当前位置：文档之家 › 有机化学英文课件chapter10

有机化学英文课件chapter10

  • 格式：ppt
  • 大小：1010.50 KB
  • 文档页数：73

下载文档原格式

  / 73

合集下载

有机化学英文原版ppt

有机化学英文原版ppt

Number of Covalent Bonds to an Atom Atoms with one, two, or three valence electrons form one, two, or three bonds Atoms with four or more valence electrons form as many bonds as they need electrons to fill the s and p levels of their valence shells to reach a stable octet
1.1 Atomic Structure
Structure of an atom
Positively charged nucleus (very dense, protons and neutrons) and smal (10-15 m) ฀ Negatively charged electrons are in a cloud (10-10 m) around nucleus Diameter is about 2 × 10-10 m (200 picometers (pm)) [the unit angstrom (Å) is 10-10 m = 100 pm]
1.5 The Nature of the Chemical Bond
Atoms form bonds because the compound that results is more stable than the separate atoms Ionic bonds in salts form as a result of electron transfers Organic compounds have covalent bonds from sharing electrons (G. N. Lewis, 1916) Lewis structures shown valence electrons of an atom as dots Hydrogen has one dot, representing its 1s electron Carbon has four dots (2s2 2p2) Stable molecule results at completed shell, octet (eight dots) for main-group atoms (two for hydrogen)

有机化学英文课件

有机化学英文课件

+ C H 3 C H 2 -O -H + C H 3 C H 2 -O -H
SN 2
+ C H 3 C H 2 -O -C H 2 C H 3 + O -H
H
H
H
A new oxonium ion
11-11
Preparation of Ethers
Step 3: proton transfer to solvent completes the reaction
+
CH 3 CH 2 -O -CH 2 C H 3 + O -H
H
H
proton tran sf er
+ CH 3 CH 2 -O -CH 2 C H 3 + H O -H
H
11-12ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Preparation of Ethers
Acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols to alkenes
Acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols
• diethyl ether and several other ethers are made on an industrial scale this way
• a specific example of an SN2 reaction in which a poor leaving group (OH-) is converted to a better one (H2O)
CH 3 CH3C=CH2 + H
+ O CH3
H
CH3 C H 3 C+C H 3 +

有机化学 英文课件 chapter(2)

有机化学 英文课件 chapter(2)
is n o t s u p p o rte d
7-20
Hydroboration
7-2
Nomenclature
IUPAC: use the infix -yn- to show the presence of a carbon-carbon triple bond
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
7-8
Alkylation of Alkyne Anions
• alkylation of alkyne anions is the most convenient method for the synthesis of terminal alkynes
Organic Chemistry
William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson
7-1
Alkynes
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
Chapter 7
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
• reaction of the vinylic cation (an electrophile) with halide ion (a nucleophile) gives the product

有机化学英文课件chapter10

有机化学英文课件chapter10
(MeO-N a+)
Alcohols are also converted to metal alkoxides by reaction with bases stronger than the alkoxide ion
• one such base is sodium hydride
CH3 CH2 OH + Na+ HEthanol Sodiu m hy dri de
• as the bulk of the alkyl group increases, the ability of water to solvate the alkoxide decreases, the acidity of the alcohol decreases, and the basicity of the alkoxide ion increases
OH
2-Meth yl-1-p ropan ol (Isobutyl alcohol)
OH
2-Meth yl-2-p ropan ol (tert -Butyl alcohol)
32
4
1 OH
56
cis-3-Methylcyclohexan ol
10
2
1 9
8 6
7
5
OH
3
4
N umbering of th e bicyclic ring takes
precedence over the lcan -3-ol
10-5
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Compounds containing more than one OH group are named diols, triols, etc.

有机化学课件——Chapter 10 羟基酸和酮酸

有机化学课件——Chapter 10 羟基酸和酮酸
Sichuan University
第十章 羟基酸和酮酸
Hydroxy Acids and Keto Acids
1
导言
¾ 取代羧酸: 羧酸分子中烃基上的氢原子被其他原子或官能团取代 后的化合物.
¾ 常见取代羧酸: 卤代酸、羟基酸、氧代酸(酮酸)和氨基酸.
R CH COOH
X
卤代酸(halogeno acid)
烯醇型分子存在的条件
OO CH3CCH2COCH2CH3
酮型（93％）
H
O
O
C
C
CH2CH3
H3C
CH
O
烯醇型（7％）
分子中的亚甲基氢受两个吸电子基团影响而酸性增强。 形成烯醇型产生的双键应与羰基形成π－π共轭，使共 轭体系有所扩大和加强，能量有所降低。 烯醇型可形成分子内氢键，构成稳定性更大的环状螯合物。
NADH + H+
NAD+ + H2O
NH3+
HOOCCH2CH2COCOOH + NH3 α -酮戊二酸
谷氨酸脱氢酶
-OOCCH2CH2CHCOO谷氨酸
有机化学课件
31
第10章 羟基酸和酮酸
4. 酶催化下醇酸和酮酸的相互转化
OH
苹果酸脱氢酶
HOOCCH2CHCOOH
苹果酸
O HOOCCH2CCOOH
O
= =
OH HO-C
R-CH +
HC-R
C OH HO
-2H2O △
O
¾ β-醇酸分子内脱水成共轭烯酸
O
O=
R-CH C
交酯
O=C CH-R
O
CH3CH2CHCH2COOH OH COOH H OH

chapter10 保护基团在有机合成中的应用

chapter10 保护基团在有机合成中的应用

3.
4 转化为缩氨脲、肟和腙
(1)缩氨脲
CH2OAc C O OH SCZ/HCl,Py,MeOH H2O,回流 CONH2 AcOH2C NH Cl C N O OH
Cl O
举例 1：
Me C O MeO2C HSCH2CH2SH BF3室温 MeO2C
Me S C S
1.LiAlH4 2.CrO3/吡啶 OHC
Me S C S
Me HgCl2/CdCO3 丙酮 OHC C O
举例 2：
O O H H AcO H H
1. HS 2. LiAlH4 3.RaneyNi OH
1. 缩醛及缩酮化
H
HO OH [TosOH]
H O O COOH O H O
O
H H O HO H
1. 3
ClPhO3H
2. H3O

特点：
1、对碱、氧化剂（碱性）、还原剂（Na+液、
Na+ROH）金属氢化物(LiAlH4、NaBH4)、催化氢
化、Grignard试剂、亲核试剂等稳定，酸性条件
脱去保护基：乙酸/Zn或乙酸/Zn-Cu, 室温 举例：
O
O O OH 1. Cl3C
O Cl 2. HCl/H2O/MeOH
HO 1.R HO OTceoc
O C Cl
RCOO
2.Zn/AcOH
RCOO
OH
成醚
甲醚、苄基醚、三苯甲基醚、叔丁基醚、甲氧基甲醚、甲硫基甲醚、 苄氧基甲醚、四氢吡喃醚THP 三甲基硅醚、三乙基硅醚、叔丁基二甲硅醚等
(2)烯胺衍生物
O 四氢吡咯/MeOH O 回流 N 87%
O
OH LiC CH /DMF 1. 2.EtOH/H2O回流 O C CH

有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲解75页PPT

有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲解75页PPT

有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲 解
6、法律的基础有两个，而且只有两个……公平和实用。——伯克 7、有两种和平的暴力，那就是法律和礼节秩序。——亚里士多德 9、上帝把法律和公平凑合在一起，可是人类却把它拆开。——查·科尔顿 10、一切法律都是无用的，因为好人用不着它们，而坏人又不会因为它们而变得规矩起来。——德谟耶克斯
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特

有机化学 英文课件 chapter(3)

有机化学 英文课件 chapter(3)
6-11
Energy Diagram
A two-step reaction with one intermediate
6-12
Developing a Reaction Mechanism
How it is done
• design experiments to reveal details of a particular chemical reaction
6-14
Electrophilic Additions
• hydrohalogenation using HCl, HBr, HI • hydration using H2O in the presence of H2SO4 • halogenation using Cl2, Br2 • halohydrination using HOCl, HOBr • oxymercuration using Hg(OAc)2, H2O followed by
Addition is regioselective
• regioselective reaction: an addition or substitution reaction in which one of two or more possible products is formed in preference to all others that might be formed
• summary of the relationships between DG0, DH0, DS0, and the position of chemical equilibrium
M acin to sh P IC T im ag e fo rm at

有机化学基础英文版

有机化学基础英文版

3
CH3
1
Is 5-(1’-methylethyl)-2,2,4-trimethyloctane
CH3 CH3
Is 4,5-diethyl-2,2-dimethylheptane
It is NOT 3,4-diethyl-6,6-dimethylheptane!
4
H3C
H2 C
2
CH OH
CH3
4
H3C
R C O R
I
Bromide
R C O NH2
Iodide
R C O Cl
Carboxylic acid
R C O O C O
Ester
R R C N
Ketone
H R N R O O
Amide
Acid Chloride
Anhydride
Imine
Nitro groupFra bibliotekA cyclic ester is called a lactone, a cyclic amide a lactam
The ‘substitution level’ of a carbon atom in an organic compound is determined by the number of attached hydrogen atoms:
tertiary carbon (one H)
H3C H2 C H3C C H2 CH3 CH CH CH CH3 H2 C C CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH C H2 CH3
is 3-methyloctane, not 5-methyloctane
2'
H3C
major chain

有机化学 英文课件 chapter

有机化学 英文课件 chapter
is n o t s u p p o r te d
9-14
Mechanism - SN1
9-15
Evidence of SN reactions
1. What is relationship between the rate of an SN reaction and:
• the structure of Nu? • the structure of RLv? • the structure of the leaving group? • the solvent?
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
9-17
Kinetics
For an SN2 reaction,
• reaction occurs in one step • the reaction leading to the transition state involves the
haloalkane and the nucleophile • the result is a second-order reaction; first order in
haloalkane and first order in nucleophile
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
9-16
Kinetics
For an SN1 reaction
• reaction occurs in two steps • the reaction leading to formation transition state for

有机化学英文课件chapter1-精品文档75页

有机化学英文课件chapter1-精品文档75页

u The number of shared pairs
• one shared pair forms a single bond
• two shared pairs form a double bond
• three shared pairs form a triple bond
1-15
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• an extranuclear space, diameter 10-10 m, which contains negatively charged electrons
1-4
Electron Configuration of Atoms
u Electrons are confined to regions of space called principle energy levels (shells)
1-3
Schematic View of an Atom
• a small dense nucleus, diameter 10-14 - 10-15 m, which contains positively charged protons and most of the mass of the atom
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
1-16
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• an example of a polar covalent bond is that of H-Cl • the difference in electronegativity between Cl and H is

有机化学英文课件chapter11-60页PPT精选文档

有机化学英文课件chapter11-60页PPT精选文档
• they are more soluble in H2O than are hydrocarbons
11-8
Preparation of Ethers
u Williamson ether synthesis: SN2 displacement of halide, tosylate, or mesylate by alkoxide ion
11-14
Preparation of Ethers
• Step 1: protonation of the alkene gives a carbocation
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
• Step 2: reaction of the carbocation (an electrophile) with the alcohol (a nucleophile) gives an oxonium ion
11-7
Physical Properties
u Boiling points of ethers are
• lower than alcohols of comparable MW • close to those of hydrocarbons of comparable MW
u Ethers are hydrogen bond acceptors
u Acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols
• diethyl ether and several other ethers are made on an industrial scale this way

高等有机化学(全套)最新PPT课件

高等有机化学(全套)最新PPT课件
11
关于Schrödinger方程
我们能精确求解的原子：氢原子
通过求解得出n，l，m, ms等量子数（即轨道） 在求解过程中要求对这四个量子数有下列限制：
n = 1，2，3，……; l = 0，1，2，3……n-1 (s, p, d, f ……) ; m = 0， ± 1， ± 2，…… ±l； ms = ±1/2 然后把氢原子的结构模型套到其他的原子上
10
关于Schrödinger方程
• Schrödinger是偏微分方程
不是推出来的，它是一种大胆的设想； 正确与否要靠事实来回答； 目前还没有发现与该方程相冲突的事实 要 象承认牛顿三大定律一样，我们必须承认它。
• 问题
既然这个方程是正确的，我们的化学家就应该很容易掌握它； 根本不要作实验， 只要按这个方程计算一下， 就可以得出分子的结构、性质、反应条件、产率......， 象我们计算太阳系 八大行星的运行情况一样。 可是实际上并非如此， 原因在于位能函数V。
Advanced Organic Chemistry
1
Chapter 1. Introduction
• 1、About Contents of Advanced Organic Chemistry
• 2、The Relation between Advanced Organic Chemistry and Organic Syntheses
这些定性结论 即价键理论和分子轨道理论
14
The relation of Valence-bond Method and Molecular Orbital Method
• 平时我们对这些理论并不都用 究竟用什么理论处理，这要看具体问题 那一种来得方便简单，且又准确，我们就用那一种 我们在一些场合用价键理论，而在另一场合我们用分子轨道理论。

有机化学Chapter10(醇和醚)

有机化学Chapter10(醇和醚)
3 2 2 2 3 2 2
碱性 碱性：ROH + H
ROH 2 钅 离子 羊
低级醇能与氯化钙形成络合物—结晶醇（CaCl2·4C2H5OH） 不能用氯化钙干燥醇 可用氯化钙去除少量杂质醇
2、与无机酸的作用
醇与酸失水生成酯。
O C2H5OH + CH3COH
H
O CH3COC 2H5 + H2O
HIO4 HIO4
RCHO + R'CHO + HIO 3 RCHO + R'CO2H + HIO 3 RCHO + R'CHO + HCO2H + HIO 3
RCH CH CHR' HIO4 OH OH OH
可用于多羟基化合物结构分析； 反应是定量地进行的，可用来定量测定1，2-二醇的含量。
（四） 重要代表物
1、甲醇 （CH3OH） 又名木醇，木酒精
毒性:工业酒精中大约含有 4%的甲醇，被人饮用后， 就会产生甲醇中毒。甲醇 的致命剂量大约是70毫升。
甲醇的中毒机理是，甲醇经人 体代谢产生甲醛和甲酸（俗称 蚁酸），然后对人体产生伤害。
甲醇是一种无色、透明、易燃、 易挥发的有毒液体，略有酒精 气味。相对密度0.792(20/4℃)， 沸点64.5℃
第十章
一、醇
（一）命名
醇 和 醚
（二）物理性质 （三）化学性质
1、似水性 2、与无机酸的作用 3、脱水反应 4、氧化或脱氢 5、邻二醇与高碘酸的作用
（四）重要代表物
二、醚
（一）命名 （二）物理性质 （三）化学性质
1、醚键的断裂 3、形成过氧化物 羊 2、形成钅 盐与络合物
（四）环醚

有机化学英文课件chapter12-31页文档资料

有机化学英文课件chapter12-31页文档资料
is n o t s u p p o rte d
12-24
IR of Molecules with C=O Groups
M acintosh P IC T im age form at
is not supported
12-25
Aldehydes and Ketones
u IR spectrum of menthone (Fig 12.12)
• the total energy is proportional to the frequency of vibration
• the frequency of a stretching vibration is given by an equation derived from Hooke’s law for a vibrating spring
12-8
Molecular Vibrations
u For a molecule to absorb IR radiation
• the bond undergoing vibration must be polar and • its vibration must cause a periodic change in the bond
12-26
Carbonyl groups
u The position of C=O stretching vibration is sensitive to its molecular environment
• as ring size decreases and angle strain increases, absorption shifts to a higher frequency

有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲解共75页文档

有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲解共75页文档
有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲解
56、极端的法规，就是极端的不公。 ——西 塞罗 57、法律一旦成为人们的需要，人们 就不再 配享受 自由了 。—— 毕达哥 拉斯 58、法律规定的惩罚不是为了私人的 利益， 而是为 了公共 的利益 ；一部 分靠有 害的强 制，一 部分靠 榜样的 效力。 ——格 老秀斯 59、假如没有法律他们会更快乐的话 ，那么 法律作 为一件 无用之 物无个的法。— —西塞 罗
16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。——华盛顿 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。——罗素·贝克 18、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 19、自己活着，就是为了使别人过得更美好。——雷锋 20、要掌握书，莫被书掌握；要为生而读，莫为读而生。——布尔沃

有机化学英文课件chapter2-71页PPT精选文档

有机化学英文课件chapter2-71页PPT精选文档
• alphabetize the names of substituents first and then insert these prefixes
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
2-15
Nomenclature - IUPAC
• indicate the number of times the substituent appears by a prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.
• use commas to separate position numbers
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
2-13
Nomenclature - I UPAC
6. If there are two or more different substituents, • list them in alphabetical order • number from the end of the chain that gives the
u Structure and nomenclature
• to name, prefix the name of the corresponding openchain alkane with cyclo-, and name each substituent on the ring
• if only one substituent, no need to give it a number • if two substituents, number from the substituent of

有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲解PPT共75页

有机化学英文课件chapter10知识讲解PPT共75页
拉
60、生活的道路一旦选定，就要勇敢地 走到底 ，决不 回头。 ——左
有机化，我笑他人看不 穿。(名 言网) 32、我不想听失意者的哭泣，抱怨者 的牢骚 ，这是 羊群中 的瘟疫 ，我不 能被它 传染。 我要尽 量避免 绝望， 辛勤耕 耘，忍 受苦楚 。我一 试再试 ，争取 每天的 成功， 避免以 失败收 常在别 人停滞 不前时 ，我继 续拼搏 。
33、如果惧怕前面跌宕的山岩，生命 就永远 只能是 死水一 潭。 34、当你眼泪忍不住要流出来的时候 ，睁大 眼睛， 千万别 眨眼!你会看到 世界由 清晰变 模糊的 全过程 ，心会 在你泪 水落下 的那一 刻变得 清澈明 晰。盐 。注定 要融化 的，也 许是用 眼泪的 方式。
35、不要以为自己成功一次就可以了 ，也不 要以为 过去的 光荣可 以被永 远肯定 。
56、书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过 去和未 来文化 生活的 源泉。 ——库 法耶夫 57、生命不可能有两次，但许多人连一 次也不 善于度 过。— —吕凯 特 58、问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来 。—— 朱熹 59、我的努力求学没有得到别的好处， 只不过 是愈来 愈发觉 自己的 无知。 ——笛 卡儿
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

10-6
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Unsaturated alcohols
• show the double bond by changing the infix from -anto -en-
• show the the OH group by the suffix -ol
• number the chain to give OH the lower number
HO
1 2
3
6
45
(E)-2-Hexene-1-ol (trans-2-Hexen-1-ol)
10-7
Physical Properties
Alcohols are polar compounds
+H -
O
10-9
Hydrogen Bonding
10-10
10-11
Physical Properties
In relation to alkanes of comparable size and molecular weight, alcohols
• have higher boiling points • are more soluble in water
• number the parent chain to give the OH group the lowest possible number
• change the suffix -e to -ol
Common names
• name the alkyl group bonded to oxygen followed by the word alcohol
+C
H
H
H
• they interact with themselves and with other polar compounds by dipole-dipole interactions
Dipole-dipole interaction: the attraction between the positive end of one dipole and the negative end of another
• the strength of hydrogen bonding in water is approximately 21 kJ (5 kcal)/mol
• hydrogen bonds are considerably weaker than covalent bonds
• nonetheless, they can have a significant effect on physical properties
hybridized carbon
• bond angles about the hydroxyl oxygen
atom are approximately 109.5°
H
Oxygen is sp3 hybridized
• two sp3 hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds to carbon and hydrogen
OH
2-Methyl-1-propanol (Isobutyl alcohol)
OH
2-Methyl-2-propanol (tert-Butyl alcohol)
32
4
1 OH
56
cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol
10
2
9
1
8
6
7
5
OH
3
4
Numbering of the bicyclic ring takes
The presence of additional -OH groups in a molecule further increases solubility in water and boiling point
precedence over the location of -OH
Bicyclo[4.4.0]decan-3-ol
10-5
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Compounds containing more than one OH group are named diols, triols, etc.
Organic Chemistry
William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson
10-1
Alcohols and Thiols
Chapter 10
10-2
Structure - Alcohols
The functional group of an alcohol is an -OH group bonded to an sp3
10-4
Nomenclature-Alcohols
Examples
OH 1-Propanol (Propyl alcohol)
OH
2-Propanol (Isopropyl alcohol)
OH
1-Butanol (Butyl alcohol)
OH
2-Butanol (sec-Butyl alcohol)
CH2 CH2
OH OH
1,2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)
CH3 CHCH2 HO OH
1,2-Propanediol (Propylene glycol)
CH2 CHCH2
HO HO OH
1,2,3-Propanetriol (Glycerol, Glycerine)
10-8
Physical Properties
Hydrogen bonding: when the positive end of one dipole is an H bonded to F, O, or N (atoms of high electronegativity) and the other end is F, O, or N
• the remaining two sp3 hybrid orbitals each contain an unshared pair o
10-3
Nomenclature-Alcohols
IUPAC names
• the parent chain is the longest chain that contains the OH group