Computational studies of light acceptance and propagation in straight and curved optical fi

2023-2024学年山东省青岛第五十八中学高三上学期期中考试英语试题Bringing Goods into the UKYou are allowed to bring some goods for personal use without paying tax or duty.Arrivals from EU countriesYou can bring goods from EU countries without being charged tax or duty if they are:●transported by yourself; ●a gift or for personal use; ●bought with tax and duty includedYou can bring alcohol and tobacco from EU countries without restriction but an inquiry might be required depending on the amount of your goods.Arrivals from outside the EUYou will be free of duty or tax on certain amounts of goods brought from outside the EU, as long as they are for your own use. Any goods that are beyond your allowance should be declared.Alcohol & tobacco allowance※Allowance for other goods:The maximum value of other goods you can bring is £390. Any single item that is worth more than the allowance will be charged duty or tax on its full value.The rate of duty or tax on items above the allowance is:●2.5% for goods worth up to £630;●decided by the type of goods worth above £630-check by calling the VAT, Customs and Excise Helpline.InsidetheUK************Outside the UK: +44 2920 501 261Working time: 8 am to 6 pm, Monday to Friday,Banned and restricted goodsGoods banned include:●illegal drugs; ●offensive weapons; ●endangered animal and plant species;●meat and dairy products from most non-EU countries.Food and plant products restricted include;●products containing pests and diseases;●products grown outside the EU;●products not for your own use.We reserve the right to seize the goods which are on suspicion of violating intellectual property rights.1. Which of the following products from outside the EU has the largest duty-free allowance?C．Spirits. D．Alcoholic drinks.A．Beer. B．Wine (notsparkling wine).2. How much tax shall one coming from China pay for a ring bought in America worth £500?A．£2. 75 B．£12.5 C．£110. D．£130.3. Which of the following items shall be banned or restricted?A．A set of Russian dolls. B．A bottle of French wine.C．A brick of Australian cheese. D．A package of Spanish cigarettes.Eugene Newman Parker, a leading figure in heliospheric(日球层的) physics for the past half century, passed away peacefully at his home in Chicago on Mar. 15. He was 94.Hailed(誉为) as a visionary in the field of heliophysics, Parker revolutionized our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system. NASA even stated that “the field of heliophysics exists in large part because of Dr. Eugene Parker. In 2018, Parker became the first living scientist to witness the launch of a spacecraft that was named in his honor.Parker is best known for his groundbreaking theory on the existence of a phenomenon called “solar wind”, a continuous stream of charged particles that flow off the sun. It can become violent, causing space weat her that impacts the Earth. When Parker’s research was published in 1958, his theory was initially met with skepticism(怀疑) and ridicule by the scientific community. The general view at the time was that the space between planets was an absolute vacuum(真空), and was thus completely empty of any matter. But, there were no errors in his study or his calculations, and the theory was later proven to be correct in 1962, when a NASA spacecraft mission to Venus revealed the constant presence of a supersonic wind—exactly as Parker had predicted.That experience likely led to the advice Parker often gave young researchers: “If you do something new or innovative, expect trouble. But think critically about it because if you’re wrong, you want to be the first one to know that.” Parker never co-authored a paper with his students, thus urging them to be independent.Parker was humble, straightforward, and wise. His son Eric said, “My sister Joyce and I didn’t get a real feel for what a ‘big dog’ our dad was in the field.” T hey got an even better sense when a monthafter Parker’s death, they traveled to Lund, Sweden, to accept on his behalf the Crafoord Prize in Astronomy.4. What can we learn from the second paragraph?A．A spacecraft was named in memory of Parker.B．The sun has less effects on Earth than expected.C．Parker deserved credit for his great contributions.D．NASA provided new insights into the lunar effect.5. Why did people view Parker’s theory of “solar wind” skeptically at first?A．It went against the popular opinion at that time.B．Some mistakes were found in his calculations.C．The presence of a supersonic wind was proven by NASA.D．Matter was believed to exist in the space between planets.6. What did Parker suggest young researchers do?A．seek close cooperation B．avoid high expectationsC．learn by trial and error D．compete against others7. What words can be used to describe Parker according to the passage?A．straightforward and generous B．responsible and accessibleC．intelligent yet conservative D．distinguished yet modestFrom rolling hills to mountain ranges, views make any road trip memorable, but for blin d passengers this is part of the experience they miss. Motor company Ford tries to change that. It teamed up with GTB Rom a and AedoProject—to develop a technology that will give those unfortunate passengers a way to feel nature’s beauty through their car windows.The prototype (原型) of the smart car window has a device with an outside-facing camera. With just a press of a button, the system takes a picture of the current view. The colorful picture is then turned into an image with different shades of grey through, LED lights, which vibrates (震动) differently. As the finger passes over different regions of the image, its shaking movements provide feedback through the sense of touch to the person using it. The smart window also comes with a voice assistant that uses AI to identify the scene and help the passengers get information on what they’re seeing.“As the prototype started taking shape, we realized we were giving birth to a completely new language that would give blind people a new chance to visualize and experience traveling,” Federico Russo.-one director of GTBRoma, said. “When the idea was at its first stage, we looked forsuppl iers all around the world to make it come to life.” He believes the technology can be employednot just in cars. “It could be introduced into schools and in stitutions for blind people as a tool that could be used in multiple ways.”The technology may show up in a Ford autonomous vehicle. It’s known that the company is testing their technology and future business model and struggling to figure out how an autonomous vehicle gives different passengers the details needed to get from one destination to another. It’s unclear when this technology will be made available. However, the idea of building something for the less advanced is indeed a kind and influential action.8. How does the smart car window work?A．By sorting shaking movements. B．By recording the view with a camera.C．By translating scenery into vibrations. D．By presenting different shades of colors.9. What can we know about the technology according to Federico Russø?A．It will have wide application. B．It will be used in schools first.C．It will be tested around the world. D．It will understand different languages. 10. What difficulty is Ford facing currently?A．How to explore their future business model.B．How the technology is applied to everyday life.C．How to produce autonomous cars in large numbers.D．How an autonomous vehicle provides route information.11. Which can be the best title for the text?A．AI-based Window Adds Fun to Road TripsB．Ford Develops a System for the Blind to DriveC．Smart Window Lets Blin d Passengers Feel ViewsD．Technology Makes Blind People’s Trip EnjoyableImagine a future where science has created your twin. Not a flesh-and-blood twin, but one that recreates your flesh and blood, your bones, your heart, your brain — your whole body, in fact — as an extremely complicated computer model.Your doctors can use this digital twin to work out how you will respond to a particular drug or medical procedure. They can even look further into the future, creating a “healthcast”, to forecast what diseases might happen to you or how your lifestyle will affect your health as you age. It is the ultimate in personalized medicine. This is the bold vision set out in Virtual You: How building your digital twin will revolutionize medicine and change your life by Peter Coveney, director of the Centre for Computational Science, and Roger Highfield, science director of the Science Museum Group, UK.Digital twins are already in widespread use in industries such as civil engineering. But these model systems are much simpler than the complex human body. Imagine all the parts that come together to make you work: from the 3 billion letters of your genome (基因组), the numerous molecules (分子) that make up your cells, the trillions of cells building your tissues and organs, and the environment having its input too. Now, imagine trying to create a model of this that is made to each unique individual and that predicts the changes that will take place over a lifetime. This is easier said than done. Changes in the systems biologists want to describe are usually different from what mathematicians describe as “non-linear” (非线性的). Another complication is “emergence”: where the whole of a system is greater than the sum of its parts. This complexity challenges mathematics and pushes computing to the limit too.But getting to the next level — a whole human individual — is going to require yet more data and a revolution in computing technology far beyond what is currently possible. Whether we will get there is an open question, but Virtual You shows us what scientists from different fields can achieve when they all work together.12. What be learned about your science-made twin according to Paragraph 1?A．Your twin looks just like you.B．Your twin knows your thoughts.C．Your twin exists on the computer.D．Your twin is created out of your DNA.13. Why is it difficult to build a digital twin?A．Human body is more complicated than models.B．Digital twins are not widely used in industries.C．Scientists lack enough data in building it.D．Mathematicians and biologists hold different opinions.14. What’s the author’s attitude towards the idea of a digital twin?A．Optimistic.B．Uncertain.C．Unconcerned.D．Skeptical.15. What is the purpose of this text?A．To stress the necessity of digital twins.B．To show the effects of digital twins on future health.C．To explain the building of digital twins in health.D．To introduce new treatments for diseases in the future.If you’ve studied biology, you’ve probably learned about blood types. Or perhaps you hav e learned something about blood types from social media. 16 These letters correspond to two antigens(抗原),A and B. People with AB blood have both antigens, those with A or B have only one, and people with O have no antigens at all.17 If you’ve had a bl ood transfusion(输血), you are probably aware that your blood type determines which blood you can receive. Maybe you’ll think that you should plan your meals based on your blood type. 18 This last concept is popular in Asia, particularly in South Korea. Someone with type-A blood is thought to be considerate but shy. People with type-B blood are known for being creative but odd. Type-O individuals are considered to be some of the most sociable people. Those with type-AB are sensible artists, but sometimes calculating or unpredictable.South Korea is one place where the blood type personality theory catches on. A study released in 2017 suggests that nearly 60%South Koreans believe that blood types serve as an indicator of a person’s personality. 19But such theory can also cause discrimination. In the above-mentioned study, about half of the respondents said that they like people with type-O blood the best. 20 The general belief was that type-O individuals have a personality that best fits the culture in South Korea, while AB-types don’t suit such a cultural outlook. As a result, in recent years, many media have stopped promoting the theory.Early on the morning of October 13, LaPierre was heading to the Chicago Marathon on the city’s Blue Line L. The _______ was full of energized marathoners. Before long, LaPierre noticed a man moving from passenger to passenger, asking for spare _______. His behavior struck LaPierre as “really weird,” especially the way he stared down anyone he felt hadn’t _______ him enough.At the Cumberland station, most of the passengers suddenly _______ the car. LaPierre rushed out to see what was going on, only to hear _______ people shouting that the man asking for money was, in fact, armed and _______ people.As the armed man hopped onto the next train car, LaPierre followed him. “I co uld not _______ knowing there were _______ children and people just trying to get to a race,” he says.The man turned and saw LaPierre, his head down, bull-rushing him. Although the man was far_______ and younger, LaPierre crashed into him and managed to pin him ________ the closed door. “Once I got a few feet from him, I knew he wouldn’t be able to react fast enough to ________ me,” he told the Chicago Sun-Times. The two men fought for the gun — and their ________. The man tried pushing past him, but ________, LaPierre grabbed the gun and handed it to a passenger. Then the police poured into the train, and LaPierre let them ________. He had a marathon to run.This was not the first time LaPierre had jumped into a(n) ________. A few years back, he helpedpr event a drugstore robbery. “I just happen to be at the right place at the right moment,” he says. 21.A．coach B．plane C．train D．ship22.A．seat B．change C．food D．time23.A．thanked B．paid C．known D．given24.A．pulled B．fled C．boarded D．started25.A．encouraged B．disappointed C．panicked D．confused26.A．begging B．entertaining C．robbing D．dismissing27.A．walk away B．break in C．step forward D．come along28.A．careful B．brave C．innocent D．needy29.A．larger B．thinner C．wiser D．quieter30.A．off B．against C．beyond D．under31.A．shoot B．chase C．spot D．miss32.A．prizes B．funds C．lives D．rights33.A．naturally B．thankfully C．generally D．unfortunately 34.A．stand by B．back off C．play along D．take over35.A．race B．fight C．argument D．situation阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

出国留学导师推荐信范文1To whom it may Concern,skills in language and public relatioI am writing this letter to attest to Paul’ｓns. In the four years I have known him, I have been consistently impressed with his ability not only to negotiate complex ideas in other languages, but a lso to relate these things in a personable, conscientious fashion. His manner in these cases is both professional and personal, two qualities which I find p articularly valuable in a professional setting. He has personally helped me i n professional negotiation for everything from train tickets to contract infor mation, and I have always been able to count on him.I first met Paul in school, where he was a student at the university at which I taught. He was well-known to most of the westerners in town, who could c all from different universities to ask for his help. Sometimes this help involv ed translation of professional documents, and sometimes it involved person al help in making phone calls. Many of these westerners continue to call him today, even though they live quite far away from him, because they have come to trust him very much. From this foundation in public relations Paul has found positions in various professional capacities and has been highly-v alued in each place. He is generally the sort of employee a company finds m ost valuable in its dealings with both foreign and domestic clients. He puts p eople at their ease with his language ability and manner, both of which com municate to people that they can relax and simply communicate. I would h ighly recommend Paul as an employee. His experience and manner are rare and very valuable. Robert Moore Mentor出国留学导师推荐信范文2Dear Colleagues:MS. XXX requested a letter of reference from me to support her application for graduate studies at your university. As her research adviser when she w as a graduate student in my school of science Beijing University of Chemic al Technology, I am pleased to comply with her request.I have known Ms. Zhang since 2003, when she was admitted as a Master of Science candidate into the school. As her research adviser, I directed her res earch and found her a promising youth radiating with intelligence and creati vity. During her first year, she got a very good record in major courses and e arned good scores major and general GPA 3.3. She particularly enjoyed chal lenging areas of studies such as Quantum Chemistry and Theory of Electroc hemistry.During the following two years, Ms. Zhang worked on a computational theo ry study of inorganic functional materials project for his degree thesis “The oretical Study of Electronic Structures of Several Representative Metal EleTo make the theory model meet the actual ment in the Hydrotalcite Slabs”．materials, she faced down many practical problems, such as building reason able module of inorganic materials, and calculation techniques. Working har d and independently, she cracked the problems one by one, and came up with a thesis that was characterized by academic excellence. During her M.S. p eriod, she had three papers published in international journals.Judging by her outstanding performance while she studied with me, I am co nvinced that Ms. Zhang has acquired the knowledge and intellectual sophist ication on the basis of which she can undertake world-class training. I theref ore lend her my enthusiastic support and would appreciate your favorable c onsideration of her application. From: x x x xDepartment of the SPECIAL CLASS GIFTED for YOUTHS University of Science and Technology Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China July 1, 1998 3Dear Sir or x x x:I take great pleasure in recommending Ren Ren, one of my favorite students , for admission into your distinguished graduate program.Mr. Ren was admitted in 1986 at 14 years of age into the SPECIAL CLASS for the GIFTED YOUTHS, my university's unique program that caters to the intellectual needs of unusually talented Chinese youngsters. It was a rare p rivilege he earned with his nearly impeccable academic performance through the years of his elementary and secondary school.He impressed me almost as he entered into my university, a major cradle of China's scientific and technological talents. At the time, members of the Gif ted Class all had to spend half a month studying by themselves the principle s of calculus and then take an exam so that we could evaluate their self-stud y capability. Mr. Ren scored the highest grade in that exam. He also exhibite d a keenly whetted mind during class discussions. To my regret at the time, his English was not as good as his mathematics or physics. But I noticed he made a point of working especially hard in improving his English during his five undergraduate years with us. By now, he seems to be at least as profici ent in English as most of his former classmates in the Gifted Class.In my experience with Mr. Ren, I was impressed with not only his extraordi nary intelligence but also his ambitions and persistence. I am sure that Mr. Ren will be an outstanding student in any doctoral program that he may car e to enroll in. So I would like to support him firmly in his quest recommend ation into account when considering his application. I would greatly appreci ate it you decide to accept him as he wishes. Yours sincerely x x x x Professor and Deputy Head4Dear Admissions Committee,As Director of the State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation at ABC Uni versity inBLANK, China, it is my sincere and distinct pleasure to recommend Ms. Xi ao Xiao for your graduate program in BLANK.I have known Ms. Xiao since 2001, when she was one of eighty students wh o completed their undergraduate thesis projects in my BLANK laboratory.enthusiasm for and diligence in learning helped her become one Ms. Juan’ｓof the most outstanding students in the entire group, making a strong, positive impression upon me. Ms. Xiao is a very driven woman and student who know what she wants to accomplish and does not falter in her chosen path. Her intellectual curiosity and desire to acquire new acknowledge continuou sly have led her to perform much study on her own outside the scope of her classes and research work; oftentimes, I witnessed her consulting scientific books and journals to help her discover how she could improve her knowled ge and her work in the laboratory. Countless times, Ms. Xiao remained in th e laboratory for more than twelve hours in a row to complete her work and make sure there were no errors. With such devotion and fortitude, Ms. Xiao did not surprise me with her superior performance on her thesis paper. In ter ms of her character, Ms. Xiao is an amiable, courteous, and helpful young w oman who has many friends amongst our laboratory personnel.Ms. Xiao is ready to move on to a more rigorous program of graduate study. Her academic performance, research work, and upstanding personal charact er have won her my highest recommendation, and I hope you give her appli cation strong consideration. Thank you. Sincerely, NAME DirectorState Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation, ABC University5被推荐的同学是数学系的） Dear Sir/Madam:I am writing this letter of recommendation for Mr.Caleb, my former student.I have known Mr. Caleb for more than 6 years since his freshman year at "U niversity of Minnesota". At that time, he took the course-- "Mathematical A nalysis," which I taught mainly for junior students majoring in Mathematics.To my surprise, I found he was among the few students in his class who cou ld keep up with the pace of my lectures. Moreover, he often posed thought-provoking questions during the course. Thus it was natural that I liked discu ssing with this young man and became familiar with him. The more I knew him, the more I found he was talented at mathematics. As you can see, he g ot excellent scores on the course. In fact, he ranked No. 1 on this 270 hours course in the talented student class which has 34 intelligent others. With his outstanding talent and solid mathematical background, he also did quite wel l in most other courses during his undergraduate study.By the way, you may wonder why his undergraduate scores look not so goo d compared to other Chinese applicants. It is easy to explain, because he bel onged to the talented student class, which were required to endure harder te st papers and stricter grading than most other college students did at least at "University of Minnesota". He even served as Prof. Linda s Research Assist ant for one year. No one could deny his commitment to his job. As a matter of fact, Prof. Linda s electronic lab happened to be neighboring my office a nd I could always see him working in the lab, either repairing the instruments or helping Prof. Linda collect lab reports. Maybe one more example will demonstrate his commitment more clearly. Once he suggested compiling a FORTRAN program to solve a complicated circuit problem in his class. Inorder to do that, he had to do a lot of computer work. However, because ther e were few computers available in our computer lab, he had to wake up at 5 a.m. in winter (please note: "Twin city" is a downtown near the north border of China, so it is pretty cold in winter and the heating system is not working very well.) to ensure the 1st position of the long waiting line for his class mates and himself! At last he and his classmates finished the program succe ssfully with his great efforts.As to his personality, I would like to say Mr. Caleb is a warm-hearted, hone st and upright student. He was always ready to help others. During my lectu res, many students got confused at some points and I could always see Mr. Caleb help them explain during breaks. In the meanwhile, I must admit that Mr. Caleb was a bit impatient sometimes. Finally, I would like to conclude my recommendation as follows: frankly, Mr. Caleb is not a genius, but I pro mise his great intelligence, commitment to work and his kind nature will im press you deeply.Thus I recommend him without reservation for his admission and financial aid to your program. Please feel free to contact me if needed. Sincerely You rs, XXX6推荐信样本经济学To whom it may concern:It is a great pleasure for me to write this recommendation letter on behalf of Miss Yang, a promising student of our School of Economics. During her fir st two academic years, I was her advisor and now, I am teaching her course COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC SYSTEM.high intellect and incessant assiduity, she is an unquesti Due to Miss Yang’ｓonable top student. Her solid mathematical and theoretical backgrounds are quite worthy of mentioning. Among the 150 students in her grade, she is on e of the three who have never got a grade lower than 90 (in 100 scoring scal e) in MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS and LINEAR ALGEBRA. Also, her s cores in MACROECONOMICS and MICROECONOMICSwere the highest in her 32—student specialty class. At the same time, Miss Yang grasped every chance to satisfy her strong desire for advanced learning. Every time those alumni who had abstained ph. D degree in Ivy League came back to lecture to the graduate students, she audited without exception Their influence, in addition to her own ambition, helps her choose the way to pursue further study.Moreover, Miss Yang impresses me with her ingenious and creative way of thinking. She often discusses with me about the development of the world e conomy. Through her logical canalization and stimulating ideas, I am sure s he has the talent to combine intellectual independence with well—grasped k nowledge appropriately. This can also be demonstrated in our seminars. Pro found insight and systematic expression always make her comments attracti ve and scintillating.English is very good. In the highest level of College English te Miss Yang’ｓcertification of 32 students. Ist-Grade 6, only she was awarded “Excellent”n my assessment, she has full preparation for graduate study in an English-spoken country.According to her outstanding performance and responsible personality, theSchool of Economics recommended her to work for CHINA IMPORT during her spare time, where she got experience and high evaluation. A few daysago, we nominated her as a graduate student, but she gave up the chance because she has admired your university. I can understand her and wish her success.hesitate to contactIf further information about her is required, please d on’ｔwith me. Yours Sincerely, Dean, School of Economics7Dear Sir:It is my pleasure to recommend Mr. Fu-ping Wang for hisapplication to graduate studies in your school.Mr. Wang has been my research assistant of the NationalScience Council’s project "The United States and the United Nations’　Financial Crisis: The Role of U.S. Congress" since September 1997.His major responsibilities include information collecting, analyzingand translating. He is an enthusiastic and progressive young manwith extremely high potentiality. Mr. Wang is not only quick at learningand good at solving difficult problems, but also with a logical mindthat enables him to effectively analyze difficulties. All the workhanded to him was completed satisfactorily. Actually, he is so reliablethat I assign him with heavy responsibilities. With his help, I havebeen able to spend more time in writing the research paper. I reallyconsider myself very fortunate to have such a capable assistant.I am certain his diligence, coupled with a good competence andpleasant personality, will assure him of academic achievements in hisfuture academic pursuits. I strongly recommend his admissionwithout any reservation.Sincerely yours,8Dear Admissions Committee:Among all the students who have received my instruction in thecourses of “International Marketing” and “Strategic Management” at ABC University, Mr. John Doe is one of the few who stood out and leftwith me a positive impression. Therefore, I am confident torecommend this young man to your prestigious MBA program.John is a bright and aggressive individual who possesses a strongmotivation to learn and excel in his course work. Unlike most of his peers,who gained knowledge merely from school lecturing, John would spend agreat amount of efforts and time in reading outside articles and textbooksand share his ideas with the class. In addition, as an open- mindedindividual who never let go any learning experience, John often came to me discussing various questions and problems he encountered in hiscoursework.I would like hereby to draw upon an instance that I believe fullyexemplifies John’s academic ability. While attending my class he presented an excellent report focusing on the research of the European Community (EC), in which he shared with us his careful observations on EC, andproposed a number of innovative suggestions for Taiwanese industries that wished to gain successful presence in that market. Having noticed hissuperior ability to conduct independent research studies and to support his arguments with logical quantitative analyses, I recommended John tosubmit his paper to the Accounting & Statistics Quarterly published by the Executive Yuan of R.O.C.. Needless to say, John has acquired very highmarks in both of my courses.The very positive impression made by John has been repeatedly re- enforced by his strong performance in various extracurricular activities.John has managed to earn full confidence from me in his sound managerial potential by demonstrating an intelligence, aggressiveness, and leadership quality in both academic and extracurricular contexts.In general, I consider John a very promising applicant to youresteemed MBA program. I have the least reservation on his potential tosucceed in his future educational as well as professional pursuit, and will be more than happy to discuss with you any matters pertaining to this reference letter.Sincerely yours,Jerry Smith, Ph.D. Professor范例 1 计算机教授推荐信At the request of Mr. Xizhen Chen, my former student in the Department of Computer Science, Beijing Univ. of Sciences, I am glad towrite this letter furnishing my evaluation of his academic aptitude for your reference. Mr. Chen is interested in your graduate program in Computer S cience.I came t o know him in September 1987 when M r. Chen e nrolled in my c lass on FORTRAN IV Programming, a three semesters' course. In the class he was one of the most outstanding students. At the semester final he earned a high grade of 81, which should be "A" according to our grading system. I also found him good at other studies.After the class, he had personal talks with me several times. He i ndicated a great interest in computer hardware, In my opinion, Mr. Chen h as a potential in Computer Science, which can be further developed.In view of his previous achievements in this College, I am firmly convinced that Mr. Chen will make a successful graduate student. Your favorable consideration of his admission will be highly appreciated.范例商管系教授推荐信It gives me a great pleasure to recommend Mr. Cheng as a transfer to the School of Business Administration of your University in the summer quarter of 1989.During academic year 1980-1984, he was a student in our Department, World College of Journalism. I found him very diligent and intelligent.He often participated in extracurricular activities contributing a great deal to community affairs.Though Mr. Cheng graduated from this college 5 years ago, he keeps, contact with me very often. Worthy of mention also is his personality, honest, reliable, responsible and mature.I strongly recommend this promising young man and your favorable consideration and assistance to him will be verymuch appreciated.范例法律系教授推荐信I am pleased to write this letter for my former student Miss Nan Li, who graduated from this College with an L.B. degree in June 1978.Miss Li was admitted to the Department of Law of this College in 1974 through highly competitive entrance examination which is conducted annually and is open to the whole nation. Even in such a selective group. Miss Li made herself distinguished. As professor and dean of the College, I have access to her records of academic work and moral conduct, In her fourth year study, I instructed her in Anglo-American Laws on Trespass. So I have known her quite well.Miss Li's performance, like that in many o ther courses she taken, was excellent with a superior grade of 86 for the first semester, and 84 for the second semester. In our university and in other university here, 80 is considered "A" , the highest level.As far as I know, Miss Li wishes to continue her study in Law for an advanced degree. I am sure she has had sufficient prerequisite knowledge for the subject and certainly has the ability to undertake the study.I recommend Miss Li without reservation and shall appreciate your favorable consideration of her application.推荐信的份量直接关系到能否出国留学，能否获得奖学金等，作为对外联系的材料，是其中一份较为重要的文件。

高二英语科技成果单选题50题(带答案)1.The development of technology has brought many____changes to our lives.A.significantB.insignificantC.occasionalD.rare答案：A。

本题考查形容词辨析。

“significant”表示重大的、显著的；“insignificant”表示不重要的；“occasional”表示偶尔的；“rare”表示罕见的。

科技的发展给我们的生活带来了很多重大的变化，所以选A。

2.Modern technology has created____tools for communication.A.efficientB.inefficientC.limitedeless答案：A。

“efficient”表示高效的；“inefficient”表示低效的；“limited”表示有限的；“useless”表示无用的。

现代科技创造了高效的通讯工具，所以选A。

3.The new scientific discovery is of____importance.A.greatB.littleC.someD.no答案：A。

本题考查固定搭配。

“of great importance”表示非常重要。

新的科学发现非常重要，所以选A。

4.Technological advances have led to____improvements in healthcare.A.dramaticB.slightC.noD.rare答案：A。

“dramatic”表示巨大的、戏剧性的；“slight”表示轻微的；“no”表示没有；“rare”表示罕见的。

科技进步给医疗保健带来了巨大的改善，所以选A。

5.The latest technology product is____in design.A.advancedB.backwardC.old-fashionedD.outdated答案：A。

高考英语科技英语单选题30题1.The new software can greatly improve the efficiency of data processing. What's the meaning of “efficiency”?A.speedB.accuracyC.qualityD.quantity答案：A。

“efficiency”在科技语境中通常表示效率，与“speed”（ 速度）较为接近。

“accuracy”是准确性；“quality”是质量；“quantity”是数量。

2.In the field of artificial intelligence, “algorithm” plays a crucial role. What does “algorithm” refer to?A.data setB.programming languageputing methodD.hardware device答案：C。

“algorithm”在科技领域指算法，即一种计算方法。

“data set”是数据集；“programming language”是编程语言；“hardware device”是硬件设备。

3.The development of 5G technology brings high-speed network connection. What is “5G”?A.a new type of computerB.a communication technologyC.an operating systemD.a software application答案：B。

“5G”是一种通信技术。

“a new type of computer”是一种新型电脑；“an operating system”是操作系统；“a software application”是软件应用。

冲刺2022年高考语法填空专训（三）名、形、副三管齐下巧化词性转换词形转换是高考语法填空的一个重点。

在解答语法填空中词形转换的相关题目时，一要根据空处在句中所作的成分确定词性：名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等，动词作谓语与非谓语，形容词作表语、定语，副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子；二要根据标志词及语境确定比较级；三要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语以及主谓一致原则来确定名词的单复数。

如何判断是否考查词形转换技法1明确提示词为动词的2种词性转换提示词为动词，如果既不是谓语动词，也不是非谓语动词，则考虑动词词性转换，讲动词转换为名词或形容词，根据句式结构以及空格所缺成分进一步分析。

典例导引1.[2021·潍坊市高考模拟]They use kite photography, geophysical surveys and seismometers (地震仪) to make learning ________ (excite).2．[2021·陕西省模拟一]Antonio Morgan says that Robinson drove past him fast and just moments later heheard a ________ (frighten) crash.3．[2021·福建省莆田市高三5月模拟]Chinese weddings are as much about the happy couple as they areabout their respective families. The weddings are ________ (impress) affairs that focus on blessings of happiness.4．[2021·南昌市二模]It was considered safe and ________ (use) eight months later.5．[2021·襄阳五中高三5月冲刺]Come to Zhangjiajie to enjoy its ________ (amaze) natural scenery and breathtaking Avatar Hallelujah Mountain if you are a fan of Avatar movie！6．[2021·银川市考前适应性训练一]“The new robotic arms cost no more than 1，000 yuan，” said ChenXiaoping, ________ (direct) of the Robotics Laboratory at USTC, adding that this gives them an advantage for much wider application.7．[2021·湖南长郡中学二模]Chinese people are proud of their food. However, when foreigners like Britons think of Chinese food, their ________ (impress) of it is different to what you might think.8．[2021·山东省泰安市模拟]In the eyes of the Yi people, fire is the symbol of light, which is believed to have the ability to drive away insects and pests and protect the ________ (grow) of crops.9．[2021·南昌二中、河南省实验中学5月联考]This ________ (achieve) marks that China has reached thefirst great breakthrough on the path to full-scale quantum computing—a quantum computational advantage, also known as “quantum supremacy”．1.动词转换为形容词：①-able结尾的形容词accept→acceptable可接受的adapt→adaptable 能适应的admire→admirable 可钦佩的adjust→adjustable 可调节的afford→affordable 负担的起的②v.＋ed/ing转换为形容词confuse→confused 感到困惑的worry→worried 担心的excite→exciting 令人激动的；令人兴奋的③v.＋词缀ive转化为形容词attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive 给人印象深刻的instruct→instructive 有教育意义的④v.＋词缀-ful/less转换为形容词cheer→cheerful兴高采烈的doubt→doubtful 怀疑的forget→forgetful 健忘的thank→thankful 感激的2．动词转换为名词①v.＋-ion/-tion/-ation/-sion转换为名词，表示“状态或行为”celebrate→celebration n．庆祝compete→competition n．比赛pollute→pollution n．污染educate→ education n．教育②v.＋-ment转换为名词，表示“行为或结果”achieve→achievement n．成就announce→announcement n．宣布argue→argument n．争论，论据develop→development n．发展③v.＋-er/-or 转换为名词，表示“人”perform→performer n．表演者settle→settler n．移民者educate→educator n．教育家direct→director n．导演技法2提示词为名词的词形变化典例导引1.[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tinywe ________ (human) are.2．[2021·太原高三押宝题]But the solar term culture is still useful today to guide people's lives throughspecial foods, cultural ________ (ceremony), gardening and even healthy living tips that correspond with each solar term.3．[2021·厦门外国语学校适应性考试]About a few ________ (month) ago, a photographer went to take pictures in Litang, a remote place in Sichuan Province, and he accidentally shot a video of Dingzhen.4．[2021·邯郸市三模]Wild ________ (animal) such as black bears and squirrels like to store their pine nuts in different places as they prepare for the winter.5.[2021·全国乙卷]Provide ________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.6．[2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]In the 18th and 19th centuries, ________ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.7．[2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]Judges will choose up to 50 ________ (honor) mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight.8．[2021·安徽师大附中5月卷]But are people right to be worried about the ________ (environment) andhealth effects of releasing such a large amount of contaminated water？9.[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.10．[2021·渭南市质量检测]Thanks to a growing network of reserves and community protection actions,pandas are no longer ________ (danger), but the biggest hope for their long-term survival is the Giant Panda National Park which will be open in the coming months.11.[2021·浙江卷1月]It is calculated by dividing a ________ (person) weight in kg by their height in metres squared, and a BIM of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.12．[2021·赣州市高三年级摸底]Meanwhile, universities managed to meet the ________ (student)study and leisure needs.快捷思维1.名词的单复数：若提示词是可数名词单数，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的复数。

What is linguistics?Linguistics is the science of language, alternatively, the scientific study of language.Why is it scientific?A branch of humanities and social science.It has a set of established theories, methods and branches.It does not study a specific language but language in general. It is based on thesystematic investigation of linguistics data（written and spoken）Main/Core Branches (Micro-linguistics)Phonetics (语音学)Production, transmission, and perception of speech soundsPhonology （音系学）Rules of sound patterning; phonemeMorphology（形态学）Rules of word formation; morphemeSyntax （句法学）Rules of grammatical sentence formationSemantics （语义学）Study of meaning with the context disregardedPragmatics （语用学）Study of meaning in contextInterdisciplinary Branches (Macro-linguistics)Psychological Linguistics （心理语言学）Socio-linguistics （社会语言学）Computational Linguistics (运算机语言学)Stylistics （文体学)Applied Linguistics (应用语言学)Distinction between Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics: the study of sound used in linguistic communication (speech sounds).Phonology: the study of how sounds are put together and used.Phonetics is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating,whereas phonology is the study of subset of those sounds that constitute languageand meaning. The first focus on chaos, but the second on order.Macro-linguistics:（黑体）Psychological linguistics: investigation of the interrelation of language and mind, inprocessing utterance and in language acquisition.It aims to answer such questions ashow the human mind works when we use language,how we as infants acquire our mother tongue,how we memorize and how we process the information we receive in thecourse of communication.More on Page 18.Socio-linguistics:the study of the characteristics of language varieties, thecharacteristics of their functions and the characteristic of its speaker as theseconstantly interact and change within a speech community.Anthropological linguistics: (See Hu 2006:18-19)Computational linguistics: an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use ofcomputers to process or produce human/ natural language.Applied linguistics:applications of linguistic findings to the solution of practicalproblems. In a narrow sense, it only refers to the application of linguistic theoriesand principles to language teaching, esp. the teaching of foreign and L2, testing,translation and so on.(See Liu, 2006:327). （红）Some Important Distinctions：Prescriptive(规定式) VS descriptive（描述式）[9a] Don’t say X.[9b] People do not say X.Prescriptive:If the linguistics aims to lay down the rules for “correct and standard”behavior in using language, . to tell people what they should and should not say. It is prescribing how things ought to be.Descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,it is descriptive. It is describing how things are.Modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammar was strongly prescriptive.Synchronic(共时): The description of language at some point of time in history. . A Grammar of Modern Greek, Shakespeare's language, etc.Diachronic(历时):The description of language as its changes through time. It is historical study of language, but not historical linguistics. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. .How is the Indo-European family develops through history?Langue and ParoleMade by Saussure（Father of modern linguistics）Abstract vs. concrete:Linguistic competence= langue(语言),is the abstract linguistic system shared by allthe members of a speech community, or the set of conventions and rules that thelanguage users all have to abide by.parole（言语）, the actual phenomena or data of linguistics, refers to the realizationof language in actual use, the concrete use of the conventions and the application ofrules. It is the naturally occurring of language events.Stable vs. varyingLangue is stable. It does not change frequently. But parole is not. It varies fromperson to person and from situation to situation.The distinction is for the systemic study of language. The objects of linguists is the langue of each community.Competence and Performance：Made by Chomsky NoamCompetence: an ideal language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.( Chomsky, 1965:3)As a language user we have the intuitive to grasp the rules of the language, and though wemay not be able to state the rules explicitly.A speaker’s competence is stable, but performance is not. It is often influenced by manypsychological and social factors.According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine the data of performance, the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.Chomsk y’s distinction of competence and performance is related to the distinction of Saussure, but he does not accept the view of seeing language as a mere systematic inventory of terms. It should refer to the underlying competence as a system of generative process.What is language?Design features of languageFunctions of language.Origin of language (optional)What Is Language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Design Features (设计/概念特点)What are the design features of language?The features that define our human languages can be called design features. They are: Arbitrariness (任意性)Duality (双重性)Creativity (制造性)Displacement (移位性)Arbitrariness : the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bears no natural relationships to their meaning. ., there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. It has different levels：A) Between the sound and morpheme and its meaning. . onomatopoeic words:Creak，Bang，Bow bow，cuckooB) at the syntactic levelSyntax is the ways the sentences are constructed according to the grammar.Language is not arbitrary at this level.(a) He came in and sat down.(b) He sat down and came in.C）Arbitrariness and conventionLet sleeping dog lie.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality makes learning of language laborious. It is the conventionality of a language that is more worthy of noticing compared with arbitrariness.Duality: the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level (words) are composed of elements of the secondary level (sounds) and each of the two levels has its own principle of organization. (Lyons, 1981:20)The secondary units are meaningless and the primary units have distinct and identifiable meaning.The property of duality exist in such a system, namely, with both elements and units.Meaningless sounds-> morpheme -> words -> language. /k/, /a:/, /p/ ,/s/ -> carps and parksCreativity: Language is resourceful because of its duality and Recursiveness.Because of duality, the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistics units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are new but can be instantly understood by people. It is human specific. .A three-eyed white monkey is in the bed of the French Emperor. Recursiveness provides a theoretical basis for language’s potential to create endless sentences. eg:a) He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school whichwas known for its graduates who…Displacement：Language enables its user to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and place) at the moment of communication. In other words, language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined, matters in the past, present or future or in far-away places.Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.Animals’communication systems are under “immediate stimulus control”, but human language is “stimulus free”.Functions of LanguageJackobson and His Categories6 elements of communicationSpeaker/ addresser 说话者, Addressee 听话者, Context 语境Message 内容, Code 形式, Contact 接触6 functions of languageEMOTIVE 情感的, CONATIVE 意动的,REFERENTIAL 概念的POETIC 诗学的, METALINGUAL元语言的,PHATIC 应酬的Halliday and his categories7 functions （in his early works）Instrumental （工具性功能）Regulatory （操纵性功能）Representational （表述功能）Personal (个人功能)Interaction （交往功能）Heuristic（启发功能）Imaginative （想象功能）Meta-functions （Halliday: 1994）IDEATIONAL: (概念功能)a model of experience and logical relationsInformative function信息功能( 见下面解析)INTERPERSONAL: （人际功能）enacts social relationshipPerformative施为功能( 见下面解析)Emotive function 情感功能( 见下面解析)Phatic communion 应酬功能( 见下面解析)TEXTUAL: （语篇功能）creates relevance to contextRecreational function 娱乐功能Metalingual function 元语功能Informative functionLanguage serves for the expression of content: that is…(Hu,2006:10)When language is used to give information, it is informative.. Water boils at 100°C.The most important function of language, by which the status of the people areestablished and maintained.. Dear Professor,Performative functionPrimarily used to change the social status of the person, often in quite formal andritualized language.Now, I announce you husband and wife.I name the ship Queen Elizabeth.It can also extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasion.Emotive functionMeans of getting rid of the nervous energy when we are under press.Damn (when someone strikes his finger with a hammer.)Hurray！; Wow, what a sight….Phatic communionSome small, seemingly meaningless expressions to maintain comfortablerelationship between people without any factual content.God bless you.Meta-languageMeta-language: language used for talking about talk or think about thinking Signs: Na, H2O,Ø, Man [+HUMAN, +MALE, +ADULT]What have we talked about in this chapter?LinguisticsDefinition and understandingScopeImportant distinctionsLanguageDefinition and understandingDesign featuresFunctionsOriginChapter 2 Speech SoundsPhoneticsSpeech OrgansOrthographic Transcription of Speech Sounds–IPAClassification of English Speech SoundsConsonantVowelsPhonologyPhonetics VS PhonologyCoarticulationPhone, Phonemes and allophonesPhonological ProcessPhonological RulesDistinctive FeaturesSuprasegmental FeaturesStressToneIntonationPhoneticsPhonetics: the study of speech sounds that occur in all human languages. (Liu, 2006:45) It can be divided into:Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds (thespeaker’s point of view)Acoustic phonetics: the study of physical properties of speech sounds(the transmission )Perceptive/ auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of the speechsounds (the hearer’s point of view)Cavities of Speech/ Vocal organs:Nasal cavity = nose [m], [n] and [N]Oral cavity= mouthTongue: tip, blade, front, back and root.Uvular, soft palate, hard palate, teeth ridge, teeth and lips.Pharyngeal cavityVocal folds （中国海洋大学1999）Apart: voicelessClose together: voicedTotally closed: glottal stop [?]International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)A standardized and internationally accepted transcription of speechsoundsinaugurated by International Phonetic Association in 1897.Proposed by Otto Jespersen (Danish Grammarian and phonetician) Basicprinciple:A separate letter selected from main European language forone sound, the same letter for the same sound in all the languages.Roman letters, new letters and diacriticsNarrow and Broad TranscriptionsBroad transcriptionTranscription of speech sounds by using a simple set of symbols.Narrow transcriptionTranscription of speech sounds by using more specific symbols,such as diacritics(变音符), to show the phonetic details of speechsounds. (复旦大学1996；浙江大学2001) Consonants and VowelsIn phonetics, a segment is either a consonant or a vowel. The distinction between them lies in the obstruction of the air stream.ConsonantA speech sound produced by a closure in the vocal tract（声道）, or bya narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producingaudible friction.Two Factors for Consonant Categorization：Manner of Articulation (发音方式)Place of Articulation（发音位置）Manners of Articulation --- the ways in which articulation can be accomplished.The articulators may:Close off the oral tract for an instant or a long period of time;Narrow the space considerably;Modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.In terms of Manners of Articulation, the consonants are divided into:Stop (爆破音) [p, b, t, d, k, g]Nasal (鼻音) [m, n, N]Fricative (摩擦音) [f, v, W, T, M, V, h]Approximant (近音) [w, , j ]Lateral (边音) [l]Trill/ roll（颤音）[r]Tap and flap (闪音): American substitution for [d, t ,n], . ci t y, le tt er and di r ty.Affricative (塞擦音): stop+ fricative [ tM, dV]Place of Articulation --- the point where a constant is made.Practically, a consonant can be made at any place between the lips andvocal folds.In terms of Place of Articulation, consonants can be divided into:Bilabial（双唇音）[ p, b, m ]Labiodental （唇齿音）[ f, v ]Dental（齿音）[ W, T]Alveolar（齿龈音）[ t, d, n, s, z, r, l ]Post alveolar （齿龈后音）[ M, V ]Retroflex （卷舌音）Palatal （硬颚音）[ j ]Velar （软腭音）[ k, g, N ]Uvlar （小舌音）Pharyngeal （咽音）Glottal （喉音）:[?] cotton, fattenIn addition: In the description of the consonants, there are two sounds sharing the same place and manner of articulation. They are distinguished by Voicing (带声性),the left one is voiceless, but the right one voiced. Therefore, factors for description of consonants amount to three. Namely, Voicing, place and manner of articulation.VowelA speech sound produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so thatair escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.See (Hu:2005, 29)Cardinal vowels(大体元音)a set of vowels qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging,intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actualvowels in existing languages.(33)Secondary cardinal vowels (次要大体元音)vowels got by reversing the lip-rounding for a given position.Schwa（中元音）[E]R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r D e s c r i p t i o n o f E n g l i s h V o w e l sThe height of tongue raising (high,mid, low)The position of the highest part of tongue (front, central, back)Length or tenseness of the vowels (tense= long, lax=short)Lip-rounding (rounded or unrounded)PhonologyPhonologyDefinitionRelationship (difference and similarity) between phonetics andphonology.From Phonetics to PhonologyCoarticulationPhonemesAllophonesPhologocial process, phonological rules and distinctive featuresAssimilationEpenthesisEpenthesis, rule ordering and elsewhere condition (剩余位置条件)Distinctive features (区别特点)SuprasegmentalSyllableStressIntonationPhonologyThe study of the sound patterns (语音模式) and sound systems（语音系统）of language.It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.Procedure:Individual language analysis →phonological structure discovery→cross-language property comparison →hypothesis →rulesunderlying the sound patterns of all languagesPhoneme（音位）A basic unit of phonological study, is an abstract collection of phoneticfeatures which can distinguish meaning.It is not an any particular sound, but rather it is realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. ./p/: [p] and [ph ] speak and peakBy convention, the phonemic transcriptions (phoneme) are placed within ‘‘/ /”, while the phonetic transcriptions (phone) are within “[ ]”. In this sense, “broad’and “phonemic”transcription coincide. Once the phonetic detailsgiven, “[ ]”must be used. The narrow transcription must be put in square bracket.Minimal pair test: Technique for phoneme identificationMinimal pair（最小对照对）A pair of words that have different meaningsand differ by only a single sound in the same position. . pit /bit, look/took, and keep/ coop. (Liu: 2006: 335)The test can be used to find out which sound substitution causesdifference in meaning.Alternatively, phoneme simply refers to a “unit of explicit sound contrast”: the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants the phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrast. (Hu，2005：40)Allophone (音位变体)The different realizations / phones of the same phoneme in differentphonetic environments /contexts./p/ →[p ] / [s]_____[ph]/ elsewhere (剩余位置条件)(Note: “_____” is the position the changed sound appears.The choice of the allophones are not at random, but rule-governedAllophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning. But they are all in complementary distribution（互补散布）.Not all the phones in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones of the same phoneme. They must bear some Phonetic Similarity. The allophones are both phonetically similar and in complementary distribution. See (Hu, 2005:41）Free variant (自由变体)（41-2）Two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast but merely produce a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in Free Variation.Assimilation (同化)Synonym of Coarticulation (协同发音)The process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations. Alternatively, it refers to the process by which one sound takes on some or all the features of its neighboring sound.（Hu, 2005: 42）It can be divided into:Progressive Assimilation 顺同化= perseverative coarticulation（后滞协同发音）Regressive Assimilation 逆同化= anticipatory coarticulation（先期协同发音）Perseverative coarticulation 后滞协同发音/ Progressive Assimilation 顺同化If one sound becomes more like the preceding sound, as in the case ofmap, we call this process preserverative coarticulation. (A precedingsound is influencing a following sound.)Anticipatory coarticulation（先期协同发音）/ Regressive Assimilation 逆同化If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case oflamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation. (A following sound isinfluencing a preceding sound.Phonological process, phonological rules and distinctive featuresPhonological process(音系进程)The process in which a target or affected segment undergoes a structuralchanges in certain environment or context.Assimilation (Cf. Coarticulation) （red）Nasalization鼻音化Detalization齿音化Velarization腭音化Devoicing清音化Assimilation（同化）can occur across syllable or word boundaries.EpenthesisDeletion ruleSequential ruleTranscription of Phonological RulesTranscription of phonological rules（音系规那么）Nasalization rule: [-nasal]→[+nasal]/__ [+nasal]Detalization rule: [-dental]→[+dental]/___ [+dental]Velarization rule: [-velar]→[+velar]/__[+velar]Devoicing rule: voiced fricative voiceless/__ voiceless Note:the “/” specifies the environment in which the change takes place, the “___”indicates the position of the target segment. The rules reads ”The …is transformed into …when it appears before/ after …”Some other Phonological RulesEpenthesis (插音、增音):The addition of a vowel or consonant at the beginning of a wordor between sounds.It often happens in language learning when the language which isbeing learnt has different combination of vowels or consonantsform the learner’s L1. . A n appleSibilant (咝音)a speech sound which is produced with friction and which has a s-likesoundDeletion Rulewhen a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented, .[g] insign- signatureSequential rulesthe rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, .in English, “k, b, I, I”might possibly form blik, klib, bilk, kilb.If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be avowel. . light, rightIf three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules, . spring, strict, square, splendid, scream.a) the first phoneme must be /s/,b) the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/,c) the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.phonological rules:Nasalization rule[-nasal] →[+nasal]/__ [+nasal]﹠The regular past tense form in English/d/→[id] / [t, d] ____[t] / [-voiced] ____[d]/ in other placesThe regular past tense in English is pronounced as [id] when word endswith [t] or [d], [t] when it ends with a voiceless consonant, and [d] in otherplaces when it ends with a voiced sound.Distinctive Features：Distinctive features(区别特点)A means of working out a set of phonological contrast to captureparticular aspects of language soundsFirst proposed by Jacobson.Major distinctions[±consonantal][±sonorant][+sonorant]: consonants except stop, fricative and affricative(obstruents)[-sonorant]: stop, fricative, affricative and all vowels[±nasal][±voiced]SuprasegmentalsSuprasegmental Features (超音段特点)The aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. Theprincipal ones are:Syllables （音节）Stress （重音）Tone （声/音调）Intonation （语调）Syllable: A speech unit longer than a word but smaller than a whole word.Syllabic structureOnset: optionalRhyme: vowels, [ł], [m], [n]Nucleus（red）: compulsoryCoda : optional →open/close syllablesMOP (Maximal Onset Principle)最大节首辅音规那么when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is putinto the onset rather than the codaStress: t he degree of force used in pronunciation of a syllable.Usage at different levelsAt the word levelonly applies to words with at least two syllables.At sentence level,a monosyllabic word may be said to be stressed relative toother words in the sentence.the notional words are normally stressed while structuralwords are unstressed.The stress in a sentence also varies from one to another,depending on the focus of the speaker.Stress may fall on any syllable in principle, but it changes overhistory and exhibit regional or dialectal differences.FunctionsDistinguish the grammatical function of the words (ibid.)Alternation of stress between compounds and the phrases. (ibid.) Primary and secondary stressWord stressThe location of stress in English distinguishes m e a n i n g,a shift in stress in English may change the p a r t o f s p e e c hv.: im5port; in5crease; re5bel; re5cord…n.: 5import; 5increase; 5rebel; 5record…Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a c o m p o u n d n o u n a n d ap h r a s e consisting of the same elements:compound: 5blackbird; 5greenhouse; 5hotdog…noun phrase: black 5bird; green 5house; hot 5dogThe meaning-distinctive role played by word stress is also manifested i n t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s of -ing forms and nounsSentence stressThe relative force given to the components of a sentence.Stressed: content words (nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs,numerals and demonstrative pronouns)Unstressed: grammatical words (articles, person pronouns,auxiliary verbs, prepositions and conjunctions)Note: for pragmatic reason, this rule is not always right, .we may stress any part in the following sentences.He is driving my car.TonePitch variations caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocalcords.Different form English, Chinese is tonicIntonation:When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation.3 frequent types of intonation in EnglishIntonation:When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation.3 frequent types of intonation in EnglishIt may impose different structures on the sentence by dividing it into different intonation units, .“John didn’t come because of Marry”It can make a certain part of a sentence especially prominent by placing nucleus on it,Its attitudinal functionsChapter 3 LexiconWhat is “word”?3 senses of wordIdentification of wordClassification of wordThe formation of wordMorpheme and morphology ▲Types of morpheme ▲InflectionWord formation▲Sememe vs. morpheme, and phoneme vs. morphemeLexical changeLexical change proper ▲Morpho-syntactic changeSemantic changeOrthographic changeThree senses of “word”A physically definable unitWord both as a general term and as a specific termA grammatical unitOther factors for word identification:Stability （稳固性）Relative uninterruptibility（相对持续性）A minimum free form. （最小的自由形式）Classification of wordsWord class （词类）9 word classes: n., pron., v., adj., adv., prep., conj., int., and art..Grammatical/functional words and lexical/content wordsGrammatical words （语法词）: conj., prep., art. andpron.Lexical words（辞汇词）: n., v., adj., and adv.Closed-class word and open-class wordWords with fixed and limited membership, . pron., prep.and conj. etc. （封锁类词）Words with Infinite and unlimited membership, . n., v.,adj. and adv.（开放类词）A few more were introduced, namelyParticle （小品词）Infinitive mark ”to”subordinate units in verbal phrases, . look back, get by, etc.Auxiliary（助词）Negation, inversion, code（语码）, and emphasis.Pro-form（替代形式）Pro-adjective, pro-verb, pro-adverb, and pro-locativeDeterminers (限定词)Pre-determiner, central-determiner, post -determiner.MorphologyMorphology and MorphemeTypes of morphemeInflectionWord formation ▲Sememe vs. morpheme, and phoneme vs. morphemeMorphology and MorphemeM o r p h o l o g y（形态学）The study of internal structure of words, and the rules by which words areformed. .Adj.+ -ify→verb: pur ify, ampl ify, electr ify, fals ifyA systematic study of morphemeM o r p h e m e(词/语素)the smallest unit of meaning.the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship betweenexpression and content, a unit that can not be divided into further smallerunits without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it islexical or grammatical. .chairman= chair+ man; boys= boy+ -s; purify=pur(e)+-ifyT y p e s o f M o r p h e m eFree morpheme and bound morpheme ▲Root, affix and stem ▲Inflectional affix and derivational affixFree morpheme and bound morphemeFree morpheme (自由语素)The morpheme that may make up words by themselves.All the mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.Words consisting wholly of free morphemes are compound（合成词）. .sunflowerThe free morphemes are the so-called mono-morphemic words。

高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注单选题30题(带答案)1.Scientists are studying a new kind of material that can resist high temperatures. The word “resist” in this sentence means _____.A.acceptB.preventC.encourageD.allow答案：B。

“resist”在这里的意思是“抵抗、抵御”，与“prevent”（ 阻止）意思相近。

“accept”是接受；“encourage”是鼓励；“allow”是允许。

2.The discovery of a new planet has attracted the attention of many astronomers. The verb “attract” in this sentence can be replaced by _____.A.distractB.repelC.divertD.draw答案：D。

“attract”是吸引，“draw”也有吸引的意思。

“distract”是使分心；“repel”是排斥；“divert”是转移。

3.The research on artificial intelligence is making rapid progress. The phrase “make progress” in this sentence means _____.A.move backwardB.stand stillC.get betterD.become worse答案：C。

“make progress”是取得进步，与“get better”意思相近。

“move backward”是后退；“stand still”是静止不动；“become worse”是变得更糟。

4.The development of new energy sources is crucial for the future. The word “crucial” in this sentence can be replaced by _____.A.unimportantB.optionalC.vitaleless答案：C。

Unit 1 学业质量标准检测第一部分：听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1．Where will the woman go？__B__A．Hainan. B．Beijing.C．Xi'an.2．Who is using the woman's laptop？__A__A．Tom. B．Tina.C．Jenny.3．When is Jessica's birthday？__B__A．September 8.B．September 9.C．September 10.4．What will the woman do next？__B__A．Walk to the university.B．Get off at the next stop.C．Take the bus headed downtown.5．What does the woman like best about the shirt？__A__A．The color. B．The price.C．The material.其次节(共15小题；每题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。

6．How much would half a kilo of carrots cost？__A__A．3.5 dollars. B．4 dollars.C．7 dollars.7．Why doesn't the man buy the woman's carrots？__A__A．He wants cheaper food.B．He wants healthier food.C．He wants better－tasting food.听第7段材料，回答第8至9题。

2009年硕士研究生入学考试“基础英语（专业综合）”参考答案及评分标准Section One ADVANCED ENGLISH1. Explain each of the following cultural terms briefly. (15%)1.Great Lakes: Group of five freshwater lakes, Central North America, between theUnited States and Canada, largest body of fresh water in the world. From west to east, they are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.2.Game theory: A mathematical theory of transactions developed by John V onNeumann. He called this theory, which has important applications in economic, diplomacy, and national defense, “game theory”. Even though they are serious, however, the games are often so intricate and their rules so strange that the game becomes overtly playful.3.Fundamentalism: A usually religious movement or point of view characterized bya return to fundamental principles, by rigid adherence to those principles, andoften by intolerance of other views and opposition to secularism. Christian fundamentalism is based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals.4.Newsweek: An American news weekly established in Dayton, Ohio in 1933. In itdomestic and international news is summarized, analyzed and categorized according to topics each week. It also has special sections devoted to arts, science, medicine, sports, etc. It is one of the three largest news weeklies of America and has a wide domestic and international circulation.5.The Salvation Army: A Protestant religious body devoted to the conversion of, andsocial work among the poor, and characterized by use of military titles, uniforms, etc. It was founded in 1878 by “General”Booth in London; now worldwide in operation.II. Identify the figures of speech used in the following underlined parts of the sentences. (10%)1.Antithesis2.Transferred epithet3.Hyperbole4.Metaphor5.PersonificationIII. Vocabulary (10%)1. A2. A3. D4. D5. B6. C7. D8. C9. C 10.B IV. Reading Comprehension (55%)Passage One (10%): 1.C 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. CPassage Two:1.Paraphrase the underlined sentences in the article. (30%)(1)Just as science may acquire some of the features of a mythology, science may also beinfluenced by other cultures and ideologies. This is because science is one part of culture and can hardly stay away from the influence of cultures.(2)Newton’s thought was influenced by his intensive research into the Bibles and other Christianbooks. His thought is also influenced by his wish that his studies of natural science would lead people to believe in the existence of a supreme God who has given this world motion and order.(3)Those who study history from the psychological perspective will surely say that Einstein’supbringing has had a certain impact on his theory. He was a rather stateless person; if he had grown up in a stable environment, he would not be so ready to propose and accept the theory of relativity.(4)Only those immature followers of Bacon’s inductivist philosophy will deny that science canbe influenced by other non-scientific factors. Those inductivist followers have been trying to see a kind of “pure” science, not affected by any environmental factor.(5)We should not move quickly to deny, because of what have been mentioned, that there is adifference between the context where scientific law is discovered and the one where scientific law is proved.(6)First of all, even at the stage of inventing and thinking about his theory, a scientist willnormally change some of his ambitions or ideas about the world.(7)It is also true to say that, although the capitalist in the Victorian age welcomed the idea of thesurvival of the fittest, this could not explain the great success of Darwi n’s writing The Origin of Species.(8)If Darwin had not answered some of the specific questions in biology related to evolution, ifDarwin had not collected a huge amount of data, his theory would not have such a great influence.(9)On the other hand, even if a theory is presented in a form that is acceptable to scientificcommunity, its success or failure will not depend on whether it agrees or disagrees with the spirit of the age.(10)D arwin’s success is an example illustrating that scientific success can last for many ages;there are also examples of theories which meet the expectation of the age yet are rejected simply because they are not scientific.2.Write a summary of the passage in Chinese. (Word Limit: 160 words ) (15%)既然科学受神话的影响，科学也会受到其他文化或思潮的影响。

小学下册英语第5单元综合卷[含答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 What color is the ocean?A. BlueB. GreenC. BrownD. Yellow2 The ______ is a measure of how much matter is in an object.3 The man is very ________.4 What do you call a story with magical elements?A. RealismB. FantasyC. NonfictionD. Biography答案:B5 I enjoy visiting the ________ (动植物园) on weekends.6 A _____ (马) can run very fast during a race.7 What is the name of the famous scientist who developed the polio vaccine?A. Albert SabinB. Jonas SalkC. Louis PasteurD. Edward Jenner8 What do we call the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment?a. Ecologyb. Biologyc. Botanyd. Zoology答案:a9 What is the term for a baby horse?A. ColtB. FoalC. FillyD. All of the above答案:D10 The capital city of Nicaragua is __________.11 The ______ (阳光明媚的日子) is perfect for gardening activities.12 Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. VenusB. MarsC. JupiterD. Saturn答案: B13 What is the name of the famous rock formation located in Australia?A. Ayers RockB. StonehengeC. UluruD. Mount Rushmore答案：C14 What is the color of an orange?A. RedB. GreenC. OrangeD. Yellow答案: C. Orange15 The chemical equation for photosynthesis involves carbon dioxide and ______.16 The __________ (历史的多元性) enriches understanding.17 What do you call the part of the plant that grows underground?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. Flower答案: C18 Which instrument is used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. HydrometerD. Anemometer答案:B19 My sister and I share a ____.20 War was a period of intense ________ (竞争). The Cold21 A chemical reaction can produce _____ and salts.22 My cat likes to nap in the _________ (阳光).23 My teacher is very __________ (热情).24 I enjoy learning about ______ in school.25 What do you call a person who collects stamps?A. PhilatelistB. NumismatistC. CollectorD. Dealer答案:A26 The _______ (小刺猬) rolls into a ball for protection.27 The __________ (历史的动力) often comes from change.28 What do you need to write?A. BrushB. PenC. RulerD. Eraser答案: B29 What is the name of the famous ancient structure in Egypt?A. ColosseumB. PyramidsC. ParthenonD. Stonehenge答案: B30 The sun is very ________.31 The __________ is the part of the atom that carries a negative charge.32 What is the capital of Kyrgyzstan?A. BishkekB. AlmatyC. DushanbeD. Tashkent答案: A. Bishkek33 My friend is very ________.34 I like to play ______ games with my friends.35 A ______ (城市绿化) initiative can transform landscapes.36 Some fish can glow in the ______.37 My birthday is in the ______.38 What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. ShoesC. GlovesD. Scarf答案：B39 The chemical symbol for radon is ______.40 The chemical formula for calcium sulfide is _____.41 The atomic number tells you the number of ______ in an atom.42 The __________ (历史课程) teach students about the past.43 A __________ is a famous historical battlefield.44 What is 10 - 7?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5答案：B45 The __________ is a major geographical region in Asia. (中亚)46 I can create a magical world with my toy ________ (玩具名称).47 Chemicals that speed up reactions without being consumed are _____.48 My ________ (玩具名称) is a colorful addition to my room.49 A reaction that occurs when two liquids are mixed is called a ______ reaction.50 The sun is ______ during the day. (bright)51 The __________ (文艺复兴) was a period of great cultural change in Europe.52 The __________ (南美洲) is home to the Andes Mountains.53 I enjoy attending ______ (音乐会) to see my favorite artists perform.54 A _____ (seedbed) is where seedlings start growing.55 The chemical formula for zinc oxide is ______.56 I saw a _______ swimming in the pond (我在池塘里看到一只_______游泳).57 What do we call a drawing or picture made with a pencil?A. PaintingB. SketchC. PhotoD. Collage答案: B58 The _____ (季节) changes affect how plants grow.59 The ______ helps us understand social issues.60 We visit the ______ (博物馆) for cultural appreciation.61 My aunt loves __________ (画画).62 What do you call a person who studies plants?A. BotanistB. ZoologistC. EcologistD. Biologist答案: A63 The process of making glass involves heating sand to a high _____.64 A ______ is an area with distinctive geological features.65 The Earth's crust is primarily made up of minerals that contain ______.66 What do you call a person who studies languages?A. LinguistB. PolyglotC. TranslatorD. All of the above答案:D67 What do you call a baby wombat?A. JoeyB. KitC. PupD. Calf68 The _______ of light can be tested using a laser.69 Which fruit is red and often mistaken for a vegetable?A. TomatoB. PepperC. PotatoD. Carrot答案:A70 My favorite _____ is a fluffy bunny.71 My __________ (玩具名) is my favorite __________ (名词).72 I enjoy painting ______.73 My friend is very __________ (具有同情心).74 What do we call a person who studies the relationship between culture and environment?A. Environmental AnthropologistB. SociologistC. Cultural AnthropologistD. Biologist答案: A75 I like to take care of my toy ________ (玩具名称).76 The outer covering of an egg is called a __________.77 A ______ is a bird that swims well.78 What is the name of the famous landmark located in London?A. Eiffel TowerB. Big BenC. ColosseumD. Statue of Liberty答案：B79 The Moon's surface is covered in dust called ______.80 A horse can be very _________ (温顺).81 My aunt has a beautiful ____.82 The cat is _______ (在) the tree.83 What do we call the study of fossils?A. PaleontologyB. ArchaeologyC. GeologyD. Anthropology答案: A84 I enjoy drawing ______ in my sketchbook.85 The fall of the Roman Empire was a turning point in ________ (历史).86 Did you see a _______ (小猴子) swinging from a branch?87 We have a ______ (特别的) program at school.88 What do you call the person who teaches students?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. EngineerD. Chef89 We will watch a ________ tonight.90 Materials that do not conduct electricity are called ________.91 My aunt, ______ (我的姑姑), is a great cook.92 What is the capital of Cuba?a. Havanab. Santiagoc. Trinidadd. Camagüey答案:a93 A ___ (小鹦鹉) can mimic human speech.94 小蜻蜓) hovers above the water. The ___95 The symbol for platinum is _____.96 The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide is __________.97 I enjoy ______ (与同学一起) participating in competitions.98 My uncle is a __________ (文化专家).99 What do we call the act of sharing information?A. CommunicatingB. DisseminatingC. BroadcastingD. All of the Above答案：D100 The __________ (历史的启示性思维) encourages exploration.。