各种纳米结构

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Less-CommonNanostructuresintheFormsofVegetation

OxanaV.KharissovaandBorisI.Kharisov*

UniVersidadAuto´nomadeNueVoLeo´n,CiudadUniVersitariaUANL,SanNicola´sdelosGarza,N.L.66450Mexico

Nanostructuresintheformsofvarietiesofvegetationarereviewed,inparticularnanotreesandtheir

agglomerates,nanobushes,nanomushrooms,nanoflowers,nanograss,andnanosheafs,amongmanyothers.

Synthesismethods,influenceofreactionconditionsonthestructuraltypesofproducts,properties,formation

mechanisms,andcurrentandfutureapplicationsarediscussed.Thesenanostructurespossessaseriesofuseful

properties(magnetic,semiconducting,field-emission,etc.)andapplications,mainlyincatalysis,aswellas

forcreationofnanomaterials,solarcells,andinmedicinefortumortreatments,amongotheruses.

Introduction

Whenthenanotechnologyareabegantodevelopintensively

asanindependentfieldinthefrontiersofphysics,chemistry,

materialschemistryandphysics,medicine,biology,andother

disciplinestwodecadesago,suchtermsas“nanoparticle”,

“nanopowder”,“nanotube”,“nanowire”,“nanoring”,“nanorod”,

“nanobelt”,“nanocluster”,“nanosheet”,“nanodot”,“nanoalloy”,

“nanoribbon”,“nanoplate”,“nanoneedle”,“nanocone”,“nanofil-

ament”,“nanowall”,and“nanofilm”rapidlybecomevery

common,especiallythefirstfournanoforms.Forinstance,a

simplesearchusingSciFinderresultsinhundredsofthousands

ofarticleswithkeywords“nanoparticle”or“nanotube”.Atthe

sametime,duringthelastyears,effortsofresearchershaveled

toreportsofenormousnumberofthenanostructuretypesabove

andthediscoveryofmorerarespecies,suchas“nanodumb-

bells”,“nanoflowers”,“nanorices”,“nanolines”,“nanotowers”,

“nanoshuttles”,“nanobowlings”,“nanowheels”,“nanofans”,

“nanopencils”,“nanotrees”,“nanoarrows”,“nanonails”,“nano-

bottles”,or“nanovolcanoes”,amongmanyothers.Theproblem

ofhowtonameadiscoveredrarenanostructureiscommonly

resolvedaccordingtotheimaginationofresearchers.Because

anynovelnanoform/nanostructurecouldtheoreticallybecome

useful,unexpectedandunpredictableapplications(asfor

examplefamousgraphene,discoverednotlongago1),eachnew

achievementiswelcomeduetoanextremeimportanceof

nanotechnologyatthismomentandinthefuture.Withouta

goodunderstandingofthereasonsforshapeformation,ap-

proachestothesynthesisofnanostructurescanbehardtocarry

out.

Accordingtotheavailableliterature,nouniversalgeneraliza-

tionofrareandcommonnanostructuresiscurrentlyobserved.

Severalexistingclassificationsarerelatedtodimensionalityof

thenanostructureitselfanditscomponents2,3(forinstance,0D

clustersandparticles,1Dnanotubesandnanowires,2Dnano-

platesandlayers,3Dcore/shellnanoparticlesorself-assembled

massives,intermediatedimensionalnanostructuresasfractals

ordendrimers)ortheclassificationbasedonthetriadsymmetry

group-shellcomposition-structuralformulaoftheshell(here

nanostructuresaredividedinbranches,classes,andsubclasses

determinedbythesymmetrygroupofashellandthesetsof

thequantumnumbersofastructure).4Inaddition,anonformal

classification,whichisnotdirectlyrelatedwithdimensionality

andchemicalcompositionofnanostructure-formingcompound

orcompositeandbasedmainlyontheless-commonnanostruc-

tures,wasoffered.5Thisreviewisfocusedtotheexaminationofless-common

nanostructures(i.e.,publishedmainlyintherangeof1-100

reports)intheshapeofvarietiesofvegetation(trees,bushes,

grass,flowers,andmushrooms,etc).Suchstructures,aswill

beshownbelow,possessunusualshapesandfrequentlyhigh

surfacearea,whichmakethemveryusefulforcatalyticand

medicalapplications,amongothers.Severalexamples,discussed

inthisreview(forexampletree-orbroccoli-likestructures),

possessnanoscale(<100nm)widthsandhigher(sometimes

>500)lengthsorheights,whichformallyexceednanoscale

range.

Nanotrees.NanotreesinGeneral.Tree-likeisarelatively

frequentnano-andmicrostructuraltype,obtainedforaseries

ofinorganiccompounds,mostlyforsilicon,silica,andcarbon.

Generally,theyarecloselyrelatedtonanowires,whichare

modifiedwithbranches,sometimestheyareproducedfrom

them,6andcanappeartogetherwithothernanostructures.In

thecaseofsilicon,thestructureandelectronicpropertiesofits

nanotreesusinglargescalequantummechanicalsimulations

wereinvestigated.7Electronicstructureanalysisshowedthat

theformationofnanotreeswasaccompaniedbyanarrowing

oftheHOMO-LUMOgap;thisfactcouldleadtotheir

applicationinmoleculardevicesduetothepredictedenhance-

mentintheconductingproperties.Sinanotreeswerefoundto

besuitablealsoforthermoelectricalapplications.8Theeffects

oftrimethylaluminium(TMA)onsiliconnanowiresgrownby

CVDwereinvestigatedinthe650-850°Cgrowthtemperature

rangeusingAuasthegrowthcatalystandSiH4inH2carrier

gasastheSiprecursor.9Dependingonsubstratetemperature

andTMApartialpressure,thestructure’smorphologyevolved

fromwirestotaperedneedles,pyramids,ornanotrees(theTMA

presencewaslinked,inparticular,toabranchedgrowthleading

toSinanotrees).

Hierarchicalsiliconoxycarbidetree-likenanostructures,which

consistedoftrunksandabundantbranches,werefabricatedby

electronirradiationoforganosiliconpolymers.10Thenanotree

structureshadtwodifferentmorphologies,cluster-assembled