Call for papers (the Second International Conference on Psycholinguistics in China) 2013

Call for papersThe Editorial Board of Politikon, the International Association for Political Science Students' Academic Journal, invites graduate and undergraduate students to submit papers for review and possible publication.Politikon accepts submissions on a rolling basis all year round. However, in order to be included in Vol. 16, No. 1. Year 2010, submissions will have to reach us before June 20th 2010.Politikon aims at publishing work of high quality by political science students to give them visibility and recognition in the academic world.The Editorial Board will only consider original work for publication in the journal. Any manuscript that contains extensive material that has been published elsewhere is not suitable. All articles published by Politikon are carefully peer-reviewed on a dual level, first internally by the Editorial Board and then externally by established political science professors and academics.Articles submitted to the journal should meet the following standards:· English language· 4000 - 7000 words, including footnotes· Microsoft Word or RTF file format· Fully referenced in Harvard style (see /2wulabu)· An abstract of no more than 125 words· 3 to 6 keywords that identify the subject and field of the paper· Biographical information of the author (no more than 100 words)· Be concerned with political science, political theory, international relations, political sociology or related fieldsSubmissions and inquiries should be emailed directly to politikonjournal@.Best regards,The POLITIKON Editorial BoardPolitikon is the academic journal of the International Association for Political Science Students (IAPSS). It is recognized as one of the leading academic journals publishing the work of students from across the fields of political science and international relations. Politikon is notably included in the International Political Science Association's (IPSA) AnnualCall for book reviewsThe Editorial Board of Politikon is currently seeking book reviews by graduate and undergraduate students.Politikon accepts submissions for its book review section on a rolling basis all year round. However, in order to be included in Vol. 16, No. 1. Year 2010, submissions will have to reach us before July 11th 2010.The books reviewed should :- present a general interest for scholars and students in the fields of political science, political theory, international relations, political sociology or related areas- be fairly recent titles- be written in English (or have an English translation available). Possible exceptions to this rule can be granted for non-English books that present an important academic contribution that interest an international audienceAll book reviews should:- be written in English- be between 500 and 1000 words- be submitted in a word (.doc) or rtf file format- include the complete details of the book (author(s), publisher, date of publication…)- include a brief presentation of the reviewer (no more than 50 words)Submissions and inquires should be emailed directly to politikonjournal@.Best regards,The POLITIKON Editorial BoardPolitikon is the academic journal of the International Association for Political Science Students (IAPSS). It is recognized as one of the leading academic journals publishing the work of students from across the fields of political science and international relations. Politikon is notably included in the International Political Science Association's (IPSA) Annual International Political Science Abstracts. Politikon benefits from IAPSS'sCall for review articleThe Editorial Board of Politikon is currently seeking review articles by graduate and undergraduate students.Politikon accepts submissions for its review articles section on a rolling basis all year round. However, in order to be included in Vol. 16, No. 1. Year 2010, submissions will have to reach us before July 11th 2010.The books reviewed should :- present a general interest for scholars and students in the fields of political science, political theory, international relations, political sociology or related areas- be fairly recent titles- be written in English (or have an English translation available). Possible exceptions to this rule can be granted for non-English books that present an important academic contribution that interest an international audienceAll review article should:- review at least 2 books on a related subject- be written in English- be between 1500 and 3000 words- be submitted in a word (.doc) or rtf file format- include the complete details of the book (author(s), publisher, date of publication…)- include a brief presentation of the reviewer (no more than 50 words)Submissions and inquires should be emailed directly to politikonjournal@.Best regards,The POLITIKON Editorial BoardPolitikon is the academic journal of the International Association for Political Science Students (IAPSS). It is recognized as one of the leading academic journals publishing the work of students from across the fields of political science and international relations. Politikon is notably included in the International Political Science Association's (IPSA) Annual International Political Science Abstracts. Politikon benefits from IAPSS's。

21H416/14.70JSample paper topics for the first paper assignment from the last several years in which the course has been taught.1. Henri Pirenne argued in his now classic 1925 work Medieval Cities that there was a completebreak between the socio-economic developments of late-antiquity and those of the High Middle Ages. Furthermore, he dated this break squarely in the 5th-9th centuries and associated it withthe rise of Islam in the eastern and southern Mediterranean regions. Evaluate the evidence forand against this proposition.2. A distinct medieval agricultural practice emerged only very slowly in trans-alpine Europe in thecenturies after the collapse of the Roman Empire. Discuss the relative influence of Roman andGermanic traditions upon this development.3. George Duby argues in his book The Early Growth of the European Economy that “whatconstituted the real basis of wealth at that time was not ownership of land but power over men (p.13).” Use evidence drawn from the readings to test this proposition for the period of the earlyMiddle Ages (roughly the 5th through the 9th centuries). Be sure to think carefully about thevarious ways in which we understand the term ‘wealth.’Second paper assignment:Generally I do not assign specific questions for the second paper, but rather encourage students to come up with an essay topic on their own connected in some way to the complex of historiographical issues associated with the medieval pandemic of bubonic plague. They can do anything from selecting a primary source document to analyze in detail to thinking rather more abstractly about the connections between the ‘natural’ environment and human social and economic organization.Third paper assignment:Economic historians have long been fascinated with the question of why the ‘west,’ after a late start by most measures, moved ahead of its eastern rivals in the early modern period in the long race of economic development. In 1981 Eric Jones, in a book titled The Economic Miracle, argued that political culture made all the difference. He claimed that Europe [in contrast to East and Central Asian empires] had avoided the “plunder machine” and that “European kings were never as absolute” as their Asiatic counterparts. Others have argued instead that Europe enjoyed a much more benevolent demographic regime, i.e. that it was not nearly so overpopulated as its eastern rivals, and enjoyed lower mortality as well. Indeed, Jared Diamond’s work suggests that Europe enjoyed a more benevolent environmental context in virtually every respect. Recently, the eminent Harvard historian David Landes has argued in his book The Wealth and Poverty of Nations that “if we learn anything from the history of economic development, it is that culture makes all the difference.” (This comes at the close of a 500 page tour de force of world history.) Douglas North, winner of the Nobel Prize in economics, has argued that the west had better institutions, like an open market and secure private property rights. Joel Mokyr and many others have posited the west’s ultimately superior technology (and science too). The latest round of debate has centered on trade and in particular the mertis of the “Atlantic Economy,” including a recentpaper coauthored by a MIT faculty member Daron Acemoglu titled “The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth.”Chose at least one of these broad theories about the origins of the European success story and assess it in the context of the material we have read and talked about this semester. You need not attempt to answer fully the big question posed at the outset. Rather just find a piece of the puzzle which can be tackled given the reading you have done and reflect on the implications of the evidence you have seen so far. In particular, be thinking about the themes we have covered most recently, that is the expansion of trade networks, the rise of consumer culture, the insights provided by historical demography, and the politics of mercantilism.。

Call for PapersINTERNA TIONAL AMERICAN STUDIES ASSOCIA TION4th WORLD CONGRESSDecoding American Cultures in the Global ContextSEPTEMBER 18-20, 2009Hosted byBeijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, ChinaSponsored byU.S.-China Education TrustChina Association for the Study of American Literature American History Research Association of ChinaThe International American Studies Association (IASA) and the American Studies Center (ASC) at Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU) cordially invite scholars from all disciplines to participate in the 4th congress of the IASA, to be held from September 18th to 20th (Friday to Sunday), 2009 at BFSU, Beijing, China.Congress Theme and Sub-themesRecent changes in the flows of finances, people, and cultural products, often termed …globalization‟, have provided a new context for understanding the Americas, hence the theme of the 4th World Congress, “Decoding American Culture s in the Global Context”. We invite contributions addressing the following sub-themes with reference to the U.S. and the Americas more broadly.a)Critical understanding and reception of American cultures abroadb)Impact of North/South American cultures on world culturesc)Comparative studies of the Americasd)“Globalization” vs. “Americanization”e)American studies abroadf)“American exceptionalism”: myth or reality?g)Myths that Americans live by: literature, history, and culture Guidelines for Submission and PresentationProposals may be submitted in English for an individual presentation, or for a pre-constituted panel, by March 31, 2009. Proposals for workshops to be developed into pre-constituted panels must be submitted by March 1, 2009 to be posted on the website (see below).∙For an individual paper, the organizer should submit the following: contact information of the organizer including email address, 3 keywords, and an abstract of no more than 300 words. Note any audio/visual equipment required.∙For a pre-constituted panel, the organizer should submit contact information of the organizer, 3 keywords describing the panel, and an abstract of no more than 300 words for the panel as a whole articulating how the papers go together PLUS contact information for each participant, and a brief abstract of no more than 300 words for each of those papers, along with 3 keywords for each. Indicate any audio visual equipment needed please.∙If you desire to submit a preconsituted panel, but need to find colleagues from other institutions and countries to participate in your panel, we offer the following option of proposing a WORKSHOP TITLE AND ABSTRACT.Send this, along with your contact information to the conference organizers (Prof. Li Qikeng below) by March 1, 2009 to be posted on the conference website. Individual scholars should then send proposals and contact information directly to you for your consideration. Once you have selected your panel members, submit as described above for pre-constituted panels,AND, in addition, send all non-selected papers along with their contact information, keywords, etc. to the conference committee for further consideration by the cut-off date of March 31st. Those papers will then be considered for inclusion on the program as part of other panels if appropriate.∙Each proposal should indicate any audio visual needs at the time of submission. No panel should have more than four paper presenters, or three presenters and a commentator. For pre-constituted panels, priority will be given to those which include presenters from a variety of institutions/ geographical locations. The academic committee of the congress will evaluate the proposal on the basis of the quality of the abstract, its scholarly cogency, as well as its relevance to the congress theme, and notify the submitter of its acceptance by April 30, 2009. If the submission is accepted, an extended summary (about 800-1,000 words) shall be sent to the conference coordinators by July 31, 2009.Each participant will be given 15 minutes to present the paper, followed by 5 minutes for questions and answers. The conference will provide the necessary multimedia for presentations. When submitting the extended summary, please also indicate whether you will need to use multimedia, and if so, specify your exact requirements. We also welcome proposals for presentations that do not fit the standard spoken paper format, such as films/videos/performances, etc.Post-Congress PublicationIf you would like the congress committee to consider your paper for publication, please submit your full paper within one month after the conclusion of the congress to the organizers. The academic committee of the congress will review all the papers submitted and have the selected papers published by a reputable publisher in China. All papers are preferably around 8,000 words in English, complete with footnotes and a bibliography. For paper format, CMS is recommended.Important Dates∙March 31, 2009: Proposal due (March.1st, 200p wo rkshop proposals due for posting)∙April 30, 2009: Notification of acceptance∙July 31, 2009: Extended summary due∙Sept. 18-20, 2009: Conference, (registration opens Sept. 17 on site).Congress FeesParticipants are expected to pay a conference fee of US$ 150, which covers the academic program, congress documentation (final program and book of abstracts), all meals on conference days, and coffee breaks. The student rate is $75 U.S.If not paid in advance, fees are higher, but may be paid on-site, in which case regular participants pay US$ 200 and students pay US$ 100. Hotels, meals on non-conference days, optional tours, etc are the responsibility of the participants themselves. Participants must be members of IASA, with the exception of participants from mainland China who will automatically become members of IASA upon registration for the conference.Hotel and ToursSpecial hotel rates for congress participants are being negotiated. Details will be posted on the congress website. Optional night-time activities such as attendance at performances and post-congress tours will also be available.Contact InformationPlease log onto for registration and submission of proposals.Y ou may also submit your proposals, summaries and other correspondence to congress coordinator, Prof. Li Qikeng.Email: liqikeng@, Phone: 86-10-8256-5621, 1352-184-7279;Fax: 86-10-8881-6282Postal address: School of English and International Studies, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing 100089, China.国际美国研究学会第四届世界大会征文通知解读全球化视野下的美国文化时间：2009年9月18-20日地点：北京外国语大学主办：国际美国研究协会北京外国语大学美国研究中心协办：美中教育基金会全国美国文学研究会中国美国史研究会国际美国研究学会 (IASA) 和北京外国语大学美国研究中心(ASC) 诚挚邀请海内外致力于美国研究的各学科各领域专家学者，金秋时节相聚北京，参加国际美国研究学会的第四届世界大会。

论弗罗斯特《摘苹果之后》中的死亡隐喻发布时间：2022-07-21T08:53:03.876Z 来源：《时代教育》2022年5期作者：刘沛婷[导读] 乔治·莱考夫和马克?约翰逊于《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中指出隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手法，更是一种思维方式刘沛婷湖南师范大学，湖南长沙 410006摘要：乔治·莱考夫和马克?约翰逊于《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中指出隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手法，更是一种思维方式，在人们的日常语言和活动中无所不在。

诗歌是高度隐喻化的体裁，本文就将以弗罗斯特的短诗——《摘苹果之后》为例，通过挖掘诗歌中的结构隐喻、方位隐喻和本体隐喻，深刻剖析弗罗斯特的死亡观建构，为该诗的解读提供新的维度，也有助于丰富该理论的应用范畴。

关键词:《摘苹果之后》；结构隐喻；方位隐喻；本体隐喻；死亡On death metaphors in Frost’s “After Apple-Picking”Peiting LiuHunan Normal University, Hunan Changsha 410006Abstract: George Lakoff and Mark Johnson put forward in their book Metaphors We Live By that metaphor is not only a figure of speech but a way of thinking, pervasive in everyday language and action. Since poetry is highly metaphorical, this thesis is to explore how Robert Lee Frost construct his insight of death through structural metaphors, orientational metaphors as well as ontological metaphors in his short poem “After Apple-Picking”, with the hope to provide a new dimension for the interpretation of the poem and to expand the application scope of the theory. Key words: “After Apple-Picking”; structural metaphors; orientational metaphors; ontological metaphors; death 1.IntroductionLakoff and Johnson in their monograph Metaphors We Live Вy, point out that metaphor not only can be understood from the figurative perspective, but is the thinking way.[1] Ungerer and Schmid hold that conceptual metaphor, as a cognitive instrument, is not just a stylistically dramatic way of expressing thoughts by means of literary language, but a way of thinking.[2] K?vecses has put that conceptual metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain.[3] On the basis of the cognitive approach to the understanding of conceptual metaphor, it can be divided into structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. The development of conceptual metaphor theory has brought advance to Linguistics, Anthology, Literature and so on.Robert Lee Frost commands an important place in any list of outstanding poets in the twentieth century. His poem “After Apple-picking” is written in the first person. The speaker is an orchard worker who has picked apples long and hard but is now on the verge of being overwhelmed by fatigue and the depth of the experience. On the edge of falling sleep, he remembers not only the ripe apples successfully picked but also those that fell and were considered damaged and had to be sent to the cider mill. He knows that his sleep will be troubled by the failures more than by the successes. He is not sure about the nature of the sleep he is about to drop into—whether it will be ordinary sleep, more like a hibernation, or more like death.The entire poem is a kind of extended metaphor, in which the activity of harvesting apples represents people’ life and the speaker’s falling asleep suggests human death.As a classical literary work, the study of this poem mostly focuses on its rhythm and writing devices. The analysis of multiple themes and symbols has always been the research hotspot of literature works. Li Yingxue discussed the fuzziness of the meaning of poetry from the perspective of deconstruction, and there are many scholars who explore metaphors in Frost’s other poems.[4] Few people applied it to analyze “After Apple-Picking”. Therefore, this paper is to discuss how Frost structures his thoughts on death metaphorically by describing a laborer’s picking apples. The first three chapters of this thesis illustrate Frost’s views of death through the construction of structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors in “After Apple-Picking” respectively. At last it is followed by a logical conclusion of this thesis.2.Structural MetaphorsIn structural metaphor, one greatly structured and explicitly delineated concept is applied to structure another. As Lakoff and Johnson point out that one domain of conceptual metaphor is metaphorically structured in light of another. Structural metaphor allows its source domain to offer a comparatively rich knowledge structure for the target domain, that is to say, the cognitive function of structural metaphor is to enable audiences to understand the target domain by the structure of the source domain. The poem “After Apple-Picking” include two key conceptual metaphors: DEATH IS SLEEP and PEOPLE ARE PLANTS.2.1 DEATH IS SLEEPFrost chooses a laborer who is overtired with apple-picking and falls asleep to reflect his insight of death. Hence the poem can be understood as a mapping from a source domain (sleep) to a target domain (death). The mapping is tightly structured. There are ontological correspondences. The dead correspond to those who have a sound sleep. The retrospection before death corresponds to the unconscious state near sleep. The darkness corresponds to the night. The cease of life corresponds to the stillness and motionlessness of sleep. As Lakoff puts it, “people use a concrete source domain to describe an abstract target domain.”[5] Death is an abstract concept, which can be understood vividly through the concept of sleep. The word “sleep”has been repeated five times. “Winter sleep” suggests the emotion of being decayed, forlorn and silent triggered by death because winter, in the metaphoric meanings, has strong associations with death.[6] Another euphemistic expression of death is “long sleep”, which is indicative of its permanence. “Human sleep” is the most evident reflection of conceptualization of death as sleep, showing that human death is what Frost has discussed. In the light of sleep, Frost’s “After Apple-Picking” is no longer a lyrical poem of a worker’s experience on the orchard farm and fatigue aftera day’s labor, but a profound thought on life and death through an extended conceptual metaphor of death as sleep.2.2 PEOPLE ARE PLANTSBoth man and tree are living beings that go through birth and wither, and the achievements of man are kin to the fruits of plants. “Apples I didn’t pick upon some bough” correspond to those unfilled dreams while apples that “struck the earth/ No matter if not bruised or spilled with stubble”correspond to people’s failed pursuits. The scent of apples refers to delight and satisfaction brought by success. In Frost’s poem, the act of apple-picking is a metaphor for the fruits the speaker has achieved in life.[7] It is universally acknowledged that success is what people desire and is something enjoyable. However, the speaker is overtired of the great harvest and wished to rest, which illustrates that the speaker has been bored with worldly sense of accomplishment and hopes to simple have a dream and a “long sleep”. Due to the sweet smell of the apple, the narrator actually falls asleep after fatigue and he enters into “long sleep”(death) with a sense of emptiness resulted from the excessive fruits he has gathered. The speaker’s experience reveals the poet’s meditation on life that it is futile people achieve a great deal of success but eventually own nothing after death. Therefore, the poet don’t ponder on human sleep for no reason but he penetrates the meaninglessness of long tough life struggles.The two root metaphors are carefully chosen to reflect Frost’s philosophy on death. This also confirms the cognitive value of metaphor, that is, vehicles(such as sleep) are usually well known to readers, and their features and structures will be mapped to relatively unfamiliar things when they interact with tenor (such as death) to help readers understand the characteristics and structures of ontology. The characteristics of sleep are mapped to the characteristics of death. Frost’ poem “After Apple-Picking” is not only a pastoral work of rural world in orchard farm but also a thought-provoking poem on death. The end of labor leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfillment yet finds him blocked from success by winter’s approach and physical weariness. The futility that what people achieved as a result resembles fallen apples of no worth leads to fatigue and wish to seek relief in sleep, that is death. Therefore, this seemingly idyllic poem is in fact the ultimate exploration of human destiny through the metaphors of death as sleep and people as plants.3.Orientational MetaphorsOrientational metaphors do not structure one concept in terms of another but instead organize a whole system of concepts with respect to one another.[1] Most of them have to do with spatial orientation: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral. These spatial orientations arise from the fact that we have bodies of the sort we have and that they function as they do in our physical environment. As Lakoff points out that CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN. HEALTH SND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN. This poem employs spatial antagonism to construct death metaphor. “The Apple-Picking” involves a development from consciousness to unconsciousness. At the very beginning, the farmer is sober enough on the long two-pointed ladder sticking toward heaven. The spacial position is rather high. After the speaker has been done with apple-picking, rest is badly needed after the arduous labour. He is drowsed off and no longer in his conscious state. Frost adopts simple past tense from line8 to line17, serving as a beginning of the speaker’s dream. In the half unconsciousness of the farmer, the autumn evening bursting with the aroma of the apples has for a moment changed into a winter morning with hoary glass. In farmer’s dream, things “melted”, “fall and break”, which suggests a downward trend. Finally both woodchuck and the farmer fall asleep on the ground. The perspective of the whole poem shifts from heaven to earth, that is from top to bottom, revealing the opposition of space. A pane of glass divides the world into two parts: reality and dream. The transition from reality to dream is the manifestation of change of the speaker’s consciousness. The higher position represents reality and consciousness while the lower dream and unconsciousnessWhat’s more, the positional contrast reveals the opposition of life and death. In the first line of “After Apple-Picking”, the ladder occupies a central position in the whole picture of the poem, acting as a bridge between heaven and earth, life and death. The imagery of heaven and apples evokes the garden of Eden. The act of ascending the ladder symbolized a re-approach to heaven and eternal life while the movement down the ladder symbolizes the descent from heaven to earth, also from life to death[4]. According to Bible, picking apples is considered as corruption and degradation. As baskets of apples fall down and are spiked, they become worthless. This is true of human beings. After the farmer has finished apple-picking, fatigue and emptiness has wrapped him. His vigorous life reaches a pause, which actually means the farmer’s death. Most of fundamental concepts are organized in terms of one or more spatialization metaphors. In Frost’s “After Apple-Picking”, the poet shows the transition from consciousness to unconsciousness as well as from life to death in virtue of the binary opposition of space. The physical basis of such division is that humans sleep and die lying down and stand up when they are awaken. Therefore, the antagonism of life and death is constructed through the opposition of up and down positions, which contributes to the further construction of the root metaphors.4.Ontological MetaphorsOntological metaphor helps us understand those abstract entities through conceptualizing them as these entities and substances which are related to human’s experience. As Lakoff and Johnson point out: “our experience of physical objects and substances provides a further basis for understanding.” Ontological metaphor could be classified into three types, which are entity and substance metaphor, container metaphor and personification.Firstly, an invisible abstract concept, in entity and substance metaphor, is considered as a visible concrete object. Human being expresses abstract concepts as these entities and substances which are related to human’s experience. Death is an abstract concept, which can be understood thanks to another common concept—sleep. The dark and bleak state of death is implied by night in winter. The poet also tries to clarify the hibernation of hamsters and the long sleep of human beings: one is short seasonal rest and the other is an eternal stop of motion. In this way, the characteristics of death are no longer vague. The first root metaphor of death as sleep receives deeper and more detailed illustrations. Similarly, human achievements becomes a measurable entity like apples in “ After Apple-Picking”. Through these well-known common things, the original abstract concept can be elucidated. The essence of metaphor lies in the comparison between two entities.Secondly, container metaphor is a kind of ontological metaphor in which an invisible abstract concept is regarded as a container which has a surface owning scope and range with an in-out orientation. In Frost’s poem, the farmer’s dream and sleep is a container, where he can see “magnified apples”, feel “the pressure of ladder-round”. The farmer’s falling into dreams shows the motion from one space to another space. The state of farmer can be classified into “in sleep” and “out of sleep”, which symbolize death and life respectively.Lastly, personification specifies the physical object as being a man, which can make people to comprehend these different physical objects in light of human characteristics, motivations and activities. In Frost’s poem, apple “struck the earth” and long sleep can “come on” are all personification. They are extensions of ontological metaphors and that they allow us to make sense of phenomena in the world on the basis of our own goals. It is carefully chosen to endow this poem a dynamic effect so that the theme of this poem can be effectively conveyed. All in all, the understanding of a poetic metaphor is a cognitive process.[8] Ontological metaphor makes us understand abstract concepts by use of concrete concepts. The poet uses sleep to explain death, making the abstract concept simplified and concrete. In the poem, the dream not only reflects the structural metaphor, but also reflects the container metaphor. It forms a contrast between “in dream” and “out of dream” so as to further strengthen the difference between life and death. Apple has bruises, and Death actively does come in. These anthropomorphic expressions embody the metaphorical nature of language and the symbolic nature of death. As a result, metaphor of death in this poem has been justified.5.ConclusionThe exploration of the relationship between Frost’s view of death and Lakoff’s cognitive metaphors will undoubtedly help readers to guard against deceptive surface meanings when interpreting and appreciating Frost’s poems, and to explore the profound life philosophy reflected in his poems through metaphorical thinking and active participation.Through dividing metaphors in Frost’s “After Apple-Picking” according to Lakoff’s classification, the way of constructing poem’s theme is evidently revealed. At the first glance, it seems to be a lyrical poem, but it actually a poem of death after further analysis. Frost implicitly depicts life actions as apple picking activities, apples are symbols of human achievements, and death is similar to long sleep, which are structural metaphors, through which the characteristics of abstract concept death can be easily understood. Moreover, the orientational metaphors constitute to the body of this poem. The up-down spatial position divides the farmer’s state into consciousness and unconsciousness, also a reflection of human’s state of life and death. The contrast between in-out categories reflects the whole poem’s structure: it shifts from reality to dream. Since the farmer’s dream is explained as a container, the state of dreaming metaphorically stands for death. Therefore the whole poem is based on structural metaphors of death is sleep and people are plants, which are illustrated with orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors.However, the thesis still has some limitations due to the author’s slim analysis. It can be better with more logical illustrations and evidences. But it is no doubt that the thesis provides a new perspective of discussing Frost’s poem. It expands the application scope of Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor and enriches its practice, and produces referential meaning to literature appreciation. References[1]Lakoff, G & M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By[M]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.1980.[2]Ungerer, F & H. J. Schmid. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2008.[3]K?vecses, Z. Metaphor: A practical introduction[M]. New York: Oxford University Press.2002.[4]李应雪. 一个解构批评的范本——析罗伯特·弗洛斯特诗歌《摘苹果之后》意义的模糊性[J]. 宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2007(04): 78-81.[5]Lakoff, G. The Invariance Hypothesis: is abstract reason based on image-schemas?[J]. Cognitive Linguistics, 1990(01): 39-47.[6]Huo, Lirong. Comments on “After Apple-Picking”[J]. Overseas English, 2012(01): 196-197.[7]赵志宇. 罗伯特·弗洛斯特的《摘罢苹果》[J]. 文学语言学研究, 2007(02):70-71.[8]胡壮麟. 诗性隐喻[J]. 山东外语教学, 2001(03): 3-8.。

2024届上海市16区高三英语一模分类汇编翻译2024届上海市宝山区高三上学期一模英语试卷V.TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences into English,using the word given in the brackets.72.坦白说，你昨天在会上表达的观点还是有争议的。

(controversial)73.不管他怎么辩解，也无法说服在场的人认同他是无辜的。

(persuade)74.在填写高考志愿时，如果你的意见和父母的意见相左时，你会怎样妥善处理？(agree)75.现在，上海很多小区都开了便民食堂，这无疑给居民带来了很大的便利，特别是孤寡老人和工作繁忙顾不上做饭的人。

(which)2024届上海市静安区高三上学期一模英语试卷V.TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets.72.如果不好好准备，周五的演讲可能会变得一塌糊涂。

(preparation)73.市民们呼吁废纸回收再利用，以减少对原材料的消耗。

(call for)74.电影里出现了许多主人公穿越沙漠的场景，象征着一种自我发现和成长的过程。

(there)75.艺术博物馆位于中国著名的文化城市杭州，在那里游客们可以欣赏风格多样的艺术作品，仿佛置身于艺术的海洋之中。

(where)2024届上海市闵行区高三上学期一模英语试卷V.TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets.72.这道菜趁热吃味道最好。

(taste)73.除了特效之外，这部电影的情节和演员的表演也可圈可点。

Call for Papers2013 Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE2013)June 3–4, 2013, WashingtonThe Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE2013), organized by the World Bank Development Economics (DEC) Vice Presidency,is one of the world’s best known series ofconferences for the presentation and discussion of new knowledge on development. The conference aims to promote the exchange of cutting-edge research among researchers, policymakers, anddevelopment practitioners. The next conference will take place on June 3–4, 2013, at World BankHeadquarters in Washington, D.C. The theme of the conference will be “Risk and Vulnerability”.The ABCDE Organizing Committee is issuing a call for papers that examine in innovative ways how to manage risk and vulnerability at the individual, household, firm, financial sector, and country level.The selected papers will be presented as main sessions of the conference agenda. Possible topics include:∙Sources of risk and vulnerability∙Risk management strategies∙Role that social and economic systems have in managing risk∙Government policies to manage risks∙Globalization and its impact on risk, vulnerability, and tools for managing riskPapers that do not fit into these categories, but are related to the main conference theme, are also welcome.Paper SubmissionThose interested should submit a draft paper or a two-page proposal by January 31, 2013and send it to :abcde@, The proposal should include the title of the paper, author(s), affiliation, and contact information, and should address the main question(s) to be examined, relevant literature, unique contribution to the literature, and methodology to be employed. Authors of selected papers will have the option to submit their papers for a special issue of the World Bank Economic Review.The Organizing Committee will evaluate all proposals in terms of originality, analytical rigor, and policy relevance. Authors of accepted proposals will be contacted by February 28, 2013. A work-in-progress draft will be required by April 1, 2013.For authors of selected papers, travel and accommodation expenses for the conference will be covered.Additional information on the overall conference program will be posted on the ABCDE website over the coming months.Organizing ChairsAsliDemirgüç-Kunt (World Bank, Chair), Charles Calomiris (Columbia University), and Stefan Dercon (Oxford University and DFID Chief Economist)。