各种纳米结构
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Less-CommonNanostructuresintheFormsofVegetation
OxanaV.KharissovaandBorisI.Kharisov*
UniVersidadAuto´nomadeNueVoLeo´n,CiudadUniVersitariaUANL,SanNicola´sdelosGarza,N.L.66450Mexico
Nanostructuresintheformsofvarietiesofvegetationarereviewed,inparticularnanotreesandtheir
agglomerates,nanobushes,nanomushrooms,nanoflowers,nanograss,andnanosheafs,amongmanyothers.
Synthesismethods,influenceofreactionconditionsonthestructuraltypesofproducts,properties,formation
mechanisms,andcurrentandfutureapplicationsarediscussed.Thesenanostructurespossessaseriesofuseful
properties(magnetic,semiconducting,field-emission,etc.)andapplications,mainlyincatalysis,aswellas
forcreationofnanomaterials,solarcells,andinmedicinefortumortreatments,amongotheruses.
Introduction
Whenthenanotechnologyareabegantodevelopintensively
asanindependentfieldinthefrontiersofphysics,chemistry,
materialschemistryandphysics,medicine,biology,andother
disciplinestwodecadesago,suchtermsas“nanoparticle”,
“nanopowder”,“nanotube”,“nanowire”,“nanoring”,“nanorod”,
“nanobelt”,“nanocluster”,“nanosheet”,“nanodot”,“nanoalloy”,
“nanoribbon”,“nanoplate”,“nanoneedle”,“nanocone”,“nanofil-
ament”,“nanowall”,and“nanofilm”rapidlybecomevery
common,especiallythefirstfournanoforms.Forinstance,a
simplesearchusingSciFinderresultsinhundredsofthousands
ofarticleswithkeywords“nanoparticle”or“nanotube”.Atthe
sametime,duringthelastyears,effortsofresearchershaveled
toreportsofenormousnumberofthenanostructuretypesabove
andthediscoveryofmorerarespecies,suchas“nanodumb-
bells”,“nanoflowers”,“nanorices”,“nanolines”,“nanotowers”,
“nanoshuttles”,“nanobowlings”,“nanowheels”,“nanofans”,
“nanopencils”,“nanotrees”,“nanoarrows”,“nanonails”,“nano-
bottles”,or“nanovolcanoes”,amongmanyothers.Theproblem
ofhowtonameadiscoveredrarenanostructureiscommonly
resolvedaccordingtotheimaginationofresearchers.Because
anynovelnanoform/nanostructurecouldtheoreticallybecome
useful,unexpectedandunpredictableapplications(asfor
examplefamousgraphene,discoverednotlongago1),eachnew
achievementiswelcomeduetoanextremeimportanceof
nanotechnologyatthismomentandinthefuture.Withouta
goodunderstandingofthereasonsforshapeformation,ap-
proachestothesynthesisofnanostructurescanbehardtocarry
out.
Accordingtotheavailableliterature,nouniversalgeneraliza-
tionofrareandcommonnanostructuresiscurrentlyobserved.
Severalexistingclassificationsarerelatedtodimensionalityof
thenanostructureitselfanditscomponents2,3(forinstance,0D
clustersandparticles,1Dnanotubesandnanowires,2Dnano-
platesandlayers,3Dcore/shellnanoparticlesorself-assembled
massives,intermediatedimensionalnanostructuresasfractals
ordendrimers)ortheclassificationbasedonthetriadsymmetry
group-shellcomposition-structuralformulaoftheshell(here
nanostructuresaredividedinbranches,classes,andsubclasses
determinedbythesymmetrygroupofashellandthesetsof
thequantumnumbersofastructure).4Inaddition,anonformal
classification,whichisnotdirectlyrelatedwithdimensionality
andchemicalcompositionofnanostructure-formingcompound
orcompositeandbasedmainlyontheless-commonnanostruc-
tures,wasoffered.5Thisreviewisfocusedtotheexaminationofless-common
nanostructures(i.e.,publishedmainlyintherangeof1-100
reports)intheshapeofvarietiesofvegetation(trees,bushes,
grass,flowers,andmushrooms,etc).Suchstructures,aswill
beshownbelow,possessunusualshapesandfrequentlyhigh
surfacearea,whichmakethemveryusefulforcatalyticand
medicalapplications,amongothers.Severalexamples,discussed
inthisreview(forexampletree-orbroccoli-likestructures),
possessnanoscale(<100nm)widthsandhigher(sometimes
>500)lengthsorheights,whichformallyexceednanoscale
range.
Nanotrees.NanotreesinGeneral.Tree-likeisarelatively
frequentnano-andmicrostructuraltype,obtainedforaseries
ofinorganiccompounds,mostlyforsilicon,silica,andcarbon.
Generally,theyarecloselyrelatedtonanowires,whichare
modifiedwithbranches,sometimestheyareproducedfrom
them,6andcanappeartogetherwithothernanostructures.In
thecaseofsilicon,thestructureandelectronicpropertiesofits
nanotreesusinglargescalequantummechanicalsimulations
wereinvestigated.7Electronicstructureanalysisshowedthat
theformationofnanotreeswasaccompaniedbyanarrowing
oftheHOMO-LUMOgap;thisfactcouldleadtotheir
applicationinmoleculardevicesduetothepredictedenhance-
mentintheconductingproperties.Sinanotreeswerefoundto
besuitablealsoforthermoelectricalapplications.8Theeffects
oftrimethylaluminium(TMA)onsiliconnanowiresgrownby
CVDwereinvestigatedinthe650-850°Cgrowthtemperature
rangeusingAuasthegrowthcatalystandSiH4inH2carrier
gasastheSiprecursor.9Dependingonsubstratetemperature
andTMApartialpressure,thestructure’smorphologyevolved
fromwirestotaperedneedles,pyramids,ornanotrees(theTMA
presencewaslinked,inparticular,toabranchedgrowthleading
toSinanotrees).
Hierarchicalsiliconoxycarbidetree-likenanostructures,which
consistedoftrunksandabundantbranches,werefabricatedby
electronirradiationoforganosiliconpolymers.10Thenanotree
structureshadtwodifferentmorphologies,cluster-assembled