Administrative Law and Procedure

draft 法案,草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 公布法律ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制,合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to con trave ne a law, to infringe a law, to break a law违法outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止,取消rescission, annulment 废除,取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除（法律） cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除（合同） cancellation （支票）作废annulment 撤消（遗嘱） repeal rescission 撤消（判决） revocation 撤消immunity 豁免,豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格nonretroactive character 不溯既往性prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法law of nations 万国公法,国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Con script Law 兵役法Copyright Law著作权法penal code 刑法典code of merca ntile law 商法典civil rights民事权利，公民权利right of asylum 避难权huma n rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税法律英语词汇2021-12-20 20:59:34|分类：专业英语词汇阅读8评论0 字号：大中小订阅管辖：jurisdiction级别管辖：jurisdiction by level地域管辖：territorial jurisdict ion移送管辖：referral jurisdicti on指定管辖：desig nati on jurisdicti on审判组织:trial organization回避withdrawal诉讼参加人participants in court诉讼当事人parties in court诉讼代理人agents ad litem期间：time periods送达service调解conciliation财产保全property preservation先予执行preliminary execution阻碍民事诉讼的强制措施：compulsory measures aga inst impairme nt of civil actions诉讼费：litigation costs第一审普通程序ordinary procedure of first in sta nee第二审程序procedure of sec ond in sta nee起诉bring a lawsuit受理accept a case开庭审理trial in court诉讼中止suspension of a lawsuit诉讼终止conclusion of a lawsuit判决judgment裁定order简易程序summary procedure特别程序special procedure选民资格案件cases concerning certificates of voters宣告失踪proclamation of a person as missing宣告死亡proclamation of a person as dead无民事行为能力incompetent for civil conduct限制行为能力limited capacity for civil conduct无主财产property of ownerless执行申请application for execution执行移转referral of execution仲裁arbitration司法协助judicial assistanceAabsolute proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产〔权〕abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前〔归还〕条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程〔程序〕accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知（书）acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries ?预防诈欺和伪证条例action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式〔或抗辩〕审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持〔原判〕affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency 〔行政〕机关agency action 机关〔行政〕机关agreed upon remedies^ 卜救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白〔不在犯罪场的证明〕alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替卜陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System 英美法系anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary 武断的arbitration 仲裁arraig nment 初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令〔证〕arrestee 被捕人article 条款，文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation ?联帮条例?articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asia n American legal defe nse and education fun（亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张，宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance 机动车保险automobile tort 机动车侵权行为autonomy 自治〔权〕Bban 禁令，制止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right ?人权法案?bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law 〔普通承受之根本原那么的〕黑体字法black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法〔关于股票买卖控制的法律〕Board of Governors〔ABA 〕〔美国律师协会的〕董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂〔罪〕bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act?大宗销售条例？ burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary 入室盗窃〔罪〕bus in ess corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreemen〔t 股权〕承买协议buy-sell agreemen〔t 股权〕买卖协议bylaws 〔内部〕章程CCalifornia Penal Code?加州刑法典?capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitatio n tax 人头税career crim inal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefi ng案情摘要case-i n-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method案例教学法case report判决报告case reports判例汇编casualty in sura nee〔意外伤害〕保险catalog商品目录〔单〕certificate 证书certificate of existe nee 实体存在证明〔书〕challenge置疑；挑战challe nge for cause有理回避cha ncery court 衡平法院chargi ng in strume nt 控告文件checks and bala nces制衡〔原那么〕chief judge首席法官chief justice首席大法官child abuse虐待儿童circuit court巡回法院circuit judge巡回法官circumsta ntial evide nee 旁证；情况证据citation 弓I证cite援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty民事自由civil Litigation 民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial民事审判法律英语词汇〔2〕2021-12-20 21:02:17|分类：专业英语词汇阅读10评论0 字号：大中小订阅Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act ? 内战所得税条例?Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporati on内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Clos ing stateme nt成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct ?法官行为准那么?Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission 佣金Commit 交托，犯〔罪〕Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比拟法Comparative negligence 比拟过失Compensation 赔偿〔金〕Compe nsatory damage应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 滥? 用毒品的综合预防与控制条例?Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存〔判决〕意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction 〔法律的〕构造，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Con sumer protectio n statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal puni shme nt 肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律参谋corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育时机委员会counselor （法律）参谋;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Pate nt Appeals关税及专禾U上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 穿插盘问;盘诘cruel and unu sual puni shme nt 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单（券） debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defen se's case-i n-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 缺乏额判决degrees of murder 恶（意）杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 成心deliberation （陪审团）评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理（或使用） designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer （土地）开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 辞退;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移（保险）产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置（权） dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket备审案件目录doctrine法那么；原那么doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原那么doctri ne of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原那么docume nt文件;文书docume nt of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause休眠的"贸易条款"domicile住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft起草;草拟draftma n起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run干转;排练due dilige nee适当努力due process正当程序Due Process Clause正当程序条款due process test正当程序检验标准duratio n 期限duress强迫;胁迫duty义务;关税duty of care照看义务法律英语词汇〔3〕2021-12-20 21:03:22|分类：专业英语词汇阅读16评论0 字号：大中小订阅earn est money 定金easyme nt地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭econo mic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素（件） empower 授权en act希9定;公布en banc全体法官出庭审判en croachme nt 侵占en cumbered property 抵押财产enforce实施；执行en forceable可强制执行的en forceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系enjoi n(衡平〕强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体en vir onmen tai impact stateme nt 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmentai protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmentai quaiity 环境质量equai protection ciause 平等保护条款equitabie reiief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essentiai justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税EU Directive欧盟指令evaiuate 评价evict 逐出〔租户〕evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary ruie 证据规那么ex aequo at bono公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception ciause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exciude 排除exciusive iisting 读家上市exciusive right 排他性权利exciusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusabie homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱〕执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物〔证〕exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家〔证人〕expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证〔保修〕ex rel 依据揭发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act ?代理商留置权条例? Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原那么feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act ?联邦行政程序Federal Antitrust Law ?联邦犯托拉斯法? federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act ?联邦住房条例?Federal Income Tax Act ?联邦所得税条例? federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure ?联邦民事诉讼规那么? Federal rules of criminal procedure ?联邦刑事诉讼规那么? Federal rules of evidence ?联邦证据规那么?Federal securities act 联? 邦证券条例? federal supremacy 联邦至上〔原那么〕Federal tort claims act ?联邦侵权索赔条例felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition呈交诉状；提出请求fine罚金fingerprint 手印fire in sura nee 火灾保险fire protect ion 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first in sta nee —审fixture 〔不动产〕附属物flogging 烙印force of law法律效力forcible felony暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 夕卜汇风险forfeiture没收；罚没form con tract格式合同form of evide nee 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking正式规那么制定formatio n 构成；鉴定fran chise tax特许经营税fraud诈欺free en terprise system 自由企业制度free moveme nt of goods自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate使受挫折fun dame ntal law 根本法fun dame ntal right 根本权利法律英语词汇〔4〕2021-12-20 21:04:29|分类：专业英语词汇阅读12评论0 字号：大中小订阅general acceptanee standarc科学证据的）公认标准gen eral part nership —般合伙gen eral property 一般财产〔权〕gen eral provisi ons 总那么geron tocratic 老人统治的gift tax赠予税gover nment tort政府侵权〔行为〕grant of power 授权gross n eglige nee 严重过失group in sura nee 团体保险guara ntee 担保guardia n监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪辩论Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 安康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证〔会〕hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段〔形式〕homicide 杀人〔罪〕homosexuality 同性恋house counsel 〔公司〕专职法律参谋husband-wiferelationship 夫妻关系husband-wife tort 夫妻侵权〔行为〕Id. 同上identification 认定；确认身份；身份证ignore 无视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免〔权〕impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾；质疑implementation 实施；执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证〔保修〕imprisonment 监禁imputable可归罪于 ... 的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的〔诉讼〕in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭；监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act ?所得税条例? income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人in depe ndent regulatory age ncy 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择〔权〕individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 失效的inequality 不平等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理;推论infliction 处分informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规那么制定information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity defense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查;审查installment land vendor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡in sura nee coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费in sura nee proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险工程insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财产intangible personal property 无形的人身财产（权） inter alia 除了别的以外interfere 干预;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;（诉讼）中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 成心的intentional tort 成心侵权行为interest 利息;权益;利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权in vestigati on 侦查;调查in vestme nt 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irreleva ncy无相关性irreleva nt不相关的irreleva nt evide nee无相关性证据irrevocable不可撤销的irrevocable life in sura nee trust不可撤销的人寿保险信托iti nerant judge 巡回法官法律英语词汇〔5〕2021-12-20 21:05:16|分类：专业英语词汇阅读19评论0 字号：大中小订阅Jjoint tenancy共同租借（权）joi nt ven ture合资企业joi nt ven ture corporati on 合资公司joi nt ven ture with Chin ese and foreig n inv estme nt 中外合资企业judge 法官judge-made law 法官立法judge's chamber 法官室judge's charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge's in struction to jury 法官对陪审团的指示judgme nt判决，裁定judicial branch 司法部门judicial clerkship 法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district 司法区judicial in terpretati on 司法解释judicial no tice 司法任职judicial opi nio n 法官判决意见judicial review 司法审查judicial scruti ny 司法检查judicial subjectivity 审判主观性judicial system 法院系统judiciary 法官jurisdict ion 司法管辖区jurisprudenee 法理学juror 陪审员jury 陪审团jury charge法官对陪审团的指令jury pool 待选陪审员库jury selection 挑选陪审员jury trial 陪审团制justice 公正，大法官justice of the peace 治安法官justifiable homicide 正当杀人juvenile court 未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency 未成年人违法行为KKey man assurance 关键人保险Key pers on in sura nee关键人保险Kickbacks 回扣Kill 杀人Killer 杀人者Know-how 技术秘密，商业秘密Lland use law 土地使用法last elear ehanee doetrine 最后明显时机法那么law 法，法律law firm 律师事务所law mereha nt商业习惯法law of evide nee 证据法law reform 法律改革lawsuit 诉讼，官司lawyer 律师lawyer in government 政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private praetiee 私人开业律师lawyerette 律师娘lawman 外行人lay witness 普通证人；非专家证人lease 租赁lease agreement 租赁协议legaey 遗产legaey tax 遗产税legal 合法的legal adviee 法律咨询legal eommentary 法律评论legal edueation 法律教育legal effeet 法律教育legal enforeement 法律效力legal English 法律英语legal family 法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mecha nism 法律机希9 legal memora ndum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order法律秩序legal problem法律问题legal professi on 法律职业legal protectio n 法律保护legal relati on ship 法律关系legal represe ntative 法律代表legal safeguard法律保障〔措施〕legal system法律体系；法律制度legal theorist法学理论家legal writing法律文书写作legalese法律涩语legality 法制legislatio n 立法legislative branch 立法部门legislative history 立法史legislature立法机关legitimate 合法的levy征收〔税〕liability责任；债务liability in sura nee 责任保险liberty 自由license plate〔车〕执照牌lice nse tax 执照税lien留置〔权〕life estate终生财〔遗〕产life in sura nee 人寿保险limited part nership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant诉讼当事人litigation诉讼；打官司livestock in sura nee 家畜保险loan贷款lord cha ncellor （英国）大法官loss of rights丧失权利Jurisprude nee History of Legal Systems and Con stituti on按照法律规定according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be en titled to rights in proporti on to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligati ons in proportio n to his proper share of the debt案例教学法case system案例汇编case book； case report law report柏拉图Plato?保护人权与根本自由公约？〔1950〕Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fun dame ntal Freedoms 1950 〔罗〕被视为be deemed as被宣布为非法be outlawed； be declared illegal比拟法comparative law比拟法学comparative jurisprudence比拟法学派school of comparative jurisprudence比拟法制史comparative legal history比拟分析法method of comparative analysis比拟刑法comparative pen al law比拟刑法学comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系positive causal relati on ship边缘法学borderline jurisprudence变通方法adaptation； accommodation补充规定supplementary provision补救方法remedial measures不成文法unwritten law不成文宪法unwritten constitution不动产所在地法律law of the place where the real property is situated lex loci rei immobilisci不可分割的权利impartible right不可抗力force majuere不可侵犯性inviolability不可让与性inalienability不履行法律义务non-performa nee of obligati on不要式行为in formal act不要因的法律行为non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利imprescriptible right不作为abstain from an act act of omission咅部门法department law咅部门规章regulation参照consult参照具体情况in the light of actual conditions参照原文consult the original查士丁尼法典Code Justinian；Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编Authe nticum超出法律范围的outside of law超出法律权限的extralegal超过权限exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction成文法written law成文宪法writte n con stituti on冲突法conflict of laws ；rules of conflict冲突规那么conflict rule ；rule of conflict除〔本法〕另有规定夕卜except for otherwise stipulated〔by this law〕除外条款provisory clause除外责任条款exclusion clause触犯公共禾U益encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益go against the state's interests触犯人民禾U益encroach on the interests of the peopl; go against the people's in terests传统法律观念traditional ideas of law纯粹法学pure theory of law次要法规by law次要规那么secondary rule从宽解释原那么doctri ne of liberal con structi on从权利」accessory right至U达法定年龄come of age大法the fun dame ntal law大法官Lord High Cha ncellor大法官法院Court of Chancery大陆法系Continen tal Legal System大律师barrister?大明律？Crimi nal Law of the Mi ng Dy nasty 〔中〕大陪审团grand jury?大清律例?the Crimi nal Laws of the Qing Dy nasty 〔中〕?大宪章？〔 1215〕Great Charte , 1215〔英〕单行法规 specific regulati ons单一法律体系 un itary legal system单一制政府 un itary gover nment但书 proviso当代法学动向 current trend of jurisprudeneen atural in terpretati onparty discipli ne and the law of the country?德国民法典？German Civil code德拉古Draco地方各级人民代表大会 local people's con gresses at differe nt levels地方各级人民法院 local people's courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院 local people's procuratorates at different levels地方各级人民政府 local people's governments at different levels第二读 sec ond read ing第三读 third reading二元论 the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制 dual con stituti onal mon archy system二元论 the dualistic theory二元论者dualist二元制9 bicameral system法的本质 the nature of law当然解释 党纪国法 道德标准 norm of morality道德义务 moral obligati on法的变化changes of law法的定义definition of law法的开展development of law法的分类divisions of law法的概念concepts of law法的标准作用normalized usage of law法的继承succession of law法的精神spirit of law法的可预测性foreseeability of law法的类型types of law法的历史类型的更替the replacement of one historical mode of law by another 法的历史渊源historical origin of law法的连续性con tin uity of law法的内容con texts of law法的社会作用social usage of law法的生效operation of law法的实现realization of law法的特征character of law法的现象legal phenomenon法的消亡withering away of law法的形式渊源formal source of law法的要素elements of law法的渊源source of law法的职能function of law法的作用role of law法典code； statute book法典编纂codification of codes法定成年人的年龄age of majority；legal age法定程序legal procedure法定处分statutory penalty法定代理人：age nt ad litem法定解释statutory interpretation法定量刑情节legally prescribed circumstances of sentencing 法定年龄legal age；lawful age法定年龄限希9 a statutory age limit法定期间prescribed time法定期限legal term法定权禾legal right; right entitled by law法定权限limits of power prescribed by law法定人数quorum法定日appo in ted day法定时间appo in ted time法定时效statutory prescription法定条件legal condition法定限制statutory restrictions法定效力statutory force法定刑legally-prescribed punishment法定形式legal form法定责任statutory duty法定追溯期time of legal memory法定最高刑maximum statutory penalty; maximum statutory sentence 法官judge法官的自由裁量权judge's power of discreti on法官权力范围extent of judge's power法官心证judge's mental impression法官中立原那么Nemo debt esse judex in propria causa法规编纂condification of laws and regulations法规的解释interpretation of statutes法规汇编corpus of the laws and regulations?法国民法典？Code Civile de Francais〔法〕法理jurisprudenee； principle of law法理学家jurisprudent法律保护legal protection法律编纂codification法律标准legal standards法律补救legal redress法律部门legal department法律草案draft regulations法律措施legal measures法律大全Corpus legum法律的外乡化和改写the localizatio n and adaptii on of laws 法律大全Corpus legum法律的本质esse nee of law法律的地位position of law法律的定义definition of law法律的废止abolishment of law法律的公共秩序论public order theory of law法律的标准性normalization of law法律的继承sueeession of law法律的理想ideal of law法律的权威authority of law法律的失效lapse of law法律的实施administration of law ；law enforeement 法律的适用applieation of law法律的统一unifieation of law法律的推定presumption of law法律的推理analogy of law法律的完整性integrity of law法律的效力范围foree's seale of law法律的效力形式foree's form of law法律的修改alteration of law法律的演进evolutin of law法律的原理prineiple of law法律地位平等equal in legal status法律对人的效力person al aet of law编纂法律方法legal methodology法律分类classification of law法律赋予权力authority con ferred by law法律改革law reform法律概念legal concept法律根据legal basis法律工作者legal professional法律关系legal relation法律关系的运行process of legal relati on法律关系客体object of legal relation法律关系主体subject of legal relation法律规定provisions of law法律标准norm of law法律标准的逻辑构造logical structure of legal rule 法律规那么体系system of legal rules法律含义intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象legal phenomenon法律研究legal research法律要件legal requirement法律依据legal basis法律意见legal advice法律意见书legal opinion法律意识law-consciousness法律秩序legal order法律主体资格 capacity as a subject of law法律意义 legal sense法律用语 legal language法律与正义先验论 a prior theory of law and justice法律渊源 source of law法律原本注释gloss法律原理 legal doctrines法律原那么 principle of legality法律援助legal aid法律约束 legal binding ； legal restraint法律责任 legal responsibility法律责任的道义根底 moral basic of legal obligatio n法律责任的归结 imputat on of legal resp on sibility法律责任的认定 determ in atio n of legal resp on sibility法律责任的执行 en forceme nt of legal resp on sibility法律责任客体 object of legal responsibility法律责任主体 subject of legal responsibility法律哲学 philosophy of law ； philosophie du droit 〔法〕；法律政策 policy of the law 法律职业道德legal ethics法律指导 legal counsel法律制裁 legal sanction法律制度 regime of law ； legal systemphilosophia juris法律主张propositi on of law法律属地原那么territoriality of laws法律著述legal literature法律专家legal expert法律专业legal profession法律专著和教科书legal treati法律咨询legal advice法律尊严legal sanctity法盲legal illiterates法权right法社会学sociology of law法系legal system法协会law society法学jurisprudenee法学博士doctor of jurisprudenee法学导论leading principles of law法学的范畴体系the system of categories of jurisprude nee法学的范畴意识the con scious ness of category of jurisprude nee 法学的基石范畴fun dame ntal categories of jurisprude nee法学方法method of jurisprudenee法学方法论methodology of jurisprudenee法学会law society法学教科书law textbooks法学理论theory of law ；legal theory法学权威an academic authority in law法学士bachelor of law法学体系system of jurisprudenee法学通论first principles of law法学院faculty of law ；law school法医forensic medicine法医学forensic medicine法院court法院调查judicial investigation法院管辖权compete nee of court法院管辖以外的extrajudicial法院判决court decision法院系统court structure法院组织法judicature act法那么articles法哲学philosophy of law法制legal institution法制传统tradition of law system法制的精神spirit of legality法制的尊严dignity of the legal system法制观念legal concept法制观念淡薄very weak in the understanding of law 法制9 教育legal education； education of legal system 法制史legal history；history of legal system法治rule of law法治的机希9 the mechanism of rule of law法治的要素the element of rule of law非实质的immaterial非营禾的non-profit非约束性条款permissive provision废止法律annulment of law分别管辖权separate jurisdiction分别财产希9 separation of property regime分别规定separate provision分担责任share the responsibility分工负责，互相配合，互相制约divide responsibility for their own work ；coordi nate their efforts and check each other分工负责制division of labor responsibility system分级管理different levels holding different responsibilities分配制度distribution system分析法理学analytical jurisprudence否决权power veto； veto power否认事实denial of facts服从法律amenable to law subject to the law服从判决accept a judgment符合程序be in order符合法律be in conformity with law符合宪法constitutionality。

目录法学专业辅修培养方案 (2)侦查学专业辅修培养方案 (5)政治学与行政学专业辅修培养方案 (7)国际政治专业辅修培养方案 (10)行政管理专业辅修培养方案 (13)公共事业管理专业辅修培养方案 (16)工商管理专业辅修培养方案 (19)经济学专业辅修培养方案 (22)国际商务专业辅修培养方案范例 (24)汉语言文学专业辅修本科培养方案 (27)哲学专业辅修培养方案范例 (30)新闻学专业辅修培养方案 (33)思想政治教育专业辅修培养方案 (36)社会学专业辅修培养方案 (38)应用心理学专业辅修培养方案 (41)法学专业辅修培养方案一、学分要求总学分为53，全部为课堂教学学分，其中专业必修学分35学分、专业选修学分18学分。

二、结业证书与学位授予修满辅修专业培养方案规定的必修学分，经审查合格可授予辅修专业结业证书；修满辅修专业培养方案规定的所有学分、撰写学位论文并通过论文答辩的，经审查合格，授予法学学士学位证书。

三、课程设置选修课程系列表侦查学专业辅修培养方案一、学分要求辅修侦查学专业要求修满专业课课堂教学58学分，其中专业必修课须修满36学分，专业选修课程须修满16学分。

二、结业证书与学位授予修满辅修专业培养方案规定的必修学分，经审查合格可授予辅修专业结业证书；修满辅修专业培养方案规定的所有学分、撰写学位论文并通过论文答辩的，经审查合格，授予法学学士学位证书。

三、课程设置选修课程系列表政治学与行政学专业辅修培养方案一、学分要求政治学与行政学辅修专业共需修满56学分，其中专业必修课由13门课程组成，共38学分；专业选修课由21门课程组成，应修满18学分。

二、结业证书与学位授予修满主修专业规定学分，并达到毕业要求的学生，修满辅修专业培养方案规定的学分，经审查合格可授予辅修专业结业证书；修满辅修专业培养方案规定的所有学分、撰写学位论文并通过论文答辩的，经审查合格，授予法学学士学位证书。

三、课程设置2、主修专业已修的选修课，辅修专业不得重复选修。

Enforce 强制执行Administration 行政Administration remedy 行政救济Administration law corporate 行政法人Administration law judge 行政法官Administration court 行政法院Administration rules 行政法规Enforce authority 强制执行判决Administrative lawsuit 行政诉讼Administrative law 行政法Administrative litigation 行政诉讼法Obligation 责任Evidence 证据Civil servant 公务员Administrative detention 行政拘留General principles 基本原则The will of the state 国家意志Administrative law relation 行政法联系Administrative subject 行政主体Management 管理Supervise 监督Regulation 规章Specific regulations 单行条例Executive participation 行政参与性Administrative legitimacy 行政合法性Government accountability 政府责任Legal relationship 法律关系Enforceability 执行性Mandatory 强制性Regulate 调控Organize 组织Feature 特征Function 功能Domination 支配Treaty 条约Main 主体Implementation 实施Counter part 相对人Origin 渊源Program 程序Sector act 部门法Security 保障Self-government bill 自治条例Post 职务Constitution 宪法Policing 治安管理Procedure 程序法Substantive 实体法Parties in action 当事人The administration of justice 司法行政Local law 地方法律Separate regulation 单行条例Procedural 程序性Substantive 实体性Administrative entity 行政实体法Administrative procedural 行政程序法The judicial interpretation 司法解释Local explanation 地方解释State department 国务院State organs 国家机关Law enforcement 执法Sanction punish 制裁Super ordinate law 上位法Impartiality 公正Qualifications of Administrative subject 行政主体资格Administrative competence 行政权限System of Administrative law 行政法体系Administrative responsibilities 行政职责Administrative powers 行政职权Dispute 纠纷priority 优先Administrative relation 行政关系Administrative authority 行政职权Administrative supervision 行政监管Legitimacy 合法性Legal liability 法律责任Legal system 法律体系Political principles 政治原则Legitimate right and interests 合法权益Administrative counterpart 行政相对人ordinance 条例amendment 修正案reviewing court 复审法院legal person 法人jurisdiction 司法管辖权state of limitations 诉讼时效imprisonment 监禁administrative reconsideration 行政复议prosecution 起诉prorogation 特权amendment 修正案established rules 成文规则spell out 详细规定legislative power 立法权judicial power 司法权executive power 行政权checks and balance 制约与平衡prosecute 提起公诉self-incrimination 自证其罪standard of proof 证明标准。

法律英语词汇：刑法和行政法专业词汇Criminal Laws and Administrative Laws帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence绑架妇女儿童罪crime of kidnapping women and children包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate包庇毒品犯罪分子罪crime of harboring drug criminals报复陷害罪case of retaliation and frame-ups必要共同犯罪indispensable joint crime并科原则doctrine of cumulating punishments剥夺权利deprival of rights不能犯impossibility; unrealized offense参加恐怖活动组织罪crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities超越管辖权excess of jurisdiction超越职权范围overstep one s authority惩办和宽大相结合combine punishment with leniency惩办少数、改造多数的原则principle of punishing the few and reforming the many惩罚措施punitive measure惩罚性制裁punitive sanction惩罚与教育相结合combination of punishment and education处以刑罚inflict punishment处以有期徒刑sentence to fixed-term imprisonment触犯break the law; violate the law抽逃出资罪crime of flight of capital contribution抽象行政行为abstract administrative act出口骗税犯罪活动criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates inexport出售伪造发票罪crime of selling counterfeit currency出于对法律的无知from ignorance of law出于恶意from malevolence从轻处罚gie a lesser punishment从重处罚give a severer punishment单位受贿罪crime of bribe taken by a unit单一犯罪构成single constitution of crime盗伐林木罪crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives盗窃犯theft act; larcenist渎职犯罪案件case of dereliction of duty对象不能犯object impossibility多次作案repeatedly commit crimes罚不当罪punishment does not fit the crime犯意criminal intent; mens real犯罪低龄化lowering ages of criminal offenders犯罪动机criminal motive犯罪构成constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime 犯罪构成要件special constitutive elements of crime犯罪故意criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea犯罪集团criminal gang; criminal group犯罪客观要件objective circumstances of a crime犯罪客体criminal object; object of a crime犯罪实行终了completion of a criminal act犯罪学criminology犯罪预防crime prevention犯罪中止discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime犯罪主观方面要素subjective elements of crime犯罪主体subject of crime犯罪着手initiate a crime犯罪组织criminal organization贩卖毒品罪drug offense; crime of drug trafficking防卫过当unjustifiable self-defense防卫挑拨instigation of defense; provocation of defense防卫限度limit of defense防止类似事件重演prevent the recurrence of similar incidents 妨碍公务罪crime of disrupting public service妨害公共安全罪crime of impairing public security放弃权利withdraw a claim; waive a right非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition非法持有毒品罪crime of illegally holding drugs非法干涉illegal intervention非法干预unlawful interference非法出售增值税专用发票罪crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of VAT非法活动unlawful activities非法利益unlawful interests非法手段illegal means非强制性行政行为non-coercive form of administrative action非正式的informal; irregular非政府机关non-governmental organization非主要条件non-essential stipulation非专业的non-professional诽谤罪crime of defamation隔地犯offense of segregation by location隔时犯offense of segregation by time工具不能犯impossibility of instruments故意犯罪calculated crime; intentional crime故意杀人罪crime of intentional homicide故意伤害罪crime of willful and malicious injury 管辖：jurisdiction惯犯habitual criminal惯例custom and usage过失犯罪criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime国家赔偿案件case of state compensation国家赔偿的归责原则principle of culpability for state compensation国家赔偿的双重过错原则principle of dual faults for state compensationstate compensation law国家赔偿主体subject of state compensation国家权力机关state authority国际审判机关state judicial organs国家行政机关state administrative organs国家意志state s will国家职能function of the state国民待遇national treatment黑社会性质的犯罪集团gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang缓期二年执行with a two-year reprieve缓刑probate cessat executio集合犯aggregate offense; collective offense既遂犯accomplished crime继承法inheritance law继续犯continuous crime加重处罚give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed假冒他人注册商标罪crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another假释parole假想防卫imaginative defense假想数罪imaginatively several crimes简单共同犯罪simple joint crime间接故意indirect intent; indirect iintentino教唆未遂attempt of solicitation劫持船只、汽车罪crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile劫持航空器罪crime of skyjacking结果犯consequential offen结果加重犯aggregated consequential offense结合犯combinative crime; integrated offense se拒不执行人院判决、裁定罪crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People s Court具结悔过make a statement of repentence具体行政行为specific administrative act具体罪名concrete accusation绝对不确定法定刑absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment军人违反职责罪crimes of soldiers violating military dutie 抗税罪offense of resisting taxes客体不能犯object impossibility空白罪状blank facts about a crime滥伐林木罪crime of illegal denudation累犯recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense连续犯罪continuing crime量刑criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion量刑不当criterion for sentence量刑幅度extent for discretionary action of sentencing虐待罪crime of abusing member of one s family挪用公款案case of misappropriation of public funds偶犯casual offender; casual offense情节加重犯aggravated offense by circumstances情节特别严重when the circumstances are particularly wicked情节严重、构成犯罪的when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime取保候审post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving扰乱公共场所秩序罪crime of disturbing order at public placescriminal law刑罚penalty; punishment刑事责任能力criminal capacityadministrative law; executive law行政administrative laws and regulations行政法学administrative jurisprudence行政解释administrative interpretation行政救济administrative remedy预防犯罪anti-crime治安管理security administration 治安条例security regulations from：。

行政管理专业专用词汇英汉对照行政管理专业专用词汇英汉对照1. administration 行政管理2. administrative procedures 行政程序3. administrative law 行政法4. administrative agency 行政机关5. administrative discretion 行政裁量权6. administrative tribunal 行政法庭7. administrative appeal 行政申诉8. administrative enforcement 行政执法9. administrative inspection 行政检查10. administrative supervision 行政监督11. administrative sanction 行政处罚12. administrative punishment 行政处分13. administrative contract 行政合同14. administrative order 行政命令15. administrative document 行政文件16. administrative rule 行政规则17. administrative regulation 行政法规18. administrative decision 行政决定19. administrative act 行政行为20. administrative power 行政权力21. administrative responsibility 行政责任22. administrative accountability 行政问责制23. public administration 公共行政24. public management 公共管理25. public policy 公共政策26. public finance 公共财政27. public service 公共服务28. public interest 公共利益29. public participation 公众参与30. public opinion 公众舆论31. public relations 公共关系32. public image 公共形象33. public trust 公共信任34. civil administration 民政35. civil service 公务员36. civil society 民间社会37. civil society organization 民间社会组织38. civil rights 公民权利39. civil liberties 公民自由40. civil law 民法41. civil liability 民事责任42. civil procedure 民事诉讼程序43. civil judgment 民事判决44. civil execution 民事执行45. civil mediation 民事调解46. civil arbitration 民事仲裁47. civil compensation 民事赔偿48. civil contract 民事合同49. civil code 民法典50. social administration 社会管理51. social policy 社会政策52. social welfare 社会福利53. social security 社会保障54. social insurance 社会保险55. social assistance 社会救助56. social work 社会工作57. social welfare organization 社会福利组织58. social responsibility 社会责任59. economic administration 经济管理60. economic policy 经济政策61. economic reform 经济改革62. economic development 经济发展63. economic growth 经济增长64. economic efficiency 经济效率65. economic globalization 经济全球化66. economic integration 经济一体化67. economic competition 经济竞争68. economic cooperation 经济合作69. economic integration 经济一体化70. economic regulation 经济调节71. economic supervision 经济监管72. economic security 经济安全73. economic law 经济法74. economic analysis 经济分析75. environmental administration 环境管理76. environmental policy 环境政策77. environmental protection 环境保护78. environmental education 环境教育79. environmental impact assessment 环境影响评价80. environmental auditing 环境审计81. environmental compensation 环保赔偿82. resources administration 资源管理83. resources policy 资源政策84. resources development 资源开发85. natural resources 自然资源86. land resources 土地资源87. mineral resources 矿产资源88. water resources 水资源89. forest resources 林业资源90. energy resources 能源资源91. technological administration 科技管理92. technological policy 科技政策93. technological innovation 科技创新94. technological upgrading 科技升级95. technological transfer 科技转移96. intellectual property 知识产权97. patent 专利98. trademark 商标99. copyright 版权100. information administration 信息管理101. information technology 信息技术102. information security 信息安全103. information management 信息管理104. information system 信息系统105. information resource 信息资源106. information network 信息网络107. information society 信息社会108. information industry 信息产业109. tourism administration 旅游管理110. tourism policy 旅游政策111. tourism development 旅游开发112. tourism marketing 旅游营销113. tourism service 旅游服务114. tourism product 旅游产品115. tourism resource 旅游资源116. tourism infrastructure 旅游基础设施117. legal administration 法律管理118. legal education 法律教育119. legal service 法律服务120. legal aid 法律援助121. legal advice 法律咨询122. legal assistance 法律协助123. legal liability 法律责任124. legal procedure 法律程序125. legal system 法律体系126. legal philosophy 法学哲学127. legal history 法律史128. legal theory 法律理论129. international administration 国际管理130. international law 国际法131. international relations 国际关系132. international organization 国际组织133. international cooperation 国际合作134. international negotiation 国际谈判135. international communication 国际交流136. international development 国际发展137. international trade 国际贸易138. international investment 国际投资139. diplomatic administration 外交管理140. diplomatic immunity 外交豁免141. diplomatic protocol 外交礼仪142. consular service 领事服务143. embassy 大使馆144. consulate 领事馆145. visa 签证146. passport 护照147. military administration 军事管理148. military strategy 军事战略149. military tactics 军事战术150. military organization 军队组织151. military logistics 军事后勤152. military intelligence 军事情报153. military diplomacy 军事外交154. military law 军事法律155. military training 军事训练156. disaster administration 灾害管理157. disaster prevention 灾害防治158. disaster relief 灾害救援159. emergency response 应急响应160. emergency management 应急管理161. emergency preparedness 应急准备162. public safety 公共安全163. national security 国家安全164. social stability 社会稳定165. public health 公共卫生166. healthcare administration 医疗管理167. healthcare policy 医疗政策168. healthcare reform 医疗改革169. healthcare service 医疗服务170. healthcare insurance 医疗保险171. healthcare resource 医疗资源172. healthcare system 医疗体系173. nursing care 护理照料174. disease prevention 疾病预防175. health inspection 卫生检查176. health education 卫生教育177. health promotion 卫生促进178. health management 卫生管理179. health statistics 卫生统计180. health research 卫生研究181. food safety 食品安全182. drug administration 药品管理183. traditional Chinese medicine 中药学184. public transport 公共交通185. urban transport 城市交通186. transportation policy 交通政策187. transportation planning 交通规划188. transportation infrastructure 交通基础设施189. transportation service 交通服务190. transportation safety 交通安全191. transportation efficiency 交通效率192. transportation network 交通网193. transportation technology 交通技术194. transportation economics 交通经济195. transportation law 交通法律196. education administration 教育管理197. education policy 教育政策198. education reform 教育改革199. education system 教育体系200. education curriculum 教育课程201. education quality 教育质量202. education investment 教育投资203. education administration organization 教育管理机构204. higher education 高等教育205. vocational education 职业教育206. adult education 成人教育207. special education 特殊教育208. private education 私立教育209. foreign education 国外教育210. cultural administration 文化管理211. cultural policy 文化政策212. cultural heritage 文化遗产213. cultural relics 文物214. cultural industry 文化产业215. cultural exchange 文化交流216. cultural diversity 文化多样性217. cultural identity 文化认同218. cultural construction 文化建设219. cultural innovation 文化创新220. sports administration 体育管理221. sports policy 体育政策222. sports events 体育赛事223. sports facility 体育设施224. sports coaching 体育教练225. sports medicine 体育医学226. sports science 体育科学227. media management 媒体管理228. media policy 媒体政策229. media regulation 媒体监管230. media ethics 媒体伦理231. media literacy 媒体素养232. media technology 媒体技术233. media convergence 媒体融合234. media industry 媒体产业235. media globalization 媒体全球化236. public opinion survey 舆情调查237. propaganda administration 宣传管理238. propaganda policy 宣传政策239. propaganda campaign 宣传活动240. cultural propaganda 文化宣传241. news propaganda 新闻宣传242. education propaganda 教育宣传243. science and technology propaganda 科技宣传244. tourism propaganda 旅游宣传245. environmental propaganda 环境宣传246. health propaganda 卫生宣传247. public service advertising 公益广告248. public relations management 公共关系管理249. public relations strategy 公共关系战略250. crisis management 危机管理251. stakeholder management 利益相关者管理252. investor relations 投资者关系253. community relations 社区关系254. employee relations 员工关系255. media relations 媒体关系256. government relations 政府关系257. corporate social responsibility 企业社会责任258. management science 管理科学259. management theory 管理理论260. management method 管理方法261. management technique 管理技术262. management practice 管理实践263. management innovation 管理创新264. management education 管理教育265. strategic management 战略管理266. operation management 运营管理267. marketing management 市场营销管理268. financial management 财务管理269. human resource management 人力资源管理270. information management 信息管理271. technology management 技术管理272. project management 项目管理273. quality management 质量管理274. risk management 风险管理275. innovation management 创新管理276. knowledge management 知识管理277. performance management 绩效管理278. decision-making 决策279. planning 计划280. organizing 组织281. staffing 人力资源管理282. directing 领导283. controlling 控制284. delegation 授权285. motivation 激励286. leadership 领导力287. communication 沟通288. teamwork 团队合作289. conflict management 冲突管理290. time management 时间管理291. stress management 压力管理292. coaching 教练293. mentoring 导师294. supervision 监督295. evaluation 评估296. feedback 反馈297. decision support 决策支持298. software engineering 软件工程299. network engineering 网络工程300. system analysis 系统分析总结：以上行政管理专业专用词汇英汉对照，涵盖了行政管理学科及相关领域中的重要术语，涉及到的范围比较广泛，子项也比较多，如果有需要真正用到某个领域的术语，需要进一步熟悉该领域专业知识，并结合实际情况进行运用。

中国行政法若干关键词的英文翻译何海波【学科分类】行政法学【出处】《行政法学研究》2011年第3期【摘要】中国法律术语外文翻译的精确和统一，是中外法律交流新形势的要求。

文章探讨了20余个行政法学关键词的英文翻译，其中包括：行政诉讼、行政复议、信访，法律、法规、规章，行政行为、行政处罚、行政许可、行政强制、行政裁决，行政主体、行政相对人、行政机关、行政执法人员，行政责任、行政处分，依法治国、依法行政、法治政府。

本着求同存异、约定俗成的原则，作者分析比较中西相关法律制度的异同，并着力考察了国际英文文献对相关概念的使用。

【关键词】行政法学；法律术语；英文翻译【写作年份】2011年【正文】对中国的法律人来说，英语现在不止是学习外国法的工具，也是“输出”中国法的工具。

为适应加入WTO 所作的承诺，中国政府正在大规模地开展法律、法规英文翻译的工作。

一些学校开设了面向国外留学生的中国法课程。

大多数学者即使不写作英语论文，他们的中文论文也常常要求附有英文的标题和摘要。

如何把中国的法律和法学翻译成英文，就像翻译外国法一样令人困扰。

现有翻译中最大问题之一是术语混乱。

中国行政法的规范庞杂、法典化程度很低，不同法系混搭，再加上自身的改造，更增添了译法的混乱。

对同一个词的各种译法，在法学词典往往不加辨析地罗列，在法律汇编中前后不一地杂陈。

例如，在法律出版社1998年出版的《新汉英法学词典》里，“行政诉讼”的译法多达4种（administrativeact io n/l itigation/procedure/proceedings），其中多数译法是明显有问题的。

中国法制出版社2005年出版的中英文对照的行政法规汇编《行政法》，更是混乱译法的集大成者。

为了促进翻译的精确和统一，有必要专门探讨行政法学上一些关键概念的翻译，以便利交流、减少误解。

本文辨析中国行政法学关键词译法的方法有二：一是求同存异，即把握概念在中国语境中的涵义，找寻西方国家（主要是英语国家）的相应制度，以之对应中国概念。

《行政法与行政诉讼法》课程标准专业必修课学时：60 学分：4适用对象：法律事务专业学生一、课程基本信息1、课程英文名称：Administrative Law and Administrative Procedure Law2、课程类别：专业必修课程3、课程学时: 总学时60 实验学时：64、学分：45、先修课程：法理学、宪法学、刑法学、民法学、民事诉讼法学6、适用专业：法律事务专业7、开课院/教研室：文化传播学院/法律教研室二、课程性质与地位行政法与行政诉讼法是长沙民政职业技术学院法律事务专业的必修课。

行政法与行政诉讼法是我国法律体系的三大部类之一，在实体法和程序法中占有极为重要的地位，在国家司法资格统一考试中占有八分之一左右的比重，因而被教育部确定为高等教学法学专业的十四门核心课程之一。

三、课程的目的与任务课程的任务是，介绍行政法与行政诉讼法的基本概念、基本原理、基本制度和其它基础知识，使得学生对我国行政法学的基本框架有一个较为全面的了解，培养学生具体运用法律知识解决行政管理和行政诉讼中实际问题的能力并使之树立行政法治观念，提高自己的法学知识水平，从而为其将来依法行政或者代理行政诉讼准备必要的知识和能力基础。

四、课程的基本要求本课程是法学专业本科生的一门重要的必修专业课，总课时60学时，其教学内容分为两大部分：第一部分行政法学，主要讲授行政法学的基本知识和原理，占40学时；第二部分为行政诉讼法学，主要讲授行政诉讼法学的基本知识和原理，占20学时。

本课程以课堂讲授为主，辅之以课堂讨论、案例分析、庭审旁听和模拟法庭，以提高同学们的专业知识水平和实际工作能力为宗旨，着重在于培养同学们的实际操作能力和理论研究能力。

在教学应注意：1、采用案例教学的方法本课程理论性较强，讲授中应选取一些典型的行政案例以方便学生对有关的原理知识的理解。

2、比较教学的方法在讲授行政诉讼法时，应将三大诉讼法程序上的异同点进行比较讲授，以便同学更能深刻地把握相关的理论知识。

中国行政法若干关键词的英文翻译何海波*中国法律术语外文翻译的精确和统一，是中外法律交流新形势的要求。

文章探讨了20余个行政法学关键词的英文翻译，其中包括：行政诉讼、行政复议、信访，法律、法规、规章，行政行为、行政处罚、行政许可、行政强制、行政裁决，行政主体、行政相对人、行政机关、行政执法人员，行政责任、行政处分，依法治国、依法行政、法治政府。

本着求同存异、约定俗成的原则，作者分析比较中西相关法律制度的异同，并着力考察了国际英文文献对相关概念的使用。

关键词：行政法学法律术语英文翻译对中国的法律人来说，英语现在不止是学习外国法的工具，也是"输出"中国法的工具。

为适应加入 WTO所作的承诺，中国政府正在大规模地开展法律、法规英文翻译的工作。

一些学校开设了面向国外留学生的中国法课程。

大多数学者即使不写作英语论文，他们的中文论文也常常要求附有英文的标题和摘要。

如何把中国的法律和法学翻译成英文，就像翻译外国法一样令人困扰。

[1] 现有翻译中最大问题之一是术语混乱。

中国行政法的规范庞杂、法典化程度很低，不同法系混搭，再加上自身的改造，更增添了译法的混乱。

对同一个词的各种译法，在法学词典往往不加辨析地罗列，在法律汇编中前后不一地杂陈。

例如，在法律出版社1998年出版的《新汉英法学词典》里，"行政诉讼"的译法多达4种（administrative action/litigation/procedure/proceedings），其中多数译法是明显有问题的。

中国法制出版社2005年出版的中英文对照的行政法规汇编《行政法》，更是混乱译法的集大成者。

为了促进翻译的精确和统一，有必要专门探讨行政法学上一些关键概念的翻译，以便利交流、减少误解。

本文辨析中国行政法学关键词译法的方法有二：一是求同存异，即把握概念在中国语境中的涵义，找寻西方国家（主要是英语国家）的相应制度，以之对应中国概念。

draft 法案,草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制,合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止,取消rescission, annulment 废除,取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律) cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免,豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格nonretroactive character 不溯既往性prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法law of nations 万国公法,国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利,公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税法律英语词汇2009-12-20 20:59:34| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读8 评论0 字号：大中小订阅管辖：jurisdiction级别管辖：jurisdiction by level地域管辖：territorial jurisdiction移送管辖：referral jurisdiction指定管辖：designation jurisdiction审判组织: trial organization回避withdrawal诉讼参加人participants in court诉讼当事人parties in court诉讼代理人agents ad litem期间：time periods送达service调解conciliation财产保全property preservation先予执行preliminary execution妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施：compulsory measures against impairment of civil actions 诉讼费：litigation costs第一审普通程序ordinary procedure of first instance第二审程序procedure of second instance起诉bring a lawsuit受理accept a case开庭审理trial in court诉讼中止suspension of a lawsuit诉讼终止conclusion of a lawsuit判决judgment裁定order简易程序summary procedure特别程序special procedure选民资格案件cases concerning certificates of voters宣告失踪proclamation of a person as missing宣告死亡proclamation of a person as dead无民事行为能力incompetent for civil conduct限制行为能力limited capacity for civil conduct无主财产property of ownerless执行申请application for execution执行移转referral of execution仲裁arbitration司法协助judicial assistanceAabsolute proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序）accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System英美法系anonymous accusation匿名控告appeal上诉appear出庭appellant上诉人appellate action上诉行为appellate court上诉法院appellee被上诉人appealer上诉人appropriate拨款appurtenant附属物arbiter仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array陪审员名单arrest逮捕arrest warrant逮捕令（证）arrestee被捕人article条款，文章article of authority授权条款articles of confederation《联帮条例》articles of incorporation公司组织章程artificial person法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault意图或威胁伤害assert主张，宣称asset资产assistant attorney助理法官associate judge副法官associate justice副大法官assumption违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt意图，企图attempted escape逃脱未遂attestation证词attorney代理人，律师attorney at law律师attorney general检察长authentication鉴定authority权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance机动车保险automobile tort机动车侵权行为autonomy自治（权）Bban禁令，禁止banishment流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge破产债务解除bankruptcy judge破产法官bar律师职业bar association律师协会barrister出庭律师battery殴打bench trial法官审beneficiary受益人benefit收益，福得bigamy重婚罪bill of lading提单bill of right《人权法案》bind over具保，具结binder临时保险单binding有约束力binding contract有约束力的合同binding force约束力binding interpretation有约束力的解释black-letter law（普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association全美黑人律师协会blue sky law蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判法律英语词汇（2）2009-12-20 21:02:17| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读10 评论0 字号：大中小订阅Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用) designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款"domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务法律英语词汇（3）2009-12-20 21:03:22| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读16 评论0 字号：大中小订阅earnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件)empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利法律英语词汇（4）2009-12-20 21:04:29| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读12 评论0 字号：大中小订阅general acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产（权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人（罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband-wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId. 同上identification 认定；确认身份；身份证ignore 忽视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免（权）impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾；质疑implementation 实施；执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证（保修）imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭；监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择（权）individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 失效的inequality 不平等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理;推论infliction 处罚informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规则制定information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity defense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查;审查installment land vendor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险项目insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财产intangible personal property 无形的人身财产(权)inter alia 除了别的以外interfere 干涉;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 故意的intentional tort 故意侵权行为interest 利息;权益;利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权investigation 侦查;调查investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irrelevancy 无相关性irrelevant 不相关的irrelevant evidence 无相关性证据irrevocable 不可撤销的irrevocable life insurance trust 不可撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官法律英语词汇（5）2009-12-20 21:05:16| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读19 评论0 字号：大中小订阅Jjoint tenancy 共同租借(权)joint venture 合资企业joint venture corporation合资公司joint venture with Chinese and foreign investment中外合资企业judge法官judge-made law法官立法judge's chamber法官室judge's charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge's instruction to jury法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch司法部门judicial clerkship法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district司法区judicial interpretation司法解释judicial notice司法任职judicial opinion法官判决意见judicial review司法审查judicial scrutiny司法检查judicial subjectivity审判主观性judicial system法院系统judiciary法官jurisdiction司法管辖区jurisprudence法理学juror陪审员jury陪审团jury charge法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice公正，大法官justice of the peace治安法官justifiable homicide正当杀人juvenile court未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks回扣Kill杀人Killer杀人者Know-how技术秘密，商业秘密Ｌland use law土地使用法last clear chance doctrine最后明显机会法则law 法，法律law firm律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of evidence证据法law reform法律改革lawsuit诉讼，官司lawyer律师lawyer in government政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice私人开业律师lawyerette律师娘lawman外行人lay witness普通证人；非专家证人lease租赁lease agreement租赁协议legacy遗产legacy tax遗产税legal合法的legal advice法律咨询legal commentary法律评论legal education法律教育legal effect法律教育legal enforcement法律效力legal English法律英语legal family法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制legislation 立法legislative branch 立法部门legislative history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的levy 征收（税）liability 责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty 自由license plate （车）执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置（权）life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利Jurisprudence，History of Legal Systems and Constitution按照法律规定according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法case system案例汇编case book；case report；law report柏拉图Plato《保护人权与基本自由公约》（1950）Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms，1950（罗）被视为be deemed as被宣布为非法be outlawed；be declared illegal比较法comparative law比较法学comparative jurisprudence比较法学派school of comparative jurisprudence比较法制史comparative legal history比较分析法method of comparative analysis比较刑法comparative penal law比较刑法学comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系positive causal relationship边缘法学borderline jurisprudence变通办法adaptation；accommodation补充规定supplementary provision补救办法remedial measures不成文法unwritten law不成文宪法unwritten constitution不动产所在地法律law of the place where the real property is situated；lex loci rei immobilisci不可分割的权利impartible right不可抗力force majuere不可侵犯性inviolability不可让与性inalienability不履行法律义务non-performance of obligation不要式行为informal act不要因的法律行为non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利imprescriptible right不作为abstain from an act；act of omission部门法department law部门规章regulation参照consult参照具体情况in the light of actual conditions参照原文consult the original查士丁尼法典Code Justinian；Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编Authenticum超出法律范围的outside of law超出法律权限的extralegal超过权限exceed authority；beyond jurisdiction成文法written law成文宪法written constitution冲突法conflict of laws；rules of conflict冲突规则conflict rule；rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外except for otherwise stipulated （by this law）除外条款provisory clause除外责任条款exclusion clause触犯公共利益encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益go against the state's interests触犯人民利益encroach on the interests of the people；go against the people's interests传统法律观念traditional ideas of law纯粹法学pure theory of law次要法规by law次要规则secondary rule从宽解释原则doctrine of liberal construction从权利accessory right达到法定年龄come of age大法the fundamental law大法官Lord High Chancellor大法官法院Court of Chancery大陆法系Continental Legal System大律师barrister《大明律》Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty（中）大陪审团grand jury《大清律例》the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty （中）《大宪章》（1215）Great Charter，1215（英）单行法规specific regulations单一法律体系unitary legal system单一制政府unitary government但书proviso当代法学动向current trend of jurisprudence当然解释natural interpretation党纪国法party discipline and the law of the country道德规范norm of morality道德义务moral obligation《德国民法典》German Civil code德拉古Draco地方各级人民代表大会local people's congresses at different levels 地方各级人民法院local people's courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院local people's procuratorates at different levels 地方各级人民政府local people's governments at different levels第二读second reading第三读third reading二元论the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制dual constitutional monarchy system二元论the dualistic theory二元论者dualist二元制bicameral system法的本质the nature of law法的变化changes of law法的定义definition of law法的发展development of law法的分类divisions of law法的概念concepts of law法的规范作用normalized usage of law法的继承succession of law法的精神spirit of law法的可预测性foreseeability of law法的类型types of law法的历史类型的更替the replacement of one historical mode of law by another 法的历史渊源historical origin of law法的连续性continuity of law法的内容contexts of law法的社会作用social usage of law法的生效operation of law法的实现realization of law法的特征character of law法的现象legal phenomenon法的消亡withering away of law法的形式渊源formal source of law法的要素elements of law法的渊源source of law法的职能function of law法的作用role of law法典code；statute book法典编纂codification of codes法定成年人的年龄age of majority；legal age法定程序legal procedure法定处罚statutory penalty法定代理人：agent ad litem法定解释statutory interpretation法定量刑情节legally prescribed circumstances of sentencing 法定年龄legal age；lawful age法定年龄限制 a statutory age limit法定期间prescribed time法定期限legal term法定权利legal right；right entitled by law法定权限limits of power prescribed by law法定人数quorum法定日appointed day法定时间appointed time法定时效statutory prescription法定条件legal condition法定限制statutory restrictions法定效力statutory force法定刑legally-prescribed punishment法定形式legal form法定责任statutory duty法定追溯期time of legal memory法定最高刑maximum statutory penalty；maximum statutory sentence 法官judge法官的自由裁量权judge's power of discretion法官权力范围extent of judge's power法官心证judge's mental impression法官中立原则Nemo debt esse judex in propria causa法规编纂condification of laws and regulations法规的解释interpretation of statutes法规汇编corpus of the laws and regulations《法国民法典》Code Civile de Francais （法）法理jurisprudence；principle of law法理学家jurisprudent法律保护legal protection法律编纂codification法律标准legal standards法律补救legal redress法律部门legal department法律草案draft regulations法律措施legal measures法律大全Corpus legum法律的本土化和改写the localization and adaptiion of laws 法律的本质essence of law法律的地位position of law法律的定义definition of law法律的废止abolishment of law法律的公共秩序论public order theory of law法律的规范性normalization of law法律的继承succession of law法律的理想ideal of law法律的权威authority of law法律的失效lapse of law法律的实施administration of law；law enforcement法律的适用application of law法律的统一unification of law法律的推定presumption of law法律的推理analogy of law法律的完整性integrity of law法律的效力范围force's scale of law法律的效力形式force's form of law法律的修改alteration of law法律的演进evolutin of law法律的原理principle of law法律地位平等equal in legal status法律对人的效力personal act of law编纂法律方法legal methodology法律分类classification of law法律赋予权力authority conferred by law法律改革law reform法律概念legal concept法律根据legal basis法律工作者legal professional法律关系legal relation法律关系的运行process of legal relation法律关系客体object of legal relation法律关系主体subject of legal relation法律规定provisions of law法律规范norm of law法律规范的逻辑结构logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系system of legal rules法律含义intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象legal phenomenon法律研究legal research法律要件legal requirement法律依据legal basis法律意见legal advice法律意见书legal opinion法律意识law-consciousness法律意义legal sense法律用语legal language法律与正义先验论 a prior theory of law and justice法律渊源source of law法律原本注释gloss法律原理legal doctrines法律原则principle of legality法律援助legal aid法律约束legal binding；legal restraint法律责任legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础moral basic of legal obligation法律责任的归结imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定determination of legal responsibility法律责任的执行enforcement of legal responsibility法律责任客体object of legal responsibility法律责任主体subject of legal responsibility法律哲学philosophy of law；philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris 法律政策policy of the law法律职业道德legal ethics法律指导legal counsel法律制裁legal sanction法律制度regime of law；legal system法律秩序legal order法律主体资格capacity as a subject of law法律主张proposition of law法律属地原则territoriality of laws法律著述legal literature法律专家legal expert法律专业legal profession法律专著和教科书legal treati法律咨询legal advice法律尊严legal sanctity法盲legal illiterates法权right法社会学sociology of law法系legal system法协会law society法学jurisprudence法学博士doctor of jurisprudence法学导论leading principles of law法学的范畴体系the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识the consciousness of category of jurisprudence 法学的基石范畴fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法method of jurisprudence法学方法论methodology of jurisprudence法学会law society法学教科书law textbooks。

法学专业课程名称的英文翻译法理学 Jurisprudence中国法制史 History of China Traditional Legal System宪法学 Constitution刑法学 Criminal Law民法学 Civil Law刑事诉讼法学 Criminal Procedure Law民事诉讼法学 Civil Procedure Law行政法学与行政诉讼法学 Administrative Law and Administrative Procedure Law经济法学 Economic Law商法学 Commercial Law知识产权法学 Intellectual Property Law国际法学 Public International Law国际私法 Private International Law国际经济法 International Economic Law犯罪学 Crime Theory监狱法 Jail Law犯罪心理学 Criminal Psychology外国刑法 Foreign Criminal Law证据学 Evidence Science司法文书 Judicial Docments国家赔偿法 State Compensation Law外国刑事诉讼法 Foreign Criminal Procedure Law中国刑法史 History Of Chinese Traditional Criminal Law公务员法 Civil Servants Act国家赔偿法 Civil Servants Act立法学 Legislative Science外国行政法 Foreign Administrative Law律师与公证 Lawyer and Notarization行政复议法 Administrative Review Law行政处罚法 Administrative Penalties Law比较宪法学 Comparative Constitution当代中国地方制度 Modern Chinese Local Governments system行政行为案例分析 Case Analysis of Administrative Action法哲学 Jurisprudence and Philosophy中国法律思想史 History of Chinese Legal Philosophy西方法律思想史 History of Western Legal Philosophy外国法制史 History of Foreign Legal system比较宪法学 Comparative Constitution英美法概论 Introduction to Anglo-American Law现代西方司法制度概论 Introduction to Modern Western Judicial System比较法总论 Introduction to Comparative Law法律解释学 Science of Construction of Law法律社会学 Legal Sociology中西法律文化概念 Introduction to Sino-Western Legal Cultures 立法学 Legislative Science海商法 Maritime Law国际投资法 International Investment Law国际贸易法 International Trade Law国际货币金融法 International Monetary and Financial Law国际关系史 History of International Relationship国际经贸争端解决法 International Trade Dispute Settlement Law 国际民事诉讼法 International Civil Procedure Law国际技术转让法 International Technology Transfer Law世界贸易组织法 World Trade Union Law国际税法 International Tax Law中国区际冲突法 Chinese Interregional Conflicts Law国际人权法 International Human Rights Law合同法 Contract Law婚姻家庭继承法 Marital Family and Inheritance Law公司法 Company Law(or Corporation Law)金融法 Financial Law证券法 Securities Law保险法 Insurance Law外国民商法 Foreign Civil and Commercial Law (or Foreign Civil Law)物权法 Jus rerem(Law of Things)罗马法 Roman Law人格权法 Personal Law侵权行为法 Torts Law司法文书 Judicial Law竞争法 Competition Law企业法 Enterprise Law劳动法 Labor Law环境资源法 Environmental Law财税法 Fiscal Law and Tax Law房地产法 Real Estate Law社会保障法 Social security Law国有资产管理法 State Owned Capitals Law证券法 Securities Law票据法 Commercial Instrument Law保险法 Insurance Law外国经济法 Foreign Economic Law欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。

第二章法律英语术语draft 法案，草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律 ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制，合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法 outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止，取消rescission, annulment 废除，取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律)cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同)cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免，豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格 nonretroactive character 不溯既往性 prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收 constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法 law of nations 万国公法，国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法 Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利，公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税Aabsolute proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序） accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》 action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度 advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系 allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会 American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System 英美法系 anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为 appellate court 上诉法院 appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令（证）arrestee 被捕人article 条款，文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation 《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会 assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张，宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据 automobile insurance 机动车保险 automobile tort 机动车侵权行为 autonomy 自治（权）Bban 禁令，禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除 bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法 black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会 body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任 burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户 capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书） challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据 citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》 Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》 Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系 Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释 Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失 controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院 court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚 cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求 damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团 death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券 decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用) designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品 discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则 doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款" domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭 economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件) empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系 enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券 error 过错 escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵ Directive 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点 excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人 execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定 express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》 Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》 Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求 fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决 formal rulemaking 正式规则制定。

《行政法学》课程教学大纲（双语）Syllabus of Administrative Law一、课程名称：行政法Administrative Law二、课程编码：三、学时与学分：48/3四、先修课程：法律基础，英语四级五、课程教学目标1.通过教学使学生掌握行政法基本理论知识，掌握英语表达中国行政法内容的方法，提供公共管理及法律教育的国际化视野；2.通过法学理论、法条及案例的综合教学，要求学生熟悉与掌握我国行政法律体系中的几大基本法律；3.结合我国现行法律和司法实践，帮助学生初步分析有关行政法现象与案例；4.引导学生确立依法行政的观念，树立社会主义法制观。

六、适用学科专业行政管理、公共事业管理七、基本教学内容与学时安排基本教学内容：共分为五部分：第一部分是行政法导论，阐述行政法的基本概念、一般原理、原则及有关行政法、行政法学发展等知识，进行理论上的铺垫工作；（100%英语授课）第二部分是行政主体与相对人，阐述行政主体的一般理论及有关行政主体职责、职权、管理手段与相对人权利、义务等具体理论和知识；（100%英语授课）第三部分是行政行为，介绍行政行为的一般理论及有关行政行为的性质、特征、构成要件、合法要件与各种类别行政行为运作程序等具体理论和知识；（50%英语授课，其中理论部分为英语，法条部分和案例教学部分为中文）第四部分是行政程序，详细介绍行政程序一般理论、基本原则及主要制度。

（50%英语授课, 其中理论部分为英语，法条部分和案例教学部分为中文）第五部分是国家赔偿法，对国家赔偿法进行全面、概括的介绍，并且系统、准确地阐述行政赔偿的归责原则、方式、步骤、程序与标准等具体理论和知识；（50%英语授课，其中理论部分为英语，法条部分和案例教学部分为中文）学时安排：第一部分：行政法导论（8学时，全英语）•行政法概述第二部分：行政主体与相对人（6学时，全英语）•行政主体•行政相对人•课下作业（阅读宪法英文版，交一篇用英语写作的读书笔记）第三部分：行政行为•行政行为概述（4学时，全英语）•抽象行政行为（6学时，其中3学时为英语）•具体行政行为（12学时，其中6学时为英语）•课堂讨论（用中英双语进行案例讨论）第四部分：行政程序•行政程序法（6学时，其中3学时为英语）•课外活动（用英语模拟举办听证会）第五部分：国家赔偿•国家赔偿法（6学时，其中3学时为英语）期末考试（闭卷，卷面语言为英语，公共事业管理专业二班同学答题可用中文）八、教材及参考书1、阎铁毅等：中国行政法（英文版），大连海事大学出版社，20052、恩斯特•盖尔霍恩，罗纳德• M •莱文（Ernest Gellhorn & Ronald M. Levin）：行政法（第4版英文影印），法律出版社，20013、应松年：行政法学新论（第三版），中国方正出版社,20044、方世荣：行政法与行政诉讼法学（21世纪法学创新系列教材），人民法院出版社,2003叶必丰.行政法与行政诉讼法.中国人民大学出版社,2003（可从超星数字图书馆下载）5、皮纯协，张成福.行政法学（公共管理硕士（MPA）系列教材）.中国人民大学出版社,2002 （可从超星数字图书馆下载）九、考核方式闭卷书面考试70%+课堂作业与讨论20%+出勤情况10%Teaching concepts:The first part, as an introduction to administrative law, introduces the basic concepts, general theories, principles, and knowledge of the historical development of administrativelaw and science of administrative law.In the second part which named administrative subject and administrative counterpart, we explain general theories, specific theories and knowledge about duties, authorities, administrative means of administrative subjects and about the rights and obligations of counterparts.The third part is about administrative act, which introduces the general theories of administrative acts and specific theories and knowledge about the nature, features, essentials and procedures of administrative acts.The fourth part is about administrative procedures, which introduces the general theories, principles and main systems of administrative procedure.The last part is concerning state compensation law and administrative compensation, which firstly comprehensively and generally introduces the state compensation law, and then systematically and correctly describes the specific theories and knowledge on doctrines of liability fixation, measures, procedures and criteria of administrative compensation.Outline and schedule:Part 1: Introduction (8 hours, in English)Basic TermsBasic Principles of Administrative LawSources of Administrative LawDevelopment of Administrative LawHomework: Read u CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE" S REPUBLIC OF CHINA,, and write an article in English.Part 2: Administrative Subject and Administrative Counterpart (6 hours, in English)Definition of Administrative SubjectAdministrative OrgansOther Organizations of Execution of Administrative Functions and PowersNational Public ServantsCase study: about the legal relation between the state and national public servants Administrative CounterpartPart 3: Administrative Act (22 hours, half in English)General Introduction and Features of Administrative ActContent of Administrative ActClassification of Administrative ActAbstract Administrative ActSpecific Administrative ActAdministrative PenaltyAdministrative LicenseAdministrative CoercionDiscussion in Class: case study about specific administrative actsPart 4: Administrative Procedure (6 hours, half in English)General Introduction to Administrative ProcedureBasic Principles and Main systems of Administrative ProcedureDiscussion in Class: hold a simulative hearing on a kind of specific administrative actPart 5: State Compensation (6 hours, half in English)General Description of Law on State CompensationAdministrative CompensationMethods of Compensation and Basis of Calculation。

法理学 Jurisprudence中国法制史 History of China Traditional Legal System宪法学 Constitution刑法学 Criminal Law民法学 Civil Law刑事诉讼法学 Criminal Procedure Law民事诉讼法学 Civil Procedure Law行政法学与行政诉讼法学 Administrative Law and Administrative Procedure Law经济法学 Economic Law商法学 Commercial Law知识产权法学 Intellectual Property Law国际法学 Public International Law国际私法 Private International Law国际经济法 International Economic Law犯罪学 Crime Theory监狱法 Jail Law犯罪心理学 Criminal Psychology外国刑法 Foreign Criminal Law证据学 Evidence Science司法文书 Judicial Docments国家赔偿法 State Compensation Law外国刑事诉讼法 Foreign Criminal Procedure Law中国刑法史 History Of Chinese Traditional Criminal Law公务员法 Civil Servants Act国家赔偿法 Civil Servants Act立法学 Legislative Science外国行政法 Foreign Administrative Law律师与公证 Lawyer and Notarization行政复议法 Administrative Review Law行政处罚法 Administrative Penalties Law比较宪法学 Comparative Constitution当代中国地方制度 Modern Chinese Local Governments system行政行为案例分析 Case Analysis of Administrative Action法哲学 Jurisprudence and Philosophy中国法律思想史 History of Chinese Legal Philosophy西方法律思想史 History of Western Legal Philosophy外国法制史 History of Foreign Legal system比较宪法学 Comparative Constitution英美法概论 Introduction to Anglo-American Law现代西方司法制度概论 Introduction to Modern Western Judicial System比较法总论 Introduction to Comparative Law法律解释学 Science of Construction of Law法律社会学 Legal Sociology中西法律文化概念 Introduction to Sino-Western Legal Cultures 立法学 Legislative Science海商法 Maritime Law国际投资法 International Investment Law国际贸易法 International Trade Law国际货币金融法 International Monetary and Financial Law国际关系史 History of International Relationship国际经贸争端解决法 International Trade Dispute Settlement Law 国际民事诉讼法 International Civil Procedure Law国际技术转让法 International Technology Transfer Law世界贸易组织法 World Trade Union Law国际税法 International Tax Law中国区际冲突法 Chinese Interregional Conflicts Law国际人权法 International Human Rights Law合同法 Contract Law婚姻家庭继承法 Marital Family and Inheritance Law公司法 Company Law(or Corporation Law)金融法 Financial Law证券法 Securities Law保险法 Insurance Law外国民商法 Foreign Civil and Commercial Law (or Foreign Civil Law)物权法 Jus rerem(Law of Things)罗马法 Roman Law人格权法 Personal Law侵权行为法 Torts Law司法文书 Judicial Law竞争法 Competition Law企业法 Enterprise Law劳动法 Labor Law环境资源法 Environmental Law财税法 Fiscal Law and Tax Law房地产法 Real Estate Law社会保障法 Social security Law国有资产管理法 State Owned Capitals Law证券法 Securities Law票据法 Commercial Instrument Law保险法 Insurance Law外国经济法 Foreign Economic Law. .。

Administrative Law of the United States the twenty-first centuryRichard B. StewartAdministrative law in a free and democratic society, its own administrative rules and regulations will be subject to administrative regulations. Administrative law established executive in the entire political system in the framework of status; set to take a decision that the executive must follow the procedural requirements; provides for an independent judiciary may be to review the possibility of administrative acts and scope. It to the administration and the administrative regulations of the various key areas in the provision of the universal principles and procedural requirements. Traditionally, the essence of administrative law focuses on how the executive authorities in accordance with the fair and unbiased process,The statutory mandate and to respect the private rights of way to such acts to ensure the rule of law, protection of freedom. Here, the functions of administrative law is a negative sense of the (negative), that is designed to prevent the executive power with a mandatory private individuals for the illegal use or misuse.In the last decade, the United States administrative law is also some positive take on the mission. Adoption of new procedural requirements and judicial review of a new channel through which the executive authorities to ensure that a reasonable and thorough consideration of those decisions because it will be in the economic and social interests affected by a wide range of related interests ( including the provisions of the beneficiaries and be bound by the provisions and sanctions of the person) the way, we can make policy decisions.The current status of the U.S. administration: the management of weak laws and regulations (Fatigue) Today, we face a growing weakness in the administration of this acute problem. Increasing the public needs the protection of the law, but it seems more and more administrative bodies can not be an effective and efficient way of providing such protection. Generally speaking, the development and adoption of a new law takes a very long time, the implementation of this law is also very time-consuming. The outcome of management is often not only fail to achieve the desired objectives, but also led to more trouble. In my opinion,The main reason for this predicament is that we rely too much on command - control of the administrative model. In the past 50 years, the use of this model has enabled us to achieve the agreed objectives are met. However, in a large and multi-ethnic country where this model is still an attempt to regulate the system through the command in a rapidly changing and complex economic and social environment in the conduct of tens of thousands of people, it is bound to expose its inherent drawbacks exhaustive, especially in the adoption of uniform federal laws and regulations of the management time. As a result of intensive management, these issues will become increasingly more serious. Federal executive authorities developed a detailed action plan due to the lack of flexibility and easy to outdated(Obsolescence), and thus not only add to the burden and inefficiency. In addition to affecting the efficiency of administration, the rigid, unilateral control(unresponsive Controls) also affected the expansion of its legitimacy, and not conducive to accountability. With these questions need for public order due to management of federal expansion and intensification of the more serious.We now rely on two main organs for the development of administrative regulations and policies contained in the volume of the free right to the administrative law model of regulation will not solve the inherent drawbacks of the above. In fact, they are doing so they will become even worse, that is exacerbated by weak administration. Driven by the legal person (Lawyer-driven) models represent the interests of the administration process will delay the process too much. Spend the majority of laws and regulations at least 5 years to be passed. Judicial review is also time-consuming, but if the court finds that administrative regulations invalid, the executive body can also make a requirement.Of course, some basis for this understanding, that is, at the federal level in the regulation of the market has a serious problem, but our question is how to solve the problem?New management practices. The answer lies in the use of new management methods and means to resolve the past due to over-reliance on command - to control the problems brought about by the model. Practice in the administration, there are two new models began to appear that the Government - the network of stakeholders in the framework of (government-stakeholder network structures) and economic incentive systems (economy incentive systems).In order to avoid top-down (top-down) order management, as well as the required administrative procedures of the formal defects in children born as a new type of solution of the executive authorities - the network of stakeholders in various forms mode is to develop. Unlike past attempts to unilaterally decide the kind of behavior by managers, the executive authorities in the formulation and implementation of administrative regulations have been created in a variety of strategies to win, including commercial enterprises and non-profit groups, various government and non-governmental organizations support. Here are a few examples: the executive authorities in the establishment of formal administrative procedures and regulations to develop legislation,From the business with the public and representatives of state and local governments to reach agreement in consultation with each other; the administrative institutions in the provision of municipal services and administrative aspects of health care and governmental and non-governmental entities, collaborative arrangements; for "Endangered Species Protection Act" (Endangered species Act) of the strict rules governing the management of natural resources by the Federal agencies designated to protect local residents, land owners, developers and local government consultations between. In the above example, the federal executive authorities take the initiative in this process in order to occupy a dominant position, the result is the basis of consultations with the participants to reach a quasi -The contractual nature of the relationship between the administration and then to solve the problems. Production method is different from the centralized (centralized mass production), this approach believes in the development of post-industrial era strategies and regulations. The main features of its behavior in its wealth to the flexibility, innovation, with the benchmark procedure (benchmarking), transparency, and canmake each other informed. In the EU, this approach in the "public law consensus" (Open Method of Coordination) is widely used under implementation in the Member States in the management of social services programs. Administrative agencies seem to have many reasons to adopt this strategy so as to promote the achievement of its objectives: to reduce the result of a more formal procedures for the cost of doing business; to ensure the cooperation of the voters to support rather than hinder the achievement of the objectives of the executive authorities; take full advantage of voter knowledge and experience, and to ensure that their more effective participation in the implementation of the policy to. Non-governmental voters (Nongovernmental constituencies) have sufficient power to participate in this process. To study the interaction of participants as well as through the manner in which incentives can be designed so that different systems are widely recognized to be an extremely important issue.Some network management methods and even different from the command mode, which allows the executive directly from the substance of the relative links and a long-range exit strategy to manage the (government at a distance). For example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of toxic substances emissions (TRI) information required to publisher monitoring, reporting and publication of various facilities by the emission of air pollutants. As a result of information disclosure from non-official pressure, thereby greatly reducing the emission of pollutants. Based on the method has been used to promote the field of health management, health care goals.Other examples include the Government-to-business initiative to track and improve the environmental management of pollution and regulatory system to encourage, as well as the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy (Energy Department) with the industry in reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions by the voluntary cooperation agreement. These were referred to as the "anti-shenfa" (reflexive law) approach, the Government through the provision of means of reference standards and the exchange of non-governmental entities to promote self-management. In the securities, broadcasting, film the area of rules of self-management of this strategy is another classic.Secondly, the weak against the management of emerging issues and a completely different approach is the use of economic incentive systems. For example, allow the collection of pollution taxes, infrastructure and environmental protection costs. Unlike the past, people's behavior to make an order directly, the use of price leverage this approach (such as taxes on emissions units), this form so that people's behavior in accordance with established goals; but at the same time was left to managers to select the cost act the way the minimum flexibility. Pollution tax system to stimulate private sector R & D and the use of less polluting modes of production. Logically,Economic incentives is beyond the management of the existing budget process a step forward. It is not the use of economic instruments to regulate the system administrators have been authorized, but in order to reduce the authorized use of economic means to manage and re-market itself to the achievement of management objectives of the force. Do not misunderstand, this does not mean that state to go back to laissez-faire (Liaissez-faire). To make this approach effective, must be closelymonitored and strict implementation of these systems in order to prevent deception. With respect to the traditional command-based management, this system can be a reasonable design and implementation to reduce pollutant emissions while achieving substantial savings and costs (up to 50% or more) of double effect.In order to win wider recognition, the new management methods to provide better management results. They will also encounter the legitimacy of legal liability and policy issues. Network management strategy intended to form a joint collaboration of the vague traditional sense of the distinction between public and private. The premise of this approach is that it must be consistent with the representation of the management of the areas covered by the match, which is increasingly cross-jurisdictional phase. In response to a management network to participate in the formation of a person with expertise and experience of the team, but these participants represent different social strata and economic sectors, the interests and perspectives.These features make the management of emerging policies will have to spend a long time to work on. However, network management has deliberately detract from the formal laws and regulations to develop and implement behavior. However, as we know, this is the core of administrative law. In accordance with "anti-shenfa" point of view, the Government is like the Cheshire Cat (Cheshire Cat) It is almost not coming out of. When an important decision was to participation by non-governmental sector to the informal procedures, the law and how to prevent power from being abused by some people? How can we bound by the tyranny of experts (tyranny of expertise)? How to ensure that the final conclusion is that taking into account the interests of the public ones? Including how to ensure a fair distribution?This is not a network management has the legal accountability of the entity. However, in many cases, network management procedures relating to government eventually could have authorized a memorandum of mutual understanding, licensing, and even the official rules and regulations, including the formal legal arrangements. Thus, when the use of this power in clear violation of the Constitution, the law limits that they are subject to judicial review. Many involved in the process of government, no matter what level, should be reviewed by the relevant court. Even if it is passive, but the administrative function of the power of checks and balances can be maintained successfully. It is hard to tell,Decision-making based on the norms of the formal legal process on how to represent the interests of model can be successfully applied to network management. In addition, the decision how to make the network model can be successfully based on the mode of management and budget analysis of the mechanism on the review of legislation is quite problematic.Network model advocates argue that open and transparent notice and the clearing-house mechanism to provide a security guarantee, as well as procedures for review of a room to stay. However, this method has not been clearly explained. The federal government will be the benchmark in the formulation of procedures and management practices to ensure that the appropriate monitoring and reporting play a major role. Because it can enhance the visibility of the policy (visibility) and management obligations on the note. However, like other methods of administrativelaw, as in the efficiency of this method and that is the shift in the obligations of both (tradeoffs).The system of economic incentives to reduce the effectiveness of a range of administrative law, the main market through commission (Market actors), the role of price signals through to the implementation of government agencies are subject to judicial review in accordance with, and that formal procedures somewhat and make decisions. The results of the private sector due to the implementation of the decision of some adverse effects, such as pollution of the different regions of the standard fees may be limited only by the law. Thus, in the equal application of laws and regulations to ensure that when there are many problems that may exist. However, the strategy is different from the network system of economic incentives in the management and between managers maintained a fixed distance,And thus to draw a shared responsibility. Made by the executive authorities of the incentive system design goals and the decision-making process is subject to the adjustment of laws and regulations and the general procedures of judicial review. Through a significant reduction in the Government's decision will be economic incentive systems that promote the policy obligations. For example, in the sewage or charges paid under the system of pollution taxes, the Government has decided to boost the overall goal of improving the environment (such as in the permit system, the sewage of the whole area permit), and not to do business should be to do a lot of details of the work..。

General statutory measures that purport to deal with "administrative law" define the scope of their application in terms of three concerns: the procedures employed by "agencies" in effecting "agency action"; judicial (and, to a lesser extent, political) review of those actions; and special procedures relating to the handling and release of information in the government’s possession. Neither a court nor a legislature nor an elected chief executive can be an "agency" under these statutes, although the relationship of courts, legislatures and chief executives with agencies is very much a matter of administrative law concern. Otherwise the concept includes virtually every administrative unit exercising public authority. "Agency action" is also embracively defined. While the provisions of administrative procedure legislation generally deal with the relatively formal procedures of adjudication and rulemaking, as discussed below, federal "agency action" includes any grant, denial, or failure to act upon "the application or petition of, and beneficial to, a person"; under the most recent draft of model state administrative procedure legislation, "agency action" includes "an agency’s performance of, or failure to perform, any ... duty, function, or activity, discretionary or otherwise." Again, the category is virtually as broad as the field of public administration; only traditional criminal law proceedings, traditional civil litigation, and political acts in the strict sense, those indisputably beyond the control of law, are excluded.那些旨在涉及“行政法”的一般法定方法将其适用范围界定为三个问题：“行政机关”在行使“行政行为”时所遵循的程序；对这些行为的司法的（在较小范围内是指政治的）审查；与处理和公布政府财产方面的信息有关的特别程序。

第1篇Introduction:Legal regulations play a crucial role in maintaining order, ensuring justice, and protecting the rights and interests of individuals and organizations. In order to achieve these goals, it is essential to formulate comprehensive legal regulations that cover all aspects of society. This paper aims to discuss the importance of comprehensivelegal regulations, the process of formulating them, and the challenges involved in their implementation.I. Importance of Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Maintaining order and stability:Comprehensive legal regulations provide a framework for the functioning of society, ensuring that individuals and organizations adhere tocertain standards and rules. This helps maintain order and stability, preventing conflicts and promoting peaceful coexistence.2. Ensuring justice:Legal regulations help ensure that justice is served by providing a fair and impartial process for resolving disputes. This includes protecting the rights of the accused, guaranteeing a fair trial, and upholding the rule of law.3. Protecting rights and interests:Comprehensive legal regulations safeguard the rights and interests of individuals and organizations. This includes protecting individuals from discrimination, ensuring fair labor practices, and promoting consumer protection.4. Facilitating economic development:Legal regulations create a stable and predictable environment for businesses to operate. This encourages investment, innovation, and economic growth.5. Promoting social welfare:Comprehensive legal regulations contribute to the overall well-being of society by addressing issues such as health, education, and social security.II. Process of Formulating Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Identifying the need for regulation:The first step in formulating comprehensive legal regulations is to identify the need for regulation. This involves conducting research, analyzing existing laws and regulations, and identifying gaps or areas requiring improvement.2. Stakeholder engagement:Involving stakeholders in the process of formulating legal regulations is crucial for ensuring that the regulations address the needs and concerns of all parties involved. Stakeholders may include government agencies, industry representatives, non-governmental organizations, and the general public.3. Drafting the regulations:Based on the identified needs and stakeholder input, the next step is to draft the regulations. This involves drafting the text of the regulations, ensuring clarity, consistency, and legal coherence.4. Review and consultation:Once the regulations are drafted, they should be reviewed by legal experts and stakeholders to ensure their effectiveness and appropriateness. Public consultations may also be conducted to gather feedback and suggestions.5. Adoption and implementation:After the regulations are reviewed and approved, they can be adopted by the relevant government authority. Implementation strategies should bedeveloped to ensure that the regulations are effectively enforced and complied with.III. Challenges in Formulating Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Balancing conflicting interests:One of the main challenges in formulating comprehensive legal regulations is balancing the interests of various stakeholders. This can be difficult, especially when some stakeholders have conflicting interests or priorities.2. Keeping up with technological advancements:Legal regulations must adapt to technological advancements to remain effective. This can be challenging, as new technologies may create new legal issues or render existing regulations obsolete.3. Ensuring enforceability:Comprehensive legal regulations are only effective if they are enforceable. Ensuring that the regulations can be effectively enforced requires adequate resources, training, and cooperation among enforcement agencies.4. Public awareness and education:Effective legal regulations require public awareness and understanding. Ensuring that individuals and organizations are aware of their rights and obligations under the regulations is a significant challenge.IV. ConclusionFormulating comprehensive legal regulations is a complex and challenging task that requires careful consideration of various factors. By addressing the needs of stakeholders, adapting to technological advancements, and ensuring enforceability, comprehensive legal regulations can contribute to maintaining order, ensuring justice, and protecting the rights and interests of individuals and organizations. Governments and legal institutions should continue to strive forexcellence in formulating and implementing these regulations to create a better and more just society.第2篇IntroductionLegal regulations play a crucial role in maintaining social order, protecting individual rights, and promoting the overall development of a society. To achieve these goals, it is essential to establish comprehensive legal regulations that cover various aspects of life. This paper aims to discuss the importance of comprehensive legal regulations and provide insights into how to formulate such regulations.I. The Importance of Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Maintaining Social OrderComprehensive legal regulations help maintain social order by setting clear rules and standards for behavior. These regulations ensure that individuals and organizations act within the bounds of the law, reducing conflicts and promoting harmony in society.2. Protecting Individual RightsLegal regulations protect individual rights by providing a framework for resolving disputes and addressing injustices. They guarantee that people are treated fairly and equally, regardless of their background or status.3. Promoting Economic DevelopmentComprehensive legal regulations create a stable and predictable environment for businesses and investors. This encourages economic growth, innovation, and job creation, ultimately leading to improved living standards for citizens.4. Ensuring Public SafetyLegal regulations help ensure public safety by addressing issues such as crime, traffic accidents, and environmental hazards. They provide amechanism for holding individuals and organizations accountable fortheir actions and promoting responsible behavior.II. Principles for Formulating Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Balancing InterestsWhen formulating legal regulations, it is crucial to balance the interests of various stakeholders, including individuals, businesses, and the government. This involves considering the needs and concerns of all parties involved and finding a middle ground that benefits society as a whole.2. Clarity and SimplicityLegal regulations should be clear, concise, and easy to understand. Complex and convoluted laws can lead to confusion, legal challenges, and injustice. Therefore, it is essential to use plain language and avoid unnecessary legal jargon.3. Flexibility and AdaptabilityLegal regulations should be flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances. This allows for the continuous improvement and updating of laws to address emerging issues and challenges.4. Public ParticipationPublic participation is essential in the formulation of legal regulations. It ensures that the needs and concerns of the general population are considered and reflected in the laws. This can be achieved through public consultations, surveys, and other forms of engagement.III. Key Areas of Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Criminal LawCriminal law addresses offenses that harm society and individuals. It should cover a wide range of offenses, including theft, assault, fraud,and murder. The regulations should provide clear definitions of offenses, penalties, and procedures for investigation and prosecution.2. Civil LawCivil law governs disputes between individuals and organizations. It should cover areas such as property rights, contracts, family law, and employment law. The regulations should ensure fair and efficient resolution of disputes, protect the rights of all parties involved, and promote social harmony.3. Administrative LawAdministrative law regulates the activities of government agencies and public institutions. It should cover issues such as public procurement, environmental protection, and public health. The regulations should promote transparency, accountability, and efficiency in theadministration of public affairs.4. Constitutional LawConstitutional law provides the fundamental framework for a country's legal system. It should establish the rights and responsibilities of individuals, the structure and powers of the government, and the principles of governance. The regulations should promote democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.IV. Implementing and Enforcing Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Training and EducationTo ensure the effective implementation and enforcement of legal regulations, it is crucial to provide adequate training and education to law enforcement agencies, judges, and legal professionals. This will enhance their understanding of the laws and their ability to apply them correctly.2. Public Awareness and CampaignsRaising public awareness about legal regulations is essential for their successful implementation. This can be achieved through public campaigns,media coverage, and educational programs. By promoting a culture of lawfulness, individuals are more likely to comply with the laws.3. Monitoring and EvaluationRegular monitoring and evaluation of legal regulations are necessary to assess their effectiveness and identify areas for improvement. This involves collecting data on enforcement efforts, compliance rates, and the impact of laws on society. Based on this information, adjustmentscan be made to enhance the regulations.ConclusionEstablishing comprehensive legal regulations is essential formaintaining social order, protecting individual rights, and promotingthe overall development of a society. By adhering to principles such as balancing interests, clarity, flexibility, and public participation, itis possible to formulate effective legal regulations that cover various aspects of life. Implementing and enforcing these regulations through training, public awareness campaigns, and monitoring will ensure their successful application and contribute to a better society.第3篇IntroductionLegal regulations play a crucial role in maintaining social order, protecting individual rights, and promoting the development of a country. In order to ensure that laws are effective and comprehensive, it is essential to establish a robust legal framework. This paper aims to explore the importance of comprehensive legal regulations, discuss the key elements that should be included in such regulations, and provide suggestions on how to implement them effectively.I. The Importance of Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Maintaining Social OrderComprehensive legal regulations help maintain social order by defining the rights and obligations of individuals, organizations, and the state.This clarity minimizes conflicts and ensures that everyone operates within a predictable and fair environment.2. Protecting Individual RightsLegal regulations safeguard individual rights by establishing standards for behavior and holding individuals accountable for their actions. This ensures that citizens can live without fear of injustice or abuse of power.3. Promoting DevelopmentEffective legal regulations create a stable and predictable environment that encourages investment, innovation, and economic growth. They also provide a framework for resolving disputes and resolving conflicts, which is essential for social development.II. Key Elements of Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Clarity and UnderstandabilityLaws should be clear, concise, and easy to understand. This enables individuals and organizations to comply with the regulations and reduces the likelihood of legal disputes.2. Consistency and FairnessLegal regulations should be consistent and fair, ensuring that everyone is treated equally under the law. This helps prevent discrimination and promotes social justice.3. Flexibility and AdaptabilityLaws should be flexible enough to adapt to changing social, economic, and technological conditions. This ensures that the legal framework remains relevant and effective over time.4. Enforcement MechanismsEffective enforcement mechanisms are essential for ensuring that legal regulations are followed. This includes establishing penalties for non-compliance and providing avenues for individuals to report violations.5. Access to JusticeLegal regulations should ensure that individuals have access to justice, including affordable legal representation and efficient dispute resolution mechanisms.III. Implementing Comprehensive Legal Regulations1. Comprehensive Research and AnalysisTo establish comprehensive legal regulations, it is essential to conduct thorough research and analysis of existing laws, international best practices, and societal needs. This will help identify gaps and areasfor improvement.2. Stakeholder EngagementInvolving stakeholders, such as citizens, experts, and government officials, in the legislative process is crucial for ensuring that the regulations reflect the diverse needs and interests of the population.3. Public Awareness and EducationRaising public awareness about legal regulations and their importance is essential for fostering compliance and promoting social cohesion. This can be achieved through campaigns, workshops, and educational programs.4. Regular Review and UpdatingLegal regulations should be regularly reviewed and updated to ensurethat they remain effective and relevant. This includes assessing the impact of new technologies, social changes, and emerging challenges.5. Strong Enforcement MechanismsEstablishing strong enforcement mechanisms, including penalties for non-compliance, is crucial for ensuring that legal regulations are followed. This requires adequate resources, training, and coordination among enforcement agencies.ConclusionEstablishing comprehensive legal regulations is essential for maintaining social order, protecting individual rights, and promoting development. By incorporating clarity, consistency, flexibility, and strong enforcement mechanisms, governments can create an effective legal framework that serves the needs of their citizens. Regular review and updating of these regulations will ensure that they remain relevant and effective over time.。