using concrete words具体的•The reflected light was( taken in) absorbed by the transducer传感器•2)Using specific expressions.•Among all these Internet nodes节点，（only a few）fewer than one percent of them belong to Mbone network.★Rewrite the following sentences by making them more concrete•1) The cross section is measured.•2) It goes without saying that the most important thing in microeconomics is the market.•3) The bridge has been declared unsafe for trucks with excessive loaded weight.•4) Sales were down quite a bit for December because of a number of days of heavy snow.•5) We plan to present a proposal covering all important aspects of the problem.•6) The result seems to be satisfactory.※VII Language Techniques at the Discourse Level•I Develop the text logically• 1 Chronological Sequence 时间顺序• 2 Procedure 步骤顺序• 3 from Abstract to Concrete抽象到具体• 4 from Concrete to Abstract具体到抽象• 5 Comparing or Contrasting 比较，对比• 6 Cause and Effect因果II Achieve coherence in writing1)Organizing arguments logically有逻辑的组织参数2)Transitional words/phrases appropriately适当的过渡词和短语3)Repeating keywords or key phrases4)Synonyms for key words /key ideas关键词或关键理念的同义词III Achieve variety in writing•1) Different sentence structures2)Different sentences openings※VIII Results, Discussion and conclusionI Section of Results结论部分•Functions:•1) The summary of the survey, investigation, calculation, experiments, etc.•2)One of the most important elements•3) the value of a study lies here•Contents:•1) Essential facts•2) summarizing the significant results•3) list the meaningful data.4) corresponding analysis• 2 Writing Requirements•Any data should be meaningful;•Sorting out data and selecting data•The presentation of results should be short and clear.II Section of Discussion• 1 General Functions and Main Components of Discussion•General Functions:•Summarize the important facts observed by the researcher.•1) Expounding详细说明the interrelations among the observed facts.•2) showing the underlying 潜在的，根本的causes, the effects, and the theoretical implications of the facts.•3) Leading to the conclusion•Main Components•1) Analyzing the data•2) Expounding viewpoints详细说明观点:•3) Pointing out doubts指出疑点•4) Stating the significance说明意义•5) Arriving at a conclusion得出结论• 2 Writing Requirements1) Sufficiently analyze the presented data and point out the relationship•2) Admit limitations承认局限性•3) Brief and forceful expressions to state the conclusion•To sum up:the writer is supposed to present:• 1 a contrast or comparison between the most important findings in the present study with the original hypothesis（原始假设）• 2 claims of the limitations and implications of the study阐明本研究的局限性及意义• 3 a suggestion of further study or possible applications of the most important results.对进一步研究的建议或主要结论可能的应用•Things should be avoided写结论是应该注意的事项•1) using general terms rather than the names of variables•2) showing no relationship between the results and the literature review•3) lacking a discussion of the limitations of the research.•P.S Never write more words than necessary.III Section of Conclusion• 1 General Functions and Main Elements•Summing up•Presenting statement of conclusions•Providing statement of recommendations• 2 Writing Requirements:•Conclusion accords with the original research design•According to the results and discussion, conclusion is made•Accords with those of other researchers•Suggestion for further study•Practical application of the results结果的实际应用※X Acknowledgements, Illustrations, Appendices附件, and referencesIllustrations: Tables, Graphs, Diagrams, Pictures, etcWriting Requirements ：1.Numbered consecutively 连贯的；连续不断的2.Must have a heading-a concise statement describing its content必须有表头来简要描述其内容3.If it is necessary to include footnotes, they are put below the bottom of the illustration列出参考文献的作用：•Showing respect to the previous works•Facilitating the Literature Research。