生化名词中英文互译集合

英汉互译1.RDA：核糖核酸2.DNA：脱氧核糖核酸3.“m”（methy-）：甲基化修饰基团4.bp：碱基对5.NMP：核苷一磷酸NDP：核苷二磷酸NTP：核苷三磷酸（N表示A、T、C、G）6.AMP：腺苷酸GMP：鸟苷酸CMP：胞苷酸UMP：尿苷酸7.dAMP：脱氧腺苷酸dGMP：脱氧鸟苷酸8.ADP：腺苷二磷酸ATP：腺苷三磷酸9.cAMP：3′、5′—环腺苷酸 cGMP：3′、5′—环鸟苷酸10.snRNA：核内小RNA snoRNA：核仁小RNA miRNA：微小RNA11.H-DNA：三链DNA C结构：共价闭合环状结构13．mRNA：信使RNA tRNA：转运RNA rRNA：核糖体RNA14.DHU：二氢尿嘧啶 15.Tm：熔点或熔解温度16.hnRNA：核内不均一RNA polyA：多聚核苷酸17.Ala(A)：丙氨酸 18.Gly(G)：甘氨酸 19.Asp(D) ：天冬氨酸Val(V)：缬氨酸Ser(S)：丝氨酸Glu(E)：谷氨酸Lev(L)：亮氨酸Thr(T)：苏氨酸Lys(K)：赖氨酸Ile(I)：异亮氨酸Cys(C)：半胱氨酸Arg(R)：精氨酸Pro(P)：脯氨酸Tyr(Y)：络氨酸His(H)：组氨酸Phe（F）：苯丙氨酸Asn(N)：天冬酰胺Trp(W)：色氨酸Gln(Q)：谷氨酰胺Met(M)：甲硫氨酸20.TRH：促甲状腺素释放因子22.LRF：促黄体生成激素释放因子23.GRIF：生长激素释放抑制因子24.ADH：加压素25.ACTH：促肾上腺皮质激素26.βMSH：促黑激素β27.ANP：心钠肽28.NPY：神经肽29.IUPA：应用化学联合会1-纤维素：羧甲基纤维素31.DEAF纤维素：二乙氨基纤维素32.SDS：十二烷基酸钠33.EC：国际酶学委员会34.DIPF：二异丙基氟磷酸35.NAG：N-乙酰葡胺36.NAM：N-乙酰胞壁酸37.Km：米式常数38.EDTA：乙二胺四乙酸39.AT Case：天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶40.LDH：乳酸脱氢酶41.ADH：乙酸脱氢酶42.Kcat：酶的催化常数（酶的转换数）43.PAGE：聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳44.TPP：焦磷酸硫胺素45.FMN：黄素单核苷酸46.FAD：黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸47.NAD：烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸48.NADP：烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸49.DHFA：二氢叶酸50.THFA：四氢叶酸51．GSH：谷胱甘肽52.FA：脂肪酸53.PG：前列腺素54.SQDG：6-硫酸D-异鼠李糖二酰甘油55.PC：磷脂酰胆碱PE：磷脂酰胆胺PS：磷脂酰丝氨酸PI：磷脂酰肌醇56.MGDG：单半乳糖二酰甘油DGDG：双乳糖二酰甘油57.PA：磷脂酸PG：磷脂酰甘油58.CL(DPG)：心磷脂59.EMP途径：糖酵解途径60.FBP：1，6-二磷酸果糖61.DPGA：1，3-二磷酸甘油酸62.PEP：磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸63.PFK：磷酸果糖激酶64.TCA循环：三羧酸循环65.PPP途径：磷酸戊糖途径66.ETS：电子传递链（呼吸链）67.UQ(CoQ)：泛醌（辅酶Q）68.OSCP：寡酶素敏感性蛋白69．SOD：超氧物歧化酶70.CAT：过氧化氢酶71.PC：电子载体质体蓝素Fd：铁氧化还原蛋白Fp：还原酶71．P SⅠ：光系统Ⅰ PSⅡ：光系统Ⅱ72．A：原初电子受体D：原初电子供体73.cyt：细胞色素74.UDPG：尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖ADPG:腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖75.TP：磷酸丙糖76.FBPase：果糖-1，6-二磷酸酶77.PFK：磷酸果糖激酶78.PFP：磷酸果糖焦磷酸化酶79.GAC：乙醛酸循环80.BCCP：生物素羧基载体蛋白81.BC：生物素羧化酶82.CT：羧基转移酶83.ACP：脂酰基载体蛋白84.FAS：脂肪酸合酶85.MV A：3-甲基-3，5-二羟戊酸（甲瓦龙酸）86.β-羟-β-甲基戊二酸单酰CoA：(HMG-CoA)87.IPP：异戊烯醇焦磷酸酯DPP：3，3-二甲基丙烯焦磷酸酯GPP：（）牛儿焦磷酸酯FPP：法呢焦磷酸酯88.SCP：固体载体蛋白89.DIPF：二丙基氟磷酸90.GPT：谷丙转氨酶GOT：谷草转氨酶91.Fd：还原型铁氧还蛋白92.OAA：草酰乙酸93.APS：腺苷酰硫酸94.PAPS：磷酸腺苷酰硫酸95.DNase：脱氧核糖核酸酶RNase：核糖核酸酶96.PRPP：5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸97.XMP：黄嘌呤核苷酸98.OPM：乳清酸核苷酸99.CP SⅡ：氨甲酰磷酸合成酶Ⅱ100.HGPRT：次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶101.PCR：聚合酶链反应102.PDI：蛋白质二硫键异构酶103.SRP：信号肽识别颗粒104.：RTPK：受体型络氨酸蛋白激酶105.SR：固醇受体AR：雄性激素受体GR：糖皮质激素受体ER：雌性激素受体106.NAD+：氧化态的辅酶Ⅰ107.NADH：还原态辅酶ⅠNADP+：氧化肽的辅酶ⅡNADPH：还原态辅酶Ⅱ。

静态生化名词一．糖化学部分1.Monosaccharides[单糖]：含有一个游离醛基或酮基以及含有多余2个羟基的糖。

最简单的醛糖是甘油醛（糖），最简单的酮糖是二羟（基）丙酮（糖）。

2.Configuration& conformation(糖的构型和构象）－前者指在立体异构体中取代原子或基团在空间的取向。

两种构型间的转变需要共价键的断裂和重组。

如D-葡萄糖和L-葡萄糖。

后者指取代原子或基团当单键旋转时可能形成的不同立体结构。

这种空间位置的改变不涉及共价键的断裂。

也见蛋白质和多肽章.3.Mutarotation（糖的变旋现象）：单糖的异头物在水溶液中互相转化的过程。

或者指一个吡喃糖、呋喃糖或糖苷伴随着它们的α-和β-异构形式的平衡而发生的比旋度变化。

4.异头物（anomers）:仅在氧化数最高的碳原子（异头碳）具有不同构型的糖分子的两种异构体。

5.异头碳（anomeric carbon）：一个环化单糖的氧化数最高的碳原子。

异头碳具有一个羰基的化学反应性。

6.成苷反应、糖（苷）基和糖苷键：活泼半缩醛/半缩酮羟基与含羟基的化合物（如醇、酚等）生成的缩醛/缩酮，称为成苷反应。

其产物称为配糖物，简称为“苷”，全名为某糖某苷。

糖（苷）基与配基之间连接的键称为糖苷键(Glycosidic bond)。

7.Glycosidic bond(糖苷键)－一个糖半缩醛羟基与另一个分子（例如醇、糖、嘌呤或嘧啶）的羟基、胺基或巯基之间缩合形成的缩醛或缩酮键。

在糖蛋白中常见的糖苷键有O-糖苷键和N-糖苷键。

8.Epimerization（差向异构化）：在一个含多个手性中心的分子中，只有一个手性中心构型发生转化的现象。

如D-葡萄糖和D-甘露糖就是。

9.糖酸：单糖的醛基被氧化为COOH的产物。

10.糖醛酸：单糖的伯醇基氧化为COOH的产物。

11.糖二酸：单糖的醛基和伯醇基都被氧化COOH的产物。

12.转化糖：由于水解前后旋光度发生改变（由右旋变为左旋），所以蔗糖的水解产物叫做转化糖，转化糖具有还原糖的一切性质。

绪论（prelude）生物化学biochemistry 无机离子inorganic生物分子biomolecular 糖carbohydrate脂lipid核酸nucleic acid蛋白质protein维生素vitamin酶enzyme辅酶coenzyme 激素hormone核苷酸nucleotide氨基酸amino acid 葡萄糖glucose单糖monosaccharide 双糖disaccharide脂肪酸fatty acid克隆技术cloning克隆clone糖类（carbohydrate）糖carbohydrate/saccharide糖生物学glycobiology醛糖aldose酮糖ketose单糖monosaccharide寡/低聚糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide多糖polysaccharide复合糖compoud/complex saccharide 链状结构chain structure构型configuration构象conformation异构isomerism 对映体enanthiomer果糖fructose半乳糖galactose甘露糖mannose环状结构ring structure异头物anomer不对称碳原子asymmetric carbon atom 投影式Fischer式透视式Haworth式椅式构象chain form船式构象boat form旋光性optical activity比旋光度specific rotation变旋性mutarotation甜度sweetness半缩醛hemiacetal醛糖酸aldonic acid还原糖reducing sugar醛糖二酸aldaric acid糖醛酸uronic acid糖苷glycoside糖脎osazone/phenylosazone 糠醛furfural蒽酮anthroneN-乙酰葡糖胺NAGN-乙酰-胞壁酸NAM蔗糖sucrose麦芽糖maltose乳糖lactose淀粉starch糖原glycogen纤维素cellulose壳多糖(几丁质)chitin琼脂agar支链淀粉amylopectin直链淀粉amylose肽聚糖peptidoglycan 粘肽mucopeptide氨基糖肽glycoaminopeptide磷壁酸teichoic acid软骨素4-或6-硫chondroitin 4-or 6-sulfate,CS脂多糖lipopolysaccharide糖蛋白glycoprotein透明质酸hyaluronic acid,HA肝素heparin,HP蛋白聚糖proteoglycan硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate,DS硫酸角质素keratan suIfate,KS核心蛋白core protein连接蛋白link protein糖胺聚糖/粘多糖glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccharide 胞壁酸muramic acid神经氨酸neuraminic acid淀粉酶amylase糊精odextrin磷酸化酶phosphrylase糖肽键glycopeptide linkag脂质（lipid）单脂simple lipid复脂compound lipid 衍生脂质derived lipid 脂肪酸fatty acid,FA 饱和脂肪酸saturated FA不饱和脂肪unsaturated FA单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturated FA 多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturated FA乳化emulsification微团micelle离子型去污剂(乳化剂)ionic detergent 三脂triester甘油glycerolSn命名法Stereospecific Numbering 酰基甘油acylglycerol三酰甘油triacylglycerol,TG甘油三脂triglyceride命名法nomenclature乙酰（化）值/价acetylation value酸值/酸价acid value加成反应addition reaction碘值/碘价iodine number or value皂化值saponification value磷脂phospholipid甘油磷酯glycerophospholipid微囊vesicle 磷脂酶phospholipase磷酸甘油脂phosphoglyceride鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘(氨醇)磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide鞘磷脂sphingomyelin糖脂glucolipid/glycolipin鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid蜡wax过氧化作用peroxidation磷脂酰胆碱/卵磷脂lecithin磷脂酰乙醇胺/脑磷脂cephalin 双磷脂酰甘油/心磷脂cardiolipin 萜terpene类固醇/甾醇steroid胆固醇cholesterol蛋白质(protein)化学蛋白质protein,pr蛋白水解酶proteolytic enzyme 蛋白酶proteinase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胃蛋白酶pepsin嗜热菌蛋白酶themolysin 氨基酸amino acid,AA等电点isoelectric point,pI标准氨基酸standard amino acid 甘氨酸glycine,Gly,G丙氨酸alanine,Ala,A缬氨酸valine,Val,V亮氨酸lucine,Leu,L异亮氨酸isoleucine,Ile,I丝氨酸serine,Ser,S苏氨酸threonine,Thr,T半胱氨酸cysteine,Cys,C甲硫/蛋氨酸methionine,Met,M 谷氨酸glutamic acid,Glu,E谷氨酰胺glutamine,Gln,Q天冬氨酸aspartic acid,Asp,D 天冬酰胺asparagine,Asn,N赖氨酸lysine,Lys,K精氨酸arginine,Arg,R组氨酸histidine,His,H脯氨酸proline,Pro,P苯丙氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F 色氨酸tryptophan,Trp,W酪氨酸tyrosine,Tyr,Y2,4一二硝基氟苯DNFB苯异硫氰酸酯PITC苯硫乙内酰脲AA PTH-AA苯氨基硫甲酰AA PTC-AA坂口反应Sakaguchi反应乙醛酸反应Hopking-Cole反应肽键peptide bond二硫硝基苯甲酸DTNB (Ellman试剂) 谷胱甘肽(GSH ,Glu-Cys-Gly）肽（链）peptide chain酚试剂反应Folin-Cioculteu反应氨肽酶amino peptidase羧肽酶carboxypeptidase真正单键pure single bond二面角dihedral angle帽化capping部分双键的性质partial double-bond character一级结构primary structure二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structure四级结构quaternary structure二级结构元件secondary structrue element螺旋helixα-螺旋α-Helix氢键hydrogen bond疏水作用hydrophobic interaction范德华力van der Waals forceβ-折叠β-pleated sheet亚基/亚单位subunit自由回转/无规卷曲random coil结构域structural domain次级键(非共价键)noncovalent bond肌红蛋白myoglobin,Mb对称性symmetry超二级结构(花式)Super-secondary structure肽链peptide chain多肽polypeptide活性肽active peptideα-角蛋白α-keratin丝心蛋白fibroin胶原蛋白collagen血红蛋白hemoglobin,Hb别构作用allosteric interaction别构效应allosteric effect别构蛋白allosteric protein协同效应cooperative effect二磷酸甘油酸BPG核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNaseβ-转角β-turn(β-弯曲β-bend,β-回折或发夹结构hairpin structure)纸层析filter-paper chromatography离子交换层析ion-exchange column chromatography简单/纯蛋白质simple protein缀合蛋白质conjugated protein纤维状蛋白质fibrous protein球状蛋白质globular protein二硫键disulfide bond对角线电泳diagonal electrophoresis氨基酸残基amino acid residues同源蛋白质homology protein二面角dihedral angle螺旋帽化helix capping肌球蛋白myosin膜周边蛋白peripheral protein膜内在蛋白antegral protein脂锚定蛋白Lipid-anchored protein变性denaturation变性剂denaturation agent十二烷基硫酸钠SDS复性renaturation珠蛋白globin血红素heme紧张态tense state弛态relaxed state镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anemia 免疫球蛋白IgG渗透压osmotic pressure沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降系数单位Svedberg unit,S凝胶过滤gel filtration聚丙烯酰胺凝胶ployacrylamide gel 水化层hydration mantle亲水胶体hydrophilic colloid 双电层electric double layer纯化purification分离isolation透析dialysis密度梯度density gradient盐溶salting in盐析salting out电泳electrophoresis聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳ployacrylamide gel electrophoresis毛细管电泳capillary electrophoresis等电聚焦isoelectric focusing亲和层析affinity chromatography酶(enzyme)化学生物催化剂biocatalyst底物substrate单纯酶simple enzyme结合酶conjugated enzyme 全酶holienzyme辅因子cofactor辅酶coenzyme辅基prosthetic group 金属离子metal ion多酶复合体multienzyme system寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme单体酶monomeric enzyme习惯命名法recommended name国际系统命名法systematic name酶的专一性/特异性enzyme specificity 诱导契合学说induced-fit hypothesis氧化还原酶oxidoreductases转移酶transferases水解酶hydrolases裂合酶lyase异构酶isomerases合成/连接酶ligases酶促反应enzymatic reaction酶活力enzyme activity比活力specific activity核酶ribozyme抗体酶abzyme酶工程enzyme engineering固体化酶immobilized enzyme酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions双倒数作图法Lineweaver-Burk作图法最适温度optimum temperature,Tm最适pHoptimum pH 活性部位active site必需基团essential group抑制剂inhibitor激活剂activator效应物effector别构酶allosteric enzyme别构调节allosteric regulation同促效应homotropic effect异促效应heterotropic effect天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶ATCase酶原zymogen酶单位enzyme unit同工酶isoenzyme共价调节（修饰）酶covalent regulatory enzyme乳酸脱氢酶LDH可逆的共价修饰reversible covalent modification维生素(vitamin)与辅酶(coenzyme)视紫红质visual purple 视黄醇retinolβ-胡萝卜素β-carotine 夜盲症nyctalopia视黄醛retinene胆钙化醇(Vitamin D3)cholecalciferolV E(生育酚/抗不育维生素)tocopherol 麦角钙化醇(Vitamin D2)ergotcalciferol 凝血维生素Vitamin K抗神经炎/脚气病维生素,硫胺(素)Vitamin B1抗癞皮病维生素Vitamin PP硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate,TPP尼克酸(烟酸)nicotinic acid尼克酰胺(烟酰胺) nicotinamide转钙化蛋白DBP维生素B2( VB2)/核黄素riboflavin黄素单核苷酸FMN ,flavin mononucleotide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FAD,flavin adenine dinucleotid泛酸,VB3(遍多酸)pantothenic acid辅酶A CoA-SH,coenzyme A酰基载体蛋白ACP, acyl carrier protein 维生素B6 (吡哆素)Vitamin B6吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal吡哆胺pyridoxamine磷酸吡哆醛PLP, pyridoxal-5-phosphate 醛亚胺Schiff碱维生素B12 (钴胺素) cobalamine维生素B7/H(生物素)biotin叶酸folic acid四氢叶酸(辅酶F)FH4/CoF/THF, tetrahydrofolate硫辛酸lipoic acid维生素C (抗坏血酸) ascorbic acid尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(辅酶Ⅰ)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide，NAD+尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(辅酶Ⅱ)nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate，NADP+核酸(nucleic acid)化学DNA序列分析DNA Sequencing脱氧核糖核酸Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 核糖核酸Ribonucleic acid, RNA信使RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA 转运RNA( tRNA) transfer RNA核糖体RNA (rRNA) ribosome RNA小RNA sRNA反义RNA asRNA胞质小RNA sc RNA核不均一RNA hnRNA核内小RNA snRNA原核生物prokaryote真核生物eukaryote人类基因组计划Human Gene Project 质粒plasmid染色体chromosome染色质chromatin一磷酸腺苷(腺一磷)AMP,adenosine monophosphate二磷酸腺苷(腺二磷)ADP, adenosine diphosphate三磷酸腺苷(腺三磷)ATP,adenosine triphosphate复制replication转录transcription翻译translation逆转录reserve transcription核苷酸nucleotide 核苷nucleoside磷酸phosphate碱基base嘌呤碱purine base嘧啶碱pyrimidine base戊糖amyl sugar核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose腺嘌呤adenine,A鸟嘌呤guanine,G胞嘧cytosine,C胸腺嘧啶thymine,T尿嘧啶uracil,U二氢尿嘧啶DHU3’,5’—环化鸟苷酸cGMP3’,5’—环化腺苷酸cAMP顺反子cistron假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridineDNA双螺旋结构DNA double-helical structure碱基对base pair, bp氢键hydrogen bond碱基堆积base stacking 组蛋白histone核小体nucleosome纤维fiber突环loop玫瑰花结rosette染色单体chromatid螺管/螺线圈coil 氨基酸臂amino acid armD环(二氢尿嘧啶环) diphydrouracil loop反密码子环anticodon loop可变环(额外环) extra loop核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNase牛胰核糖核酸酶RNaseI脱氧核糖核酸酶deoxyribonuclease, DNase牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseI牛脾脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseⅡ熔解温度melting temperature, Tm 变性denaturation 复性reassociation杂交hybridization原位杂交hybridization in situ激素(hormone)激素hormone生长激素growth hormone促甲状腺激素thyrotropic hormone催乳激素luteotropic促黄体生长激素luteinizing hormone 促卵泡激素follicle stimulating bormone脂肪酸释放激素lipotropin 催产素oxytocin加压素vasopressin促黑素细胞激素malanophore-stimulating hormone胸腺素thymosin甲状腺激素thyroxine三碘甲状腺原氨酸triiodothyronine降钙素calcitonin甲状旁腺激素parathormone肾上腺素adrenaline去甲肾上腺素noradrenaline胰高血糖素glucagon胰岛素insulin促肠液激素enterocrinin肠促胰液素secretin肠抑胃素enterogastrone促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticotropic hormone促甲酸激素gastrin绒毛膜粗性腺激素chorionic gonadoreopin耻骨松弛激素relaxin瘦素leptin皮质酮corticosterone肾上腺雄酮androstenedione孕酮progesterone 原激素prohormone甲状腺过氧化物酶thyroid peroxidase 抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone睾酮testosterone雄酮androsterone钙调蛋白calmodulin钙传感器calcium sensors磷脂酰肌醇phophatidyl inositol靶蛋白质target protein癌基因oncogenes植物生长素auxin赤霉素gibberellin细胞分裂素cytokinin保幼激素juvenile hormone激动素kinetin脱落酸abscisic acid性外激素sexpheromone蜕皮激素molting hormone生物膜(biomembrane)的组成与结构间体mesosome区域化compartmentation 鞘氨醇sphingosine 鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide磷脂酸phosphatidic acid, PA多态性polymorphism双层bilayer溶血磷脂lysophospholipid两亲性分子amphipathic molecule核磁共振NMR脂质体liposome半乳糖脑苷脂galactocerebroside去垢剂detergent微团micelle非双层脂non-bilayer lipid非双层脂结构non-bilayer lipid structure磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine, PE磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidylcholine, PC磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycerol, PG 磷脂酰丝氨酸phosphatidylserine, PS 膜骨架membrane skeleton 血影蛋白spectrin糖蛋白glycoprotein豆蔻酸myristic acid乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholinesterase蛋白质复合物glycocalyx细胞外壳cell coat单葡萄糖甘油二脂monoglucsyldiglyceride,MGDG运动性mobility胞吞/内吞endocytosis胞吐exocytosis偏转gauche全反式all trans分相phase separation荧光素fluorescein肌动蛋白actin单位膜unit membrance微区domain糖基磷脂酰肌醇glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI心磷脂(双磷脂酰甘油) cardiolipin(diphosphatidylglycerol)光致漂白荧光恢复法Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery , FPR生物氧化(Biological Oxidation)肌酸激酶Creatine kinase磷酸肌酸Creatine phosphofat e生物氧化Biological Oxidation氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 呼吸链respiratory chainNADH-Q还原酶NADH-Q reductase 琥珀酸-Q还原酶succinate-Q reductase 细胞还原酶cytochrome reductase细胞色素氧化酶cytochrome oxidase 鱼藤酮rotenoneATP合酶ATPsynthase电动势electromotive force安密妥amytal解偶联剂uncouplers超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase 过氧化氢酶catalase过氧化物酶peroxidase 高能键high-energy bond乙酰磷酸acetyl phosphate1,3-2磷酸甘油1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 氨甲酰磷酸carbamyl phosphate酰基腺苷酸acyl adenylate氨酰腺苷酸aminoacyl adenylate焦磷酸Pyrophosphate二磷酸腺苷adenosine diphosphate磷酸烯醇式丙酮phosphoenolpyruvate 酰基辅酶A acyl coenzyme A果糖-6-磷酸fructose 6-phosphate辅酶Qcoenzyme-Q腺苷三磷酸adenosine triphosphate磷酸精氨酸phosphoarginine甘油-3磷酸glycerol 3-Phosphate腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase糖代谢（glycometabolism）糖酵解glycolysis/Embden MeyerhofParnas葡糖-6-磷酸glucosamine-6-phosphate葡糖-6-磷酸内酯6-phosphogluconolactone内酯酶lactonase核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-diphophate葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase葡糖酸-6-磷酸6-phosphogluconate脱支酶debranching enzyme糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原引物primer发酵fermentation己糖激酶hexokinase醛缩酶aldolase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖( uridine diphosphate glucose , UDPG )磷酸葡萄糖异构酶glucosephosphate isomerase磷酸果糖激酶phosphofructokinase磷酸丙糖异构酶triosephosphofructokinase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutase 烯醇化酶enolase丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvate decaboxylase 乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate甘油醛-3-磷酸glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate3-磷酸甘油酸3-phosphoglycerate丙酮酸pyruvate果糖-2，6-二磷酸fructose2,6-bisphosphate五碳糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway果糖激酶fructokinase果糖-1-磷酸醛缩酶fructose-1-phosphate aldolase甘油醛激酶glyceraldehyde kinase甘油激酶glycerol kinase半乳糖galactose半乳糖激酶galactolinase半乳糖出醇galactitol丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvatedehydrogenase complex磷酸甘露糖异构酶phosphomannose isomerase硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate 硫辛酰胺lipoamide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide二氢硫辛酰转乙酰基酶dihydrolipoyl transacetylase二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase乌头酸酶aconitase异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitrate dehydrogenase琥珀酰-CoA合成酶succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenase 延胡索酸酶fumarase苹果酸脱氢酶malate dehydrogenase草酰乙酸oxaloacetate异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitate lyase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase 戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway己糖单磷酸途径hexose monophosphate pathway戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate cycle 磷酸戊糖酸phosphopentonic acid磷酸己糖酸phosphohexonic acid景天庚酮糖sedoheptulose核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose核酮糖ribulose磷酸葡糖酸氧化途径phosphogluconate oxidative pathway核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-phosphate核糖-5-磷酸ribose-5-phosphate木酮糖-5-磷酸xylulose-5-phosphate转醛酶transaldolase葡糖异生gluconeogenesisUDP-葡糖焦磷酸化酶UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase乙醛酸途径glyoxylate pathway异柠檬酸裂合酶isocitrate lyase苹果酸合酶malate synthase糖原的降解glycogen breakdown糖原磷酸化酶glycogen phosphorylase 糖原脱支酶glycogen debranching enzyme磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase糖原合酶glycogen synthase 糖原分支酶glycogen branching enzyme 丙酮酸脱氢酶组分pyruvate dehydrogenase component磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenaseα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex脂代谢（lipometabolism）硫酯键thioester link脂酰辅酶A合酶acyl-CoA脂肪酸硫激酶1 fatty acid thiokinase脂酰腺苷酸混合酸酐acyladenylate mixed andydride无机焦磷酸酶inorganic pyrophosphatase肉碱carnitine肉碱-脂酰转移酶Ιcaunitine acyltransferaseΙ肉碱移位酶carnitine translocaseN-苯乙酰甘氨酸phenylaceturic acidN-苯甲酰甘氨酸hippuric acidβ-羟酰-ACP脱水酶β-hydrdoxyacyl-ACP dehydrase β-氧化β-oxidation活化activation氧化oxidation水合hydration断裂cleavage硫激酶thiokinase脂酰-CoA合酶acyl CoA synthase烯酰-CoA水合酶enoyl CoA hydratase β-酮硫解酶β-keto-thiolase电子传递黄素蛋白electron-transfer flavoprotein泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase烯酰-CoA异构酶isomerase甲基丙二酰-CoA消旋酶methylmalonyl-CoA racemase甲基丙二酰-CoA变位酶methylmalonyl-CoA mutase单加氧酶monooxygenase酮体ketone body乙酰乙酸acetoacetateHMG-CoA裂解酶HMG-CoA lyase丙二酰-CoA malonyl-CoA生物素羧化酶biotin carboxylase转羧酶trans carboxylase生物胞素biocytin酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein磷酸泛醌巯基乙胺phosphopantetheine 硫辛酰赖氨酸臂lipoyl lysine arm软脂酰-ACP硫脂酶palmitoy-ACP thioesteraseβ-酮酰-ACP合酶β-ACP-ketoacyl-ACP synthase缩合condensation还原reductionβ-酮酰ACP还原酶β-toacylACP reductase脱水dehydration 烯酰-ACP还原酶enyl-ACP reductase 软脂酰-ACP硫酯酶palmitoyl thioesterase脂肪酰-CoA去饱和酶fatty acyl-CoA desaturase亚油酸linoleic acid亚麻酸linoleuic acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase脂酰甘油acyl glycerols甘油-3-磷酸glucerol 3-phosphate磷脂酸phosphatidic甘油磷脂glycerophospholipids磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰甘油phosphatidyl glycerol二磷脂酰甘油diphosphatidyl glycerol CDP-二脂酰甘油CDP-diacylglycerol 5’-胞苷二磷酸cytidine diphosphate尿苷二磷酸uridine diphosphate共底物cosubstrate二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate鞘磷脂sphingolipids鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid缩醛磷脂plasmalogen胆固醇cholesterol类固醇steroids类固醇激素steroid hormines 胆汁酸bile acids麦角固醇ergosterol 甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid蛋白磷酸酶proteinphosphatases三羧酸转运体系tricarboxylate transport systemD-β-羟丁酸脱氢酶D-β-hudoxybutyrate dehydogenase丙二酸单酰-CoA-ACP转酰酶malonyl-CoA-ACP transacetylase蛋白质代谢（protein metabolism）细胞溶胶cytosolically组织蛋白酶cathepsins抗蛋白酶antipain泛肽ubiguitin泛肽-蛋白连接酶ubiquitin-protein ligase多胺polyamine鸟氨酸脱羧酶ornithine decarboxylase丝氨酸脱氢酶serine dehydrogenase色氨酸氧化酶tryptophan oxygenase 酪氨酸氨基转移酶tyrosin aminotransferase 氨基转移酶aminotrandferase氧化脱氨基作用oxidative deamination 吡哆醛-5’-磷酸pyridoxal-5’-phosphate 吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛磷酸pyridoxal phosphate吡哆胺磷酸pyridoxamine phosphate 醛亚胺aldimine腺苷代琥珀酸adenylosuccinate转氨酶transaminase联合脱氨基作用transdeamination神经递质neurotransmitter酪胺tyramine谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase 尿素循环urea cycle鸟氨酸ornithine瓜氨酸citrulline精氨酸酶arginase氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamoyl phosphate synthetase鸟氨酸转氨甲酰酶prnithine transcarbamoylase精氨琥珀酸酶argininosuccinase精氨琥珀酸合成酶argininosuccinate SynthetaseN-乙酰谷氨酸合酶N-acetylglutamate synthase丝氨酸转羟甲基酶serine transhydroxymethylase丝氨酸-苏氨酸脱水酶serine-threonine dehydratase苏氨酸醛缩酶threonine aldolase乙醛acetaldehyde氨基丙酮aminoacetone半光氨酸脱巯基酶cysteine desulfhydrase苯丙氨酸氢化酶phenylalanine hydoxylase酵母氨酸sacharopine组氨酸氨裂合酶higtidine ammonia lyase尿苷酸水合酶urocanate hydratase谷氨酸转甲亚氨酶glutamate transformiminase天冬酰胺酶asparaginase天冬氨酸氨裂解酶aspartate ammonia lyase生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acids生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acids亚氨甲酰谷氨酸N-formimino glutamate酪氨酸酶tyrosinase多巴胺dopamine核糖体ribosome遗传密码genetic code三联体triplet染色体外基因extrachromosomal gene转录初产物primary transcript添加appending修饰modification异构化isomerization拼接splicing编辑editing再编码recoding断裂基因interrupted gene选择性拼接alternative splicing同源体isoform错义突变missense mutation无义突变mimsense mutation核糖体移码ribosomal frame shifting 移码突变frame-shift mutation重叠基因overlapping genes同义密码子syninymous codon反密码子anticodon密码子coden简并性degeneracy变偶性wobble蛋白质生物合成protein biosynthesis 无细胞体系cell-free system多聚核糖体polysome读码框架reading frame 起始密码start codon终止密码stop codon核糖体结合位点ribosome-binding site 核糖体进入部位ribosome entry site胸腺嘧啶核糖核苷ribothymidine假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridine校正基因suppressor gene回复突变reverse mutation起始因子initiation factor延长因子dlongation factor肽酰转移酶peptidyl transferse转肽transpeptidation移位translocation释放因子release factors核糖体释放因子ribosome releasing factor位移translational frameshifting翻译跳跃translational jumping信号肽序列signal or leader sequence 信号肽signal sequence信号肽酶signal peptidase信号识别体signa recognition particle,SRP停泊蛋白docking protein翻译后运输posttranslationlal transport 多肽链结合蛋白polypeptide binding proteins 终止因子termination factor磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸所激酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase核酸代谢（nucleic acid metabolism）核酸内切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核苷酶nucleosidase核苷磷酸化酶nucleoside phosphorylase核苷水解酶nucleoside hydrolase腺嘌呤脱氨酶adenine deaminase腺嘌呤核苷脱氨酶adenosine deaminase鸟嘌呤脱氨酶guanine deaminase尿酸氧化酶utate oxidase5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate磷酸核糖焦磷激酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphokinase5-磷酸核糖胺5-phosphoribosylamine 5-氨基咪唑核苷酸5-aminoimidazole ribotide 磷酸核糖焦磷酸转酰氨酶phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transamidase甘氨酰胺核苷酸glycinamide ribotide 甘氨酰胺核苷酸合成酶glycinamide rihotide synthetase甘氨酰胺核苷酸转甲酰基酶glycinamide ribotide transformylas甲酰甘氨脒核苷酸合成酶formylglycinamidine ribotide synthetase 氨基咪唑核苷酸合成酶aminoimidazole ribotide synthetase腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶adenylosuccinate lyase氨基咪唑核苷酸羧化酶aminoinidazole ribotide carboixylase腺苷酸琥珀酸合成酶adenylosuccinate synthetase次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶inosine-5-phosphate dehydrogenase鸟嘌呤核苷酸合成酶guanylate synthetase磷酸核糖转移酶phosphoribosyl transferase乳清苷酸orotidine-5’-phoshate氨甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamyl phosphate synthetase全酶holoenzyme天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶aspartate carbamyl transferase二氢乳清酸酶dihydroorotase二氢乳清酸脱氢酶dihydroorotate dehydrogenase乳清苷酸焦磷酸化酶orotidylic acid pyrophosphorylase乳清苷酸脱羧酶orotidylic acid decarboxylase尿嘧啶核苷酸激酶uridine-5’-phosphate kinase核苷二磷酸激酶mucleoside diphosphokinase复制replication转录transcription 翻译translation三联体密码triplet code模板template逆转录reverse transcription逆转录酶reverse transcriptase逆转录病毒retrovirus自我复制self-replication半保留复制semiconservative replication拓扑学topology复制子replicon起点origin终点terminus转化子transformant反向重复inverted repeatsDNA聚合酶DNA polymerase取代环displacement loop核小体nucleosome信息大分子informational macromolecule指令instruction促突变因子mutator抗突变因子antimutator修复机制reair mechanism复制酶replicase核心酶core enzymeDNA连接酶DNA ligase冈崎片断Okazaki fragment顺反子cistron半不连续复制semidisontinuous replication前导链leading strand滞后链lagging strand引物合成酶primase拓扑异构体topological isomers拓扑异构酶topoisomerase切口封闭酶nick-closing enzyme旋转酶gyrase连锁体catenane解螺旋酶helicase解链蛋白unwinding protein复制体replisome引发体primosome前引发体preprimosome终止区terminus region 自主复制序列autonomously replicating sequence起点识别复合物origin recognition complex端粒telomere端粒酶telomerase复制许可因子replication licensing factor错配修复mismatch repair直接修复direct repair切除修复excision repair易错修复error-prone repair光复活修复photoreactivation repair暗修复dark repair光复活修复酶photoreactivating enzyme碱基切除修复base-excision repair核苷酸切除修复mucleotide-excision repair切除酶excinuclease辅蛋白酶coprotease性导sexduction转导transduction接合conjugation转化transformation细胞融合cell fusion受体细胞recipient cell附加体episome转座因子transposable element 转座子transposon转座酶transposase解离酶resolvaseRNA聚合酶RNA polymerase 全保留方式conservative mode 时序调控temporal regulation 适应调控adaptive regulation 操纵子结构模型operon structural model调节基因regulatory gene操纵基因operator阻遏蛋白repressor protein内含子intron外显子extron调节子regulon协同调节cooperative regulation激活蛋白activator整合酶integrase增强子enhanser终止子terminator多聚腺苷酸聚合酶polyadenylation细胞代谢调节和基因表达调控(cellular metabolism regulation and gene expression regulation and control)构造单元buliding block前馈feedforward反馈feedback一价/单价反馈抑制monovalent feedback inhibition 二价或多价反馈抑制divalent or multivalent feedback inhibition管家基因housekeeping genes组成型表达constitutive expression可调型表达regulated expression乳糖操纵子模型lac operon model启动子premotor操纵基因operator酶诱导enzyme induction酶阻遏enzyme repression辅阻遏物corepressor阻遏物蛋白aporepressor降解物基因活化蛋白catabolite gene activation protein衰减子attenuator上游控制元件upstream control静默子silencer锌指zinc finger亮氨酸拉链leucine zipper重组体recombinant分子克隆molecular cloning蛋白质工程protein engineering限制性核酸内切酶restricton endonuclease同尾酶isocaudamers 同裂酶isoschizomers回文结构palindrome质粒plasmid载体vector分子重排rearrangement基因文库genomic library多联体concatemer脂质体liposome可调基因regulated genes基因枪gene gun菌落形成单位colony forming unit筛选screening原位杂交in situ bybridization基因组测序genomic sequencing基因定位诱变site-directed mutagenesis 包涵体inclusion body整合质粒yeast integrating plasmid基因治疗gene therapy聚合酶链式反应polymerase chain reaction, PCR。

Phototroph：光能自养生物：这是植物和一些带有色素的自养细菌如绿S细菌的类型，它们以无机的CO2为C源，以光能为能量来源，从而合成自身的有机物。

Chemotroph:化能自养生物：能氧化某种无机物并利用所产生的化学能还原二氧化碳和生成有机碳化物的一类微生物。

Metabolism:新陈代谢：生物体与外界环境之间的物质和能量交换以及生物体内物质和能量的转变过程叫做新陈代谢。

新陈代谢是生物体内全部有序化学变化的总称。

它包括物质代谢和能量代谢两个方面。

Catabolism:分解代谢：指机体将来自环境或细胞自己储存的有机营养物质分子（如糖类、脂类、蛋白质等），通过一步步反应降解成较小的、简单的终产物（如二氧化碳、乳酸、氨等）的过程，又称异化作用。

Anabolism: 合成代谢:又称同化作用或生物合成，是从小的前体或构件分子（如氨基酸和核苷酸）合成较大的分子（如蛋白质和核酸）的过程Coupled reaction: 耦合反应:体系若存在两个或两个以上反应，（a）、（b）、…，其中反应（a）单独存在时不能自动进行；若反应（a）至少有一个产物是反应（b）的反应物，并且（b）的存在使得反应（a）可以进行，这种现象叫做反应的耦合，所发生的反应即所谓的耦合反应。

Phosphoryl transfer potential: 磷酰转移势:Activated carrier:活化载体：Oxidation phosphorylation: 氧化磷酸化:是指在生物氧化中伴随着ATP生成的作用。

有代谢物连接的磷酸化和呼吸链连接的磷酸化两种类型。

Ligation reaction: 连接反应Ligation : 在双螺旋DNA单链上，连接缺口处两个相邻碱基形成磷酸二脂键(也可用于连接RNA 平末端连接)。

Oxidation-reduction reaction: 氧化还原反应(oxidation-reduction reaction, 也作redox reaction)是在反应前后元素的化合价具有相应的升降变化的化学反应。

精品--常用生化名词缩写缩写英文名称中文名称A adenosine 腺嘌呤核苷（腺苷）AA amino acid 氨基酸AC adenylatec cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶ACP acyl carrier protein 酰基载体蛋白ADP adenosine diphosphate 腺嘌呤核苷二磷酸（二磷酸腺苷）Ala alanine 丙氨酸（α-氨基丙酸）AMP adenosine monophosphate 腺嘌呤核苷一磷酸（一磷酸腺苷）APO Apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白Arg（或R）arginine 精氨酸（δ-胍基α–氨基戊酸）Asn(或N) asparagine 天冬酰胺Asp（或D）aspartic acid 天冬氨酸（α- 氨基丁二酸）ATP adenosine triphosphate 腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸（三磷酸腺苷）BBCCP biotin carboxyl-carrier protein 生物素羧基载体蛋白C cytidine 胞嘧啶核苷（胞苷）cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环腺苷酸（环腺一磷）CDP cytidine diphosphate 胞嘧啶核苷二磷酸（二磷酸胞苷）CM chylomicron 乳糜颗粒CMP cytidine monophosphate 胞嘧啶核苷一磷酸（一磷酸胞苷）CoⅠcoenzyme Ⅰ辅酶ⅠCoⅡcoenzyme Ⅱ辅酶ⅡCoA; CoA SH coenzyme A 辅酶ACoQ coenzyme Q 辅酶QCTP cytidine triphosphate 胞嘧啶核苷三磷酸（三磷酸胞苷）Cys cystine 胱氨酸Cys H(或C) cysteine 半胱氨酸D（或Asp）aspartic acid 天冬氨酸dAMP deoxyadenosine monophosphate 腺嘌呤脱氧核糖核苷一磷酸（脱氧腺苷酸）dADP deoxyadenosine diphosphate 腺嘌呤脱氧核糖核苷二磷酸dATP deoxyadenosine triphosphate 腺嘌呤脱氧核糖核苷三磷酸dCMP deoxycytidine monophosphate 胞嘧啶脱氧核糖核苷一磷酸（脱氧胞苷酸）DDDP DNA dependent DNA polymerase 依赖于DNA的DNA聚合酶DDRP DNA dependent RNA polymerase 依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶DG diacylglycerol 二脂酰甘油dGMP deoxyguanosine monophosphate 鸟嘌呤脱氧核糖核苷一磷酸（脱氧鸟苷酸）DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸cDNA complementary DNA 互补DNA cccDNA covalently closed circular DNA 共价闭合环状DNA ds DNA double strand DNA 双链DNAmt DNA mitochondrial DNA 线粒体DNA--精品精品--oc DNA open circular DNA 开环DNA ss DNA single strand DNA 单链DNA DNase deoxyribonuclease 脱氧核糖核酸酶DNFB 2，4-dinitroflurobenzene 2,4-二硝基氟苯dNTP deoxynucleotid triphosphate 脱氧核苷三磷酸DPG diphosphoglyceric acid 二磷酸甘油酸E（或Glu）glutamic acid 谷氨酸EF elongation factor 延伸因子EMP Emoden-Meyerbof-Parnas pathway EMP途径；糖酵解途径F（或phe）phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸FA fatty acid 脂肪酸FAD flavin-adenine dinucleotide 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FH2dihydrofolic acid 二氢叶酸FH4tetrahydrofolic acid 四氢叶酸FMN flavin mononucleotide 黄素单核苷酸G guanosine; glycine; glucose 鸟嘌呤核苷（鸟苷）；甘氨酸；葡萄糖Gal galactose 半乳糖GDP guanosine diphosphate 鸟嘌呤核苷二磷酸（二磷酸鸟苷）GH growth hormone 生长素Glc glucose 葡萄糖Gln（或Q）glutamine 谷氨酰胺Glu（或E）glutamic acid 谷氨酸（α-氨基戊二酸）Gly（或G）glycine 甘氨酸（α-氨基乙酸）GMP guanosine monophosphate 鸟嘌呤核苷一磷酸（一磷酸鸟苷）GOT glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase 谷草转氨酶GPT glutamate-pyruvate transaminase 谷丙转氨酶GTP guanosone triphosphate 鸟嘌呤核苷三磷酸(三磷酸鸟苷) H(或His) histidine 组氨酸Hb hemoglobin 血红蛋白HDL high density lipoprotein 高密度脂蛋白HMG-CoA β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA β-羟-β-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶AHMP(或HMS) hexose monophosphate pathway 磷酸已糖途径Hyp hydroxyproline 羟脯氨酸I inosine; isoleucine 次黄嘌呤核苷(肌苷),异亮氨酸IF initiation factor 起始因子IgG immunoglobulin G 免疫球蛋白GIle(I) isoleucine 异亮氨酸K(Lys) lysine 赖氨酸Km Michaelis constant 米氏常数L(Leu) leucine 亮氨酸LDH lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶LDL low density lipoprotein 低密度脂蛋白Leu(L) leucine 亮氨酸(α-氨基异已酸)Lys (或K) lysine 赖氨酸（α，δ-二氨基已酸）--精品精品--M (或Met）methionine 甲硫氨酸Mb myoglobin 肌红蛋白m5C 5-methylcytidine 5-甲基胞苷NNAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(辅酶I) NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(辅酶Ⅱ) Orn ornithine 鸟氨酸（α，δ-二氨基戊酸）P (或Pro) proline 脯氨酸PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳PAPS 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate 3'-磷酸腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应PEP phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸Phe (或F) phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸（β-苯基-α-氨基丙酸）Pro (或P) proline 脯氨酸PRPP 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate 5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸Q (或Gln) glutamine 谷氨酰胺R (或Arg) arginine 精氨酸RDDP RNA dependent DNA polymerase 依赖于RNA的DNA聚合酶RDRP RNA dependent RNA polymerase 依赖于RNA的RNA聚合酶RNA ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸Hn RNA nuclear heterogenous RNA 核内不均一RNAm RNA messenger ribonucleic acid 信使核糖核酸r RNA ribosomal ribonucleic acid 核糖体核糖核酸sc RNA samll cytoplasmic RNA 细胞质小RNAsn RNA small nuclear RNA 核内小RNAsno RNA small nucleolus RNA 小核仁RNAtRNA transfer ribonucleic acid 转运核糖核酸RNase ribonuclease 核酸糖酶sSAM S-adenosyl methionine S-腺苷蛋氨酸SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate 十二烷基硫酸钠Ser(或S) serine 丝氨酸(β-羟基-α-氨基丙酸)SOD superoxide dismutase 超氧化物歧化酶SSB single-strand binding protein 单链结合蛋白TTCA cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环Thr(或T) threonie 苏氨酸(β-羟-α-氨基丁酸)Tm melting temperature (DNA)熔融温度TPP thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素Trp (或W) tryptophan 色氨酸(β-吲哚-α-氨基丙酸)U uridine 尿嘧啶核苷UDPG uridine diphosphoglucose 尿嘧啶核苷二磷酸葡萄糖UMP uridine monophosphate 尿嘧啶核苷一磷酸(尿苷酸)--精品精品--UTP uridine triphosphate 三磷酸尿(嘧啶核)苷V(Val) valine 缬氨酸(α-氨基异戊酸) VHDL very high density lipoprotein 极高密度脂蛋白VLDL very low density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白W(或Trp) tryptophine 色氨酸Ψpseudouridine 假尿(嘧啶核)苷--精品。

生化名词解释翻译的意思生化学作为一门综合性学科，旨在研究生物体内各种生理过程所涉及的物质及其相互作用。

它涵盖了许多复杂的概念和名词，其中一项重要的任务是将这些名词解释和翻译成准确而易于理解的语言，以便广大科学家和研究人员能够更好地理解和分享研究成果。

本文将针对一些常见的生化名词进行解释，并探讨其翻译的意义。

1. 基因（Gene）基因是生物体内负责遗传信息传递的物质单位，它位于染色体上，通过DNA编码蛋白质的合成过程参与了生物体的生长与发育。

基因的准确解释和翻译对于遗传学和分子生物学的研究至关重要。

基因的翻译意义在于使科学家们能够理解基因对于生命活动的重要性，进而深入研究基因的功能机制。

2. 酶（Enzyme）酶是生物体内的一类蛋白质，它在生物反应中起到催化作用，促进化学反应的进行而不自身参与反应的过程。

酶的解释和翻译有助于科学家们更好地理解酶的作用机理，并利用这一知识来研发新的药物和治疗方法。

酶的翻译意义在于扩大对酶类蛋白质的认识，进一步拓展酶的应用领域。

3. 蛋白质（Protein）蛋白质是生物体内一类重要的大分子化合物，它由许多氨基酸的聚合物组成，并参与了生物体内众多重要的生理过程。

蛋白质的解释和翻译对于生物化学研究具有重要意义，它有助于科学家们更好地理解蛋白质的结构和功能，从而进一步深入研究蛋白质的生物学角色和临床应用。

4. 核酸（Nucleic acid）核酸是生物体内一类重要的大分子化合物，包括DNA（脱氧核酸）和RNA（核糖核酸）。

核酸承载着生物体的遗传信息，参与了遗传物质的传递和蛋白质合成等关键过程。

核酸的解释和翻译对于基因与遗传研究至关重要，它有助于科学家们理解DNA和RNA的结构和功能，进一步揭示生物体内复杂的生物学过程。

5. 代谢（Metabolism）代谢是生物体内一系列化学反应的总称，包括物质的转化、能量的产生和利用等过程。

代谢的解释和翻译有助于科学家们更好地理解生物体内的能量转换和物质转化过程，进一步揭示生命活动的本质和机制。

filtration（过滤）and centrifugation（离心）cell disruption（细胞破碎）crystallization（结晶）and precipitation（沉淀）membrane separation（膜分离）extraction（萃取）chromatography（色谱、层析）electrophoresis（电泳）and magnetic bioseparation（磁性生物分离）solvent removal （溶剂去除）and drying（干燥）第一章Bioprocessing（生物过程）Industrial chemicals化工制品Agrochemicals农药Pharmaceuticals 药物Nutraceutical保健营养品Laboratory reagents实验室试剂Cosmetic products 化妆品polishing （精制）diluted稀释的aqueous solutions水溶液Identity 特性potency 效能feed饲料in batches分批地manufacture制造formulation规划pretreatment （预处理）microfiltration（微滤）,sedimentation（沉降）intracellular细胞内的precipitation （沉淀）divergent properties不同的属性Appreciable相当可观的sterilize （灭菌）removing pyrogen（去除热源）adding excipients（加赋形剂）dispensed分发的Supernatant上清液throughput生产量disposal处理, installing安装plant工厂车间fraction部分ethanol（乙醇）, acetone（丙酮）lactic acid（乳酸）. pancreatin（胰岛素）, papain（木瓜蛋白酶）solubility 溶解度electrostatic charge静电荷volatility挥发性hydrophobicity疏水性第二章Coagulation and flocculation凝聚和絮凝Adding filter aids 助滤剂上的吸附insoluble carbohydrates不溶性的碳水化合物multi-valent metal ions多价金属离子fermentation broth发酵液viscous粘性的non-Newtonian slurry非牛顿流体density密度compressibility压缩性pasteurize用巴氏灭菌法灭菌chief constraint主要制约thermal stability热稳定性amphoteric两性的membrane fouling膜污染charged带电的debris碎片colloidal particles胶体粒子flocculate絮凝aggregate聚合物Electrical double layer 双电层collision碰撞floc絮状物electrolytes电解质polyelectrolyte高电解质stern layer（吸附层diffuse layer（扩散层）Electrostatic interaction 静电作用Thermal motion 热运动colloidal stability胶体稳定性electrostatic repulsion 静电排斥hydration shell (hydration layer)水化层fluid流体London-van der waals forces （范德华引力）predominate.占主导地位dense稠密的cationic（阳离子型）neutralize使中和aluminum铝coagulants凝聚剂anionic（阴离子型）stir velocity搅拌速度precoat预涂层fermentation发酵plate and frame filter（板框过滤机）accumulates biomass（生物量）rotary drum vacuum filters 真空转鼓过滤器cross flow filtration 错流过滤diatomite filter 硅藻土过滤机permeate渗透tangential flow切向流动shear剪切sedimentation（沉降）centrifugal field（离心场）paste糊状物angular velocity角速度radius半径deposit沉淀effluent流出物sludge污泥intermittent operation（间歇操作）bowl碗dismantled（拆卸）microbial微生物的cell organelles细胞器annular slit环形缝隙discharge卸渣screw螺旋conveyor输送机rotate旋转scroll卷轴dewater脱水mass质量subcellular fractionation亚细胞结构分离density gradient密度梯度sufficient足够的pellet小球enveloped viruses包膜病毒macromolecules大分子hydrolysis水解rabies vaccine(狂犬疫苗) Isopycnic等密度repetitive重复的lipoprotein脂蛋白第三章lysis buffer裂解液Fungal cell 真菌细胞mould cell霉菌细胞Peptidoglycan肽聚糖polymer 高分子聚合物cross-linkage交联exponential growth phase (对数生长期) chitin几丁质glucan葡聚糖mannoproteins甘露糖蛋白polysaccharide多糖microfibrillar微原纤microfibrillar纤维素substance物质substrate底物pectin（果胶）Lignin（木质素）Intercellular layer胞间层Antioxidant抗氧化剂Protease inhibitors蛋白酶抑制剂cofactor辅助因子Homogenization匀浆Ultrasound（sonication）超声波agitated表现不安的grind磨碎collision碰撞parameter参数impingement（冲击）disruption破坏microorganisms微生物filamentous丝状的implode内爆momentarily即刻Plunger活塞duration持续时间第四章无定形物质(Amorphous)Isoelectric等电位的conversion转换solute溶质solvent溶剂morphology形态学dielectric constant介电常数property性质affinity reagents亲和试剂labile不稳定的hydrophobic(疏水作用) Pilot experiment预实验Preparative experiment制备性实验proteolysis蛋白质水解solubilization (溶解）saturated solutions饱和溶液Undergoes经受ammonia氨corrosive (腐蚀性) Residue残基，残留hence因此bulk体积容量dissolve使溶解equilibrate平衡Macromolecule高分子low flammability不易燃constituent atoms组成原子的repeating pattern重复构型spatial dimensions空间维度diffraction衍射thermodynamically热力学diagram图表metastable zone (亚稳区）elapse流逝Heterogeneous nucleation异相成核dust灰尘vessel容器impeller推进器curve曲线osmosis渗透sterile filtration无菌过滤acetone丙酮orientation方向category种类vapor diffusion蒸汽扩散第五章Modest谦虚的，适度的reverse osmosis 反渗透(RO)nanofiltration纳滤(NF) ultrafiltration超滤(UF)microfiltration微滤(MF)gas separations气体分离(GS) pervaporation渗透蒸发(PV)hemodialysis血液透析(HD)electrodialysis电渗析(ED)ion exchange离子交换(IX) ceramic陶瓷microstructure显微结构cross section横截面Symmetric对称Asymmetric不对称;Composite复合的Dialysis透析schematic原理图macromolecules（大分子）Multivalent ions（多价离子）retain保持monovalent ions（单价离子）sulfur dioxide二氧化硫chlorine氯hydrogen sulfide(硫化氢) neutral form中性coefficients（系数）phenol（苯酚）benzene（苯）Ultrapure water超纯水desalination脱盐brackish含盐的array排列，数组intake摄入deterioration恶化cellulose acetate醋酸纤维Viable cell活细胞element元素boric acid硼酸reproductive tract生殖系统moderate温和的polysaccharide多糖Hydrostatic pressure静水压力sieving筛选electrostatic（静电）globular protein球状蛋白retentivity记忆力，保持力permeate flux（渗透通量）concentration polarization浓差极化deposition沉积作用backflushing反冲hydrophilic亲水的adhesion粘附reversible可逆的penetration渗透plug塞irreversible不可逆的Flush用水冲flux水通量restoration恢复Sponge海绵Paint涂料column chromatography柱层析Hemodialysis 血液透析metabolite代谢物intermittently间歇得Completion完成retentate滞留物。

肽peptide 糖异生gluconeogenesis甘油三酯triglyceride 信号肽signal peptide磷脂phospholipid 翻译translation胆固醇cholesterol 遗传密码genetic codon脂蛋白lipoprotein 生物转化biotransformation脂肪酸fatty acid 胆汁酸bile acid乳糜微粒chylomicra CM 蛋白激酶protein kinase PK酮体ketone bodies 结构域domain极低密度脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein 变性denaturation低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein 碱基base高密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein 双螺旋double helix转氨基作用transamination 酶enzyme关键酶key enzyme 核酶ribozyme半保留复制semiconservative replication 酶原zymogen端粒telomere 同工酶isoenzyme逆转录酶reverse transcriptase 变构调节allosteric编码链coding strand 共价修饰调节covalent modification 外显子exon 呼吸链respiratory chain内含子intron 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 剪接cleavage splicing 葡萄糖glucose启动子promoter 反密码子anticodon有氧氧化aerobic oxidation 脂类lipids糖酵解glycolysis 柠檬酸循环citrate cycle三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle 糖原glycogen磷酸戊糖途径pentose phosphate pathway 血糖blood sugar生化名词解释1、结构域：指一些较大的蛋白质分子，其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。

【生化：名词解释大全】第一章蛋白质1．两性离子（dipolarion）2．必需氨基酸（essential amino acid）3．等电点(isoelectric point,pI)4．稀有氨基酸(rare amino acid)5．非蛋白质氨基酸(nonprotein amino acid) 6．构型(configuration)7．蛋白质的一级结构(protein primary structure)8．构象(conformation)9．蛋白质的二级结构(protein secondary structure)10．结构域(domain)11．蛋白质的三级结构(protein tertiary structure)12．氢键(hydrogen bond)13．蛋白质的四级结构(protein quaternary structure)14．离子键(ionic bond)15．超二级结构(super-secondary structure) 16．疏水键(hydrophobic bond)17．范德华力( van der Waals force) 18．盐析(salting out)19．盐溶(salting in)20．蛋白质的变性(denaturation)21．蛋白质的复性(renaturation)22．蛋白质的沉淀作用(precipitation) 23．凝胶电泳（gel electrophoresis）24．层析（chromatography）第二章核酸1．单核苷酸(mononucleotide)2．磷酸二酯键（phosphodiester bonds）3．不对称比率（dissymmetry ratio）4．碱基互补规律(complementary base pairing)5．反密码子（anticodon）6．顺反子（cistron）7．核酸的变性与复性（denaturation、renaturation）8．退火（annealing）9．增色效应（hyper chromic effect）10．减色效应（hypo chromic effect）11．噬菌体（phage）12．发夹结构（hairpin structure）13．DNA 的熔解温度（melting temperature T m）14．分子杂交（molecular hybridization）15．环化核苷酸(cyclic nucleotide)第三章酶与辅酶1．米氏常数（K m 值）2．底物专一性（substrate specificity）3．辅基（prosthetic group）4．单体酶（monomeric enzyme）5．寡聚酶（oligomeric enzyme）6．多酶体系（multienzyme system）7．激活剂（activator）8．抑制剂（inhibitor inhibiton）9．变构酶（allosteric enzyme）10．同工酶（isozyme）11．诱导酶（induced enzyme）12．酶原（zymogen）13．酶的比活力（enzymatic compare energy）14．活性中心（active center）第四章生物氧化与氧化磷酸化1．生物氧化（biological oxidation）2．呼吸链（respiratory chain）3．氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）4．磷氧比P/O（P/O）5．底物水平磷酸化（substrate level phosphorylation）6．能荷（energy charg第五章糖代谢1．糖异生(glycogenolysis)2．Q 酶(Q-enzyme)3．乳酸循环(lactate cycle)4．发酵(fermentation)5．变构调节(allosteric regulation)6．糖酵解途径(glycolytic pathway)7．糖的有氧氧化(aerobic oxidation)8．肝糖原分解(glycogenolysis)9．磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway) 10．D-酶（D-enzyme）11．糖核苷酸（sugar-nucleotide）第六章脂类代谢1．必需脂肪酸（essential fatty acid）2．脂肪酸的α-氧化(α- oxidation)3．脂肪酸的β-氧化(β- oxidation)4．脂肪酸的ω-氧化(ω- oxidation)5．乙醛酸循环（glyoxylate cycle）6．柠檬酸穿梭(citriate shuttle)7．乙酰CoA 羧化酶系（acetyl-CoA carnoxylase）8．脂肪酸合成酶系统（fatty acid synthase system）第八章含氮化合物代谢1．蛋白酶（Proteinase）2．肽酶（Peptidase）3．氮平衡（Nitrogen balance）4．生物固氮（Biological nitrogen fixation）5．硝酸还原作用（Nitrate reduction）6．氨的同化（Incorporation of ammonium ions into organic molecules）7．转氨作用（Transamination）8．尿素循环（Urea cycle）9．生糖氨基酸（Glucogenic amino acid）10．生酮氨基酸（Ketogenic amino acid）11．核酸酶（Nuclease）12．限制性核酸内切酶（Restriction endonuclease）13．氨基蝶呤（Aminopterin）14．一碳单位（One carbon unit）第九章核酸的生物合成1．半保留复制（semiconservative replication）2．不对称转录（asymmetric trancription）3．逆转录（reverse transcription）4．冈崎片段（Okazaki fragment）5．复制叉（replication fork）6．领头链（leading strand）7．随后链（lagging strand）8．有意义链（sense strand）9．光复活（photoreactivation）10．重组修复（recombination repair）11．内含子（intron）12．外显子（exon）13．基因载体（genonic vector）14．质粒（plasmid）第十一章代谢调节1．诱导酶（Inducible enzyme）2．标兵酶（Pacemaker enzyme）3．操纵子（Operon）4．衰减子（Attenuator）5．阻遏物（Repressor）6．辅阻遏物（Corepressor）7．降解物基因活化蛋白（Catabolic gene activator protein）8．腺苷酸环化酶（Adenylate cyclase）9．共价修饰（Covalent modification）10．级联系统（Cascade system）11．反馈抑制（Feedback inhibition）12．交叉调节（Cross regulation）13．前馈激活（Feedforward activation）14．钙调蛋白（Calmodulin）第十二章蛋白质的生物合成1．密码子(codon)2．反义密码子(synonymous codon) 3．反密码子(anticodon)4．变偶假说(wobble hypothesis)5．移码突变(frameshift mutant)6．氨基酸同功受体(isoacceptor)7．反义RNA(antisense RNA)8．信号肽(signal peptide)9．简并密码(degenerate code)10．核糖体(ribosome)11．多核糖体(poly some)12．氨酰基部位(aminoacyl site)13．肽酰基部位(peptidy site)14．肽基转移酶(peptidyl transferase) 15．氨酰- tRNA 合成酶(amino acy-tRNA synthetase)16．蛋白质折叠(protein folding)17．核蛋白体循环(polyribosome) 18．锌指(zine finger)19．亮氨酸拉链(leucine zipper)20．顺式作用元件(cis-acting element) 21．反式作用因子(trans-acting factor) 22．螺旋-环-螺旋(helix-loop-helix)第一章蛋白质1．两性离子：指在同一氨基酸分子上含有等量的正负两种电荷，又称兼性离子或偶极离子。

生物化学名词解释（英汉）第一章1,氨基酸（amino acid）：是含有一个碱性氨基和一个酸性羧基的有机化合物，氨基一般连在α-碳上。

2，必需氨基酸（essential amino acid）：指人（或其它脊椎动物）（赖氨酸，苏氨酸等）自己不能合成，需要从食物中获得的氨基酸。

3，非必需氨基酸（nonessential amino acid）：指人（或其它脊椎动物）自己能由简单的前体合成，不需要从食物中获得的氨基酸。

4，等电点（pI，isoelectric point）：使分子处于兼性分子状态，所带净电荷为零，在电场中不迁移（分子的静电荷为零）的pH值。

5，茚三酮反应（ninhydrin reaction）：在加热条件下，α－氨基酸或肽与茚三酮反应生成紫色（与脯氨酸反应生成黄色）化合物的反应。

6，肽键（peptide bond）:一个氨基酸的羧基与另一个的氨基的氨基缩合，除去一分子水形成的酰氨键。

7，肽（peptide）:两个或两个以上氨基酸通过肽键共价连接形成的聚合物。

8，蛋白质一级结构（primary structure）：指蛋白质中共价连接的氨基酸残基的排列顺序。

9，层析（chromatography）:按照在移动相和固定相（可以是气体或液体）之间的分配比例将混合成分分开的技术。

10，离子交换层析（ion-exchange column chromatography）使用带有固定的带电基团的聚合树脂或凝胶层析柱。

一种利用离子交换树脂作支持剂的层析法。

（沈同生化P152）11，透析（dialysis）：通过小分子经过半透膜扩散到水（或缓冲液）的原理，将小分子与生物大分子分开的一种分离纯化技术。

利用蛋白质分子不能通过半透膜的性质，使蛋白质和其他小分子物质如无机盐、单糖等分开。

（沈同生化P302）12，凝胶过滤层析（gel filtration chromatography）：也叫做分子排阻层析。

Definition in English:Chapter 1 Structure and Function of Proteins1) peptide unit; 2) motif; 3) domain; 4) protein denaturation; 5) pI of the protein Peptide unit : The partial double-bond character of the peptide bond that links the COOH carbon and the N of an amide makes Cα1, C, O, N, H, Cα2 six atoms coplanar, Cα1 and Cα2 are trans to each other, the semi-rigid plane composed of those six atoms is termed as peptide unit. A linear sequence of amino acids residues linked together by peptide bondsMotifs are grouping of secondary structural elements that fold to near each other in space and have special functions, such as αα motif, βαβ motif, zinc finger motif. Some motifs consist of only a few conserved functionally important AAs rather than super-secondary structures. e.g. RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp ) motifDomain:the tertiary structure of some proteins can be divided into one or more relatively independent compact regions that may be joined by a flexible segment of the chain, these compact units called domains. one protein may contain several domains, the individual domains have separate functions.Protein denaturation: protein spatial structure is especially sensitive to denaturing agents (high T, urea, strong acids or bases, organic solvents, detergents, heavy metal ions) These agents result in unfolding and disorganization of protein spatial structure without change in primary structure, and associate with loss of biological activity.pI of the protein:Proteins are amphoteric molecules, contain dissociating groups of opposite charge, -COOH, -NH2 at end terminus and side chainsthe net charge of these molecules in solution depends on the pH. pI is the pH at which protein molecular becomes electrically neutral, has no net electric charge.Chapter 2 Enzyme1) active site of enzyme; 2) isoenzyme; 3) zymogen and activation of zymogen4）Allosteric enzymes and allosteric regulation of enzymes 5) Covalent modification of enzymesActive site of enzyme is a three-dimensional, local region of the enzyme, the region is composed of several essential groups of AAs, that has special spatial structure which specifically bindssubstrate and catalyzes it to become product. Coenzymes or prosthetic groups can be involved in the active site.Isozymes(isoenzymes) are a group of enzymes, which catalyze the same reaction but have different protein structure, physicochemical and immunological properties.Zymogens:some enzymes are synthesized and secreted as large inactive precursors called zymogens or proenzymes. Zymogens are activated by the irreversible hydrolysis one or more peptide bonds and forming or exposing the active site in the enzyme molecule.Allosteric enzyme: the large enzyme whose activity can be modulated in the presence of allosteric effector at an allosteric site. The allosteric binding site and catalytic site are distinct and separated spatially on enzyme, and the enzyme activity can be regulated either positively or negatively Allosteric regulation of enzyme: small allosteric effectors, which generally have little or no structural similarity to the substrate, binding to allosteric site of the enzyme by non-covalent bonds triggers changes in enzyme conformation that alter the catalytic capacity of the enzyme. An allosteric activator increases the enzyme activity, while an allosteric inhibitor decreases the activity of an enzyme.covalent modification of enzyme: the structure and activity of many enzymes can be altered reversibly through covalent modification by another enzyme.The most common modification is phosphorylation /dephosphorylation, which is reversible addition and removal of a phosphate at HO-group of Ser, Thr and Tyr.Chapter 3 Metabolism of Carbohydrates1) glycolysis; 2) substrate-level phosphorylation; 3) gluconeogenesis 4) Cori cycle Glycolysis: Converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of lactate; Anerobically; Occur in cytoplasm; Generate two molecules of ATP and NADH is zero.Substrate-level phosphorylation: ATP is formed by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate to ADP; Give an example.Gluconeogenesis: The formation of new glucose from noncarbohydrate, including lactate, amino acid and glycerol et al; is necessary for keeping blood sugar level; the main site of gluconeogenesis is liver.Cori cycle: To meet the glucose needs at exercise; Muscles at work produce lactate from glycolysis when oxygen becomes limiting; Lactate is transported from the muscles to the liver via the bloodstream; In the liver, lactate is converted (via gluconeogenesis) back to glucose, where it is dumped back into the bloodstream for transport to muscle.Chapter 4 Metabolism of Lipids1) Mobilization of triacylglycerol；2) β-oxidation of fatty acids; 3) ketone bodies; 4) Essential fatty acidMobilization of triacylglycerol: triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue are hydrolyzed; the products glycerol and fatty acid are transported to tissues; fatty acids can be oxidized for energy production; the principal enzyme in mobilizing stored fat is triacylglycerol lipase, which is hormone-sensitive.β- Oxidation of fatty acid: Inside of the mitochondrion; fatty acyl-CoAs are oxidized in a series of cycles that each cycle release a two-carbon fragment, in the form of acetyl-CoA; Each cycle involves four reactions-dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, and thiolytic cleavage. Ketone bodies: the ketone bodies acetoacetate, acetone, and β-hydroxybutyrate form in the mitochondrial matrix of liver; are intermediates of FA oxidation that are utilized in extrahepatic tissues; overproduced results in ketoacidosis.Essential fatty acid: Essential fatty acids are called essential because we cannot make them naturally and require dietary sources; are necessary for normal functions of the body such as a healthy nervous system (or other example); give an example of essential fatty acid.Chapter 5 Biological Oxidation1) Biological Oxidation；2) Respiratory chain (electron transfer chain); 3) Oxidative Phosphorylation ; 4) P/O ratioBiological Oxidation: The oxidation taking place in organism is termed biological oxidation. It mainly refers to the enzymatic steps in the oxidative degradation of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids to CO2 , H2O and energy. Some of the energy is used for the generation of ATP from ADP and Pi, and the other is released as heat energy.Respiratory chain (electron transfer chain):The mitochondrial respiratory chain consists of a series of enzymes with prosthetic groups capable of accepting and donating either one or twoelectrons, most of which are membrane-bonded proteins. Each component of the chain can accept electrons from the preceding carrier and transfer them to the following one, in a specific sequence. Oxidative Phosphorylation :The process of the enzymatic phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled to electron transfer from a substrate to molecular oxygen is termed Oxidative phosporylation.P/O ratio: The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation is determined by the P/O ratio, which is a measure of the molecules of ATP made per mol oxygen atom consumed (per pair of electrons carried through the electron transport).Chapter 6 Metabolism of Amino Acids1）essential amino acids；2）putrefaction of protein；3）One-carbon units；4）alanine - glucose cycle essential amino acids：Some of amino acids that can not be synthesized by human , must be obtained in the diet to meet body’s metabolic needs.they are called essential amino acids, including Val, Ile, Leu, Thr, Met, Lys, Phe, Trp.putrefaction of protein: After the absorption of most of protein, intestinal bacterial activity act on the residue passed into the large intestine, that is called putrefaction of protein.Most of the producer of the putrefaction of protein are harmful to human beings, for example: amine, ammonia, phenol, indole and sulfureted hydrogen.One-carbon units:One-carbon units are groups including one carbon atom which are produced by AA catabolism and carried by tetrahydrofolate, for example: methyl group, methylene group, methenyl group, formyl group and formimino group. One-carbon units take part in the composition of purine and thymine.alanine - glucose cycle:the significances of Glucose-alanine cycle:* To transport ammonia in the nontoxic forms of alanine from muscles to liver.* To regulate blood glucose indirectly and to supply available pyruvate for muscles.Chapter 7 Biochemistry In Liver1. Biotransformation：Some non-nutrientsubstances can be converted to more polar metabolites by various chemical reactions such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolyzation, and conjugation, which are then excreted from the body. These processes mainly occur in liver.2. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids：Bile acids are secreted from the liver through bile ducts to the gallbladder, then into the intestine, where they aid the emulsification of dietary lipids. The bile acids are then reabsorbed (active and passive ) in the lower small intestine, and returned to the liver for reuse through the portal vein.Chapter 8 Blood2,3-BPG shunt pathway：glucose1,3-BPG 3-(15% ~ 20%)2,3-BPG combines with hemoglobin, causing a decrease in affinity for oxygen and a displacement of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right. Thus, its presence in the red cells helps oxyhemoglobin to unload oxygen.。

常用生化中英文对照表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNAEndoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化 fatty acid脂肪酸 degradation降解 Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles类囊体 photosynthesis光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀 第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构 Secondary structure 二级结构 Tertiary structure 三级结构 Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate旋转trans configuration顺式构象disulfide bonds二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction 疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force静电力salt bridge盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上 Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S 形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic治疗的Collagen胶原蛋白Skin皮肤Bone骨骼Tendon腱Cartilage软骨blood vessel血管mammal哺乳动物fibrous纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA 酶联免疫吸附测定 purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析 Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC 苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定 第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase水解酶 Lyase裂合酶 Isomerase异构酶 Ligase连接酶 Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定 optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联 第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNApeptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNAstem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。

Active center. 活性中心A specialized region of an enzyme where the enzyme interacts with the substrate and catalyzes its conversion to products. Many aminoacyl residues contribute to the active center.Adenylyl cyclase. 腺苷酸环化酶An enzyme that catalyzes the synthetic reaction of cyclic AMP from ATP in response to hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon.Alanine-glucose cycle. 丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环A cooperative pathway between liver and muscle in which the ammonia and carbon from amino acid metabolism are removed from the muscle as alanine, taken up by the liver, transaminated to pyruvate, converted into glucose, and shipped out back to the muscle.albumin. 清蛋白Albumin makes up 50% to 55% of the proteins of plasma and is thought to be the main contributor to osmotic pressure of blood. Another important function is that albumin has very broad and non-specific binding properties.Allosteric enzyme. 变构酶Allosteric enzymes are enzymes whose activity at the catalytic site may be modulated by the presence of allosteric effectors at an allosteric site. Allosteric means “occupy another space”, so an allosteric effector occupy another space, giving an eff ect on enzymes.Allosteric regulation. 变构调节A type of enzyme regulation in which an effector binds to one site on the enzyme and increase or decreases the activity at another site. Allosteric regulation provides a rapid means for regulation of their activity.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. 氨基酰tRNA合成酶The enzymes are responsible for the recognition and attachment of the 20 amino acids to specific tRNA.Anticodon. 反密码子The template-recognition site on tRNA is a sequence of three bases called the anticodon, which recognizes a complementary sequence of three bases on mRNA.Apoprotein. 载脂蛋白The protein moiety of a lipoprotein. They mediate the interaction between lipoproteins and tissues.Apoptosis. 细胞凋亡Programmed cell death. The programmed cell death is tightly regulated, which plays important roles in physiologic processes. Typical morphologic changes can be observed in apoptosis. One or more endonucleases degrade DNA, leading to characteristic ladder of discrete DNA fragment on electrophoresis.Bile salts. 胆汁酸盐Salt form of bile acids and their conjugates. Since bile contains significant quantities of sodium and potassium and the pH is alkaline, it is assumed that the bile acids and their conjugates are in a salt form, so called “bile salts.”Biotin. 生物素A cofactor involved in carboxylation reactions. Most enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent addition of CO2 to a substrate (like acetyl-CoA carboxylase) requires the cofactor biotin.Calcitonin. 降钙素A 32-amino-acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid. The dominant biological action of calcitonin is to mediate a lowering of serum calcium levels. The hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects of calcitonin are believed to be due to an inhibition of PTH-mediated calcium resorption.Calcium-binding protein. 钙结合蛋白1,25(OH)2-D3 stimulates gene transcription and formation of specific mRNA that codes for “calcium-binding protein”, also called “Calbindin”. Three distinct vitamin D-induced “Calbindin” have been isolated. Two of them are found exclusively inside the intestinal and kidney cells, which are actively involved in calcium translocation.Calmodulin. 钙调蛋白A ubiquitous calcium sensor in eukaryotes, regulates the activities of many intracellular proteins. The binding of Ca2+ tomultiple sites in calmodulin induces a major conformational change that converts it from an inactive to an active form. Activated calmodulin binds to many enzymes and modifies their activities.cAMP. 环化腺苷一磷酸Second messenger for increased demand for energy and glucose. cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Increased cAMP levels are associated with increased protein phosphorylation. Increases in the cAMP concentration cause activation of glycogen degradation, increased fatty acid breakdown, stimulation of glycolysis in muscle, and stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver.cAMP-dependent protein kinase，PKA. 依赖cAMP的蛋白激酶Most effects of cyclic AMP in eukaryotic cells are mediated by the activation of a single protein kinase. This key enzyme is called protein kinase A or cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which alters the activities of target proteins by phosphorylating specific serine or threonine residues.Capping. 帽子生成Putting a 7-meth ylguanosine triphosphate on the 5’ end of an mRNA molecule. Capping is involved in the recognition of mRNA and may increase the stability of the RNA by preventing the attack of 5’exonucleases.Carnitine shuttle. 肉碱穿梭Gets fatty acyl groups into mitochondria. Fatty acyl-CoA in the cytosol is transferred to carnitine to make fatty acyl carnitine, which is transported into mitochondria. Once inside, the fatty acyl group is transferred to CoA and the carnitine is returned to the mitochondrial membrane.Catabolic pathway.分解代谢途径Degradative metabolism. Catabolic pathways involve oxidative processes that release free energy.Catabolic repression. 分解代谢阻遏Catabolic repression means that an intermediate in a sequence of catabolic enzyme-catalyzed reactions has ability to repress synthesis of catabolic enzymes.Catabolite gene activator protein, CAP. 分解（代谢）物基因激活蛋白A cAMP-binding protein that is capable of stimulating transcription by binding to certain promoter sites. It consists of two subunits, each of which contains a DNA-binding domain and a cAMP binding domain.cDNA library. cDNA文库A library is a collection of recombinant clones. cDNA library represents the population of mRNA in a tissue. See also cDNA. cDNA. 互补DNAComplementary DNA. cDNA copies from a population of cytoplasmic mRNA using enzyme reverse transcriptase, converting the cDNA single strands to double-stranded DNA. The reverse transcriptase copies RNA templates into DNA-RNA hybrids. After the RNA in these hybrids is specifically destroyed, double-stranded DNA may be produced by DNA polymerase. cDNA is a copy of an mRNA so that it contains only the exon sequences.cis-acting element. 顺式作用元件This word described the regulatory interactions between two DNA sequences on the same gene. An enhancer or repressor sequence in the DNA is a cis-acting element or factor that affects the transcription of the gene.cistron. 顺反子A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called cistron.Clone. 克隆Group of cells or sequences of DNA that are identical with a single parental cell or molecule.Coding strand. 编码链The coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as that of the RNA transcript except for T in place of U. It is so-called because it matches the RNA transcript that encodes the protein. The coding strand is also known as the sense strand.codon. 密码子Each amino acid in a protein is specified by an mRNA sequence of three nucleotides, which is called a codon.Coenzyme. 辅酶A molecule bound to an enzyme and is essential for its activity. The coenzymes allow the enzyme to have functional groupsthat are not available from the side chains of the amino acids.Competitive inhibition. 竞争性抑制Substrate and inhibitor combine at the same site and result in raising the apparent Km for the substrate.. In competitive inhibition, inhibitor can be completely displaced by a high concentration of the substrate.Configuration. 构型The stereochemical arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Configuration cannot be changed without breaking and reforming covalent bonds.Conformation. 构象Differences in rotation around bonds. The conformation of a molecular can be changed by simply rotating groups around single bonds.Conjugated bilirubin. 结合胆红素Adding glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin. Hepatocytes perform the process and convert bilirubin to a water-soluble form.Cosmid vector. 柯斯质粒载体A special class o f artificially constructed E.coli plasmids that carry the λ cos site, which allows them to be packaged intoλphage particles for efficient introduction into bacteria.Creatine kinase. 肌酸激酶Kinases incorporate phosphate from ATP into the substrate. Creatine kinase converts creatine to creatine phosphate, a major energy reserves in muscle.de novo synthesis. 从头合成Biosynthesis of nucleotides with simple materials. Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides are synthesized via two pathways, in which the purines are built as nucleotides via phosphoribosyl intermediates, whereas the pyrimidine ring is completed to the stage of orotate before coupling to ribose.degenerate. 简并More than one codon can specify the same amino acid and all codons are unambiguous in that each specifies no more than one amino acid.Denaturation. 变性Destroy the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a protein, DNA, or RNA molecule.DNA damage. DNA损伤DNA damage is that changes in the DNA sequence resulted from copying errors and the effects of various physical and chemical agents or carcinogens，which alters one or more nucleotides in DNA.DNA polymerase. DNA聚合酶The principal synthetic enzyme, DNA polymerase, extends the primers in the 5’ to 3’ direction by catalyzing add ition of deoxyribonucleoside 5’-phosphates to the primer 3’ends. Synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the template strand is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction.DNA Replication. DNA复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Domain. 结构域Some polypeptide chains fold into two or more compact supersecondary structures. These compact globular supersecondary structures are called domains, which is one level of protein’s structures between secondary structure and tertiary structure.Effector. 效应剂A class of small molecules capable of binding at a regulatory site. The binding of an effector changes the conformation of the enzyme so as to alter the kinetic properties of the catalytic site.Enhancer. 增强子The sequence elements that can increase the rate of transcription initiation of eukaryotic genes. Enhancers have no promoter activity of their own but they can exert their stimulatory actions over distances of several thousand base pairs.Enterohepatic circulation. 肠肝循环The primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and the secondary bile acids are formed in the intestine. The secondary bile acids are absorbed in the intestine, returning to the liver then recycle between intestine and liver, which is known as the entero-hepatic circulation.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) . 表皮生长因子Epidermal growth factor can stimulates growth of many epidermal and epithelial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Essential amino acid. 必需氨基酸The amino acids that humans can not synthesize. The human diet must contain these amino acids to support growth or maintain health.exon. 外显子Regions that are retained in the mature RNA.FAD. 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. FAD is derived from vitamin riboflavin, which serves as cofactor for oxidation and reduction reactions.Fat. 脂肪Mainly stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue. The adipose tissue releases fatty acids by the activation a hormone-sensitive lipase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the triglyceride. The fatty acids are then transported through the serum and oxidized via b oxidation in the tissues to yield energy.Feedback inhibition . 反馈抑制Feedback inhibition refers to the inhibition of the activity of an enzyme in a biosynthetic pathway by an end product of that pathway.Ferritin. 铁蛋白Intracellular form of iron storage. It stores iron that can be used as condition requires.FH4. 四氢叶酸Tetrahydrofolate. A reduced form of folic acid involved intimately in one-carbon transfer reactions.Gene. 基因A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called gene or cistron. Also see cistron.Genome. 基因组Total information of gene contained in a cell, an organism or a virus.Genomic DNA library. 基因组DNA文库Fragments of DNA from the genome of some organism. They are prepared from the total DNA of a cell line or tissue by performing partial digestion of total DNA with a restriction enzyme that cuts DNA frequently. It contains exons, introns, untranslated regions that can occur in DNA.Glucogenic amino acid. 生糖氨基酸The amino acid that yield pyruvate or citric cycle intermediates.Gluconeogenesis. 糖异生Making glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate. The term used to include all mechanisms and pathways responsible for converting noncarbohydrate to glucose or glycogen.Glycerol-a-phosphate shuttle. a-磷酸甘油穿梭Get electron from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 2 ATPs can be made by oxidation of the NADH. The enzymes of the shuttle in mitochondria is linked to the respiratory chain via a flavoprotein.Glycolysis. 酵解Metabolic pathway that provides pyruvate as fuel to the citric cycle or for fat synthesis. In the absence of oxygen, lactate is produced from the pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ so that the pathway can continue to work in the absence of oxygen.Gout. 痛风It is an inherited metabolic disease that affects the joints and kidneys caused by hyperuricemia. Though some patients have a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), it is not sole cause of the disease.Growth factor. 生长因子Small polypeptides (more properly called cytokines) that stimulate the growth of particular classes of cells. The factors have a variety of effects, including changes in the uptake of small molecules, initiation or stimulation of the cell cycle, and ultimately cell division. Examples of secreted cytokines are EGF (epidermal growth factor), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), and insulin.Guide RNA. 指导RNAGuide RNA is a sequence that is complementary to the correctly edited mRNA.Hairpin structure. 发夹结构A double-helical stretch formed by base paring between neighboring complementary sequences of a single strand of DNA or RNA.Helicase. 解链酶An enzyme whose activity involved in DNA replication that relieves the strain associated with unwinding the DNA double helix during replication.Heme. 血红素A cofactor consisting of a porphyrin ring containing an iron atom. Heme has different functions depending on the protein that used them as a cofactor. Heme are used to carry oxygen without oxidizing it in hemoglobin and myoglobin, but in other proteins, like cytochrome P450, the heme iron produces a very reactive iron-oxygen species at the active site. Hemoglobin. 血红蛋白Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying system found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin confers its allosteric properties that adapt it to its biologic roles and permit its precise regulation.Hexokinase. 己糖激酶Responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose for entry into glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, or the pentose phosphate pathway.hnRNA. 不均一核内RNAHeterogeneous nuclear RNA. They are formed in the nucleus that is a precursor to mRNA, which has both the intron and exon sequences.Hormone response element, HRE. 激素反应元件A specific DNA sequences capable of binding activated receptors. These elements regulate the gene expression. Both steroids and peptide hormones exert their effects on transcription through HREs, but the initial reactions are different.Housekeeping gene. 管家基因The genes that are expressed at a reasonably constant rate and not known to be subject to regulation.Induction. 诱导Synthesis of a particular protein in response to a signal stimulation in cellular metabolism. For example, the synthesis of an enzyme can be induced by its substrate.Intron. 内含子The mosaic nature of eukaryotic genes is discontinuous. The primary transcript of a gene contains the regions that are not present in the mRNA. Regions that are removed from the primary transcript are called introns.Isoelectric point. 等电点The pH at which a molecule has a net zero charge.Isomerase. 异构酶An enzyme that catalyzes an intramolecular rearrangement.Isozyme. 同工酶Distinct physical forms of an enzyme with the same catalytic activity. Separation and identification of isozymes is of diagnostic value.Jaundice. 黄疸When bilirubin in the blood reaches a certain concentration, hyperbilirubinemia exists and bilirubin diffuses into the tissues,which then became yellow. The condition is called jaundice.Ketogenic amino acid. 生酮氨基酸An amino acid that yields only acetyl-CoA. They can not yield pyruvate or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.Ketone bodies. 酮体Acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate and acetone. At high rate of fatty acid oxidation, the liver produces considerable quantities of acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate. The former continually undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to yield acetone. Ketone bodies are metabolized in muscle and brain as an energy source.Km. 米氏常数If an enzyme follows hyperbolic kinetics, the Km is equal to the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half its maximal value.Ligase. 连接酶A ligase catalyzes the joining of two pieces of DNA covalently. DNA ligase joins the backbone phosphates in a phosphodiester bond.Lipids. 脂类Lipids consist of a diverse set of hydrophobic molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and so forth. It is soluble in organic solvents like chloroform or ether.Malate-Aspartate shuttle. 苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭Gets electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 3 ATPs can be produced by oxidation of the NADH.Mitogen-activited-protein kinase ( MAPK). 有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and is involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell death.Messenger RNA (mRNA). 信使RNAThe RNA in cytoplasm that serve as templates for protein synthesis. The primary RNA transcript is processed to mRNA by adding a cap and a tail and removing introns.NAD+-NADH. 辅酶INicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. NADH is an electron carrier. NAD+ accepts two electrons and a proton from substrates and ultimately transfers them to the electron transport chain to make three ATPs and H2O.Nicotinic acid. 尼克酸A vitamin that serves as a source of the pyridine ring of NAD+ and NADP+. Dietary deficiency of nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra. Humans can synthesize nicotinic acid that derived from tryptophan. Non-competitive inhibition. 非竞争性抑制In non-competitive inhibition, inhibitor bind to a different domain of an enzyme, lowering the maximum velocity but with normal Km.Nucleosides. 核苷A nucleoside consists of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a pentose. Nucleotides. 核苷酸A nucleotide is a phosphate ester of a nucleoside on 3’- or 5’-carbon of ribose. Phosphorylation on 5’-carbon of ribose is the one most commonly esterified forms.Okazaki fragment. 冈崎片段The short discontinuous segments, which later are joined by DNA ligase, are called Okazaki fragment after their discoverer. Oncogene. 癌基因Oncogenes are the genes capable of changing a normal cell into a transformed cells. Many oncogenes encode abnormal signal transduction proteins involved in imitating the action of polypeptide growth factor.Operator. 操纵序列The operator is a DNA segment adjacent to the structural genes. The binding of the repressor to the operator prevents the transcription of these genes.Operon. 操纵子A collection of prokaryotic structural genes that are present in a linear array and whose expression is controlled by the same regulatory region of the DNA. This arrangement allows simple control over the expression of proteins that are all needed fora common job. It should be noted that an operon includes both operator and its associated structural genes.Osteomalacia. 软骨病Osteomalacia is caused by vitamin D deficiency in the adult, which leads to softening and weakening of bones.Oxidation. 氧化When something is oxidized, something else must become reduced. With removal of an electron, ferrous is oxidized to ferric ion. So oxidation is a process with the loss of electrons.Oxidative phosphorylation. 氧化磷酸化The process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.Parathyroid hormone (PTH) . 甲状旁腺素Parathyroid hormone, an 84-amino acid-containing protein, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland. The biological actions of PTH are related to regulate calcium metabolism.Pentose phosphate pathway. 磷酸戊糖途径An alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. The pathway generates both NADPH for reductive syntheses and ribose residues for nucleotide biosynthesis.Peptide bond. 肽键The bond that the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the a-amino group of another amino acid by an amide bond in a polypeptide.Phospholipase C. 磷脂酶CThe activation of the phospholipase C is mediated by G protein. The active form of the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a membrane-bounded substrate to form two second messengers, diacylglyceride and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. Diacylglyceride is capable of activating protein kinase C. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate is effective for the release of calcium from intracellular calcium pool.Plasmid. 质粒Independently replicating circular pieces of DNA whose natural function is to confer antibiotic resistance to the host cell.Platelet-derived growth factor. 血小板源生长因子Platelet-derived growth factor can stimulates growth of messenchymal and glial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Point mutation. 点突变It is cause by a single base change of DNA gemone, which in turn results in a change in the messenger RNA, a structural abnormality of gene expression.Polycistronic mRNA. 多顺反子mRNAA single mRNA that encodes more than one separately translated protein is referred to as a polycistronic mRNA, which contains multiple independent translation start and stop codons for each cistron.Polypeptide chain. 多肽链Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a polypeptide chain, which has two different ends, i.e. N-terminal and C-terminal respectively.Polyribosome. 多核糖体An mRNA molecule with many ribosomes bound to it. Many ribosomes can translate the same mRNA simultaneously.Primary transcript. 初级转录本Primary transcript is the original unmodified RNA product corresponding to a transcription unit.Primase. 引物酶Primase catalyzes polymerization of ribonucleoside 5’-triphosphates to form RNA primers. The sequence of monomer addition is dictated by a template strand of DNA and the chain lengths of primers are usually 10-50 nucleotides.Promoter. 启动子Promoter is a region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.Prosthetic group. 辅基Many proteins require tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide units for their biological activities. Such a unit is called aprosthetic group.Protease. 蛋白酶An enzyme that hydrolyzes the amide bonds in a protein. Most proteases recognize a specific type of amino acid side chain and cleave the protein at specific points.Proto-oncogene. 原癌基因Normal cellular genes with the potential to become oncogenes are called proto-oncogenes or cellular oncogenes. These genes were conserved in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. The conserved sequences were important components of normal cells and their products are believed to play important roles in normal differentiation and other cellular process.Pyridoxal phosphate. 磷酸吡多醛All transamination reactions require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. The important functional groups of the coenzyme are the aldehyde group, which can form a Schiff base with the a-amino group of an amino acid and facilitate transamination. Rate-limiting enzyme. 限速酶Enzymes catalyzing committed steps in unidirectional anabolic and catabolic pathways, which act as natural governors of metabolic flow and represent the most efficient regulatory intervention.Receptor. 受体All of receptors are proteins that can selectively bind specific molecule and initiate their biologic effects.Recombinant DNA. 重组DNAInformation exchanging by breaking and joining chromosomal DNA. Recombination can occur between genes with similar sequences or between genes with different sequences.Reduction. 还原Chemically, reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. It follows that reduction is accompanied by oxidation of an electron donor.Replication. 复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Residue. 残基In a polypeptide chain, an amino acid unit is called a residue.Respiratory chain. 呼吸链Exists in the mitochondria, consists of a number of redox carriers. The respiratory chain provides most of the energy captured in metabolism.Restriction endonuclease. 限制性内切核酸酶The classes of endonucleases cut DNA at specific DNA sequences within the molecule.Reverse transcriptase. 反转录酶An RNA-directed DNA polymerase in retroviruses; capable of making DNA complementary to an RNA.Reverse transcription. 反转录RNA-directed synthesis of DNA, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase.Ribosomes. 核糖体Complex cytoplasmic particles each consisting of two ribonucleoprotein subunits. Translation of mRNA occurs on it.Ribozyme. 核酶A class of RNAs that meet all the classic criteria for definition as enzymes. These catalytic RNAs catalyze highly specific hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in RNAs and are important in the processing events involved in maturation of pre-mRNA. Rickets. 佝偻病Vitamin D deficiency in childhood produces rickets characterized by low plasma calcium and phosphorus levels and by poorly mineralized bone with associated skeletal deformities.RNA editing. RNA 编辑The information content of some mRNA is altered following transcription by process other than RNA splicing.RNA Polymerase. RNA聚合酶RNA Polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template.rRNA. 核蛋白体rRNARibosomal RNA. Structural components of ribosomes. There are several discrete size classes of rRNA, usually referred to by their sedimentation coefficients as 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and28S in eucaryotic cells.S-adenosyl methionine, SAM. S腺苷蛋氨酸SAM is a major donor of one-carbon unit at the methyl oxidation state, which is formed from methyl-THF and homocysteine by a vitamin B12-dependent reaction.Salting out. 盐析The solubility of the proteins is lowered at high salt concentrations, so-called the “salting out”. It can be used to fractionate proteins because the dependence of solubility on salt concentration differs from one protein to another.Salvage pathway. 补救合成途径The pathways that purines and pyrimidines derived from nucleic acid catabolism react with PRPP and form the corresponding ribonucleotides. Corresponding deoxyribonucleotides are produced by reduction of the ribonucleoside diphosphates, using NADPH as the reducing agent.Semiconservative replication. 半保留复制DNA replication follows a law called semiconservative replication, i.e., one of the strands of each daughter DNA molecule is newly synthesized, whereas the other is passed on unchanged from the parent DNA molecule.Sigma factor. σ因子Sigma factor is the subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase needed for initiation. It is the major influence on selection of binding sites (promoters).Signal transduction. 信号转导The process by which an extracellular signal is amplified and converted to a cellular response. For example, growth factors act on the cell cycle and mitosis via transmembrane signal transduction.snRNA. 小核RNASmall nuclear RNA. They have roles in RNA processing but are not directly involved in protein synthesis.Splicing. 剪接Splicing describes the removal of introns and joining of exons in RNA; thus introns are spliced out, while exons are spliced together.Substrate. 底物Reagent in a catalytic reaction by an enzyme.Synthase. 合酶A synthase is an enzyme that makes somet hing but doesn’t directly require the hydrolysis of ATP to do it.Synthetase. 合成酶A synthetase requires the hydrolysis of ATP to make the reaction go.Telomere. 端粒Specialized structure at the ends of chromosomes that allows replication of the extreme 5’ ends of the DNA without loss of genetic information.Template strand. 模板链The template strand, also known as the antisense strand, is one strand that the genetic information resides in the sequence of nucleotides in the double-stranded DNA molecules. This is the strand of DNA that is copied during nucleic acid synthesis. Terminator. 终止子Terminator is a sequence of DNA , represented at the end of the transcript, that causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription.Thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP. 焦磷酸硫胺素It is derived from the vitamin thiamine, which is required for decarboxylation of a-keto acids and also involved in some transfer reactions of aldehyde derivatives.Topoisomerase. 拓扑异构酶Enzymes that catalyze topologic changes of DNA are called topoisomerases, which can relax or insert supercoils.。

生化（糖，脂类，蛋白质，核酸）名词解释汇总注：输入法问题，阿尔法以a代替，贝塔以B代替，伽马以G代替。

氨基酸的分解与代谢必需氨基酸（essential amino acid）：指体内需要但又不能自身合成，需要由食物供给的氨基酸，共有八种：Lys,Trp,Met,Thr,Val,Leu,Ile,Phe。

鸟氨酸循环（ornithine cycle）：鸟氨酸、精氨酸、瓜氨酸都参与了尿素的合成，并可以循环利用，故称鸟氨酸循环。

其发生在肝细胞内。

一碳单位（one carbon group）：在某些氨基酸的代谢过程中，所生成的由辅酶四氢叶酸所携带的一个碳的有机基团。

主要包括：甲基、甲烯基、甲炔基、甲酰基、亚氨甲基。

主要参与嘌呤、嘧啶、肌酸、胆碱的合成。

联合脱氨基作用：转氨基作用和谷氨酸的氧化脱氨基作用偶联的过程。

转氨基作用（transamination）：在转氨酶的作用下，a-氨基酸上的氨基转移到a-酮酸上，生成氨基酸，原来的氨基酸则转变为a-酮酸。

其分布广泛，且反应可逆，是体内合成非必需氨基酸的重要途径。

尿素的肠肝循环：血液中约25%的尿素渗透进肠道，经肠菌尿素酶的作用水解生成氨，被重吸收入体内，再到达肝脏后合成尿素。

SAM：蛋氨酸是必需氨基酸，也是体内重要的甲基供体，它是以S-腺苷蛋氨酸的形式提供甲基，SAM是体内最重要的甲基直接供体。

它主要参与合成重要的甲基化合物，如肾上腺素和胆碱；参与蛋白质和核酸的修饰；消除毒性或活性，参与生物转化。

生糖氨基酸（glycogenic amino acid）：某些氨基酸脱去氨基后所生成的a-酮酸可以转变为糖，如丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸等，共14种。

生酮氨基酸（ketogenic amino acid）：某些氨基酸脱去氨基后所生成的a-酮酸可转变为乙酰CoA，进而转变为酮体和脂肪，如Leu，共1种。

生糖兼生酮氨基酸：某些氨基酸脱去氨基后所生成a-酮酸即可转变为糖，也可转变为脂肪或通体，如Lys,Trp,Tyr,Phe,Ile，共5种。

酶(Enzyme)专一性(substrate specificity)底物(substrate)结构专一性( structure specificity)绝对专一性( absolute specificity)相对专一性(relative specificity)键专一性(bond specificity)基团专一性(group specificity)立体化学专一性(stereochemical specificity)旋光异构专一性(optical specificity)几何异构专一性(geometrical specificity)锁钥学说( lock and key theory）诱导契合学说(Induced-fit theory)酶蛋白（apoenzyme）辅助因子（cofactor)辅酶（coenzyme）辅基（prosthetic group）全酶(holoenzyme)活性中心（active center ）活性部位(active site) 必需基团(essential group)酶原(zymogen)酶原的激活(zymogen activation)激活剂（activator）抑制剂(inhibitor)不可逆抑制作用（irreversible inhibition）竞争抑制剂（competitive inhibition）非竞争抑制剂（noncompetitive inhibition）反竞争抑制剂（uncompetitive inhibition）假底物（pseudosubstrate）自杀底物（suicide substrate）活化能（activation energy）过渡态（transition）趋近效应（approximation）定向效应（orientation）张力作用（strain）变形（distortion）共价催化(covalent catalysis)亲核催化（nucleophilic catalysis）亲电催化（electrophilic catalysis）酸碱催化作用（acid-base catalysis）酶活力（enzyme activity)酶活力单位(active unit,U)国际单位（international unit,IU）寡聚酶(oligomeric enzyme)同工酶（isoenzyme）诱导酶(induced enzyme)共价调节酶(covalent regulatory enzyme)变构酶（allosteric enzyme)变构效应（allosteric effect )协同指数（cooperative index, CI)核酶（ribozyme）抗体酶（abzyme)（catalytic antibody）固定化酶（immobilized enzyme)新陈代谢（metabolism）同化作用（assimilation）异化作用（dissimilation ）氮平衡(nitrogen balance)必需氨基酸(essential amino acid)非必需氨基酸(non-essential amino acid)蛋白质的互补作用complementary action）胃蛋白酶(pepsin)内肽酶(endopeptidase)外肽酶(exopeptidase)蛋白质的腐败作用(putrefaction)主动转运（active transport）γ-谷氨酰基循环（γ-glutamyl cycle）假神经递质(false neurotransmitter)泛素（ubiquitin Ub）蛋白质的泛素化(ubiquitination)蛋白酶体(proteasome)氨基酸代谢库(metabolic pool)转氨基作用（transamination）高氨血症( hyperammonemia)一碳单位（one carbon unit）从头合成途径(de novo synthesis pathway)补救合成途径(salvage synthesis pathway)生物氧化(biological oxidation电子传递链（eclctron transfer chain)呼吸链(respiratory chain)黄素蛋白（flavoproteins,FP)铁硫蛋白（iron sulfur proteins,Fe-S)泛醌（Ubiquinone,Q或UQ）细胞色素体系(Cytochromes,Cyt)底物水平磷酸化(substrate level phosphorylation) 氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation)偶联部位(coupling site)化学渗透假说(chemiosmotic theory)糖(carbohydrates)单糖(monosacchride)寡糖(oligosacchride)多糖(polysacchride)结合糖(glycoconjugate)葡萄糖（glucose）果糖（frutcose）淀粉(starch)糖原(glycogen)纤维素(cellulose)糖脂(glycolipid)糖蛋白(glycoprotein)糖的无氧分解（Glycolysis）糖酵解(glycolysis)糖酵解途径(glycolytic pathway)三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle)磷酸戊糖途径（Pentose Phosphate Pathway）糖异生（gluconeogenic pathway）胰岛素(insulin)脂类(lipids)脂肪(fat)类脂(lipoid)脂肪酸（fatty acid FA）不饱和脂肪酸（unsatyrated FA）微团(micelles)激素敏感性脂肪酶（HSL）还原酶（reductase)水解酶（hydrolase）固醇载体蛋白（sterol carrier protein, SCP）脂酰基载体蛋白（acyl carrier protein ACP)脂蛋白（lipoprotein）乳糜微粒（chylomicrons）合成酶（synthetase）肉碱（carnitine）酮体（ketone dodies）鲨烯（squalene）MV AHMG-CoA丙酮酸脱羧酶：由三种酶组成：丙酮酸脱氢酶、二氢硫辛酰胺脱氢酶、二氢硫辛酰胺转乙酰酶五种辅助因子：TPP硫胺素焦磷酸酯、NAD+（Vpp）尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二磷酸、硫辛酸、FAD（VB2）黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸、HSCoA 辅酶A必需氨基酸（共8种）：赖氨酸（Lys）色氨酸（Trp）苯丙氨酸（Phe）蛋氨酸（Met）苏氨酸（Thr）亮氨酸（Leu）异亮氨酸（Ile）缬氨酸（Val）ATP循环：ADP接受高能化合物的磷酸基团和能量,或从呼吸链中直接获取能量,用无机磷酸合成ATP;生成的ATP又可以水解变成ADP,释放的能量合成代谢和其它需要能量的生理活动.化学渗透假说：（1）复合体I, III,IV在传递电子的同时将H+泵出到内膜外（2）跨膜的电化学梯度（3）贮存在电化学梯度中的能量推动H+通过ATP合成酶回到内侧，同时使ADP磷酸化生成ATP（4）总共泵出的6H+可以驱动3分子ATP的合成。

生物化学中英文名词解释汇总生化不是危机。

就看你怎么复习啦第一部分：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。

2.单糖（monoaccharide）：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。

常见的单糖有葡萄糖（Glucoe）、果糖（Fructoe）、半乳糖（galactoe）。

3.寡糖（oligoaccharide）：又称低聚糖，是由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。

可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。

4.二糖（diaccharide）：又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。

常见的二糖有蔗糖（ucroe）、乳糖（lactoe）、麦芽糖（maltoe）。

5.多糖（polyaccharide）：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。

6.同多糖（homopolyaccharide）由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉（tarch）、糖原（glycogen）、纤维素（celluloe）。

7.杂多糖（heteropolyaccharide）有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸（hyaluronicacid,HA）、肝素（heparin,Hp）等。

8.糖胺聚糖（glycoaminoglycan,GAG）又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。

是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。

例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。

9.蛋白聚糖（proteoglycan）：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%。

主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。

由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。

10.糖蛋白(glycoprotein)：短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。

糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。

11.糖脂（glycolipid）12.脂多糖（lipopolyaccharide）第二部分脂质1.脂质：lipid是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。

名词解释1. 糖（carbohydrate ）：糖是一类多元醇的醛衍生物或酮衍生物，包括多羟基醛、多羟基酮以及他们的缩聚物和衍生物。

单糖(monosaccharide)：指不能再被水解为更简单的糖类的物质。

寡糖(oligosaccharide)：由2-20个单糖脱水缩合生成的糖。

同聚多糖(Homopolysaccharide)：由20个以上同种单糖或衍生物聚合而成的糖类。

多糖(polysaccharide)杂聚多糖(Heterpolysaccharide)：由20个以上不同种单糖或衍生物聚合而成的糖类。

复合糖(glycoconjugate)：是指糖和非糖物质共价结合形成的复合物。

2. 偏振面(plane of polarization)：与平面偏振光震动的平面相垂直的面成为偏振面。

旋光性(optical activity)：指某些物质能使平面偏振光的偏振面发生旋转的性质。

旋光物质(optically active forms)：能使平面偏振光的偏振面发生旋转的物质。

又称旋光体。

比旋光度(specific rotation)：旋光物质在一定条件下可以使平面偏振光旋转到一定的角度，称为比旋光度，又称旋光性、光学活性。

比旋光度可用[]tD α表示：[]100tD C L αα=⨯⨯其中，L 为光程，即旋光管的长度（dm ）；C 为质量浓度（g/dL ）；[]tD α是在以钠光灯为光源（成为D 线）、温度为t 的条件下实测的旋光度。

旋光异构(optical isomerism)&旋光异构体(optical isomers)：由于不对称分子中原子或原子团在空间的不同排布对平面偏振光的偏振面发生不同的影响所引起的异构现象称为旋光异构，所产生的异构体称为旋光异构体。

变旋光现象(mutarotation)：旋光度自行改变的现象称为变旋光现象。

3. 异头物(anomer)&异头碳(anomeric carbon)：只是在羰基碳原子上构型不同的同分异构体称为异头物。