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重庆医科大学2007年病理学考博试题来源：互联网划词：关闭划词收藏1、名词解释biophy 老化早期肝癌异位激素肿瘤肾病综合症（英文）调理素和调理化Burkitts淋巴瘤Phlegmonous inflammation 假幽门腺化生2、简答题急性坏死性肝炎和亚急性坏死性肝炎的病理形态变化区别肝硬化腹水病人大量抽取腹水后会出现什么反应，机制如何？什么是肉芽组织，在损伤反应中的作用写出5种COPD疾病，并说明其引起肺心病的的病理机制调亡和坏死的病因和组织学改变的区别3、问答题以胃癌为例，说明恶性肿瘤的转移途径及其病理机制解：（每题2分）肠上皮化生、减压病、脂性肾病、血管内皮生长因子、霍奇金淋巴瘤（英文）交界性肿瘤、上皮内瘤变、新月体性肾小球肾炎、永久细胞、代偿性肥大简答：（每题5分）1、白细胞吞噬的过程及机制2、羊水栓塞的病因、发病机制、引起猝死的原因3、凋亡和坏死的区别4、良、恶性高血压的区别5、克隆恩病的肉眼和镜下表现6、慢性肾小球肾炎的病理变化和临床表现7、病毒性肝炎的基本病理变化8、肿瘤异型性的形态学表现论述：1、说出至少五种可引起便血的疾病，并叙述其病变2、男。
56岁，发现左颈部淋巴结，说出至少五种可能的疾病，并叙述其病变3、恶性肿瘤浸润转移的分子机制4、某人被枪弹伤及右胸至肋骨，说出可能引起的病变，转归及结局（这个记得不太准了）1、arteriolosclerosis2、cervical intraepithelial neoplasia（CIN）3、autopsy；4、bridging necrosis；5、pulmonary carnification6、red neuron；二、填空：1、经典Hodgkin淋巴瘤分型；2、异位寄生定义3、伤寒的分期三、问答：什么是肉芽肿？举例说明常见的肉芽肿及其病理表现；血栓形成的条件及其对机体的影响；膜增生性肾小球肾炎的病理及临床表现；什么是新生血管；引起肿瘤新生血管形成可能的机制及其最新进展。
医学影像学考博复习题（由⽹上能收集的资源整理⽽成）总论名词解释1.体素:CT图像实际上是⼈体某⼀部位有⼀定厚度的体层图像。
我们将成像的体层分成按矩阵排列的若⼲个⼩的基本单元。
⽽以⼀个CT值综合代表每个⼩单元内的物质密度。
这些⼩单元就称为体素。
同样，⼀幅CT图像是由很多按矩阵排列的⼩单元组成，这些组成图像的基本单元被称为像素。
体素是⼀个三维概念，像素是⼀个⼆维概念。
像素实际上是体素在成像时的表现。
像素越⼩，越能分辨图像的细节。
2.CR:计算机X线摄影(computed radiography，CR)，是⼀种数字化的X线成像技术。
是将透过⼈体的X线影像信息记录在影像板上，经过读取、处理和显⽰等步骤，显⽰出数字化图像。
数字化图像适合于图像的存储、传输、教学、远程医疗、三维重建处理和信息放射学的开发和临床应⽤。
3.DR:4.矩阵:表⽰⼀个横成⾏，纵成列的数字阵列，将受检层⾯分割成⽆数的⼩⽴⽅体，这些⼩⽴⽅体就是象素。
当图像⾯积为⼀个固定值时，象素尺⼨越⼩，组成的CT图像矩阵越⼤，图像越清晰。
反之依然。
5.空间分辨率：⼜成为⾼对⽐分辨率，是指在保证⼀定的密度差的前提下，显⽰待分辩组织⼏何形态的能⼒。
常⽤每cm内的线对数或⽤可分辩最⼩物体的直径来表⽰。
6.密度分辨率：⼜称为对⽐分辨率，是指在低对⽐情况下分辩组织密度细⼩差别的能⼒。
7.时间分辨率：为单位时间内可采集影像最多帧数，反映为单⼀层⾯的成像时间及可连续采集影像的能⼒。
8.Z轴分辨率：即纵向分辨率，它的含义是扫描床移动⽅向或⼈体长轴⽅向的图像分辩细节的能⼒，它表⽰肋CT机多平⾯核三维成像的能⼒。
扫描的最薄层厚决定Z轴⽅向的分辩能⼒。
9.CT值：X线穿过⼈体的过程中，计算出每个单位容积的X线吸收系数（亦称衰减系数ü值）。
将ü值转换就得到CT值，以作为表达组织密度的统⼀单位。
10.DSA：是80年代兴起的⼀项新的医学影像技术。
其主要特点是将⾎管造影时采集的X线荧光屏影像经影像增强器增强后形成视频影像，再经过对数增幅、模数转换、对⽐度增强和减影处理，产⽣数字减影⾎管造影图像，使所得的影像质量较常规⾎管造影⼤⼤提⾼。
2004年中山医博士肿瘤学部分试题1-7题选答4条。
每条10分1.简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。
2.术前放疗的原则3.根治性化疗的理论基础和原则4.肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？5.蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？6.肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？7.8-25选3，各20分。
1.肺癌转移的各站淋巴结2.化疗药物有哪些不良反应？举例说明。
3.颈清术有哪些并发症？处理原则？4.基因突变的形式和检测方法?5.AFP对肝癌诊断和治疗的意义天津医科大学2003年眼科学（博士）一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1、眼表2、圆锥角膜3、规则散光4、对比敏感度5、基底细胞癌6、AMD7、ROP8、Exotropia9、Epicanthus10、Fungal keratitis二、简答题（每题5分，共40分）1、简述青光眼临床分类2、简述干眼症临床表现3、简述Fuchs综合征临床特点4、简述调节性内斜视的临床分类5、简述真菌性角膜炎的临床表现6、简述低视力概念及国际诊断标准7、简述视网膜色素变性临床表现及遗传方式8、简述增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的临床表现三.问答题（共40分）1.介绍房水成分，作用及循环径路（10分）2.说明弱视的临床分类，主要发病机制，治疗时机和方法（15分）3.试述眼科影像诊断技术的进展（15分）协和医科大学2004年分子生物学（博士）1.名解:同工酶染色体染色质核基质转化密码子的偏嗜性基因簇2.简答为什么核酸和蛋白都是有方向的?信号转导的cAMP通路什么是内切酶的星号活性3.判断对错,说明理由关于乳糖操纵子的4.论述给定一个cDNA序列,如何表达,纯化到蛋白质5.填空协和生化的老主任是谁(这道题好变态)谁用什么实验证明了核酸是遗传物质可以磷酸化的氨基酸是哪三个带苯环的氨基酸是哪三个DNA在多少nm有最大的光吸收,为什么?协和医科大学2004年博士研究生入学考试妇产科学试卷一、名词解释先期化疗HELLPsyndromeLEEPUSIFETALDEATHTTTS四、简答题1、异位妊娠的保守治疗指征2、“吊床”学说3、交界性肿瘤的特点4、？五、论述题1、宫腔镜治疗的并发征及其处理2、宫颈癌的手术方式及其指征3、子宫内膜异位症的治疗新进展及其前景协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题一,名词解释(大约有67个,是关于代谢与分子部分的，只记得三个)1.PCR2.KLENOW片段3.转化二,填空(有关代谢的)1.胆固醇：合成部位、直接前体2.糖酵解:关于整个过程消耗几个A TP,生成几个A TP，NADH，是人就会答3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只记得这些)三,选择10道题,是关于代谢的,能量代谢占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的电子传递，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸键，某某反应步骤放不放ATP之类，很简单。
临床检验诊断学1.病例分析（全英文的病例）去年考的是梗阻性黄疸2.名词解释（1）APTT（2）CTnT CTnI（3）FQ-PCR(4) 增强免疫比浊法（5）DNA芯片/基因芯片（6）TrFIA（7）AG（阴离子间隙）3.简答题，分析题（1）脂蛋白与AS的关系？（2）影响酶促动力学的因素？（3）肾小管与集合管的功能检测？（4）实验室生物安全防护？（5）对一个已知基因序列片段的功能分析（其蛋白质水平上的功能分析），设计你的实验思路分析化学1.名词解释（1）DNA芯片采用光导原位合成或微量点样等方法，将大量生物大分子比如核酸片段、多肽分子甚至组织切片、细胞等等生物样品有序地高密度固化于支持物（如玻片、硅片、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶、尼龙膜等载体）的表面，制成点阵，然后与已标记的待测生物样品中靶分子杂交，通过特定的仪器比如激光共聚焦扫描对杂交信号的强度进行快速、并行、高效地检测分析，从而判断样品中靶分子的数量。
根据芯片上固定的探针不同，生物芯片包括基因芯片、蛋白质芯片、细胞芯片、组织芯片。
如果芯片上固定的是肽或蛋白，则称为肽芯片或蛋白芯片；如果芯片上固定的分子是寡核苷酸探针或DNA，就是DNA芯片。
DNA芯片技术包含四个基本要点：DNA方阵的构建、样品的制备、杂交,杂交图谱的检测及读出。
DNA芯片技术的应用：基因表达分析，基因型和多态性分析，疾病的诊断与治疗，肿瘤检测研究及抗肿瘤药物筛选，临床应用蛋白质芯片(protein array)是近年来蛋白质组学研究中兴起的一种新的方法，它类似于基因芯片，是将蛋白质点到固相物质上，然后与要检测的组织或细胞等进行“杂交”，再通过自动化仪器分析得出结果。
这里所指的“杂交”是指蛋白与蛋白之间如(抗体与抗原)在空间构象上能特异性的相互识别。
此方法与传统的研究方法相比具有如下优点:①蛋白质芯片是一种高通量的研究方法，能在一次实验中提供相当大的信息量，使我们能够全面、准确的研究蛋白表达谱，这是传统的蛋白研究方法无法做到的。
重庆医科大学招收攻读博士学位研究生英语试题（样题）考试时间：3小时Part I Vocabulary (10 points)Section A (5 points)Directions: In each item, chose one word that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. Mark out your choice on the answer sheet with asingle line through the center.1.The public usually regards the theory of public opinion as controversial. ba. practicalb. disputablec. reasonabled. soluble2.The serious illness deprived him of his sight and the use of his leg. aa. robbedb. excludedc. disabledd. gripped3.If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mocking bird initiates a set of actions to protect itsoff-spring. ba. hastensb. triggersc. devisesd. releases4.The flowers on the table were a manifestation of the child’s love for his mother. aa. a demonstrationb. a combinationc. a satisfactiond. an infestation5.Handling preschooler s’ fears is often of understanding their fantasies. da. behaviorb. habitc. hobbyd. imagination6.The devastating earthquake last month caused hundreds of people homeless. ba. unguardedb. overwhelmingc. destructived. evil7.On hearing of the case some time later, Conan Doyle was convinced that the man was notguilty, and immediately went to work to ascertain the truth. ca. exploreb. obtainc. verifyd. search8.Fear of pirate raids caused the Spaniards to fortify their coastline. ba. armsb. invasionsc. shipsd. cruelty9.The poor woman did not sleep all night and was completely worn out. ba. consumedb. exhaustedc. groundd. smashed10.Mountain life produces a strong, tough breed of men. aa. generationb. geniusc. typed. gangSection B (5 points)Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark out your choice on theanswer sheet with a single line through the center.11. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily ____b____.a. diminishedb. alleviatedc. replacedd. abolished12.In principle, a person whose conduct was caused by mental disorder should not be liable tocriminal ____b____.a. identificationb. punishmentc. investigationd. commitment13.Cut off by the storm, they were forced to ____c____ food for several days.a. go in forb. go overc. go withoutd. go out14.Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for____c____ vitamins.a. exceptionalb. exceedingc. excessd. external15.For some rare cases, the doctor does not base his diagnosis on the patient’s ____d____ onlybut also on the results of tests.a. complaintsb. reportsc. statementsd. symptoms16.The Army and Navy of that country were reformed in ____c____ with western models afterthe Second World War.a. consequenceb. agreementc. accordanced. contact17.Please come and help me with this form because I don’t know how to ____a____ it.a. set aboutb. set asidec. set offd. set up18.The salesman’s ____d____ annoyed the old lady, but finally she gave in.a. enduranceb. assistancec. resistanced. persistence19.Does brain power ____d____ as we get older? Scientists now have some surprising answers.a. collapseb. descendc. deduced. decline20.All experts agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully____a____ the risks and benefits.a. weighingb. valuingc. evaluatingd. distinguishingPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1Yellow FeverHopes for victory over the disease of yellow fever were raised still further when one of a team of Rockefeller doctors, studying yellow fever in Ghana, scored a major victory in the summer of 1927. Visiting a village where there was an outbreak, the doctor took blood from a goodlooking young African, Asibi by name, who had a mild touch of fever. The doctor now injected some of his blood into four animals including one monkey that had just arrived from India. Only the monkey went down with yellow fever. For the first time the virus of the disease had been passed into an animal other than man. Having animals that could be given the disease opened the way to new lines of experiments.The Asibi virus was kept going from monkey to monkey. In this way they gradually developed a virus whose power to make people ill had been greatly lowered. But still it had enough strength to develop resistance in human beings. So from the blood of a West African a vaccine was finally developed that now protects millions of people from yellow fever.Such, then, was the point reached in 1932. Yellow fever appeared to be on the way out, at least in the Americas. Then there occurred an outbreak in a country district in Brazil. This was strange, since yellow fever had always been believed to be a disease of the city, one that people caught by being bitten in their own homes by the city type of mosquitoes, bred within a hundred yards of their houses. Something much more surprising, however, was in store for the members of the Brazilian Yellow Fever Service, when they reached the area. There was yellow fever in the district, without doubt. The Service found it was present by all the standard tests. But there were no city-type mosquitoes, not one.One morning a doctor went into the jungle with some woodcutters. He wanted to collectmosquitoes, but they weren’t biting. The doctor was just ready to leave, when one of the men shouted that a tree was about to fall. He stood back and watched the great mass come down. Sunlight streamed through the hole made in the roof of the jungle and from the upper branches of the fallen tree rose a cloud of blue mosquitoes which circled around the men.So it was learned that these blue mosquitoes, relatively rare on the floor of the jungle, exist in great numbers in the treetops. There too, the monkeys live. This discovery completed a chain of facts about the way jungle yellow fever is caught and spread. It is mainly a disease of monkeys in the jungle treetops. They are infected by the bites of several kinds of mosquitoes. Blue mosquitoes being one of the most common attackers. The pattern is carried on from monkey to mosquito and back to monkey. But men going into the jungle may also get the disease, particularly if their work disturbs the roof of the jungle. If the man bitten by an infected mosquito then returns to a city where there are mosquitoes of the city type, he may start again the pattern of man to mosquito to man.21. A further advance in the fight against yellow fever was made when it was discovered that thedisease could be passed from ____d____.a. man to mosquitob. animal to manc. animal to mosquitod. man to animal22.Jungle yellow fever can only exist where there are ____d____.a. any type of mosquitoesb. blue mosquitoesc. monkeysd. animals and mosquitoes23.The doctors in this story were interested in discovering ___a_____.a.the pattern of the diseaseb.the signs of yellow feverc.the kind of people who get the diseased.how monkeys stay healthy24.An interesting finding in this story is that ____c____.a.only one type of mosquitoes carries yellow feverb.at least two types of mosquitoes carry yellow feverc.any mosquitoes can carry the diseased.monkeys are necessary in keeping yellow fever goingPassage 2A Leap in ThoughtYou’ve had a problem, you’ve thought about it till you were tired, forgotten it and perhaps slept on it, and then flash! When you weren’t thinking about it suddenly the answer has come to you, as a gift from the gods.Of course all ideas don’t come like that, but the interesting thing is that so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery. Psychology does not yet understand even the ordinary processes of conscious thought, but the emergence of new ideas by a “leap in thought” is particularly intriguing, because they must have come from somewhere. For the moment let us assume that they come from the “unconscious”. This is reasonable, for the psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the subject, and creative thought consists precisely in what was unknown becoming know.It seems that all truly creative activity depends in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly intuitive the person, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.But growth requires a seed, and the heart of the creative process lies in the production of the original fertile nucleus from which growth can proceed. This initial step in all creation consists in the establishment of a new unity from disparate elements, of order out of disorder, of shape from what was formless. The mind achieves this by the plastic reshaping, so as to form a new unit, of a selection of the separate elements derived from experience and stored in memory. Intuitions arise from richly unified experience.This process of the establishment of new from must occur in pattern of nervous activity in the brain, lying below the threshold of consciousness, which interact and combine to from more comprehensive patterns. Experimental physiology has not yet identified this process, for its methods are as yet insufficiently refined, but it may be significant that a quarter of the total bodily consumption of energy during sleep goes to the brain, even when the sense organs are at rest, to maintain the activity of the thousand million brain cells. These cells, acting together as a single organ, achieve the miracle of the production of new patterns of thought. No calculating machine can do that, for such machines can “only do what we know how to design them to do”, and these formative brain processes obey laws which are still unknown.Can any practical conclusions be drawn from the experience of genius? Is there an art of thought for the ordinary person? Certainly there is no single road to success; in the world of the imagination each has to find his own way to use his own gifts.25.The description in the first paragraph may imply that ____c____.a.inspiration may come from the godsb.in finding an answer to a problem, inspiration may come only after you have thoughthard about itc.inspiration may come only when you have forgotten the problemd.whenever you thought about the answer to a problem, you would get a flash ofinspiration26.The pronoun “they” in paragraph 2 refers to ___c_____.a. “many people”b. the most important peoplec. “many ideas”d. Psychologists27.In the sentence “This is reasonable, for the psychologists use this term to describe mentalprocesses which are unknown to the subject”. Here “subject” refers to ____a____.a. a school courseb. a topic of a speechc. a person being treated in a certain way or being experimented ond. a citizen28.The writer might want to tell his readers that ____b____.a.successful persons depend on their inspirationsb.we ordinary people had better not blindly count on any practical conclusion fromexperience of genius, but find our own way to use our own giftsc.there is no genius at alld.none of the abovePassage 3Experiments have been carried out on volunteers to see what happens when all sensations are stopped. This can be done in several ways. One method is to put a man inside a completely isolated room. This room is heavily sound-proofed and absolutely dark. There is no light or sound and the person is instructed just to lie motionless on a bed. People have stayed in rooms such as this for as long as four days. The results of sensory deprivation (SD) vary with the individual.Soon after entering the confinement cell most subjects went to sleep and slept almost without interruption for ten to twenty-four hours. These are gross estimates for there was nothing by which the subjects could determine the time which had elapsed. We know for certain that one subject slept for nineteen hours but insisted that he had a nap of less than one hour. According to the monitoring microphone, which was capable of picking up the deep breathing of sleep, it seems more likely that most subjects slept all of the first twenty-four hours.We felt that so much sleeping in the first day wasted the effects of confinement, so we started placing subjects in SD early in the morning. We reasoned that after a night’s sleep our confined subject would be unable to dissipate (驱散) the effects of SD by sleeping. Such was not the case. As far as we could determine they went to sleep just as quickly and slept just as long as the previous subjects. We then started entering the subjects at midmorning, midday, and mid-afternoon. As it turned out, it made no difference when during the day and, presumably, during the night we started the confinement; the initial sleep period was always about the same.We had not expected this extended period of initial sleep. In fact, it had seemed reasonable to expect something of the opposite. SD was a very novel situation for our subjects, and as such, we reasoned, it should have occupied them for some time. I had a similar expectation for astronauts during space flight and was greatly surprised to learn that the Russian astronaut Yuri Gagarin had been able to sleep during his space flight around the earth.Other effects were also noted. With no real sensations to work on, the brain makes up all sorts of false information. Many people experience vivid dreams and hallucinations (幻觉). When they are finally taken out of the room into the real changing world of light and sound, they are in a very strange state of mind, ready to believe anything and not really able to make decisions.29.This passage is mainly about ____c____.a.how to have a sound sleepb.what causes loss of sensationsc.what will happen if sensations were lostd.how to lose sensations30.What does “subjects” Para 3, Line2) mean in this passage? da.Any member of a state except the supreme ruler.b.Something to be talked or written about or studied.c.Person, animal or thing to be treated or dealt with.d.Theme on which a composition is based.31.We can probably infer from the passage that ___c_____.a.most astronauts are unable to fall asleep in spaceb. a period of sensory deprivation would make a person hard to controlc.many people are subject to fantasy while in the sensory deprivation celld.microphones are used to control the breathing of subjects32.All of the following are the results of sensory deprivation except that ___c_____.a.most subjects fell asleep and slept for a long timeb.some subjects didn’t know how many hours they spent sleepingc.it took a long time for the subjects to adapt themselves to sensory celld.many subjects became credulous right after sensory deprivationPassage 4I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up at a supermarket. And the proprietor (店主) knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old age pensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing. The more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to hint at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer, a red-faced figure, instantly obtains it for them.The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of industry or commerce.33.The services available in village nowadays are normally ___a_____.a.fewer but still very activeb.less successful than earlier but managing to survivec.active in providing food for the village, and tourist goodsd.surprisingly energetic considering the little demand for them34.The local grocer’s shop is expanding ___a_____.a.because women spend a lot of their tie there just gossipingb.even though town shops are larger and rather cheaperc.in spite of the fact that people like to shop where they are less well-knownd.for people get frozen food as well as antiques35.How do the village grocer’s assistants feel about giving extra service? da.They tend to forget itb.They will not consider itc.It does not seem worth their whiled.They take it for granted36.Another aspect of personal service available in the village shop is that ____a____.a.there is a very wide range of goods availableb.rare goods are obtained whenever they are neededc.special attention is given to the needs of wealthier customersd.goods are always restocked before they run outPassage 5Until about 200 years ago. Change was so slow that people presumed that the lives of their children and grandchildren would not be very much different from their own.And then came the 20th century, when people went from flying in their first airplane at Kity Hawk to planting their first footsteps on the moon – all in the blink of a lifetime. One group of scientist haws said that the rate of change in our contemporary world is running a million times faster than the rate of humans’ ability to adjust to the new situations.Here is how some futurists say Americans may live in the opening years of the next millennium.The World Future Society, a nonprofit organization in Maryland, predicts that supermarkets may become hydroponics greenhouses where shoppers pick their own produce from the vine. And for those who would not care for such a hands – on experience, groceries could be electronically ordered and automatically delivered into refrigerators that open outside and inside the house.Marvin J. Cetron, founder and president of Forecasting International Ltd., a consulting company in Arlington, Virginia, said he believes that by 2006, people will have personal diagnostic and meal preparation machines. If you eat too much, the diagnostic machine will tell you to exercise.Many experts anticipate advances in biotechnology that could lead to cows that produce low-fat milk, disease-resistant potatoes grown by crossing them with a chicken gene and pork made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig’s genetic pool.But if, as expected, the world’s human population doubles in the next 40 years, the pressure to produce food to feed everyone is gong to be immense, said Lester R. Brown, head of the Worldwatch Institute, in Washington, He notes in his book, “Vital Signs 1995” that “the pace of history is accelerating as soaring human demands collide with the Earth’s natural limits.”How about medicine? For many people, particularly aging baby boomers, a big question will be, how can you add years to your life? Many futurists say that will be possible, at least for those who can afford it.By 2020, the complete DNA structure will be mapped. Mr. Cetron said: “Doctors will know a person’s genetic characteristics right from birth, even before birth.”That could guide doctors to tailor life styles and treatments to help patients avoid disorders they are prone to develop. Coupled with genetic medicine, he said, a child born in 2010 could expect to live 120 years.But Mr. Brown of the Worldwatch Institute cautioned that public health and medicine are likely to be challenged by another global trend: the rise in infectious diseases and their increased immunity to antibiotics.Many futurists expect little change in how Americans live in houses in the next few years. “Home behavior changes pretty slowly,”Mr. Millett said. But from 2010 to 2020, he predicts “fundamental change.”37.Which of the following world trends is mentioned in the passage? ba.Futurism is being taken more seriously by more peopleb.Doctors wish to engineer a dramatically different kind of life.c.Diseases capable of being spread will be on the rise.d.Old people will be unwilling to live in nursing houses.38.According to the author, which of the following is NOT true? ca.It took a life time from people’s first flight in the airplane to landing on the moon.b.Changes in the 20th century have come all too soon.c.People are ready to adapt themselves to new conditions.d.People are slow to keep pace with changes in our present world.39.The world Future Society predicts that people will get their vegetables and fruit from whereplants are grown ____d____a. manuallyb. automaticallyc. in good soild. in water40.Which of the following may still be a problem in medicine at the end of the next century? aa.The adaptation of life styles to avoid disorder.b.The mapping of the complete DNA structure.c.The increase of life span beyond 120d.The identification of man’s genetic characteristics.Part III Close (10 points)When the earth was born there was no ocean. The ____traditionally____(41) cooling earth was ____ surrounded ____(42) in heavy ____layers____(43) of cloud, which contained much of the water of the new planet. For a long time its surface was ____ so ____(44) hot that no moisture could fall ____ within ____(45) immediately being reconverted ____ from ____(46) steam. This dense, perpetually renewed cloud covering must have been so thick that ____ no____(47) rays of sunlight could penetrate it. And so the ____rough____(48) outlines of the continents and the empty ocean basins were sculptured out of the surface of the earth in ____ darkness ____(49), in s Stygian (冥界的) world of heated rock and swirling clouds and gloom.As soon as the earth’s ____ surface ____(50) cooled enough, the ____ rains ____(51) began to fall. Never have there been such rains since that time. They fell ____ continuously ____(52), day and night, days passing into months, into years, into centuries. They poured into the waiting ocean basins, or, falling upon the continental masses, ____ran____(53) away to become sea.That primeval ocean, growing ____ all together ____(54) as the rains slowly filled its basins, must have been only ____feebly____(55) salt. But the falling rains were the symbol of the dissolution of the continents. ____ From the moment ____(56) the rains began to fall the lands began to be ____worn away____(57) and carried to the sea, it is an endless, ____inevitable ____(58) process that has never stopped the dissolving of the rocks, the ____ obtaining ____(59) count of their contained minerals, the carrying of the rock fragments and dissolved minerals to the ocean. And ____ for ____(60) the eons of time (极漫长的时期) , the sea has grown ever more bitter with the salt of the continents.41. a. traditionally b. gradually c. contrarily d. incidentally42. a. surrounded b. encircled c. enveloped d. rounded43. a. lines b. coats c. tiers d. layers44. a. very b. so c. too d. as45. a. within b. without c. with d. together with46. a. to b. from c. in d. on47. a. some b. little c. no d. much48. a. thin b. thick c. tough d. rough49. a. daylight b. darkness c. brightness d. moonlight50. a. surface b. plate c. crust d. shell51. a. rocks b. dusts c. clouds d. rains52. a. instantly b. immediately c. continuously d. increasingly53. a. went b. drained c. flowed d. ran54. a. once and all b. in bulk c. in sum d. all together55. a. softly b. fairly c. faintly d. feebly56. a. At the moment b. In a moment c. From the moment d. For a moment57. a. washed down b. torn away c. washed off d. worn away58. a. inexorable b. merciless c. inelastic d. inevitable59. a. separating b. obtaining c. leaching d. gaining60. a. at b. with c. over d. forPart IV Translation: In this part, you are provided with eight passages. Choose one English passage and one Chinese passage at your own wills and translate them into Chinese (10 points) and English (15 points) respectively. (25 points in all)1.Researchers for the first time have directly mapped growing human brains, revealingunsuspected physical changes. The finding, reported in the journal Nature, may help lay the foundations of how best to teach language, mathematics and other crucial mental skills.Every human brain experiences rapid, distinct waves of almost explosive growth that may determine when it is most receptive to learning new skills. Educators have long known that intellectual abilities in language, music and mathematics must be developed before puberty.The researchers followed half a dozen children between the ages of 3 and 15, imaging them repeatedly over the years to create a unique fingerprint of their maturing brains. They found that growth rates in an area of the brain linked to language were slow between the ages of 3 and 6 but speeded up from 7 to 15 years, when children normally fine-tune language skills.研究人员首次通过直接映射成长的人类大脑，揭示了确切的生理变化。
