风景园林专业英语第一二课翻译

一、专业词汇翻译1.Ecophysiology：生理生态学2.well-watered ：正常浇水3.drought-stressed ：干旱胁迫条件4.Gas exchange patterns：气体交换模式5.malic acid fluctuations:苹果酸波动6.Photosyntheticpathways：光合作用途径7.C3 photosyn-thesis：C3光合作用8.CAM-cycling：CAM循环9.water-use efficiency (WUE)：水分利用率10.C 3 and C4 species：C3和C4植物11.malic acid accumulation：苹果酸积累12.Carbon isotope ratios：碳同位素比值13.Crassulacean acid metabolism景天酸代谢14.photosynthetic carbon metabo光合碳代谢15.shallow soil ：浅土16.daytime stomatal opening：白天气孔开放17.CO2 uptake:CO2的吸收18.diurnal fluctuation：昼夜波动anic acids：有机酸20.Carboxylation：羧21.Decarboxylation：脱羧22.stomatal closure A：气孔关闭23.CO2 fixation：CO2固定24.potential water：潜在水25.salt-stressed：盐胁迫26.photosynthetic metabolism：光合代谢27.water conservation：用水节约28.different genera or families：不同属或科29.different morphologies：不同的形态30.Fresh weight：鲜重31.dry weight：干重32.wet bogs：潮湿的沼泽33.moist slopes:潮湿的山坡34.Succulent：肉质、多汁的35.Stems：茎36.greenhouse soil：温室土壤37.Styrofoam cups：塑料泡沫杯38.plastic square pots：塑料方形盆39.photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)：光量子通量密度40.LI-6000 Portable Photosynthesis System：LI-6000便携式光合仪41.Professional fertilizer：专业肥料42. trace elements ：微量元素43.Mature individuals：成熟个体44.Humidifier：抽湿器45.infrared gas analyzer：红外气体分析仪46.desiccant ：干燥剂47.Cu-constantan thermocouples：铜热电隅48.mercury barometer ：水银气压表49.atmospheric pressure：大气压力50.mortar and pestle：研体51.Mass spectrometer：质量光谱仪52.Statistical analysis：统计分析53.Non-parametric tests：非参数检验54.transpirational water loss：蒸腾失水55.Nocturnal：昼伏夜出56.recycled respiratory ：再循环呼吸57.Leaf carbon isotope:叶碳同位素58.surface-to-volume ratio:表面-体积比例59.Morphologically：形态学的60.leaf thickness：叶片厚度61.dry weight ratios：干重比62.approximate measure：大致的衡量63.tissue water status：组织水分的状况64.indicator of succulence：肉质的指标65.shade of the forest：树荫下66.photosynthetic photon flux density ：PPFD：光强67.moderate drought stress：中度干旱胁迫68.C02 assimilation ：CO2同化69.Stomatal conductance：气孔导度70.Transpiration：蒸腾率71.carbon pool：碳库72.reflect sensitivity to drought：对干旱的灵敏度73.Exogenous：外源性的74.Photosynthetic pathways：光合途径75.conserving water：节约用水76.substantial changes：重大变化77.ecological dissimilarity：生态性的差异78.related species：近缘种79.ecophysiological consequences：生理生态学后果80.environmental conditions of the habitats：栖息地的环境条件81.vapor pressure deficit (vpd)：水汽压亏损82.fertilized weekly：周期性施肥83.Sedum integrifolium (Raf.)Nels.%%%景天84.Sedum ternatum Michx：%%%景天85.Sedum telephioides Michx：%%%景天86.Sedum nuttallianum Raf：%%%景天87.Sedum wrightii A. Gray：%%%景天88.Crassulaceae：景天科89.Sedum：景天属rge diurnal fluctuation：大型昼夜波动91.Daytime decarboxylation：白天脱羧92.stomatal closure：气孔关闭93.potential water：潜在水94.be induced：被诱发95.Mesembryanthemum crystallinum：冰成套产品96.well-hydrated：充分水化97.drought- or salt-stressed：干旱或者盐胁迫98.IRGA：infrared gas analyzer：红外气体分析仪99.mercury barometer：水银气压仪100.monitor atmospheric pressure：检测大气压力101.System data：系统数据102.fresh weight:dry weight ratio (FW:DW)：鲜重：干重二、段落翻译：1. Three different modes of photosynthetic carbon metabolism C3, Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), and CAM-cycling have been found in succulents growing in shallow soil overlying rock outcrops throughout the U.S. (Martin et al. 1982; Martin and Zee 1983; Martinand Jackson 1986; Martin et al. 1988a, b). The C3 photosynthetic pathway is characterized by daytime stomatal opening and CO2 uptake,while CAM is characterized by a large diurnal fluctuation of organic acids,resulting from nighttime carboxylation, followed by day-time decarboxylation and stomatal closure (Kluge andTing 1978; Ting 1985). Because CO2 fixation occurs mainly at night when potential water loss is relatively low, a considerable amount of water is conserved. Thus,CAM is advantageous under conditions where daytime water loss can be very high (Kluge 1976; Kluge and Ting1978).译：这三种不同的光合碳代谢C3，景天酸代谢（CAM）和CAM循环模式已被发现在多肉植物内，这些植物长在覆盖在岩石表面的浅土上，遍及美国（Martin等，1982;马丁和徐1983; Martinand杰克逊1986马丁等人1988年a，b）中。

园林专业外语词汇大全[五篇范文]第一篇：园林专业外语词汇大全园林专业外语词汇大全主入口大门/岗亭main entrance gate/guard 每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit house (for vehicle & pedestrian) 篮球场basketball court 次入口/岗亭2nd entrance gate/guard house 网球场tennis court (for vehicle & pedestrian) 阶梯坐台 terracing seatwall 商业中心入口entrance to shopping ctr. 广场 main plaza 水景water feature森林forest garden 小型露天剧场 mini amphi-theatre 迎宾景观welcoming feature观景木台timber deck (viewing) 竹园bamboo garden漫步广场walkway plaza 露天咖啡廊out door café巨大迎宾水景-2 grand welcoming feature -2 木桥timber bridge洞穴grotto 吊桥hanging bridge休憩台地(低处) lounging terrace(lower) 休憩台地(高处) lounging terrace(upper) 特色踏步 feature stepping stone 野趣小溪 river wild 儿童乐园 children's playground 旱冰道slide 羽毛球场 badminton court 旱景dry landscape 日艺园 Japanese garden 旱喷泉 dry fountain 观景台viewing deck 游泳池swimming pool 极可意Jacuzzi 嬉水池wading pool 儿童泳池 children's pool 蜿蜒水墙 winding wall 石景雕塑 rock sculpture 中心广场 central plaza 健身广场 exercise plaza 交流广场 meditating plaza 趣味树阵 tree battle formation 停车场parking area 特色花架trellis 雕塑小道 sculpture trail (高尔夫)轻击区 putting green 高尔夫球会所 golf clubhouse 石景园 rockery garden 旱溪 dry stream 凉亭Pavilion 户外淋浴outdoor shower 拉膜结构 tensile structure 台阶stair高尔夫球车停车场 parking(golf car) 健身站exercise station 晨跑小路jogging footpath 车道/人行道driveway/sidewalk 人行漫步道 promenade 瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) water fall anddancing fountain (entry plaza) 特色入口entry feature石景广场 rockery plaza 园林学Landscape architecture gardenarchitecture 造园学 Garden making, landscape gardening 环境园艺学Environmental horticulture 观赏园艺学Ornamental horticulture 园林艺术 garden art 园林美学 Garden aesthetics 园林建筑学Garden architecture 园林建筑Garden building 园林工程Garden engineering 园林植物Landscape plant 观赏植物Ornamental plant 盆景 Miniature landscape,penjing 园林 Garden and park 园林学史History Of garden architecture 园林规划Garden planning,landscapingplanning 园林设计Garden design 园林机具设备Gardening machine 园林管理Garden management 园林生态Landscape ecology绿化 greening,planting 环境绿化 Environmental greening 绿地面积Green area 绿地率Ratio Of green space 城市绿化覆盖率Urban Green coverage 工厂绿化Factory greening,factory gardening 街道绿化Street greening,street planting 车行道绿化Driveway greening 分车带绿化 Dividing Stripe greening 人行道绿化 Sidewalk greening 群众绿化 Mass Planting movement 郊区绿化Suburban greening 公路绿化Highway greening 铁路绿化Railway greening,railway planting 堤岸种植 Bank planting 阳台绿化 Balcony greening 窗台绿化 window-sill greening 屋顶绿化 Roof greening 垂直绿化 Vertical greening 攀缘绿化 Climber greening 桥头绿化 Bridgehead greening 花园garden 专类花园Specified flower garden 花园村Garden village 园林城市 Landscape garden city 蔷薇园Rose garden 松柏园 Conifer garden 球根园 Bulb garden 宿根园 Perennial garden 假山园 Rock garden,Chinese rockery 狩猎场Hunting ground 街心花园Street crossing center garden 小游园Petty Street garden 水景园 Water garden 铺地园 Paved garden 野趣园 Wild plants botanical garden 野生植物园 Wild plants garden 乡趣园 Rustic garden 盆景园 Penjing garden,miniature land-scape 动物园 zoo,zoological garden 墓园 Cemetery garden 沼泽园 Bog and marsh garden 水生植物园Aquatic plants garden 学校园School garden 室内花园 Indoor garden 芳香花园 Fragrant garden 盲人花园 Garden for the blind 公园park,Public park城市公园 City park,urban park 区公园 Regional park 儿童公园Children park 体育公园 Sports park 森林公园 Forest park 纪念公园Memorial park烈士纪念公园 Martyr memorial park 综合公园 Comprehensive park 文化公园 Cultural park文化休憩公园Cultural and recreation park 中央公园Central park 天然公园 Natural park海滨公园Seaside park,seabeach park 古迹公园Historic sitepark 河滨公园 Riverside park 湖滨公园 Lakeside park路边公园Roadside park,street park 娱乐公园Amusement park 雕塑公园 Sculpture park 休憩公园 Recreation park 疗养公园Sanatorium park 国家公园 National park邻里公园Neighborhood park 特种公园Special park 植物园Botanical garden 植物公园 abeled plants park 高山植物园 alpine garden热带植物园 tropical plants garden药用植物园 medical plants garden,herb garden绿地 green space公共绿地 Public green space 单位绿地 Unit green area 城市绿地 Urban green space街道广场绿地Street and square green area 居住区绿地Residential quarter green area 防护绿地Green area for environmental protection 郊区绿地 Suburban green space 街坊绿地 Residential block green belt 附属绿地 Attached green space 生产绿地Productive plantation area 苗圃nursery 风景landscape,scenery 自然景观Natural landscape 人文景观Human landscape,scenery of humanities 草原景观 Prairie landscape 山岳景观Mountain landscape,alpine landscape 地理景观Geographical landscape 湖泊景观Lake view 郊区景观Suburban landscape 地质景观Geological landscape 喀斯特景观Karst landscape 植物景观 Plants landscape,flora landscape 中国古典园林Classical Chinese garden 中国传统园林Traditional Chinese garden 中国古代园林 Ancient Chinese garden 中国山水园 Chinese mountain and water garden 帝王宫苑 Imperial palace garden 皇家园林 Royal garden 私家园林 Private garden 江南园林 Garden on the Yangtze Delta 西方古典园林 Western classical garden 英国式园林English style garden 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden 意大利式园林Italian style garden 西班牙式园林Spanishstyle garden 法兰西式园林 French style garden 勒诺特尔式园林 Le-Notre's style garden 文艺复兴庄园 Renaissance style villa 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden 园林专业词汇2 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden 庄园 manor,villa garden 廊柱园 Peristyle garden,patio 绿廊 xystus 迷阵 maze,labyrinth 灵囿 Ling You Hunting Garden 灵沼 Ling Zhao Water Garden 灵台 Ling Tai Platform Garden 阿房宫E-Pang Palace 上林苑 Shang-Lin Yuan 未央宫 Wei-Yang Palace 洛阳宫 Luoyang Palace 华清官 Hua-Qing Palace艮岳 Gen Yue Imperial Garden圆明园 Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden 颐和园 Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace承德避暑山庄 Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林 Suzhou traditional garden 悬园 Hanging Garden英国皇家植物园 Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden凡尔赛宫苑 Versailles Palace Park枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden 景view,scenery,feature 远景 Distant view 近景 Nearby view 障景Obstructive scenery,blocking view 借景Borrowed scenery,view borrowing 对景 Opposite scenery,view in opposite place 缩景Miniature scenery,abbreviated scenery 漏景Leaking through scenery 框景 Enframed scenery 尾景 Terminal feature 主景 Main feature副景Secondary feature 配景Objective view 夹景Vista line,vista 前景 Front view 背景 background景序 Order of sceneries 景点 Feature spot,view spot 仰视景观Upward landscape 俯视景观Downward landscape 季相景观Seasonal phenomena气象景观 Meteorological diversity scenery 视野 Visual field 秋色 Fall color,autumn color 园林空间 Garden space 开敞空间Wide open space, wide space 封闭空间Enclosure space 意境artistic conception,poetic imagery 苍古antiquity 空灵spaciousness,airiness 动观in-motion viewing 静观in-position viewing 视错觉Visual illusion 园林艺术布局 Artistic layout of garden 对称平衡Symmetrical balance 不对称平衡 Asymmetrical balance 左右对称Bilateral symmetry 辐射对称 Radial symmetry 透景线 Perspective line 轴线axis,axial line 主轴Main axis 副轴Auxiliary axis 暗轴Hidden axis,invisible axis 树冠线skyline 园林色彩艺术Art of garden colors 单色谐调Monochromatic harmony 复色谐调Compound chromatic harmony 对比色突出Contrast colors accent 近似色谐调 Approximate colors harmony 暖色 Warm color 冷色 Cool color 色感 Color sense 城市绿地系统规划 Urban green space system planning 绿地系统 Green space system 公共绿地定额Public green space quota 公共绿地指标Public green space norm 绿地布局 Green space layout 吸引圈Attractive circle 吸引距离Attractive distance 有效半径Effective radius 绿地资源Green space resource 绿地效果Green space effect 绿地规划程序 Planning procedure of the green space 空间规划Space planning 形象规划Image plan 实施规划Implementary plan 必要生活空间 Necessary living space 余暇生活空间 Leisure time living space 利用频度 Usage frequency 树种规划 Planning of trees and shrubs 绿地类型 Typeof green space 环状绿型 Annular green space 块状绿地 Green plot 点状绿地 Green spot放射状绿地 Radiate green space楔状绿地 wedge-shaped green space 缓冲绿地 Buffer green space 防音绿地Noiseproof green space 科学景观论Scientific landscape theory 园林保留地Reserve garden 公园规划park planning园林总体规划Garden master planning 总平面规划Siteplanning 园林分区 Garden zoning 安静休息区 Tranquil rest area 儿童活动区 Children playing space儿童游戏场Children playground, playlot 体育运动区Sports activities area 野餐区 Picnic place散步区 Pedestrian space群众集会区Mass meeting square 观赏植物区Ornamental plants area观赏温室区Display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 草坪区 Lawn space绿荫区 Shade tree section历史古迹区 Historical relics area青少年活动区 Youngsters activities area 诱鸟区 Bird sanctuary area 钓鱼区 Fishing center 野营区 Camp site游人中心 Visitors center 服务中心 Service center探险游乐场Adventure ground 文化活动区Cultural activities area道路系统 Approach system, road system 环形道路系统 Circular road system 方格形道路系统 Latticed road system 放射形道路系统Radiate road system 自然式道路系统 Informal road system 规整式道路系统Formal road system 混合式道路系统Mixed style road system 园林规划图 Garden planning map 园林规划说明书 Garden planning direction 城市公园系统Urban park system 公园分布Distribution of parks 公园类型 Park type, park category 公园间距Distance between parks 公园形式Park styles 游览区Excursion area, open-to-public area 非游览区 no-admittance area 办公区Administrative area 服务区Service center 动休息区Dynamic rest space 静休息区Static rest space 娱乐演出区Entertaining performance place 主要入口Main entrance 次要入口Secondary entrance 人流量Visitors flowrate 车流量 Vehicle flowrate 公园道路 parkroad 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio 游人容纳量Visitors capacity 风景资源调查Landscape resource evaluation 风景学scenicology 风景规划Landscape plan 风景设计Landscape design 游览路线Touring route 旅游资源 Tourism resource 旅游地理 Tourism geography 旅游地质 Tourism geology 历史名城 Famous historical city 文化名城Famous cultural city 文化遗址Ancient cultural relic 天然博物馆Natural open museum 风景地貌 naturalgeomorphology 造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration 风景区Scenic spot, scenic area风景名胜 Famous scenery, famous scenic site特异景观风景区 Specific natural scenes area民族风俗风景区 Scenic spot of minority customs高山风景区Alpine scenic spot 海滨风景区Seabeach scenic spot 森林风景区 Forest scenic spot高山草甸风景区 Alpine tundra landscape spot峡谷风景区 Valley scenic spot江河风景区River landscape district 湖泊风景区Lake round scenic spot 温泉风景区Hot spring scenic spot 瀑布风景区Waterfall scenic spot禁伐禁猎区 Region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting封山育林区 Region closed for afforestation天池风景区Crater lake scenic spot 自然保护区Nature protection area科学保护区 Protection area for scientific research天然纪念物 Natural monument生物圈保护区Biosphere protection area 园林设计师Landscape architect, garden designer园址测量图 Garden site survey map 地形图 Topographic map, contour map 种植设计 Planting design地形改造设计 Topographical reform design种植大样图 detailplanting design 造价分析 Cost analysis 园林形式 Garden style规整式园林 Formal garden style 非规整园林 Informal garden style 几何式园林 Geometric garden style园林专业(高等学校专业英语系列教材)目录：Part Ⅰ Landscape Architecture Interpretation（第一部分：园林的概述）LESSON 1 THE PRACTICE AND PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTUREReading Material The Three Stakes LESSON 2 LANDSCAPE MEANINGSReading Material Landscape InterpretationPart Ⅱ History of Landscape Architecture（第二部分：园林历史）LESSON 3 PARADISE ON EARTH: THE ISLAMIC GARDEN Reading Material Islamic Gardens of Spain LESSON 4 GARDENS OF SIXTEENTHSTRUCTURE UNITYReading Material Is Sustainable Attainable? LESSON 13 PARK AND BOUNDLESS SPACEReading Material Spatial Development LESSON 14 LANDSCAPE DESIGN IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT Reading Material Eco - City Plans LESSON 15 LANDSCAPE DESIGN IN THE RURAL ENVIRONMENTReading Material Axioms for Reading the Landscape Some Guides to the American Scene (Part one) LESSON 16 LANDSCAPE DESIGN IN THE PRIMEVAL ENVIRONMENTReading Material Axioms for Reading the Landscape Some Guides to the American Scene (Part two) Part Ⅴ 20th Century Landscape Architecture Practice第五部分：20世纪园林实践LESSON 17 AN ECOLOGY OF DESIGN Reading MaterialForstering Living Landscape LESSON 18 TOWARDS A NEW LANDSCAPE PRACTICE Reading Material A Parks, Botanical gardens, Festival gardens: Germany Reading Material B Barcelona and the Resurgence of Spain APPENDIX A PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INTERNET SITES APPENDIX B PROFESSIONAL INTERNET SITES第二篇：园林专业英语词汇中国古典园林classical Chinese garden中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta西方园林史西方古典园林western classical garden英国式园林English style garden中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden意大利式园林Italian style garden西班牙式园林Spanish style garden法兰西式园林French style garden勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden庄园manor, villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden, patio绿廊xystus迷阵maze, labyrinth典型中西园林灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden阿房宫E-Pang Palace上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan未央宫Wei-Yang Palace洛阳宫Luoyang Palace华清官Hua-Qing Palace艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden悬园Hanging Garden英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden园林设计园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer园址测量图garden site survey map地形图topographic map, contour map种植设计planting design地形改造设计topographical reform design种植大样图detail planting design造价分析cost analysis园林形式garden style规整式园林formal garden style非规整园林informal garden style几何式园林geometric garden style自然式园林natural garden style混合式园林mixed garden style近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style马克斯抽象园林R.B. Marx abstract garden园林区划garden area division园林分区规划garden block planning庭院花园courtyard garden前庭front yard, forecourt后庭back yard, rear yard中庭patio厨园kitchen yard沉[床]园sunken garden窗园window garden墙园wall garden宅园home garden台地园terrace garden冬园winter garden切花园cut flower garden屋顶花园roof garden后花园back yard garden园林地形改造topographical reform of garden土山earth piled hill, artificial mound假山rockery, artificial rockwork太湖石Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone黄石yellowish brown stone人造假山石artificial stone, man-made stone孤赏石monolith, standing stone掇山piled stone hill, hill making叠石stones laying板石flag stone散点石scattered stone抱角石corner stone屋基石foundation stone排衙石guard stone屏石screen stone石岸rock bank石阶stone steps汀步stepping stone on water surface 附壁石stone appended to wall石花台stone flower bed石凳stone bench假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall干砌石dry stone wall假山石楼梯rock stairway石亭stone pavilion石洞stone cavern石窟grotto置石stone arrangement, stone layout 拱石arch stone拱顶石key stone园林水景water scenes of garden水体water body水面water surface水池pool水塘pond喷泉fountain喷水池fountain pool涉水池wading pool倒影池mirror pool, reflecting pool睡莲池water-lily pool喷水管布置piping schema钓鱼塘fishing pond高水位池塘high water table pond池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool隐头喷泉secret fountain岛园island garden半岛园peninsula garden小岛isle瀑布waterfall小瀑布cascade湖lake矶rock projecting over water水帘洞water curtain cave园桥garden bridge拱桥arch bridge石板桥stone slab bridge木板桥plank bridge圆木桥log bridge亭桥pavilion bridge曲桥zigzag bridge壁泉wall fountain饮水喷头drinking fountain植物配植plant arrangement树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs群植group planting, mass planting孤植specimen planting, isolated planting丛植clump planting组植group planting林植forest planting列植linear planting对植opposite planting, coupled planting环植circular planting带植belt planting散植scattered planting, loose planting 边界种植boundary planting整形种植architectural planting角隅种植corner planting景框种植planting as enframent门卫种植guard planting篱恒种植fence planting障景种植screen planting背景种植background planting林下种植underwood planting路边种植roadside planting绿篱hedge树墙espalier庭荫树shade tree园景树specimen tree风景林amenity forest, ornamental forest 行道树avenue tree,street tree纪念林memorial forest整型树topiary tree花篱flower hedge’刺篱thorny plants hedge常绿绿篱evergreen hedge落叶绿篱deciduous hedge高篱high hedge沟中边篱hah-hah fence图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge整剪绿篱clipped hedge自然式花篱natural flowering hedge边篱boundary fence园篱garden fence, garden hedge纯林pure forest混交林mixed forest林间隙地open space in woodland杂木林spinney树冠覆盖面tree canopy草坪lawn整形草坪formal lawn开花草坪flowering lawn牧场草坪meadowy land花坛flower bed路边花坛roadside flower bed带状花坛ribbon flower bed时钟花坛flower clock盆栽花坛potted flower bed, basined flower bed高设花台raised flower bed毛毡花坛carpet bed镶嵌花坛mosaic bed铺石花坛paved bed灌木花坛shrub bed图案花坛群parterre草药花坛herbaceous flower bed花结花坛knot bed整形花坛formal flower bed花境flower border花桶flower tub植树箱planting box活动花坛movable flower bed瓶饰garden vase灌木花境shrub border混合花境mixed border园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design漫步路trail, footway小径alley, path川草坪岛lawn island安全岛traffic island, refuge island转弯曲度turning curvature转弯半径turning radius踏面landing pitch步石stepping stone涉水踏步wading step错铺路crazy paving path随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random花纹路pattern path林荫路mall林荫大道boulevard花园路parkway林间小道path in woodland种植池planting bed树干保护套栏tree guard树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting路面线纹score line第三篇：会计专业外语账目词汇帐目名词一、资产类Assets流动资产Current assets货币资金Cash and cash equivalents 现金Cash银行存款Cash in bank其他货币资金Other cash and cashequivalents外埠存款Other city Cash in bank 银行本票Cashier”s cheque 银行汇票Bank draft 信用卡Credit card信用证保证金L/C Guarantee deposits存出投资款Refundable deposits 短期投资Short-term investments 股票Short-term investmentscorporatebonds基金Short-term investmentsother短期投资跌价准备Short-term investments falling price reserves应收款Account receivable 应收票据Note receivable银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance 商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance 应收股利Dividend receivable 应收利息Interest receivable 应收账款Account receivable其他应收款Other notes receivable 坏账准备Bad debt reserves 预付账款Advance money应收补贴款Cover deficit by statesubsidies of receivable 库存资产Inventories物资采购Supplies purchasing 原材料Raw materials 包装物Wrappage低值易耗品Low-value consumptiongoods材料成本差异Materials cost variance 自制半成品Semi-Finished goods 库存商品Finished goods商品进销差价Differences between purchasing and selling price委托加工物资Work in process - outsourced委托代销商品Trust to and sell the goods on a commission basis受托代销商品Commissioned and sell the goods on acommission basis存货跌价准备Inventory falling price reserves分期收款发出商品Collect money and send out the goods by stages待摊费用Deferred and prepaid expenses 长期投资Long-term investment长期股权投资Long-term investment on stocks股票投资Investment on stocks其他股权投资Other investment on stocks 长期债权投资Long-term investment on bonds债券投资Investment on bonds其他债权投资Other investment on bonds 长期投资减值准备Long-term investments depreciation reserves股权投资减值准备Stock rights investment depreciation reserves债权投资减值准备Bcreditor”s rights investment depreciation reserves委托贷款Entrust loans 本金Principal 利息Interest减值准备Depreciation reserves 固定资产Fixed assets 房屋Building 建筑物Structure机器设备Machinery equipment 运输设备Transportation facilities 工具器具Instruments and implement累计折旧Accumulated depreciation 固定资产减值准备Fixed assets depreciation reserves房屋、建筑物减值准备Building/structure depreciation reserves机器设备减值准备Machinery equipment depreciation reserves工程物资Project goods and material 专用材料Special-purpose material 专用设备Special-purpose equipment 预付大型设备款Prepayments for equipment为生产准备的工具及器具Preparative instruments and implement for fabricate 在建工程Construction-in-process 安装工程Erection works在安装设备Erecting equipment-in-process 技术改造工程Technical innovation project 大修理工程General overhaul project 在建工程减值准备Construction-in-process depreciation reserves 固定资产清理Liquidation of fixed assets无形资产Intangible assets 专利权Patents非专利技术Non-Patents商标权Trademarks, Trade names 著作权Copyrights 土地使用权Tenure 商誉Goodwill无形资产减值准备Intangible Assets depreciation reserves专利权减值准备Patent rights depreciation reserves商标权减值准备trademark rights depreciation reserves未确认融资费用Unacknowledged financial charges待处理财产损溢Wait deal assets loss or income待处理财产损溢Wait deal assets loss or income待处理流动资产损溢Wait deal intangible assets loss or income 待处理固定资产损溢Wait deal fixed assets loss or incomeaccountant genaral会计主任account balancde结平的帐户account bill帐单account books帐account classification帐户分类account current往来帐account form of balance sheet帐户式资产负债表account form of profit and loss statement帐户式损益表account payable应付帐款account receivable应收帐款account of payments支出表account of receipts收入表account title帐户名称，会计科目accounting year或financial year会计accounts payable ledger应付款分类帐Accounting period（会计期间）are related to specifictime periods ,typically one year（通常是一年）资产负债表：balance sheet可以不大写b 利润表：income statements (or statements of income)利润分配表：retained earnings 现金流量表：cash flows二、负债类Liability短期负债Current liability短期借款Short-term borrowing 应付票据Notes payable银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance 商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance 应付账款Account payable 预收账款Deposit received代销商品款Proxy sale goods revenue 应付工资Accrued wages 应付福利费Accrued welfarism 应付股利Dividends payable 应交税金Tax payable应交增值税value added tax payable 进项税额Withholdings on VAT 已交税金Paying tax转出未交增值税Unpaid VATchangeover减免税款Tax deduction销项税额Substituted money on VAT 出口退税Tax reimbursement for export 进项税额转出Changeover withnoldings on VAT出口抵减内销产品应纳税额Export deduct domestic sales goods tax转出多交增值税Overpaid VAT changeover未交增值税Unpaid VAT 应交营业税Business tax payable应交消费税Consumption tax payable 应交资源税Resources tax payable 应交所得税Income tax payable应交土地增值税Increment tax on land value payable应交城市维护建设税Tax for maintaining and building cities payable应交房产税Housing property tax payable 应交土地使用税Tenure tax payable 应交车船使用税Vehicle and vessel usage license platetax(VVULPT) payable应交个人所得税Personal income taxpayable其他应交款Other fund in conformity with paying其他应付款Other payables预提费用Drawing expense in advance 其他负债Other liabilities待转资产价值Pending changerover assets value预计负债Anticipation liabilities 长期负债Long-term Liabilities 长期借款Long-term loans一年内到期的长期借款Long-term loans due within one year 一年后到期的长期借款Long-term loans due over one year应付债券Bonds payable债券面值Face value, Par value 债券溢价Premium on bonds 债券折价Discount on bonds 应计利息Accrued interest长期应付款Long-term account payable 应付融资租赁款Accrued financial lease outlay一年内到期的长期应付Long-term account payable due within one year一年后到期的长期应付Long-term account payable over one year 专项应付款Special payable一年内到期的专项应付Long-term special payable due within one year一年后到期的专项应付Long-term special payable over one year 递延税款Deferral taxes所有者权益类OWNERS” EQUITY资本Capita实收资本(或股本) Paid-up capital(or stock)实收资本Paicl-up capital 实收股本Paid-up stock已归还投资Investment Returned 公积资本公积Capital reserve资本(或股本)溢价Cpital(or Stock) premium接受捐赠非现金资产准备Receive non-cash donate reserve股权投资准备Stock right investment reserves拨款转入Allocate sums changeover in 外币资本折算差额Foreign currency capital其他资本公积Other capital reserve 盈余公积Surplus reserves 法定盈余公积Legal surplus任意盈余公积Free surplus reserves 法定公益金Legal public welfare fund 储备基金Reserve fund企业发展基金Enterprise expension fund 利润归还投资Profits capitalizad on return of investment 利润Profits本年利润Current year profits 利润分配Profit distribution其他转入Other chengeover in提取法定盈余公积Withdrawal legal surplus提取法定公益金Withdrawal legal public welfare funds提取储备基金Withdrawal reserve fund 提取企业发展基金Withdrawal reserve for business expansion提取职工奖励及福利基金Withdrawal staff and workers” bonus andwelfare fund利润归还投资Profits capitalizad on return of investment应付优先股股利Preferred Stock dividends payable提取任意盈余公积Withdrawal other common accumulation fund应付普通股股利Common Stock dividends payable转作资本(或股本)的普通股股利Common Stock dividends change toassets(or stock)未分配利润Undistributed profit四、成本类Cost生产成本Cost of manufacture 基本生产成本Base cost of manufacture 辅助生产成本Auxiliary cost of manufacture 制造费用Manufacturing overhead 材料费Materials管理人员工资Executive Salaries 奖金Wages退职金Retirement allowance 补贴Bonus外保劳务费Outsourcing fee福利费Employee benefits/welfare 会议费Coferemce加班餐费Special duties市内交通费Business traveling 通讯费Correspondence 电话费Correspondence水电取暖费Water and Steam 税费Taxes and dues 租赁费Rent 管理费Maintenance车辆维护费Vehicles maintenance 油料费Vehicles maintenance 培训费Education and training 接待费Entertainment 图书、印刷费Books and printing 运费Transpotation保险费Insurance premium 支付手续费Commission 杂费Sundry charges折旧费Depreciation expense机物料消耗Article of consumption 劳动保护费Labor protection fees季节性停工损失Loss on seasonality cessation劳务成本Service costs五、损益类Profit and loss收入Income业务收入OPERATING INCOME 主营业务收入Prime operating revenue 产品销售收入Sales revenue 服务收入Service revenue 其他业务收入Other operating revenue 材料销售Sales materials 代购代售包装物出租Wrappage lease出让资产使用权收入Remise right of assets revenue返还所得税Reimbursement of income tax 其他收入Other revenue 投资收益Investment income短期投资收益Current investment income 长期投资收益Long-term investment income计提的委托贷款减值准备Withdrawal of entrust loans reserves 补贴收入Subsidize revenue国家扶持补贴收入Subsidize revenue from country其他补贴收入Other subsidize revenue 营业外收入NON-OPERATING INCOME 非货币性交易收益Non-cash deal income 现金溢余Cash overage处置固定资产净收益Net income on disposal of fixed assets出售无形资产收益Income on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘盈Fixed assets inventory profit 罚款净收入Net amercement income 支出Outlay业务支出Revenue charges 主营业务成本Operating costs 产品销售成本Cost of goods sold 服务成本Cost of service主营业务税金及附加Tax and associate charge营业税Sales tax消费税Consumption tax城市维护建设税Tax for maintaining and building cities资源税Resources tax土地增值税Increment tax on land value 5405其他业务支出Other businessexpense销售其他材料成本Other cost of material sale其他劳务成本Other cost of service 其他业务税金及附加费Other tax and associate charge 费用Expenses营业费用Operating expenses代销手续费Consignment commission charge运杂费Transpotation保险费Insurance premium 展览费Exhibition fees 广告费Advertising fees管理费用Adminisstrative expenses 职工工资Staff Salaries 修理费Repair charge低值易耗摊销Article of consumption办公费Office allowance 差旅费Travelling expense工会经费Labour union expenditure研究与开发费Research and development expense福利费Employee benefits/welfare 职工教育经费Personnel education 待业保险费Unemployment insurance 劳动保险费Labour insurance 医疗保险费Medical insurance 会议费Coferemce 聘请中介机构费Intermediary organs 咨询费Consult fees 诉讼费Legal cost业务招待费Business entertainment 技术转让费Technology transfer fees矿产资源补偿费Mineral resources compensation fees排污费Pollution discharge fees 房产税Housing property tax 车船使用税Vehicle and vessel usage license plate tax(VVULPT) 土地使用税T enure tax 印花税Stamp tax财务费用Finance charge 利息支出Interest exchange 汇兑损失Foreign exchange loss 各项手续费Charge for trouble各项专门借款费用Special-borrowing cost 营业外支出Nonbusiness expenditure 捐赠支出Donation outlay 减值准备金Depreciation reserves 非常损失Extraordinary loss处理固定资产净损失Net loss on disposal of fixed assets出售无形资产损失Loss on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘亏Fixed assets inventory loss 债务重组损失Loss on arrangement罚款支出Amercement outlay 所得税Income tax第四篇：社会工作专业外语词汇individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. （个人，家庭，团体，组织和社区）discrimination（歧视）poverty（贫困）social problems.（社会问题）• socialjustice（社会正义）• dignity and worth of the person（人的尊严和价值）importance ofhumanrelationships（人际关系的重要性）integrity（诚信）• competence.（能力）Socialassistance社会救助the core of social work（社会工作的核心）address social problems. （解决社会问题）social problems.（社会问题）promote, restore, maintain, and enhance （..促进,恢复,保持和加强...） professional expertise. （专业经验）specific legal obligations （具体的法律义务）Self—Determination（自决）identify and clarify（确定和澄清）professional relationship （专业关系）professional experience.（专业经验）Social Diversity（社会多样性）political belief（政治信仰）ConflictsofInterest（利益冲突）Privacy and Confidentiality（隐私与保密）legally authorized body（法律授权机构）social work licensure.（社会工作执照）Termination of Services（终止服务）Referral （转介）social work practice. （社会工作实务）professional functions（专业职能）professional credentials（专业认证）Evaluation and Research（评估和研究）social policies（社会政策）Valuesystem价值体系thepurposeoftheservice服务的目的professionalcredential专业认证publicrelation公共关系theobjectivefact客观事实subjectivefeeling主观感受politicalorientation政治取向publicareas 公共区域socialsystems 社会制度socialsupport 社会支持socialstatus社会地位Socialorganization 社会组织accesstorecords 访问记录theethicalstandardsoftheprofession 行业道德标准第五篇：外语经贸类词汇外语经贸类词汇澳新紧密经济关系协定ANZCERTA：Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement摆脱亚洲金融危机的影响shake off the impact of the financial crisis帮助人才脱颖而出help excellent talents find way to distinction 备件spare parts部长级会议ministerial meeting采取积极财政政策 proactive fiscal policy。

园艺专业英语翻译（中→英）Lesson1 part A1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heatkeeping ,chilling prevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the cropsproduction from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificiallycreate a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hotweather hat actually unfavorable to the crop development .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticulturalcrops are planted is hand for their growing in open field.2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse couldprovide a variety of vegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetable living through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement ofearly mature products.3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our countryconsists of plastic tunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become the dominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse or multi-span house has been initiated.Lesson2 part A4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environmentmanagement for growers is to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, as possibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop.Lesson3 part ALesson4 part A1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition ofspecific nutritional elements and ph adjustment2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particleswith proper ratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerable moistureLesson5 part ALesson6 part A1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leafphotosynthesis noticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growthshort-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain commoncontinuous effects ,sometime when the source-sink ratio increases significantly ,some oldleaves can renew their photosynthesis functions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinkssometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission ofleaves and lower photosynthesis capacity.2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .thesimplest explanation is that photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis .however trials for examining this hypothesis usually obtained the oppositeresults .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly not accumulate beside chloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done on source-sink relationship toimprove yields of horticultural cropsLesson7 part A1、the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripeness andsenescence stages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticultural ripeness theformer means that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and thelater means the best growth stage of horticultural crops for harvest ,such as leafvegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are not physiological ripe ,and flower crops areharvested when thy flower.Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness intrees ,while some must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealinessaroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stopping terminating process ofliving activity. In this stage, product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad andcompletely leaves their economical value in the endLesson8 part A1、hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormones inplant2、Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruits can setwithout seeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly3、Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotessynthesis of auxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similarbetween the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed4、Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation and result inalternate fruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the early occurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flowerdifferentiation initiation.Lesson13 part A1、pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinning cutsof branches for good framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth andfruiting ,for maintaining the equilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commoditywith high quality2、the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species andcultivars ,the climate the soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices likefertilization ,irrigation, etc3、Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit fromstimulating excessive sprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots.Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and toimprove distribution of sunlight in order to simulate fruiting.Lesson15 part A1、temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processes of all plantspecies2、Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plant growthrate.3、As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role in adaptabilityand growth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature4、Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50℃ .however low-temperature sensitivitylimit the successful cultivated regions of plantsLesson16 part A1、sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has thespecialty the uniform water amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur whensprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in somewater loss too。

园艺专业英语课文翻译Lesson 1Part A保护地栽培（设施栽培）的历史与发展（摘自《温室生态系统》温室的历史与地理概况）这一课简要叙述温室从古至今的发展状况。

它包括一系列利用冷床、温床、玻璃罩、单屋顶温室、冬季花园、橘园、暖房和不同形式的玻璃温室和塑料覆盖，包括小拱棚、中棚（人能在其中行走）和塑料大棚中对园艺作物进行保护性种植的讨论。

基于本文目的，温室定义为：旨在生长和临时保护作物的透明覆盖物。

因而这个定义不包括食用菌和组织培养的设施。

在古代，也许没有我们在这里所定义的温室，但是人们采用各种不同的措施生产反季节的花卉和蔬菜。

反季节作物的栽培主要集中在古代雅典和罗马。

从Theophrastus（公元前372至公元前287）的著作中可见一斑。

他提到在夜间将作物移入到阳台中（希腊房屋中封闭庭院中的阳台），以及用腐熟的肥料和堆肥掺入土壤来提高土温（酿热温床）。

中国、美索不达米亚、埃及、以色列、希腊和罗马的种植者把名贵植物栽在盆中，在夜间或寒冷季节放在室内起保护作用。

有时将作物栽植在手推车中以便于夜间较容易地移到人造洞室、地窖和室内。

中国传统的作物栽培很有可能已经包括温室，并且可以追溯到远古。

中国温室包括东西走向的砖墙（如图1）。

南边是用竹竿支撑、上面覆盖油毡纸的透明覆盖物，与地面成30-40°。

白天，墙体吸收太阳热量，晚上放热。

另外，夜间在纸窗上加盖草帘隔热。

这种简易温室至今仍在应用，据称它能将夜温提高6℃。

在20世纪的欧洲的西北部和北美，温室发展由小到大，通常是等屋面或是嵴沟连跨温室。

小型电动机的使用使气候能够进行自动控制，包括打开通风口。

采用热虹吸加热循环被强制动力循环加热取而代之，电泵用于灌溉和操作遮荫系统等等。

单斜面屋顶温室逐渐过时，那种用烟道加热的方法在20世纪最初的十年中也逐渐消失。

但是，这些变化是循序渐进的。

下面我们以荷兰温室发展为例：19世纪20年代荷兰Aalsmeer出现了简易的越冬棚。

1生物区域(bioregion)用来了解一个生态区域的生态系统，提供气候、植被、降水、土壤、地质、动物、空气质量、地表水纹、地下水深、地表排水、地形、土地利用模式、人口密度和居住区模式、都市发展趋势、经济模式、以及太阳、水、风、和生物自然能量的范围。

To understand the ecosystem of a bioregion, a Bioregional Resource Inventory is complied, providing detailed analyses of climate, precipitation, vegetation, soil, geology, animal life, air quality, surface hydrology, groundwater depths, surface- water drainage , topography, land-use patterns, population density and settlement patterns, metropolitan development trends, economic patterns as well as the extent of natural energy sources of sun,wind, water, and biomass.2自然是个连续的统一体，原野和城市分别位于这两个统一体的两端。

Nature is a continuous continuum, with fields and cities at the two ends of the continuum.3无论在哪里重建，重造或复原改造，都不可避免地会破坏考古和场地的证据。

Wherever reconstruction, reconstruction or reconstruction is carried out, archaeological and site evidence will inevitably be destroyed.4在生活空间，城市，道路逐步进化发展的复杂过程中，我们太依赖机械的力量。

风景园林景观设计专业英语园林学landscape architecture，garden architecture 园林garden and park绿化greening，planting城市绿化urban greening，urban planting城市绿地urban green space公园绿地public park公园park儿童公园children park动物园zoo植物园botanical garden墓园cemetery garden盆景园penjng garden，miniature landscape盲人公园park for the blind花园garden历史名园historical garden and park风景名胜公园famous scenic park纪念公园memorial park街旁绿地roadside green space带状公园linear park专类公园theme park岩石园rock garden社区公园community park生产绿地productive plantation area防护绿地green buffer，green area for environmental protection附属绿地attached green space居住绿地green space attached to housing estate，residential green space道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square屋顶花园roof garden立体绿化vertical planting风景林地scenic forest land城市绿地系统urban green space system城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 绿化覆盖面积green coverage绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率greening rate，ratio of green space绿带green belt楔形绿地green wedge城市绿线boundary line of urban green space园林史landscape history，garden history古典园林classical garden囿hunting park苑imperial park皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden寺庙园林monastery garden园林艺术garden art相地site investigation造景landscaping借景borrowed scencry，view borrowing园林意境poetic imagcry of garden透景线perspective line盆景miniature landscape，penjing插花flower arrangement季相seasonal appearance of plant园林规划garden planning，landscaping planning 园林布局garden layout园林设计garden design公园最大游人量maximum visitors capacity in park 地形设计topographical design园路设计garden path design种植设计planting design孤植specimen planting，isolated planting对植Opposite planting，coupled planting列植linear planting群植group planting，mass planting园林植物landscape plant观赏植物ornamental plant古树名木historical tree and famous wood species 地被植物ground cover plant攀缘植物climbing plant，climber温室植物greenhouse plant花卉flowering plant行道树avenue tree，street tree草坪lawn绿篱hedge花篱flower hedge花境flower border人工植物群落man-made planting habitat园林建筑garden building园林小品small garden ornaments园廊veranda，gallery，colonnade水榭waterside pavilion舫boat house园亭garden pavilion，pavilion园台platform月洞门moon gate花架pergola，trellis园林楹联couplet written on scroll，couplet on pillar 园林匾额bian'e in garden园林工程garden engineering绿化工程plant engineering大树移植big tree transplanting假植heeling in，temporary planting基础种植foundation planting种植成活率ratio of living tree适地适树planting according to the environment 造型修剪topiary园艺horticulture假山rockwork，artificial hill置石stone arrangement，stone layout掇山piled stone hill，hill making塑山man-made rock work园林理水water system layout in garden驳岸revetment in garden喷泉fountain风景名胜区landscape and famous scenery国家重点风景名胜区national park of China风景名胜区规划landscape and famous scenery planning风景名胜famous scenery，famous scenic site风景资源scenery resource景物view，feature景点feature spot，view spot景区scenic zone景观landscape，scenery游览线touring route环境容量environmental capacity国家公园national park园林专业外语词汇大全主入口大门/岗亭main entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle & pedestrian)次入口/岗亭2nd entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle & pedestrian) 商业中心入口entrance to shopping ctr.水景water feature小型露天剧场mini amphi-theatre迎宾景观welcoming feature观景木台timber deck (viewing)竹园bamboo garden漫步广场walkway plaza露天咖啡廊out door café巨大迎宾水景-2 grand welcoming feature -2 木桥timber bridge洞穴grotto吊桥hanging bridge休憩台地(低处) lounging terrace(lower)休憩台地(高处) lounging terrace(upper)特色踏步feature stepping stone 野趣小溪river wild儿童乐园children's playground 旱冰道slide羽毛球场badminton court旱景dry landscape日艺园Japanese garden旱喷泉dry fountain观景台viewing deck游泳池swimming pool极可意Jacuzzi嬉水池wading pool儿童泳池children's pool 蜿蜒水墙winding wall 石景雕塑rocksculpture中心广场central plaza健身广场exercise plaza 桥bridge交流广场meditating plaza趣味树阵tree battle formation停车场parking area特色花架trellis雕塑小道sculpture trail(高尔夫)轻击区putting green高尔夫球会所golf clubhouse每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit 篮球场basketball court 网球场tennis court阶梯坐台terracing seatwall广场main plaza森林forest garden石景园rockery garden旱溪dry stream凉亭Pavilion户外淋浴outdoor shower拉膜结构tensile structure台阶stair高尔夫球车停车场parking(golf car)健身站exercise station晨跑小路jogging footpath车道/人行道driveway/sidewalk人行漫步道promenade瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) water fall and dancing fountain (entry plaza)特色入口entry feature石景广场rockery plaza园林学Landscape architecture garden architecture造园学Garden making, landscape gardening 环境园艺学Environmental horticulture观赏园艺学Ornamental horticulture园林艺术garden art园林美学Garden aesthetics园林建筑学Garden architecture园林建筑Garden building园林工程Garden engineering园林植物Landscape plant观赏植物Ornamental plant盆景Miniature landscape,penjing园林Garden and park园林学史History Of garden architecture园林规划Garden planning,landscaping planning 园林设计Garden design园林机具设备Gardening machine园林管理Garden management园林生态Landscape ecology绿化greening,planting环境绿化Environmental greening绿地面积Green area绿地率Ratio Of green space城市绿化覆盖率Urban Green coverage工厂绿化Factory greening,factory garden-ing 街道绿化Street greening,street planting车行道绿化Driveway greening分车带绿化Dividing Stripe greening人行道绿化Sidewalk greening群众绿化Mass Planting movement郊区绿化Suburban greening公路绿化Highway greening铁路绿化Railway greening,railway planting 堤岸种植Bank planting阳台绿化Balcony greening窗台绿化window-sill greening屋顶绿化Roof greening垂直绿化Vertical greening攀缘绿化Climber greening桥头绿化Bridgehead greening花园garden专类花园Specified flower garden 花园村Garden village园林城市Landscape garden city蔷薇园Rose garden松柏园Conifer garden球根园Bulb garden宿根园Perennial garden假山园Rock garden,Chinese rockery狩猎场Hunting ground街心花园Street crossing center garden小游园Petty Street garden水景园Water garden铺地园Paved garden野趣园Wild plants botanical garden野生植物园Wild plants garden乡趣园Rustic garden盆景园Penjing garden,miniature land-scape 动物园zoo,zoological garden墓园Cemetery garden沼泽园Bog and marsh garden 水生植物园Aquatic plantsgarden 学校园School garden室内花园Indoor garden芳香花园Fragrant garden盲人花园Garden for the blind公园park,Public park城市公园City park,urban park 区公园Regional park 儿童公园Children park体育公园Sports park森林公园Forest park纪念公园Memorial park烈士纪念公园Martyr memorial park。

A framework for using UGI to mitigate excess urban heatWe propose a hierarchical, five step framework to prioritise urban public open space for microclimate cooling (Steps 1–4) using the most appropriate ‘fit for place’ UGI (Step 5) (Fig. 1). The same principles will apply to privately-owned outdoor space, although this may be complicated by issues of multiple ownership (Pandit, Polyakov, Tapsuwan, & Moran, 2013). The framework operates firstly at the ‘neighbourhood’ scale, then the ‘street’ scale and finally the ‘microscale’ (Fig. 1). While the actual area would be defined by organisation implementing the framework, a neighbourhood would encompass hundreds of houses and urban features such as a shopping precinct, a school, a railway station, parks and playing fields. The street scale is a smaller unit within a neighbourhood, for example some houses and a strip of shops. The microscale is an area within a street canyon, equivalent to one or more property frontages perhaps. Integrating these three scalesis central to this framework, and is important to the strategic integration of UGI for microclimate cooling (Dütemeyer, Barlag, Kuttler, & Axt-Kittner, 2014). This framework is flexible and can be applied and adapted by green space mangers, planners and designers to meet their local circumstances. Local stakeholders can also be involved in the decision framework at any, or all, stages as determined by budget, time and engagement philosophy of the local government authority.使用UGI缓解城市过热的框架我们提出了一个层次,五步框架优先考虑城市公共开放空间的小气候冷却(步骤1 - 4)使用最合适的适合地方的UGI(步骤5)(图1)。

规划planning 草图sketch；rough map平面plan 剖面section 立面elevation透视perspective 示意图diagram 容积率coverage城市设计urban design; civic design 区域规划regional planning步行轴ped axis 总体规划general planning; master planning分区规划district planning 近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed planning 控制性详细规划control detailed planning 修建性详细规划site plan 居住区规划residential district planning 城市化urbanization 城市生态urban ecology可持续发展sustainable development历史文化名城保护规划Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities旧城改建urban redevelopment 开发区development area城市化水平urbanization level 城市群agglomeration城镇体系urban system 卫星城satellite town城市基础设施urban infrastructure居民点settlement市municipality; city生态基础设施ecological infrastructure牧场pasture 市域administrative region of a city商业区commercial district 行政中心administration center商业街commercial street 科技园technological region校园规划campus planning 城市中心区urban center district居住单元flat 历史地段history district 民政区域civil district水警区waters guard district 居住区规划residential district planning护林区ranger district 工业区industrial district林木种子公园tree seed orchard快速公路thruway城市美学urban esthetics游憩空间esplanade系统工程systems engineering城市更新理论urban renewal theory绿地/绿化带greenbelt 绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率ratio of green space工厂绿化landscaping within factory广场绿化landscaping of square居住区绿化landscaping of residential area谷底植栽场improved vegetation & wild life公共建筑绿化landscaping around public building室内绿化indoor garden城市绿化urban virescence 城市绿化系统urban green space system公共绿地public green space 专用绿地specified green space防护绿地green buffer建筑空间architecture剧院show place; theater茶楼（馆caff；tea shop专卖店monopolistic shop博物馆museum电影院cinema；movie house商场emporium; shopping mall体育馆palaestra青少年宫callan house; children’s palace图书馆library棋牌室relaxation room健身房gymnasium书店book store客厅parlor阳台balcony浴室bathroom橱柜cabinet合院式建筑courtyard building餐厅dining-room; dining hall入口entrance厨房kitchen屋顶roof小孩房kid room儿童游乐室/玩具室dollhouse起居室living room门廊porch更衣室change room休息室pavilion私家花园private garden居民resident共享地带shared zone工人房servants hall比例scale元素element会议中心conference center园林景观view of the garden乔木arbor灌木shrub铺石band stone地下车库car park bellow曲线形铺地curved paving bands庭园cartilage; Garth标志牌(sign) courtyard identification sign 庭院courtyard瀑布fall 步道footpath园桥garden bridge园林garden and park草本植物herbage藤本植物liane蔓本植物liana砌石natural cut stone铺地pave亭，阁pavilion榭pavilion on terrace植被planting花坛planting beds大广场plaza台platform栈道deck promenade灯柱pole lights小水池pool雕塑sculpture小广场small square小水景small water feature林荫树shade trees楼storied building小溪流stream行道树street trees踏石stepping stone踏步terrace steps木制平台timber deck草坪turf；grass园廊veranda空地void水景waterscape园墙wall in garden滨水地区waterfront茶亭tea house木亭log cabin遮阳亭shade structure水岸edge湾bay渡口ferry挡土墙retaining wall人行道pavement卵石pebble半岛peninsula常用的景观英文1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行) MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行) 2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR.4.水景WATER FEATURE5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE6.迎宾景观-1 WELCOMING FEATURE-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN 9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE11.巨大迎宾水景-2 GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-212.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE 15.休憩台地(低处) LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER )16.休憩台地(高处) LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER )17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE 18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD19.儿童乐园CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND 20.旱冰道SLIDE21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT 22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN 24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN25.观景台VIEWING DECK26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL27.极可意JACUZZI 28.嬉水池WADING POOL 29.儿童泳池CHILDREN'S POOL30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING WALL 31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA 33.健身广场EXERCISE PLAZA34.桥BRIDGE 35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMATION 37.停车场PARING AREA38.特色花架TRELLIS 39.雕塑小道SCULPTURE TRAIL40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN 41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT 43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT44.网球场TENNIS COURT45.阶梯***/种植槽TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER46.广场MAIN PLAZA 47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL48.石景园ROCKERY GARDEN 49.旱溪DRY STREAM 50.凉亭PAVILION51.户外淋浴OUTDOOR SHOWER 52.拉膜结构TENSILE STRUCTURE53.台阶STAIR 54.高尔夫球车停车场PARKING ( GOLF CAR )55.健身站EXERCISE STATION 56.晨跑小路JOGGING FOOTPATH57.车道/人行道DRIVEWAY /SIDEWALK 58.人行漫步道PROMENADE59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) WATER FALL AND DANCING FOUNTAIN ( ENTRY PLAZA )60.特色入口ENTRY FEATURE 61.石景广场ROCKERY PLAZA常用造价英语词汇估算/费用估算：estimate/cost estimate;估算类型：types of estimate;详细估算：是偏差幅度最小的估算，defined estimate;设备估算：equipment estimate;分析估算：analysis estimate;报价估算：roposal estimate;控制估算：control estimate;初期控制估算：interim control estimate/initial control estimate批准的控制估算：initial approved cost核定估算：check estimate首次核定估算：first check estimate二次核定估算：production check estimate人工时估算：man hour estimate材料费用/直接材料费用：material cost/direct material cost设备费用/设备购买费用：equipment cost/purchased cost of equipment散装材料费用/散装材料购买费用：bulk material cost/purchased cost of bulk material施工费用：construction cost施工人工费用：labor cost/construction force cost设备安装人工费用：labor cost associated with equipment散装材料施工安装人工费用：labor cost associated with bulk materials人工时估算定额：standard manhours施工人工时估算定额：standard labor manhours标准工时定额：standard hours劳动生产率：labor productivity/productivity factor/productivity ratio修正的人工时估算值：adjusted manhours人工时单价：manhours rate施工监督费用：cost of construction supervision施工间接费用：cost of contruction indirects分包合同费用/现场施工分包合同费用：subcontract cost/field subcontract cost公司本部费用：home office cost公司管理费用：overhead非工资费用：non payroll开车服务费用：cost of start-up services其他费用：other cost利润/预期利润：profit/expected profit服务酬金：service gains风险：risk风险分析：risk analysis风险备忘录：risk memorandum未可预见费：contingency基本未可预见费：average contingency最大风险未可预见费：maximum risk contingency用户变更/合同变更：cilent change/contract change认可的用户变更：approved client change待定的用户变更：pending client change项目变更：project change内部变更：internalchange批准的变更：authoried change强制性变更：mandatory change选择性变更：optional change内部费用转换：internal transfer认可的预计费用：anticipated approved cost 涨价值：escalation项目费用汇总报告：project cost summary report项目实施费用状态报告：project operation cost status report总价合同：lump sum contract 偿付合同：reimbursible contract预算：budget02.1 总论园林学landscape architecture, garden architecture造园学garden making, landscape gardening环境园艺学environmental horticulture 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture 园林艺术garden art 园林美学garden aesthetics园林建筑学garden architecture 园林建筑garden building园林工程garden engineering园林植物landscape plant观赏植物ornamental plant盆景miniature landscape, penjing园林garden and park 园林学史history of garden architecture园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 园林设计garden design园林机具设备gardening machine 园林管理garden management园林生态landscape ecology 绿化greening, planting环境绿化environmental greening绿地面积green area绿地率ratio of green space城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing街道绿化street greening, street planting车行道绿化driveway greening分车带绿化dividing stripe greening人行道绿化sidewalk greening群众绿化mass planting movement郊区绿化suburban greening公路绿化highway greening铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting堤岸种植bank planting阳台绿化balcony greening窗台绿化window-sill greening 屋顶绿化roof greening垂直绿化vertical greening攀缘绿化climber greening桥头绿化bridgehead greening花园garden蔷薇园rose garden专类花园specified flower garden 花园村garden village园林城市landscape garden city松柏园conifer garden 球根园bulb garden宿根园perennial garden假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery狩猎场hunting ground街心花园street crossing center garden小游园petty street garden 水景园water garden 铺地园paved garden野趣园wild plants botanical garden 野生植物园wild plants garden乡趣园rustic garden 盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape动物园zoo, zoological garden墓园cemetery garden沼泽园bog and marsh garden水生植物园aquatic plants garden学校园school garden室内花园indoor garden芳香花园fragrant garden盲人花园garden for the blind公园park, public park城市公园city park, urban park 区公园regional park儿童公园children park体育公园sports park 森林公园forest park纪念公园memorial park烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park综合公园comprehensive park文化公园cultural park文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park中央公园central park天然公园natural park海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park古迹公园historic site park河滨公园riverside park湖滨公园lakeside park路边公园roadside park, street park娱乐公园amusement park雕塑公园sculpture park休憩公园recreation park疗养公园sanatorium park国家公园national park邻里公园neighborhood park特种公园special park植物园botanical garden植物公园abeled plants park高山植物园alpine garden热带植物园tropical plants garden药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden 绿地green space公共绿地public green space单位绿地unit green area城市绿地urban green space街道广场绿地street and square green area居住区绿地residential quarter green area防护绿地green area for environmental protection郊区绿地suburban green space 街坊绿地residential block green belt附属绿地attached green space 生产绿地productive plantation area苗圃nursery风景landscape, scenery自然景观natural landscape人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities草原景观prairie landscape山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape2.0114 地理景观geographical landscape 湖泊景观lake view2.0116 郊区景观suburban landscape地质景观geological landscape喀斯特景观karst landscape植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape02.2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden2.0124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史西方古典园林western classical garden意大利式园林Italian style garden英国式园林English style garden 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden西班牙式园林Spanish style garden 法兰西式园林French style garden勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园manor, villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊xystus迷阵maze, labyrinth典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden 阿房宫E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan未央宫Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace 华清官Hua-Qing Palace艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden悬园Hanging Garden英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden景view, scenery, feature远景distant view 近景nearby view障景obstructive scenery, blocking view借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery漏景leaking through scenery框景enframed scenery尾景terminal feature 主景main feature 副景secondary feature 配景objective view前景front view背景background 景序order of sceneries景点feature spot, view spot仰视景观upward landscape俯视景观downward landscape 季相景观seasonal phenomena气象景观meteorological diversity scenery 视野visual field秋色fall color, autumn color园林空间garden space开敞空间wide open space, wide space封闭空间enclosure space意境artistic conception, poetic imagery 苍古antiquity空灵spaciousness, airiness 动观in-motion viewing静观in-position viewing视错觉visual illusion园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden 对称平衡symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance左右对称bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称radial symmetry透景线perspective line2.0198 轴线axis, axial line 主轴main axis 2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis树冠线skyline园林色彩艺术art of garden colors单色谐调monochromatic harmony复色谐调compound chromatic harmony对比色突出contrast colors accent 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony 暖色warm color 冷色cool color 色感color sense城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning绿地系统green space system公共绿地定额public green space quota公共绿地指标public green space norm 绿地布局green space layout吸引圈attractive circle 吸引距离attractive distance有效半径effective radius 绿地资源green space resource绿地效果green space effect绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space空间规划space planning 形象规划image plan2.0224 实施规划implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度usage frequency2.0228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型type of green space2.0230 环状绿型annular green space2.0231 块状绿地green plot2.0232 点状绿地green spot2.0233 放射状绿地radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地noise proof green space2.0237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地reserve garden2.0239 公园规划park planning2.0240 园林总体规划garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划site planning2.0242 园林分区garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区sports activities area2.0247 野餐区picnic place2.0248 散步区pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area2.0252 草坪区lawn space绿荫区shade tree section 历史古迹区historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区youngsters activities area诱鸟区bird sanctuary area钓鱼区fishing center 野营区camp site游人中心visitors center 服务中心service center探险游乐场adventure ground 文化活动区cultural activities area道路系统approach system, road system环形道路系统circular road system 方格形道路系统latticed road system放射形道路系统radiate road system自然式道路系统informal road system 2.0268 规整式道路系统formal road system混合式道路系统mixed style road system 园林规划图garden planning map 园林规划说明书garden planning direction城市公园系统urban park system 公园分布distribution of parks 公园类型park type, park category公园间距distance between parks 公园形式park styles游览区excursion area, open-to-public area 非游览区no-admittance area办公区administrative area服务区service center2.0281 动休息区dynamic rest space 静休息区static rest space娱乐演出区entertaining performance place 主要入口main entrance次要入口secondary entrance 人流量visitors flowrate车流量vehicle flowrate 公园道路park road 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio游人容纳量visitors capacity风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation风景学scenicology风景规划landscape plan风景设计landscape design游览路线touring route 旅游资源tourism resource2旅游地理tourism geography旅游地质tourism geology2 历史名城famous historical city文化名城famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic天然博物馆natural open museum风景地貌natural geomorphology造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration2.0305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜famous scenery, famous scenic site2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs2.0309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot 海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot森林风景区forest scenic spot 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot 2.0313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot 江河风景区river landscape district湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting2.0319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区biosphere protection area02.5 园林设计2.0325 园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer2.0326 园址测量图garden site survey map2.0327 地形图topographic map, contour map2.0328 种植设计planting design2.0329 地形改造设计topographical reform design2.0330 种植大样图detail planting design造价分析cost analysis园林形式garden style 规整式园林formal garden style非规整园林informal garden style几何式园林geometric garden style自然式园林natural garden style 混合式园林mixed garden style近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style马克斯抽象园林R.B. Marx abstract garden园林区划garden area division 园林分区规划garden block planning庭院花园courtyard garden前庭front yard, forecourt后庭back yard, rear yard 中庭patio 厨园kitchen yard沉[床]园sunken garden 窗园window garden 墙园wall garden宅园home garden 台地园terrace garden后花园back yard garden冬园winter garden 切花园cut flower garden 屋顶花园roof garden园林地形改造topographical reform of garden土山earth piled hill, artificial mound假山rockery, artificial rockwork太湖石Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone 黄石yellowish brown stone 人造假山石artificial stone,man-made stone孤赏石monolith, standing stone 掇山piled stone hill, hill making叠石stones laying 板石flag stone2.0366 散点石scattered stone抱角石corner stone 屋基石foundation stone排衙石guard stone屏石screen stone石岸rock bank石阶stone steps汀步stepping stone on water surface附壁石stone appended to wall石花台stone flower bed石凳stone bench2.0377 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall干砌石dry stone wall假山石楼梯rock stairway石亭stone pavilion 石洞stone cavern石窟grotto2.0383 置石stone arrangement, stone layout2.0384 拱石arch stone2.0385 拱顶石key stone2.0386 园林水景water scenes of garden2.0387 水体water body2.0388 水面water surface2.0389 水池pool2.0390 水塘pond 喷泉fountain2.0392 喷水池fountain pool2.0393 涉水池wading pool2.0394 倒影池mirror pool, reflecting pool2.0395 睡莲池water-lily pool2.0396 喷水管布置piping schema2.0397 钓鱼塘fishing pond2.0398 高水位池塘high water table pond2.0399 池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool2.0400 隐头喷泉secret fountain2.0401 岛园island garden半岛园peninsula garden小岛isle瀑布waterfall小瀑布cascade 湖lake 矶rock projecting over water水帘洞water curtain cave园桥garden bridge拱桥arch bridge石板桥stone slab bridge2.0412 木板桥plank bridge圆木桥log bridge亭桥pavilion bridge曲桥zigzag bridge 壁泉wall fountain饮水喷头drinking fountain植物配植plant arrangement树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs群植group planting, mass planting孤植specimen planting, isolated planting丛植clump planting2.0423 组植group planting林植forest planting列植linear planting对植opposite planting, coupled planting 环植circular planting带植belt planting 散植scattered planting, loose planting边缘种植edge planting边界种植boundary planting整形种植architectural planting2.0433 基础种植foundation planting2.0434 角隅种植corner planting2.0435 景框种植planting as enframent2.0436 门卫种植guard planting2.0437 篱恒种植fence planting2.0438 障景种植screen planting2.0439 背景种植background planting.0440 林下种植underwood planting2.0441 路边种植roadside planting2.0442 绿篱hedge2.0443 树墙espalie 庭荫树shade tree园景树specimen tree.风景林amenity forest, ornamental forest行道树avenue tree, street tree 纪念林memorial forest整型树topiary tree花篱flower hedge’刺篱thorny plants hedge常绿绿篱evergreen hedge落叶绿篱deciduous hedge高篱high hedge2.0455 沟中边篱hah-hah fence2.0456 图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge2.0457 迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge2.0458 整剪绿篱clipped hedge2.0459 自然式花篱natural flowering hedge2.0460 边篱boundary fence2.0461 园篱garden fence, garden hedge2.0462 纯林pure forest2.0463 混交林mixed forest2.0464 林间隙地open space in woodland杂木林spinney 树冠覆盖面tree canopy 草坪lawn 整形草坪formal lawn 2.0469 开花草坪flowering lawn 牧场草坪meadowy land 花坛flower bed 2.0472 路边花坛roadside flower bed2.0473 带状花坛ribbon flower bed时钟花坛flower clock 盆栽花坛potted flower bed, basined flower bed高设花台raised flower bed 毛毡花坛carpet bed镶嵌花坛mosaic bed铺石花坛paved bed灌木花坛shrub bed图案花坛群parterre2.0482 草药花坛herbaceous flower bed2.0483 花结花坛knot bed整形花坛formal flower bed花境flower border 花桶flower tub2.0487 植树箱planting box2.0488 活动花坛movable flower bed瓶饰garden vase 灌木花境shrub border混合花境mixed border园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design漫步路trail, footway 小径alley, path川草坪岛lawn island 安全岛traffic island, refuge island2.0497 转弯曲度turning curvature 转弯半径turning radius踏面landing pitch步石stepping stone2.0501 涉水踏步wading step错铺路crazy paving path随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random 花纹路pattern path2.0505 林荫路mall林荫大道boulevard花园路parkway 林间小道path in woodland种植池planting bed树池保护格栅tree grate 树干保护套栏tree guard树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting路面线纹score line传统园林建筑traditional garden building凉亭summer shelter活树亭arbor, tent arbor 蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion茅亭thatched pavilion 竹亭bamboo pavilion茶亭tea booth, tea kiosk 回廊cloister水廊corridor on water曲廊zigzag veranda2.0524 扒山廊sloping gallery楼廊two-storied gallery 画舫painted pleasure boat石舫stone boat不击舟immovable pleasure boat诗条石poem-engraved stone slab 月洞门moon gate扶手栏杆handrail坐凳栏杆seat rail石碑stone tablet, stele园林露天剧场open garden theater园林露天舞池open garden dancing place2.0536 露天音乐台outdoor music stand2.0537 眺望台prospect deck繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse 展览温室public conservatory2.0540 月池new-moon pool2.0541 园林小品small garden ornaments磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet2.0543 园椅garden chair, garden seat园凳garden bench 园桌garden table 园灯garden lamp日规sundial 鸟浴bird bath.鸟舍bird cottage, nestle box鸟笼bird cage, bird coop 悬篮hanging basket 野鸟喂食器bird feeder额匾horizontal inscribed board楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar2.0555 引露天烤炉open barbecue2.0556 树棚living-tree pergola花架pergola 花格架trellis, treillage点景牌楼naming pailou, decorated archway园林施工garden layout, garden construction种植工程planting engineering大树移植big tree transplanting裸根移植bare root transplanting土球移植ball transplanting2.0565 沟植trench planting2.0566 假植heeling in, temporary planting播种草坪seeding lawn2.0568 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn2.0569 假山工程rockery engineering2.0570 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling2.0571 等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced2.0572 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 上轻下重法method of lowering the center of gravity of rocks2.0574 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins2.0575 石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials2.0576 观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub2.0577 观叶植物foliage plant2.0578 观果植物fruit-effect plant2.0579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches2.0580 指示植物indicating plant2.0581 主景植物accent plant2.0582 耐湿植物damp tolerant plant2.0583 抗风植物wind-resistant plant2.0584 耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plan 市花city flower2.0586 市树city tree国花national flower2.0588 国树national tree2.0589 芳香植物fragrant plant2.0590 抗污染植物pollution resistant plant2.0591 环保植物environment protecting plant2.0592 高山植物alpine plant2.0593 岩生植物rock plant2.0594 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber 地被植物ground cover plant阴生植物shade plant装饰植物decorative plant2.0598装缘植物edging plant2.0599 绿蓠植物hedge plant 草坪植物lawn plant, lawn grass2.0601 花坛植物bedding plant 球根植物bulbous plant宿根植物perennial plant, perennial水生植物aquatic plant, hydrophyte2.0605 旱生植物xerophyte2.0606 沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant2.0607 室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant2.0608 切花cut flower2.0609 垂枝植物pendulous plant, weeping plant2.0610 缠绕植物twiner, twinning plant针叶植物needle-leaved plant2.0612 阔叶植物broad-leaved plant斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant2.0614 松柏植物conifer2.0615 常绿植物evergreen plant2.0616 半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant2.0617 不耐寒植物tender plant2.0618 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant2.0619 耐寒植物hardy plant2.0620 耐旱植物drought enduring plant2.0621 山石材料stone material2.0622 昆山石Kunshan stone2.0623 钟乳石stalactite2.0624 灵壁石Lingbi stone2.0625 英德石Yingde stone2.0626 青石Qing stone2.0627 宣石Xuan stone2.0628 房山石Fangshan stone2.0629 观赏动物ornamental animal2.0630 观赏鸟类ornamental bird2.0631 观赏兽类ornamental beast2.0632 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect园林机械garden machine园林工具garden instrument, garden implement园林设备garden equipment 花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider种植容器planting container 圆木桩log peg 喷射装置jet bubbler滴灌trickle irrigator, drip irrigator环动喷灌器circle sprinkler圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler 自控器automatic controller管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler 固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler, spray head sprinkler喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage 草坪加肥器lawn feeder施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner滴水喷头emitter, dripper 水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net苗木包装材料nursery stock package material麻布袋burlap bag 铁丝篮wire basket篮状种植器basket container 塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican播种盘seed tray网孔盆mesh pot含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot盆栽机potting machine换盆机repotting machine 再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container2.0664 纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower2.0665 泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet, peat seeding starter2.0666 松土除草机cultivator 旋转锄rotary hoe2.0668 切叶机foliage cutter 翻地犁uncovering plough2.0670 盖土机mounted spreader 前悬装土机front mounted loader2.0672 后缀装土机rear mounted loader 旋轴剪草机spindle mower2.0674 栽植机planting machine 植物覆盖plant mulching2.0676 覆盖物分散机mulch spreader 种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder2.0678 修枝剪pruning shear播种器garden seeder2.0680 球根种植器bulb planter 土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer2.0682 巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer 嫁接刀grafting knife2.0684 温室设备greenhouse equipment 盆栽灌水系统pot watering system温室气候控制器greenhouse climate controller温室覆盖greenhouse covering喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system二氧化碳发生器C02 generator温度报警钟temperature alarm游览车park sightseeing bus引剪草机lawn mower动力剪草机power lawnmower畜力剪草机horse lawnmower手推剪草机hand lawnmower游人调查visitors investigation 游人统计visitors statistics游人分析garden visitors analysis 游人管理visitors management导游图tourist map 导游解说tour descri ption and direction劳动管理labour management 物资管理material handling, goods handling设备管理equipment management, facility management财务管理financial management 安全管理safety management环境监测environmental monitor植物养护管理plant maintenance and management质量管理quality management园貌维修garden feature maintenance植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning植物病虫防治disease and insect control 园林管理规划management plan 游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions 游人规则visitors regulation园内交通管理traffic control in park园外交通管理traffic control out of park entrance汽车停车规则parking rules 自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules开放时间opening time日常清洁卫生管理daily sanitation and hygiene management2.0723 人类生态环境human ecological environment2.0724 自然系统natural system自然资源natural resource2.0726 自然保护conservation of nature自然保存natural preservation2.0728 环境保护environmental protection环境容量environment capacity环境适宜性environment fitness 环境空气质量标准ambient air quality2.0732 共生symbiosis 互惠共生mutualism2.0734 公害public nuisance 生态绝灭ecological extinction2.0736 生态系统ecosystem 生态圈ecosphere2.0738 生态灾难ecological disaster 环境质量environmental quality2.0740 环境压力environment stress生命维持系统life-support system反馈系统feedback system 自养生物autotroph 异养生物heterotroph食物链foodchain 生物圈biosphere主体群落major community濒危植物endangered plant, threatened plant2.0749人工群落artificial community 绿色革命green revolution户外娱乐资源outdoor recreation resource原始环境系统wilderness environment system近代环境系统modern environment system乡村生活模式country life-pattern烟害smoke pollution, fume pollution雾害fog pollution 霜害frost injury 水污染water pollution土壤污染soil pollution, soil contamination园林小气候garden microclimate2.0761 环境保护植物environmental conservation plant引气候调节climatic regulation 自动调节机能homeostasis2.0764 生态平衡ecological homeostasis 森林生态系统forest ecosystem2.0766 草原生态系统prairie ecosystem滞尘植物dust holding plantAccessibility 可达性Accessible route 易达的路线advance notice 事先通知aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量aerobic digesters 需氧消化池aesthetic considerations 审美方面的考虑brick and concrete block walls 砖和混凝土砌块墙stone walls 石头墙wood and metal fences 木头和金属栅栏aesthetic controls 审美控制aggregate base 混合基础AIA 美国建筑师协会Anaerobic digesters 厌氧分解池APA 美国规划师协会arterial streets 主干道as-built records 施工记录ASLA 美国景观建筑师协会axioms 原理athletic facility 运动设施average walking distance 平均步行距离backfill 回填backhoe 挖沟机bar charts 横道图barrier design 障碍设计beams 大梁bearing capacity 承载力benchmarks 水准点billing 帐簿biodiversity 生物多样性bioengineering 生物工程biomass 生物量bioretention ponds 生物滞留池boardwalks 栈桥bonding company 担保公司bonuses 奖金boundary definition 边界确定boundary survey 边界测量brown fields 褐色土地bulldozers 推土机business development 商业开发business parks 商业园区cadastral survey 地籍测量camping 野营candlepower 烛光度cantilevered wall 悬臂墙cascading waterfalls瀑布叠水certificates of payment 付款证明书certifications of compliance 应允证明书cesspools 化粪池，污水坑，污水渗井，粪坑change orders 变更单changes, unauthorized 未经同意的变更channels, stormwater 雨水沟渠，槽，渠道circulation control 循环控制circulation patterns 环流模式clay lenses 粘土防渗层clay soil 粘土clean-up 清扫，清理，清除，提纯，净化clearing and grubbing 清理和除根client 业主climate zones 气候带closeout 竣工cluster treatment systems 集中式污水处理系统co-ordinates 坐标cold 寒带collected rainwater 收集起来的雨水collector streets 次干道colloidal soil 胶质土壤commercial center design 商业中心设计communication 电信community commercial 社区商业community facility standards 社区设施标准community parks and recreation planning data 社区公园和文娱体育规划资料connected imperviousness 连续的非渗透地面community scale 社区尺度community standards 社区标准compaction 压实competition pools 竞赛用游泳池composting toilets 堆肥厕所conceptualization 概念化concrete crib wall 混凝土格笼墙cones of vision 视锥conservation standards 保护标准constructed wetlands 人工湿地construction 施工brick and concrete block walls 砖和混凝土砌块墙stone walls 石头墙wood and metal fences 木头和金属栅栏construction document 施工文件construction layout 施工布局construction observation 施工监理construction permits 施工许可construction sequence 施工顺序construction survey 施工测量。