Fisheries in Korea

Gross Domestic Product of North Korea in 2008North Korean real annual GDP increased 3.7% in 2008, having pulled out of the negative growth experienced in 2006 and 2007.But the positive economic growth in 2008 was mainly attributable to one-off factors such as increased agricultural production thanks to good weather conditions and assistance in the form of raw materials and heavy crude oil as a result of the Six-Party Talks.North Korean GDP GrowthUnit: %, change in real GDP ’90 ’95 ’96 ’97’98 ’99 ’00’01’02’03’04’05 ’06 ’07’08 -3.7 -4.1 -3.6 -6.3-1.1 6.2 1.3 3.7 1.2 1.8 2.2 3.8 -1.1 -2.3 3.7(9.2) (9.2) (7.0) (4.7)(-6.9) (9.5) (8.5)(4.0)(7.2)(2.8)(4.6)(4.0) (5.2) (5.1)(2.2) Note: Figures in parentheses represent South Korea’s GDP growth rates, data up to 2000 are based on 2000 year prices, data from 2001 are based on 2005 year prices.Looking at North Korea's GDP growth by industry, the agriculture, forestry & fisheries marked an 8.2% increase mainly due to good weather conditions.Production in mining rose 2.3% in 2008, higher than its 0.4% increase in 2007, owing to an expansion across including coal, metallic and non-metalic minerals.Manufacturing production increased 2.5% in 2008. In light industries, there wasa 1.3% production increase, due to a rise in food, tobacco, clothes and shoes. Inheavy industries, production expanded 3.3%, a larger rise than that of 2.3% in 2007, led by the improvement of basic metals, chemicals and machinery products.Electricity, gas & water production increased by 6.1 owing to an increase in both thermal and hydroelectric power generation.Construction industry production moved up 1.1% due to increased housing construction and civil engineering.Production in services climbed 0.7%, following a 1.7% increase in 2007. Whole-sale & retail trade rose by 2.7% and transport & storage similarly increased by 4.2%, while hotel and restaurant industry shrank by 2.2%.North Korean GDP Growth by IndustryUnit: %, change in real GDPNorth Korea South Korea’06 ’07 ’08 ’07 ’08Agriculture,forestry & fisheries -2.6 -9.4 8.2 4.0 5.5Mining &0.9 0.7 2.5 7.1 3.1manufacturingMining 1.9 0.4 2.3 -4.1 1.3Manufacturing 0.4 0.8 2.5 7.2 3.1(Light industry) (-0.6) (-1.7) (1.3) ( 2.4) ( -2.2)(Heavy industry) ( 1.1) ( 2.3) ( 3.3) ( 8.2) ( 4.2) Electricity,2.7 4.8 6.13.8 5.1gas & waterConstruction -11.5 -1.5 1.1 2.6 -2.4Services 1.1 1.7 0.7 5.1 2.5(Government) ( 0.8) ( 1.8) ( 0.3) ( 2.9) ( 2.0)(Other services) ( 1.8) ( 1.5) ( 1.7) ( 5.6) ( 2.6) GDP growth -1.1 -2.3 3.7 5.1 2.2Looking at North Korea's industrial structure in 2008, there was a rise in the GDP shares of agriculture, forestry & fisheries and mining & manufacturing. However, the shares of electricity, gas & water production, construction and services all decreased.North Korean Industrial StructureUnit: nominal terms, %North Korea South Korea’06 ’07 ’08 ’07 ’08 Agriculture,forestry & fisheries23.3 21.2 21.6 2.9 2.5Mining &manufacturing 29.6 31.3 34.6 27.5 28.3Mining 10.2 11.4 12.1 0.2 0.2Manufacturing 19.5 20.0 22.5 27.3 28.1(Light industry) (6.7) (6.5) (6.7) (4.8) (4.6)(Heavy industry) (12.8) (13.5) (15.8) (22.5) (23.5)Electricity,gas & water4.5 4.6 3.4 2.2 1.8Construction 9.0 8.8 8.3 7.4 7.0Services 33.6 34.1 32.2 60.0 60.3(Government) (23.7) (24.0) (22.8) (10.5) (10.7)(Other services) (9.8) (10.1) (9.4) (49.5) (49.6)GDP 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0The North Korean economy (nominal GNI) in 2008 was valued at 27,347 billion won, one thirty-eighth (2.7%) that of South Korea, while its per capita GNI stood at 1.1 million and seventy-four thousand won, approximately one eighteenth (5.5%) that of South Korea.Economic Scale and Per Capita GNI in South and North KoreaNorth Korea (A) South Korea (B) B/A’07 ’08 ’07 ’08 ’07 ’08 Nominal GNI(₩ billion)24,826.8 27,347.2 976,813.9 1,030,636.3 39.3 37.7Per capita GNI (₩ 10 thousand) 107.0 117.42,015.9 2,120.418.9 18.1North Korea's trade volume (goods-based) during 2008 amounted to 3,820 million dollars, 1/224 that of South Korea.North Korea’s exports increased by 22.8% and its imports increased by 33.2%. Accordingly, its overall trade volume rose 29.9%.External Trade of South and North KoreaNorth Korea (A) South Korea (B) B/A’07 ’08 ’07 ’08 ’07 ’08Trade Amount247.7 224.4 ($ 100 million)29.4 38.27,283.38,572.8Exports 9.2 11.33,714.94,220.1 403.8 373.5Imports 20.2 26.93,568.54,352.7 176.7 161.8Note : Bilateral trade between North and South Korea is excluded.Bilateral trade between South and North Korea stood at 1.82 billion dollars in 2008, a 1.2% year-on-year increase following from that of 33.2% in 2007.South-to-North trade declined 14.0% year-on-year, due to the decrease of private and government humanitarian support. North-to-South trade climbed 21.8%, owingto the increased cross-border trade in products processed on a commission basis,as well as the increased imports from Gaeseong Industrial Complex.Volume of Bilateral Trade between South and North KoreaUnits: $ million, %(B-A)Increase’08(B)’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07(A)(B/A) South-to-North 435.0 439.0 715.5830.21,032.6888.1 -144.5 -14.0 North-to-South 289.3 258.0 340.3519.5765.3932.3 167.0 21.81.222.51,055.81,349.71,797.91,820.4697.0Total 724.2Major Economic Indicators in South and North Korea in 2007UnitNorth Korea (A) South Korea(B)B/A1. PopulationThousandpersons 23,298 48,607 2.12. GDP growth rate %3.7 2.2 -3. Nominal GNI ￦billion 27,347.2 1,030,636.3 37.74. Per Capita GNI ￦10 thousands 117.4 2,120.4 18.15. External transactionsTrade total (Exports) (Imports)Exchange rateUS$100 mil.〃 〃 ￦(N.K.,S.K.)/US$38.2 11.3 26.91308,572.8 4,220.1 4,352.71,102.6224.4 373.5 161.8-6. Energy industry Coal production Capacity of power generation Volume of actual power generation Crude oil imports10,000 tons 10,000 kW100 million kWh10,000 bbl2,506.0 749.7254.6387.8247.6 7,249.14,224.086,487.20.1 9.7 16.6223.0UnitNorth Korea(A)South Korea(B)B/A (times)7. Agricultural & fisheries productsGrains (Rice )Fishery products10,000 tons〃 〃430.6 185.8 83.0549.8 484.4 336.31.32.6 4.1 8. Mining goods production Iron oreNonferrous metals 10,000 tons〃531.6 9.433.3 23.10.1 2.5 9. Manufacturing goods productionAutomobiles Steel Cement FertilizerSynthetic fibers10,000 vehicles 10,000 tons〃 〃 〃0.47 127.9 641.5 47.9 3.0382.7 5,332.2 5,165.3 318.8 133.0814.3 41.7 8.1 6.7 44.310. Infrastructure Length of railroadsLength of roads Port loading/unloading CapacityShipping tonnageKm Km 10,000 tons10,000 tons5,242 25,802 3,70086 3,381 104,236 75,8621,4710.6 4.0 20.517.1Brief Explanation of Estimation Method- The Bank of Korea (BOK) has been estimating the “Gross Domestic Product of North Korea” annually since 1991, using the basic data on production quantities supplied by relevant institutions.- This estimation project had been undertaken for the purpose of evaluating the North Korean economy from a South Korean perspective and utilizing the estimated data in policy-making.- Therefore, the estimation follows the System of National Accounts (SNA), which is also applied in GDP estimation for South Korea.* Recently, nations in transition to market economies have been adopting the SNA for estimating their GDP, as is the practice in almost all market economies including South Korea.- GDP at current prices is estimated with the use of South Korean prices, value-added ratios and exchange rate.。

CHAPTER 17ECONOMIC COOPERATIONSection A: General ProvisionsArticle 17.1: Objectives1.The Parties agree to strengthen economic cooperation with the aim to enhance the mutual benefits of this Agreement in accordance with their national strategies and policy objectives.2.The cooperation under this Chapter shall pursue the following objectives:(a)f acilitating the implementation of this Agreement with a view to promoting economicand social development of the Parties; and(b)creating and enhancing sustainable trade and investment opportunities by facilitatingtrade and investment between the Parties and by strengthening competitiveness andinnovation capacities, with a view to promoting sustainable economic growth anddevelopment.Article 17.2: Methods and Means1. The Parties shall cooperate with the objective of identifying and employing effective methods and means for the implementation of this Chapter. To this end, the Parties shall coordinate efforts with relevant international organizations and develop, where practicable, synergies with other forms of bilateral cooperation already existing between the Parties.2. Cooperation between the Parties will be implemented through the tools, resources, and mechanisms available to the Parties, following the existing rules and procedures through the competent bodies for the discharge of their cooperation relations.3. The Parties may use instruments and modalities, such as exchange of information, experiences, and best practices, for the identification, development, and implementation of projects. Article 17.3: Non-application of Dispute SettlementNeither Party shall have recourse to Chapter 20 (Dispute settlement) for any matter arising under this Chapter.Article 17.4: Committee on Economic Cooperation1. The Parties hereby establish a Committee on Economic Cooperation (hereinafter referred to as the “Committee”), comprising representatives of each Party.2. The Committee shall meet at least once a year to consider matters arising under this Chapter, and may meet more frequently as the Parties may agree.3. The Committee’s functions shall include, inter alia:(a)monitoring and assessing the progress in implementation of the projects agreed bythe Parties under this Chapter;(b)making recommendations on the cooperative activities under this Chapter; and(c)reviewing, through regular reporting from the Parties, the operation of this Chapterand the application and fulfillment of its objectives.4. The Committee may establish other groups, if necessary, under its auspices.Section B: Agro-Fisheries CooperationArticle 17.5: Food Security1. Recognizing the important role that two-way trade and investment play in achieving long-term food security, the Parties shall, as appropriate, endeavor to promote and facilitate productive and mutually beneficial trade and investment in agriculture and food.2. The Parties shall explore opportunities to cooperate in the area of global food security, including through relevant regional and international fora such as G20, APEC, FAO and ASEAN 10+3.Article 17.6: Fisheries Cooperation1. The Parties, recognizing the social and economic importance of fish and fisheries products, shall endeavor to cooperate in the field of fisheries.2. The objectives of cooperation in fisheries are to:(a)strengthen and build on existing cooperative relationship1 between the Parties; and(b)facilitate sound fish and fishery products trade2 between the Parties under theapproach of sustainable and responsible fishing.3. The Parties will cooperate in the field of fisheries under the existing mechanism through:(a)facilitating conservation and management of marine living resources;1 The China-Korea Joint Fisheries Committee.2 Specific implementation measures will be further discussed in the existing channel.(b)fostering more dialogues and exchange of information;(c)strengthening the research and technical capacities for the development of fisheriesbetween the Parties; and(d)promoting the consumption of fish product in each Party.Article 17.7: Forestry1. The Parties, recognizing that stable supply and sound trade of forest products is a critical element of the bilateral strategic relationship, shall promote mutual cooperation in enhancing the security of supply of forest products between the Parties, through:(a) working collectively to secure the stable supply of forest products;(b) making best efforts to avoid any export restrictive measures on forest products unlesssuch measures are presented with reasonable justifications;(c) promoting the trade of forest products from legal sources; and(d) promoting and facilitating mutual investment in the field of forestry, including forestplantation and wood processing industries.2. The Parties shall endeavor to cooperate in the field of forestry. Such cooperation may include, but is not limited to, the following:(a) development, utilization, and sustainable management of forest resources;(b) cooperation on the conservation of natural ecosystem and restoration of rare orendangered species;(c) facilitating the cooperation on addressing problems regarding illegal logging and thecommon understanding on timber legality verification;(d) strengthening the exchange and cooperation on the storage techniques of forestgermplasm resources;(e) promoting the development of the woody ornamental plants, tree seed andtreeseedling industries; and(f) other fields of forestry which may be agreed through discussions by the Parties.3. Types of cooperation may include, but are not limited to, the following:(a) experience sharing and information exchange in the areas of mutual interests;(b) promotion of joint fora, seminars, symposiums, conferences, research anddevelopment, education and training;(c) exchange of researchers, technicians, experts and officials; and(d) other types of cooperation as may be mutually determined by the Parties.Section C: Industrial CooperationArticle 17.8: Steel Cooperation1. The Parties, as major exporters of steel products, shall promote cooperative activities in these fields.2. Areas of steel industry cooperation may include, but are not limited to the following:(a) exchanging information of both Parties on domestic regulations and supporting policyin the steel market.(b) exchanging information of both Parties on the domestic steel market including supplyand demand; and(c) cooperation to promote a fair competitive environment in the steel market.Article 17.9: Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Cooperation1. The Parties shall endeavor to promote a favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (hereinafter referred to as the “SMEs”).2. The Parties will cooperate in the field of SMEs by encouraging relevant private and governmental bodies to build capacities of SMEs, including utilizing existing bilateral Small and Medium Business Policy Exchange Committee Mechanism, established by the relevant or competent authorities of the Parties.3. Areas of SMEs cooperation may include, but are not limited to, the following:(a) facilitating the investment flows between SMEs of the Parties;(b) fostering more exchange of information on trade procedures, trade promotionnetworks, joint business fora, business cooperation instruments, and any other relevantstatistics and information for traders who are SMEs;(c) promoting training and exchange programs for small and medium-sized enterprisestraders of the Parties, and exploring promising fields suitable for inter-governmentalcooperation on SMEs;(d) enhancing exchange of experiences between the public agencies of the Parties oninitiatives and policy instruments for the development of enterprises, with a specialfocus on SMEs; and(e) enhancing competitiveness of micro enterprise through cooperation of private andgovernmental bodies and exchange of information related with micro enterprise. Article 17.10: Information and Communications Technology Cooperation1. The Parties, recognizing the rapid development of Information and Communications Technology (hereinafter referred to as the “ICT”) shall endeavor to promote the development of ICT and ICT-related services with a view to obtaining the maximum benefit of the use of ICT for the Parties.2. Areas of ICT Cooperation may include, but are not limited to, the following:(a) promoting cooperation between the private and public sectors of the Parties;(b) enhancing cooperation in international exhibition and fora related to ICT;(c) undertaking other appropriate cooperative activities; and(d) mutual cooperation and support in international organizations related to internationalstandards.3. The Parties will encourage cooperation in the following areas, including, but not limited to, the following:(a) scientific and technical cooperation for the software industry of the Parties;(b) research and development and management of information technology parks;(c) research and development on information technology services such as integration ofbroadcasting and telecommunications;(d) research and development and deployment of networks and telecommunications,when the Parties agree on the necessity of such activities; and(e) any other areas as agreed by the Parties, such as Intelligent Transport Systems,Automobile Electronics, Mobile Intelligent Terminals, and Key Materials and devicesof flat panel display.Article 17.11: Cooperation in Textile1. The Parties shall promote the following cooperation as a means of building mutually beneficial partnership in textile industry chain.2. Areas of textile cooperation may include, but are not limited to, the following:(a) development and application of industrial textile, functional fiber fabric, fine fabricand knitted fabric;(b) cooperation and exchange of apparel and fashion design, brand marketing andpromotion;(c) cooperation and exchange in such areas as standard quality system certification, andadvanced management experience;(d) exchange of technology, information, researchers, technicians and other experts; and(e) any other areas agreed by the Parties.3. The Parties shall:(a) promote textile cooperation through related governmental organizations, industryassociations and enterprises engaged in textile industry chain; and(b) facilitate organization of joint fora, seminars, conferences, exhibition and researchprojects.Article 17.12: Contact PointsThe Parties will designate the contact points on industrial cooperation, as below, in order to facilitate discussion;(a) for China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or its successor; and(b) for Korea, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, or its successor.Section D: Government ProcurementArticle17.13:ObjectivesThe Parties, recognizing the importance of government procurement in their respective economies, shall endeavor to promote cooperative activities between the Parties in the field of government procurement.Article17.14:TransparencyThe Parties shall publish their laws, or otherwise make publicly available their laws, regulations and administrative rulings of general application as well as their respective international agreements that may affect their procurement markets.Article17.15:Exchange of Information1. The Parties shall at the national level, subject to their respective laws and regulations, exchange information on their respective laws and regulations on government procurement.2. The exchange of information under paragraph 1 shall be facilitated through the following governmental authorities:(a) for China, the Ministry of Finance; and(b) for Korea, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, and the Public Procurement Serviceor their successors.Article 17.16: Contact PointsThe Parties will designate the contact points on government procurement, as below, in order to facilitate discussion:(a) for China, the Ministry of Finance; and(b) for Korea, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, and the Public Procurement Service,or their successors.Article17.17: Further NegotiationThe Parties agree to commence negotiations on government procurement as soon as possible following completion of negotiations on the accession of China to the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement with a view to concluding, on a reciprocal basis, an agreement on government procurement between the Parties.Section E: Other Areas for CooperationArticle 17.18: Energy and Resources Cooperation1. The Parties shall promote cooperation under this Chapter as a means of building a stronger, more stable, and mutually beneficial partnership in the field of energy and resources.2. The Parties shall:(a) promote cooperation between the public and private sectors of the Parties, throughtheir government bodies, public organizations, research centers, universities, andenterprises, engaged in the field of energy and resources;(b) encourage and support business opportunities, including investment, related to plantconstruction in the field of energy and resources for a stable and mutually beneficialbilateral relationship;(c) recognize and facilitate activities related to agreements and cooperation entities thathave already been organized; and(d) enhance policy dialogues on energy saving and comprehensive utilization of resourcesthrough senior seminars and other forms and promote cooperation on environmentindustry through projects, workshop, training, field visits and other appropriate forms.3. The Parties shall facilitate visits and exchanges of researchers, technicians, and other experts, and shall also promote joint fora, seminars, symposia, conferences, exhibitions, and research projects. Article 17.19: Science and Technology Cooperation1. The Parties, recognizing the importance of science and technology in their respective economies, shall endeavor to develop and promote cooperative activities in the field of science and technology.2. The Parties will encourage and facilitate cooperation in areas, as appropriate, including, but not limited to, the following:(a) joint research and development, including, if necessary, sharing of equipment;(b) exchange of scientists, researchers, research equipment engineers, technicians, andexperts;(c) joint organization of seminars, symposia, conferences, and other scientific andtechnical meetings, including the participation of experts in those activities;(d) exchange of information on practices, policies, laws, regulations, and programs relatedto science and technology;(e) cooperation in the commercialization of products and services resulting from jointscientific and technological activities; and(f) any other forms of scientific and technological cooperation as agreed by the Parties. Article 17.20: Maritime Transport CooperationThe Parties shall endeavor to cooperate in maritime transport through:(a) establishing contact points to facilitate information exchange on matters related tomaritime transportation and logistics services;(b) arranging training programs and technical cooperation related to port operation andmanagement; and(c) arranging technical assistance and capacity building activities related to maritimetransportation, including the vessel traffic service.Article 17.21: Tourism CooperationThe Parties, recognizing that tourism contributes to the enhancement of mutual understanding between them and is an important industry for their economies, shall endeavor to:(a) explore the possibility of undertaking joint research on tourism development andpromotion to increase inbound visitors to each Party;(b) encourage the relevant authorities and agencies of the Parties to strengthencooperation in tourism training and education, to ensure high-quality services fortourists of the Parties;(c) cooperate in joint campaigns to promote tourism in the territories of the Partiesthrough workshops and seminars among the relevant authorities and agencies of theParties;(d) collaborate to promote the sustainable development of tourism in the territories of theParties;(e) exchange information on relevant statistics, promotional materials, policies, and lawsand regulations in tourism and related sectors; and(f) encourage tourism and transportation authorities and agencies to improve the aviationconnectivity between the Parties.Article 17.22: Outbound Tourist Cooperation1. China encourages Korean tourist firms to apply, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations of China, for outbound tourist operational business under the current pilot project scheme.32. With regard to the application of Korean tourist firms, China will give priority in positively considering the authorization of Korean tourist firms to operate outbound tourist business, provided that the applying Korean firms meet all the requirements as stipulated in the relevant laws and regulations of China.3. The China National Tourism Administration and the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Korea will establish a channel to enhance this cooperation.Article 17.23: Cultural Cooperation3 The current pilot project scheme means the scheme operated by China National Tourism Administration (CNTA) since 2010 in accordance with Decree No.33 issued by the Ministry of Commerce and CNTA under which four foreign invested tourist firms have acquired the permission of operating outbound tourist business.1. The objective of cultural cooperation is to promote cultural exchanges between the Parties. In attaining this objective, the Parties shall respect the existing agreements or arrangements already in effect for cultural cooperation.2. The Parties, in conformity with their respective legislations and without prejudice to the reservations included in their commitments in other Chapters of this Agreement, shall encourage exchanges of expertise and best practices regarding the protection of cultural heritage sites and historic monuments, including environmental surroundings and cultural landscapes.3. The Parties endeavor to exchange information to identify, recover, and avoid the illegal traffic of their cultural heritage under the existing bilateral cooperation mechanism.4. The Parties shall endeavor to promote cooperation in broadcasting and audio-video services sectors, for the purpose of deepening mutual understanding between the Parties.Article 17.24: Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices and Cosmetics Cooperation1. The Parties shall endeavor to cooperate for mutual growth and development in the sector of pharmaceuticals, medical devices and cosmetics, recognizing the importance of improving and protecting public health.2. Areas of cooperation in the sector of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and cosmetics include, but are not limited to the following:(a)information exchange on :(i)policies including legislative progress and enforcement; and(ii) conferences, seminars, workshops, exhibitions, fairs and other events toencourage participation;(b)cooperation in relevant private sector:(i)exchange of researchers, students and those involved in relevant industries;(ii) joint research programs and projects and their commercialization;(iii) product quality upgrade, supply-chain networking, technology trade, etc.; and(iv) promotion and facilitation of mutual investment opportunities.Article 17.25: Local Economic Cooperation1. The Parties agree to facilitate the local economic cooperation, taking full use of advantages of the outcome of this Agreement, and initiate pilot cooperation project by identifying Weihai and Incheon Free Economic Zone (IFEZ) as demonstration areas. The detailed programs of suchcooperation shall be discussed by the municipal government of Weihai and Incheon after the conclusion of the negotiations of this Agreement.2. The pilot cooperation project will explore and carry out cooperation in the fields including, but not limited to, trade, investment, services, industrial cooperation, so as to play an exemplary and leading role for local economic cooperation under the framework of this Agreement.3. The Parties will explore the possibility to expand the local economic cooperation nationwide, after reviewing the results of the pilot cooperation project.Article 17.26: China-Korea Industrial Complexes/Parks1. The Parties agree to strengthen cooperation in establishment, operation and development in the Industrial Complexes/Parks to be designated by the Parties, including knowledge sharing, exchanging information and facilitating investment.2. The Parties shall endeavor to promote mutual investment by companies in the Industrial Complexes/Parks to be designated by the Parties.Article 17.27: Contact PointsThe Parties will designate the contact points on other areas for cooperation, except for outbound tourist cooperation under Article 17.22, in order to facilitate discussion;(a) for China, the Ministry of Commerce, or its successor; and(b) for Korea, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, or its successor.- 175 -。

黄渤海分界线英语作文The Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea: A Geographical and Cultural DivideThe Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, two distinct bodies of water located in East Asia, have long been recognized for their unique geographical and cultural identities. These two seas, separated by the Bohai Strait, have played a significant role in shaping the history, economy, and societal dynamics of the surrounding regions. This essay will delve into the intricacies of this natural divide, exploring its impact on the landscape, marine life, and the people who have inhabited these coastal areas for centuries.Geographical DistinctionsThe Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea differ significantly in their physical characteristics. The Yellow Sea, situated between the Korean Peninsula and the eastern coast of China, is a relatively shallow body of water with an average depth of around 44 meters. Its name is derived from the yellowish color of the water, which is a result of the high concentration of suspended sediment carried by the Yellow River. In contrast, the Bohai Sea, located in the northwestern part of the Yellow Sea, is a semi-enclosed sea with an average depth of only18 meters, making it one of the shallowest seas in the world.These differences in depth and water composition have a profound impact on the marine ecosystems of the two seas. The Yellow Sea, with its deeper waters, supports a more diverse array of marine life, including numerous species of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. The Bohai Sea, on the other hand, is known for its relatively low biodiversity, with a predominance of species that are adapted to the shallower and more turbid waters.The coastlines of the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea also exhibit distinct features. The Yellow Sea is bordered by the Shandong Peninsula and the Liaodong Peninsula, both of which are characterized by rugged, rocky cliffs and numerous bays and inlets. In contrast, the Bohai Sea is surrounded by relatively flat and low-lying coastal areas, with a more uniform shoreline.Cultural and Economic DifferencesThe geographical divide between the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea has also contributed to the development of distinct cultural and economic identities in the surrounding regions.The coastal areas of the Yellow Sea have long been important centers of maritime trade and commerce. The port cities of Qingdao, Dalian, and Incheon, situated on the Yellow Sea, have historicallyserved as gateways for international trade, connecting East Asia with the rest of the world. These cities have developed vibrant cultures that celebrate their seafaring heritage, with strong traditions in shipbuilding, fishing, and maritime-related industries.In contrast, the Bohai Sea has been more closely associated with the agricultural and industrial development of the surrounding regions. The coastal areas of the Bohai Sea, such as Tianjin and Tangshan, have been important centers of manufacturing and heavy industry, contributing to the economic growth of northern China. The cultural identity of these regions has been shaped by their reliance on land-based resources and activities, with a strong emphasis on agriculture, mining, and the processing of raw materials.The differences in cultural and economic orientation between the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea have also influenced the social dynamics and political structures of the surrounding regions. The coastal areas of the Yellow Sea, with their strong maritime traditions, have often been more outward-looking and cosmopolitan, while the Bohai Sea region has tended to be more inward-focused and centered on domestic concerns.Environmental Challenges and CooperationThe geographical and cultural divide between the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea has also presented unique environmental challenges andopportunities for cross-border cooperation.The high levels of industrial development and urbanization along the coasts of both seas have led to significant environmental degradation, including pollution, habitat destruction, and the depletion of marine resources. The transboundary nature of these environmental issues has necessitated the need for regional cooperation and joint management strategies.In recent years, there have been increasing efforts by the governments and environmental organizations of China, South Korea, and Japan to address these shared environmental challenges. Initiatives such as the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME) project, which aims to promote sustainable management of the Yellow Sea, have brought together stakeholders from the three countries to develop and implement joint conservation and restoration measures.Similarly, the Bohai Sea has been the focus of various environmental protection and restoration efforts, as the region grapples with issues such as coastal erosion, eutrophication, and the decline of fisheries. These efforts have involved cross-border collaboration and the sharing of best practices in areas like pollution control, habitat restoration, and sustainable resource management.ConclusionThe Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, though geographically and culturally distinct, are inextricably linked as part of a larger East Asian maritime ecosystem. The divide between these two seas has shaped the history, economy, and societal dynamics of the surrounding regions, creating unique challenges and opportunities for the people who have inhabited these coastal areas.As the world faces the pressing challenges of climate change and environmental degradation, the need for cross-border cooperation and integrated management of these shared marine resources has become increasingly urgent. By recognizing and embracing the unique identities of the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, while also fostering greater regional collaboration, the countries and communities of East Asia can work towards a more sustainable and prosperous future for all.。

各国药监局网站U。

S。

：Food and Drug Administration(美国：食品和药品管理局）http：//www.fda。

govUK: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency(英国：药物和保健产品监管署）http://www.mca。

/home。

htmUK: Medical Devices Agency(英国：医疗器械署）http://www。

medical—devices。

Ukraine: Ministry of Health(乌克兰：卫生部）http://www。

.uaSweden: Medical Products Agency(瑞典：药品署)http：//www。

mpa。

seSpain：Spanish Drug Agency（西班牙:西班牙药物署）http：//www.msc.es/agemed/main。

htmIndia：Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority（印度：农产和加工食品出口发展局)http：//www。

India：Ministry of Health and Family Welfare（印度：卫生和家庭福利部）http://www.mohfw.nic。

inIndia: Ministry of Food Processing Industries（印度:食品加工产业部)http://www.mofpi.nic。

inIndia: Ministry of Consumer Affairs，Food ＆Public Distribution（印度：消费者事务、食品和公共分配部）http://www。

fcamin.nic。

inUK: National Institute for Biological Standards and Control（英国：国家生物学标准和管制所）http://www.nibsc。

Li Hongji (charming singer)李弘基（魅力主唱）Birthday: February 6, 1990生日：1990年2月6日Height: 178cm-owned身高：178cmband: FTIsland (5 Ge Treasure Island Five Treasure Islands)所属乐队: F.T.Island(5个宝岛Five Treasure Islands)as: lead singer担任：主唱Hiromoto is a very filial person taking part in "million of happiness", which hungry to save money, finally won the tourism volume gave their parents.弘基是个很孝顺的人，在参加《万元的幸福时》，饿着肚子省钱，最后赢得了观光卷送给了父母。

Hongji is something very serious person, Hongji the songs sung on the show all live. Throat very hard. At the end of 2008, Hongji because several of the concerts and songs, together programs performed voice burden too heavy, unable to pronounce the sound, was admitted to hospital.弘基是对事情非常认真的人，弘基在歌谣节目上唱的全是live。

嗓子很辛苦。

在08年年底，弘基因为几场的演唱会和歌谣节目连在一起演出，嗓子负担太重，发不出声音，住进医院了。

This is Li Hongji childhood. He did not of the entire capacity.这是李弘基小时候。

中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局和大韩民国农林水产食品部关于进出口水产品卫生管理协议中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局和大韩民国农林水产食品部（以下简称双方）经友好协商，双方就加强在进出口水产品卫生安全管理方面的相互合作达成如下协议。

第一条双方根据两国的法律法规，本着平等互利的原则，决定共同增进两国间水产品卫生安全方面的合作。

第二条双方就以下几个方面进行合作：1．保障向对方出口水产品的卫生安全。

2．相互交换有关水产品卫生安全的法律法规、技术标准及有关制定、修改和执行方面的信息。

3．保障有关专家及官员对对方国家的访问，以利于交换有关水产品检验的信息。

4．其他方面的合作。

— 1 —第三条该协议适用如下食用的水产品：1. 水生动物原料（活的水生动物除外）；2. 水生动物的初级加工品，即虽经切割、加热、干燥、熟制或腌制（未使用除食盐以外的添加剂及其他原料），但从外观上可以识别水生动物原型的产品。

第四条加工厂注册登记：出口水产品加工厂应符合进口国的卫生管理标准，经出口国检验检疫机构注册登记后，向进口国检验检疫机构通报注册登记工厂名单，进口国应接受这些名单，以便简化进口国的进口卫生检查。

1. 出口国的检验检疫机构应对注册登记的加工厂进行定期检查以确保加工厂的卫生条件符合进口国的要求，并对结果进行记录及管理。

2. 出口国的检验检疫机构应对出口水产品的处理、制作、加工过程中是否混入进口国所规定的对人体构成危害的物质进行定期监督检查，并对结果进行记录及管理。

3. 进口国的检验检疫机构可对已注册登记的加工厂进行抽查，保证双方履行本协议内容。

第五条— 2 —出口水产品包装上应有进口国文字及英文标识，标识内容包括：品名、出口国家名称、注册登记加工厂名称及注册编号，所有标识内容应清晰、醒目、持久。

第六条出口国的检验检疫机构应出具出口水产品没有双方所规定的对人体有害的细菌、有毒有害物质（见附件1）和金属异物的证书（格式见附件2）。

The Charms of Live Octopus in KoreanCuisineIn the vibrant and diverse cuisine of Korea, live octopus stands out as a unique and fascinating delicacy. Often served fresh and wriggling, this dish offers a one-of-a-kind dining experience that combines the thrill of watching the octopus move with the satisfaction of enjoying its succulent flesh.The preparation of live octopus is an art that requires skill and precision. The octopus is carefully cleaned and prepared, ensuring that its freshness and texture are preserved. The key to its preparation lies in the careful handling of the creature, ensuring that it remains alive until it is ready to be consumed. This not only preserves the octopus's natural texture and taste but also adds a thrilling element to the dining experience.In Korea, live octopus is often served as a side dish or appetizer, known as "sanjeopbap" or "oppaek bap." It is typically accompanied by a bowl of rice and a variety of condiments, such as soy sauce, vinegar, sesame oil, and chili pepper paste. The diner is then expected to mix theoctopus with the rice and condiments, creating a delicious and filling meal.The texture of live octopus is unique, with a combination of chewiness and tenderness. The octopus's suckers, which are still active even after being cooked, provide an added element of excitement and surprise. The flavor of the octopus is rich and slightly sweet, complemented perfectly by the condiments.While the idea of eating live octopus might seem unusual to some, it is a popular delicacy in Korea, where it is considered a symbol of luxury and delicacy. The practice of eating live octopus is also seen as a way of respecting the freshness and quality of the ingredients, as well as a way of appreciating the skill and hard work of the chefs who prepare it.However, it is important to note that the practice of eating live octopus has been questioned for its ethics and humane treatment of animals. Some argue that the octopus experiences pain and stress during the preparation and consumption process. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that the octopus is sourced sustainably and humanely, andthat the chefs are trained to handle and prepare it in the most humane way possible.Despite these ethical considerations, the allure oflive octopus in Korean cuisine remains strong. Its unique texture, rich flavor, and thrilling dining experience make it a popular choice among food lovers and adventurous eaters. As Korea's cuisine continues to gain popularity worldwide, the charm of live octopus is likely to captivate even more palates in the future.**韩国活章鱼的魅力**在韩国丰富多彩的菜肴中，活章鱼以其独特而迷人的风味脱颖而出。