1 语法学案5：情态动词（Modal Verbs）
*概 说
助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个：do, have和be；情态助动词有十三个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used
to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：
1） 构成否定式：He didn’t go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 o’clock.
2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：
Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, haven’t you?
3） 构成修辞倒装：
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4） 代替限定动词词组：A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do.
情态动词的概念：情态动词具有词汇意义，但意义不够完整，一般不能单独作谓语。情态动词表示说话人的语气和态度。
情态动词的特征：
1. 后面一般+动词原形
2. 一般没有人称和数的变化即第三人称单数不加-s
3. 一般只有现在式和过去式两种形式，但可以表示现在时间，过去时间和将来时间。
1
Phrasal Verbs
asksomeoneout invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to
dinner and a movie.
ask around ask many people the same
question I asked around but nobody
has seen my wallet.
add up tosomething equal Your purchases add up to
$205.32.
backsomethingup reverse You'll have to back up your
car so that I can get out.
backsomeoneup support My wife backed me up over
my decision to quit my job.
blow up explode The racing car blew up after it
crashed into the fence.
blowsomethingup add air We have to blow 50 balloons
up for the party.
break down stop functioning (vehicle,
machine) Our car broke down at the
side of the highway in the
snowstorm.
break down get upset The woman broke down
when the police told her that
her son had died.
breaksomethingdown divide into smaller parts Our teacher broke the final
topic: The Passive Causative Form in English 1 | level: Beginner/Intermediate
Write the correct response, changing the SIMPLE PAST sentences into PASSIVE CAUSATIVE FORMsentences:EX: Jim sent the letter. --> Jim had the letter sent by Jim.
1. My mother changed the curtains. --> My mom had the curtains ____________________.
2. Thomas washed the car. --> Thomas had the car ____________________.
3. Maria redesigned the web site. --> Maria had the web site ____________________.
4. Kelly took Mr. Brown to the beach. --> Kelly had Mr. Brown ____________________ to
the beach.
5. John brought the cat to the vet. --> John had the cat ____________________ to the
vet.
6. Jane put the vase on the table. --> Jane had the vase ____________________ on the
table.
7. We drove Mr. Jones to the airport. --> We had Mr. Jones____________________ to the
To be or not To be: REPLACING TO BE VERBS
I am. You are. She is. Obviously, being is essential to existence, so it’s no surprise that to be verbs are essential in writing. (In fact, the previous sentence used three to be verbs. Can you spot them?) We’re the first to admit that it is nearly impossible to write without using an occasional are or is. (In fact, we just used two more!) However, most of us rely too heavily on to be verbs or use them unconsciously. To be verbs lack the vigor and power offered by stronger, more-action packed verbs. As a result, our writing suffers. Try the techniques below to invigorate your prose. 1. Replace the to be verb with a stronger, more specific verb: Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific My sister is loud when she is telling chi her children to do their homework. My sister bellows when telling her children to do their homework. Sometimes, this requires changing the word order in a sentence: Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific The restaurant’s food is excellent. The restaurant serves excellent food. 2. Change one or more of the nouns in the sentence into a verb: Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific Jennifer Lawrence is the star of The Hunger Games. Jennifer Lawrence stars in The Hunger Games. Our mother was the driver of the bus. Our mother drove the bus. 3. Combine short, choppy sentences to eliminate to be verbs: Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific The food at the restaurant is excellent. The hamburgers are juicy. The onion rings are crispy. The pie is the best I have ever eaten. The restaurant serves excellent food, including juicy hamburgers, crispy onion rings, and the best pie I have ever eaten. Forms of To be Present Past Perfect Progressive I am was have been/had been am / was being he/she/it is was has been/had been is / was being you/we/they are were have been/had been are / were being 4. Avoid overusing there is, there are, there were, this is, etc. Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific The restaurant’s parking lot is narrow. There are not very many parking spaces and those that are available are too cramped. The restaurant suffers from a narrow parking lot with only a few cramped spaces. In the strong example above, we not only combined sentences to eliminate to be verbs, but we also eliminated there are and that are. Such expressions delay or minimize the subject and add needless words. In the revisions below, we rearranged the sentences to emphasize the subjects, chose stronger verbs, and cut needless words. Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific It is my intention to transfer to a four-year university. I intend to transfer to a four-year university. There were some important findings resulting from this experiment. This experiment resulted in some important findings. Sometimes, you can cut unnecessary words with no other changes: Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific He struggled with the paper that was assigned by the professor. He struggled with the paper assigned by the professor. 5. Replace a to be verb + a prepositional phrase with a strong verb: Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific Electric car technology was in existence as early as 1830. Electric car technology existed as early as 1830. Negative advertising is influential on voters’ perceptions of candidates. Negative advertising influences voters’ perceptions of candidates. I am in receipt of your letter. I have received your letter/ I received your letter. 6. Replace a to be verb + an -ing word with a simple verb: Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific The stock market was fluctuating wildly before the crash. The stock market fluctuated wildly before the crash. The concept of immortality is intriguing to me. The concept of immortality intrigues me.
