Exploring knowledge and information
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书的分类的英语作文Title: The Classification of Books。
Books are essential tools for knowledge acquisition, entertainment, and cultural enrichment. They come in various genres, each serving a specific purpose and catering to different tastes and interests. In this essay, we will explore the classification of books and their significance in our lives.Firstly, let's delve into the categorization of books based on their content and purpose:1. Fiction: Fictional books are works of imagination and creativity. They encompass genres such as mystery, romance, science fiction, fantasy, and historical fiction. These books transport readers to imaginary worlds, allowing them to escape reality and explore new realms of possibility.2. Non-fiction: Non-fiction books are based on facts and real-life events. They include genres such as biographies, autobiographies, self-help, history, science, and travel. Non-fiction books aim to educate, inform, and inspire readers with knowledge and insights into various subjects.3. Literary Classics: Literary classics are timeless works of literature that have stood the test of time. They include masterpieces from renowned authors such as William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and Leo Tolstoy. These books offer profound insights into human nature, society, and culture, making them essential reading for anyone interested in literature.4. Reference Books: Reference books provide factual information and serve as valuable resources for research and study. They include dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, and academic textbooks. Reference books help readers expand their knowledge and deepen their understanding of specific subjects.5. Children's Books: Children's books are tailored to the needs and interests of young readers. They include picture books, fairy tales, fables, and educational books. Children's books play a crucial role in early childhood development, fostering imagination, creativity, andliteracy skills.6. Religious and Spiritual Books: Religious andspiritual books are sacred texts and scriptures that serve as guides for faith and practice. They include the Bible, the Quran, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Tao Te Ching. These books offer spiritual guidance, moral teachings, and insights into the nature of existence.7. Graphic Novels and Comics: Graphic novels and comics combine visual art with storytelling to create engaging narratives. They encompass genres such as superhero comics, manga, and graphic memoirs. Graphic novels appeal to readers of all ages and offer a unique storytelling experience.Now, let's discuss the significance of books in ourlives:1. Knowledge Acquisition: Books are a treasure trove of knowledge and information. They provide us with insights into various subjects, cultures, and perspectives. Reading books broadens our understanding of the world and helps us become more informed and enlightened individuals.2. Entertainment and Recreation: Books offer endless entertainment and recreation. Whether we're diving into a gripping mystery novel, immersing ourselves in afantastical adventure, or laughing along with a humorous memoir, books have the power to captivate and delight usfor hours on end.3. Personal Growth and Development: Books inspire personal growth and development by challenging our beliefs, expanding our horizons, and encouraging self-reflection. They serve as mentors, guiding us through life's challenges and helping us become the best versions of ourselves.4. Cultural Enrichment: Books preserve and transmitcultural heritage and traditions from one generation to the next. They allow us to explore different cultures, traditions, and perspectives, fostering empathy, understanding, and appreciation for diversity.In conclusion, books are invaluable assets that enrich our lives in countless ways. By exploring the diverse classification of books and understanding their significance, we can fully appreciate the profound impact they have on our intellect, imagination, and soul. As readers, let us continue to cherish and celebrate the magic of books for generations to come.。
以介绍主体总结的写作模式写英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1How to Write a Killer English EssayHey guys, it's me again, your friendly neighborhood student trying to survive the daily grind of school life. Today, I want to share some tips on how to write a solid essay in English class. We've all been there - staring at that blank page, wondering where to even begin. But fear not, my friends! With a little guidance, you'll be churning out A+ essays in no time.IntroductionFirst things first, let's talk about the introduction. This is like the appetizer of your essay - it should whet the reader's appetite and give them a taste of what's to come. A good introduction should have three key elements:The Hook: Grab the reader's attention with an interesting fact, quote, or thought-provoking question related to your topic.Background Information: Provide some context and background on the topic to set the stage for your main argument.Thesis Statement: This is the main idea or argument that you'll be exploring in your essay. Make it clear, concise, and focused.BodyNow, let's move on to the main course - the body paragraphs. This is where you'll flesh out your argument and provide evidence to support your thesis statement. Each body paragraph should have a clear topic sentence that relates back to your thesis, followed by supporting details, examples, and analysis.When structuring your body paragraphs, consider using one of these common patterns:Chronological Order: If your essay is about a process or historical event, organizing your points in chronological order can be effective.Cause and Effect: For essays exploring reasons and consequences, a cause-and-effect structure might work best.Comparison and Contrast: When analyzing two or more things, a compare-and-contrast approach can be useful.No matter which structure you choose, be sure to use transition words and phrases to help your ideas flow smoothly from one paragraph to the next.ConclusionFinally, we've reached the dessert course - the conclusion. This is where you'll wrap up your essay and leave a lasting impression on the reader. A strong conclusion should:Restate your thesis (in different words) and summarize your main points.Provide a final perspective or insight on the topic.End with a memorable closing statement orthought-provoking question.Remember, the conclusion shouldn't introduce any new ideas or evidence - it's simply a chance to tie everything together and reinforce your argument.Additional TipsNow that we've covered the basic structure, here are some extra tips to help you take your English essays to the next level:Use Formal Language: Avoid slang, contractions, and overly casual language. Academic writing should be professional and formal in tone.Vary Your Vocabulary: Don't repeat the same words over and over again. Use synonyms and varied word choices to keep your writing interesting.Cite Your Sources: If you're using information from outside sources, be sure to properly cite them using the appropriate style guide (e.g., MLA, APA, Chicago).Proofread and Edit: Before turning in your essay, take the time to carefully proofread and edit your work. Check for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors, as well as clarity and coherence.ConclusionWell, there you have it, folks - a comprehensive guide to writing a killer English essay. Remember, practice makes perfect, so don't be discouraged if your first few essays aren't masterpieces. Keep writing, keep learning, and before you know it, you'll be a pro at crafting compelling arguments and impressing your English teachers. Happy writing!篇2Living in the Digital Age: Balancing Opportunities and ChallengesIntroductionIn today's rapidly evolving world, we find ourselves immersed in a digital era that has revolutionized nearly every aspect of our lives. From the way we communicate and consume information to how we work and entertain ourselves, the impact of technology is undeniable. However, as with any significant transformation, the digital age presents both remarkable opportunities and formidable challenges that demand our attention and thoughtful consideration.Body Paragraph 1One of the most significant opportunities afforded by the digital age is the democratization of knowledge and information. With the internet at our fingertips, access to a vast array of educational resources, research materials, and diverse perspectives has become unprecedented. Individuals from all walks of life can now pursue self-directed learning, explore new interests, and broaden their horizons in ways that were once unimaginable. This democratization of knowledge has the potential to empower individuals, foster critical thinking, and promote intellectual curiosity on a global scale.Furthermore, the digital age has facilitated seamless global connectivity, enabling us to transcend geographical boundaries and forge connections with people from diverse cultures and backgrounds. Social media platforms, video conferencing tools, and instant messaging applications have revolutionized how we interact and collaborate, allowing for the exchange of ideas, the formation of communities, and the promotion of cross-cultural understanding. This interconnectedness has the power to foster empathy, break down stereotypes, and promote a more inclusive and tolerant world.Body Paragraph 3However, amidst these opportunities, we must also confront the challenges posed by the digital age. One of the most pressing concerns is the issue of online privacy and data security. As we increasingly share personal information and engage in digital activities, we expose ourselves to potential breaches of privacy, identity theft, and the misuse of our data by malicious actors or corporations driven by profit motives. Navigating this landscape requires heightened awareness, responsible digital citizenship, and the implementation of robust cybersecurity measures.Additionally, the digital age has given rise to the phenomenon of information overload and the spread of misinformation. With the abundance of content available online, it has become increasingly challenging to discern credible sources from those peddling falsehoods or biased narratives. This environment can foster confusion, polarization, and the erosion of trust in authoritative sources of information. Developing critical media literacy skills and cultivating a culture of fact-checking and responsible information consumption is crucial to mitigating these risks.Body Paragraph 5Another significant challenge lies in the potential negative impacts of the digital age on mental health and well-being. The constant bombardment of notifications, the pressure to maintain an online presence, and the curated facades of social media can contribute to feelings of anxiety, low self-esteem, and a distorted perception of reality. Additionally, the sedentary nature of many digital activities and the allure of endless entertainment options can promote unhealthy lifestyles and diminished physical activity. Striking a balance between our digital and physical lives, settingboundaries, and prioritizing self-care are essential for maintaining overall well-being.ConclusionAs we navigate the digital age, it is imperative that we approach it with a balanced perspective, recognizing both its immense potential and its inherent challenges. By embracing the opportunities for knowledge acquisition, global connectivity, and innovation, while simultaneously addressing issues of privacy, misinformation, and the impact on mental health, we can harness the power of technology to create a more enlightened, interconnected, and responsible digital society. Ultimately, the digital age serves as a reminder of our collective responsibility to adapt, learn, and shape the future in a manner that promotes the greater good for all.篇3Writing an Effective English EssayIntroductionAs a student, one of the most common assignments we face is writing an essay. Whether it's for an English class, a history course, or any other subject, being able to construct awell-written essay is an essential skill. However, putting togethera coherent and compelling essay can be a daunting task, especially when you're not sure where to start or how to structure your thoughts. In this essay, I'll share my approach to writing an effective English essay, breaking it down into three main sections: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion.Body Paragraph 1: The IntroductionThe introduction is arguably the most crucial part of an essay, as it sets the tone and provides the reader with a roadmap of what to expect. A strong introduction should achieve three main objectives: grab the reader's attention, provide background information on the topic, and present a clear thesis statement.Grabbing the reader's attention can be accomplished in several ways. You could start with a thought-provoking quote, a striking statistic, or even a rhetorical question that piques the reader's curiosity. For example, in an essay about the impact of social media on mental health, you might begin with a startling statistic like, "Did you know that, according to a recent study, over 60% of teenagers report feelings of anxiety and depression due to social media use?"After capturing the reader's interest, the next step is to provide some background information on the topic. This helps to establish context and gives the reader a better understanding ofthe subject matter. In the social media example, you could briefly discuss the rise of social media platforms and their widespread adoption among young people.Finally, the introduction should culminate in a clear and concise thesis statement. The thesis statement is the central argument or main point that you'll be exploring throughout the essay. A strong thesis statement should be specific, debatable, and focused. For instance, in the social media essay, your thesis could be, "While social media platforms offer numerous benefits, their negative impact on mental health, particularly among teenagers, cannot be ignored."Body Paragraph 2: The BodyThe body of the essay is where you'll develop and support your thesis statement with evidence, examples, and analysis. Each body paragraph should focus on a single main idea or argument that relates back to the thesis.When structuring your body paragraphs, a common approach is to follow the PEEL method: Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link. Start by clearly stating the main point or argument of the paragraph (Point). Then, provide relevant evidence or examples to support your point (Evidence). Next, explain how the evidence supports your argument and analyzeits significance (Explanation). Finally, link the paragraph back to your thesis statement or transition smoothly to the next point (Link).For instance, in the social media essay, one body paragraph might focus on the impact of social media on self-esteem and body image. You could start by stating the point: "Social media's promotion of unrealistic beauty standards has a detrimental effect on teenagers' self-esteem and body image." Then, provide evidence from research studies or real-life examples of teenagers struggling with body image issues due to social media. Explain how this evidence supports your argument and analyze the potential long-term consequences. Finally, link the paragraph back to your thesis by emphasizing the negative impact on mental health.Body Paragraph 3: The ConclusionThe conclusion is your opportunity to leave a lasting impression on the reader and reinforce the main points of your essay. An effective conclusion should accomplish three key objectives: restate the thesis statement, summarize the main points, and provide a final perspective or call to action.Begin the conclusion by restating your thesis statement in a slightly different way. This reminds the reader of your centralargument and reinforces the main idea of the essay. For example, in the social media。
为什么要学习哲学和文学科目大学英语作文Now, by what we say, "philosophy", it first took shape in ancient Greece. In the eyes of the ancient Greeks, philosophical exploration was largely derived from human confusion. Plato used Socrates to point out that "doubt is a symbol of a philosopher", while Aristotle further stated that "studying philosophy is to get rid of ignorance".At first, people are full of doubts about natural phenomena, such as why will god do thunder? Is God punishing people? Or..., with that doubt, the question comes. When the problem comes, it begins to think and explore. The path of philosophy taking shape is also the prototype of science. A large number of philosophical pioneers such as Pythagoras, Heraclitus and Parmenides before Socrates are committed to exploring the truth of the world and the universe, trying to clarify the confusion of life through a thorough study of nature. But Socrates was disappointed to study the vegetation of nature. He found that even if we have thoroughly studied the vegetation, our life problems are still pending, because human beings are animals with rational or rational potential, so inSocrates, the philosophical study of nature is no longer the focus, the most important question is how to know themselves and how to live this life well. Interestingly, until today, we still face the same life problems as the ancients. No wonder one writer says, " Sooner or later, life will make us all become philosophers.”Our science has made great progress, and the mystery of nature is being revealed step by step. Even if the natural phenomena that still cannot be explained today, as long as we insist on scientific exploration, everything in nature will come to the truth sooner or later. But science can reveal the harm of staying up late, but it cannot tell us the value of staying up late.When we face life, there are still a lot of doubts: do people claim to be honest, even if they are honest? Should we follow our parents' advice or ignore the customs? Should you stay locally or go abroad? Should I live naturally, or should I still dominate my own life forcefully? Should you stick to your ideal after all? Fate or freedom, which one is the truth of life? People say that Tsinghua University and Peking University is good, does Peking University and Tsinghua University suit me? Should the work be based on interestconsiderations or based on material security considerations? Money can live very capricious, but is there a more meaningful way to live than making money? What is a good love? Why exactly is the pain? What is success? What is personality?……All these personal questions are uncertain, but that doesn't mean philosophers have not thought. In fact, most of the life problems we can think of, the philosophers have long been effective discussions, such as Socrates 'call for provincial life, Epicurus's definition of happiness, Kant's criticism of the limits of human rationality, Heidegger's question for "existence", Wang Yangming's improvement of conscience... these ideas can help us dispel many spiritual confusion, as long as we really read them.Sometimes philosophy leads us to a deeper confusion. Don't be upset, it's like a basketball player who temporarily pulls down the shooting percentage, while the shooting percentage is better than before training, and the confusion of philosophy often gives us greater clarity.Literature helps us gain the ability to think deeply never before that time had so much knowledge and information. Various searchengines and media platforms emerge every day that is difficult to count accurately. If people's spiritual consumption is still relatively scarce, now we are facing the spiritual crisis of excess nutrition.Rich information does not mean that we are more thoughtful than the ancients. The fact may be just the contrary. A large number of different ways and even contradictory fragmented information on the Internet constantly distract us. We seem to have seen anything strange, but we don't seem to get anything solid. Austrian writer Jacques Muzir pointed out decades ago that free-looking modern people are losing their true individuality. The reason behind this lies partly in the loss of our ability to think deeply. Philosophy and philosophy provides unique conditions for us to form our own thoughts.Those great philosophies, the profound philosophies, always have their incomparable vitality. They are either deep insights into reality (such as Aristotle's ethics, Marx's social philosophy, Muller's utilitarian philosophy, Schopenhauer's will philosophy, etc.), Or based on careful logic (such as Aquinas's theological philosophy, Hegel's spiritual philosophy, Wittgenstein's logical philosophy ofphilosophy, etc.), Or it is full of a strong sense of morality (such as Socrates 'philosophy of life, Wang Yangming's mind study, and Kant's moral philosophy,)…… Under the influence and guidance of these philosophies, We can gradually develop an insight into the essence of the phenomena, Get effective ways of thinking, Ability to ask meaningful questions, Being able to independently construct its ideas, And can express themselves appropriately.Learning philosophy can help us gradually find our own "ideological base" in the complex and fragmented information world. When we critically examine everything in the outside world and critically recognize ourselves in our own "ideological base", we have our own special philosophy.。
如何利用大学空余时间的英语作文篇 1University life offers a plethora of free time, and how we utilize it can significantly shape our future. The significance of planning this spare time wisely cannot be overstated. One option is to join various club activities. By doing so, we can enhance our organizational skills and social abilities. For instance, when organizing a cultural festival, we need to coordinate different tasks, communicate effectively with team members, and handle unexpected challenges. This not only boosts our practical skills but also helps us build a wide network of friends.Another excellent choice is to engage in extracurricular reading. Reading diverse books and materials can broaden our knowledge horizons. We can explore different fields such as history, science, and art, which enriches our minds and perspectives. Through reading, we can gain insights that might not be covered in regular courses, preparing us better for future challenges and opportunities.In conclusion, making the most of our university spare time by participating in meaningful activities and expanding our knowledge is crucial for our personal growth and development. It lays a solid foundation for a successful future.篇 2University life offers a plethora of spare time, and how we utilize it can significantly shape our personal growth. Spending this time effectively is of paramount importance. One way is to take up part-time jobs. By doing so, we can accumulate practical experience and enhance our professional qualities. For instance, working as a sales assistant in a store helps us develop communication skills and the ability to handle customer complaints. Another option is to engage in volunteeractivities. Participating in community service allows us to cultivate a sense of social responsibility and empathy. For example, volunteering at a local charity event gives us the opportunity to understand the needs of others and contribute to making a positive impact on society. Moreover, we can also use this time to pursue hobbies or join clubs related to our interests. This not only enriches our lives but also helps us build a diverse skill set and expand our social circle. In conclusion, the effective utilization of university spare time is crucial for our comprehensive development and preparation for the future.篇 3University life offers us a considerable amount of spare time, and how to make the most of it is of great significance. One innovative way is to participate in various academic competitions. For instance, if you are majoring in computer science, taking part in programming contests can not only enhance your professional skills but also allow you to learn from your peers and experts. Another option is to learn a new language. This could be something like Japanese or German, which enriches your language ability and broadens your horizons, enabling you to communicate with people from different cultures and access a wider range of knowledge and information. Moreover, engaging in volunteer work is highly recommended. It helps you develop a sense of social responsibility and empathy while also allowing you to build a network of like-minded friends. You could volunteer at local charities, community events, or environmental protection projects. Additionally, joining a sports club or starting a fitness routine is beneficial for both your physical and mental health. It boosts your energy levels and helps you manage stress more effectively. In conclusion, the key to making good use of your spare time in university lies in actively exploring and pursuing interests that contribute to your personal growth and development.篇 4In university, the spare time we have is a precious resource that can greatly shape our future. It is of utmost significance to utilize this time wisely as it plays a crucial role in achieving our personal goals.For instance, engaging in physical exercises during our leisure hours is a wonderful choice. Maintaining a healthy body through sports allows us to have the vitality and endurance needed to pursue our dreams with full force. A fit and energetic physique empowers us to overcome challenges and stay focused on our aspirations.Another aspect is the development of personal hobbies like painting and music. Diving into these interests enriches our inner world and offers a means of self-expression and relaxation. It helps us cultivate creativity and enhances our emotional intelligence, which are essential qualities for success in various aspects of life.In conclusion, the way we manage our spare time in university determines our growth and progress. By making the most of it, we can lay a solid foundation for a fulfilling and successful future.篇 5University life offers abundant spare time, and making the most of it is crucial for enhancing one's comprehensive quality. Firstly, engaging in research projects is an excellent choice. For instance, joining a scientific research team related to one's major can significantly improve one's research capabilities. Through in-depth exploration and experimentation, students not only acquire practical skills but also cultivate the ability to think independently and solve complex problems.Secondly, participating in international exchange activities is highly beneficial. Itenables students to broaden their horizons and gain a global perspective. By interacting with students from different cultural backgrounds, one can better understand diverse values and ways of thinking, thereby enhancing one's cross-cultural communication skills and adaptability.Moreover, taking up volunteer work is also rewarding. It provides an opportunity to contribute to society while developing empathy and a sense of social responsibility.In conclusion, the spare time in university should be utilized purposefully. By actively participating in various meaningful activities, students can lay a solid foundation for their future and become well-rounded individuals.。
读书成长的英语作文标题,The Growth through Reading。
In the journey of life, one of the most profound ways to evolve and develop is through the act of reading. Reading not only broadens our knowledge but also nurtures our imagination, empathy, and critical thinking skills. It is often said that books are the keys to unlocking new worlds and perspectives, and indeed, they serve as invaluable companions in our quest for personal growth and enlightenment.Firstly, reading exposes us to a vast array of knowledge and information. From history to science, philosophy to literature, books provide us with insights into various subjects and disciplines. Whether we are delving into the depths of ancient civilizations or exploring the mysteries of the universe, each page turned enriches our understanding of the world around us. Through reading, we accumulate a wealth of knowledge that shapesour perceptions and informs our decisions.Moreover, reading stimulates our imagination and creativity. As we immerse ourselves in the vivid descriptions and captivating narratives of books, we are transported to distant lands and imaginary realms. From the magical streets of Hogwarts to the dystopian future of Orwell's "1984," literature sparks our imagination and invites us to envision new possibilities. Through the power of storytelling, we discover the boundless potential of our minds and learn to see the world through a lens ofcreativity and wonder.In addition to expanding our knowledge and imagination, reading fosters empathy and compassion. When we delve into the lives and experiences of fictional characters, we develop a deeper understanding of human emotions and motivations. Whether we are following the journey of a young orphan navigating the trials of adolescence or witnessing the struggles of a refugee fleeing conflict, literature allows us to step into the shoes of others and see the world through their eyes. Through empathy, wecultivate a sense of connection with people from all walks of life, fostering compassion and understanding in our interactions with others.Furthermore, reading enhances our critical thinking skills and ability to analyze complex ideas. As we engage with challenging texts and wrestle with difficult concepts, we learn to question, evaluate, and synthesize information. Whether we are dissecting the arguments of political theorists or unraveling the mysteries of a detective novel, reading cultivates our capacity for logical reasoning and intellectual inquiry. Through critical thinking, we become more discerning readers and active participants in the world around us.In conclusion, reading is a transformative journey that enriches our minds, hearts, and souls. From expanding our knowledge and imagination to fostering empathy and critical thinking, books have the power to shape who we are and who we aspire to be. As we embark on the adventure of reading, let us embrace the opportunities for growth and enlightenment that lie within the pages of every book. Forin the words of the renowned author Frederick Douglass, "Once you learn to read, you will be forever free."。
有人认为应当博览群书的英语作文The Importance of Reading WidelyIntroductionReading has always been considered an essential aspect of personal growth and intellectual development. Many scholars, educators, and even ordinary individuals advocate the idea of reading widely to broaden one's horizon, enhance critical thinking skills, and acquire new knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why some people believe that it is important to read a wide range of books, also known as “boasting many books.”Expanding HorizonsOne of the primary reasons why some individuals believe in the importance of reading widely is that it allows them to expand their horizons and see the world from different perspectives. By reading books from various genres, authors, and cultures, readers can gain insights and understanding of different lifestyles, beliefs, and values that they may not have encountered otherwise. This exposure to diverse views and experiences can help individuals become more open-minded, empathetic, andtolerant of differences, ultimately leading to a more harmonious society.Enhancing Critical Thinking SkillsAnother benefit of reading widely is that it can enhance critical thinking skills. When individuals read books on a wide range of topics, they are forced to think critically, analyze information, and evaluate different arguments and viewpoints. This can help them become more discerning readers and develop the ability to distinguish between fact and opinion, logic and fallacy, and valid and invalid arguments. These critical thinking skills are not only essential for academic success but also for making informed decisions in all aspects of life.Acquiring New KnowledgeFurthermore, reading widely allows individuals to acquire new knowledge and information on a variety of subjects. Whether it is history, science, philosophy, literature, or art, books offer a wealth of information waiting to be discovered. By reading books from different disciplines, individuals can broaden their knowledge base, learn new skills, and stay abreast of the latest developments in various fields. This continuous pursuit of knowledge can not only enrich one's understanding of the world but also help them cultivate a lifelong love for learning.Developing EmpathyReading widely can also help individuals develop empathy and compassion towards others. When readers immerse themselves in the lives and experiences of characters from different backgrounds, they can gain a better understanding of human emotions, struggles, and triumphs. This emotional connection with fictional or real-life characters can foster empathy, kindness, and a sense of shared humanity, which are crucial for building strong relationships, fostering understanding, and promoting social harmony.Inspiring CreativityFinally, reading widely can inspire creativity and imagination. By exposing individuals to different writing styles, storytelling techniques, and imaginative worlds, books can spark their creativity and encourage them to think outside the box. Whether it is poetry, fiction, non-fiction, or fantasy, books have the power to ignite the imagination, fuel creativity, and inspire individuals to express themselves in new and innovative ways.ConclusionIn conclusion, the belief that individuals should read widely, or “boast many books,” is rooted in the numerous benefitsthat can be derived from exploring a diverse range of books and authors. By expanding horizons, enhancing critical thinking skills, acquiring new knowledge, developing empathy, and inspiring creativity, reading widely can empower individuals to become more well-rounded, informed, and enlightened members of society. Therefore, it is essential for individuals to embrace the habit of reading widely and continue to explore the rich and diverse world of books.。
关于坚持阅读经历和感受的英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Importance of Persisting in ReadingReading is an essential activity that enriches our minds and broadens our horizons. However, in today's fast-paced world, many people find it challenging to set aside time for reading amidst their busy schedules. Despite these obstacles, it is crucial to persist in reading because of the numerous benefits it provides. In this essay, I will discuss my personal experience with reading and the profound impact it has had on my life.Ever since I was a child, I have always been an avid reader. I remember spending countless hours lost in the pages of my favorite books, immersing myself in different worlds and exploring new ideas. As I grew older, my love for reading only deepened, and I began to appreciate the transformative power of literature. Through books, I learned about different cultures, historical events, and philosophical concepts. I gained a new perspective on the world and developed empathy for people from all walks of life.Despite my busy schedule as a student and later as a working professional, I always made time for reading. Whether it was during my commute to work, before bed, or on lazy weekends, I would always have a book in hand. This dedication to reading has been incredibly rewarding, as it has helped me improve my vocabulary, critical thinking skills, and creativity. Reading has also served as a form of escapism during difficult times, providing me with comfort and solace when I needed it most.One of the most significant benefits of persisting in reading is the ability to continuously learn and grow. By exposing myself to a wide range of books and topics, I have been able to expand my knowledge and deepen my understanding of the world. I have discovered new interests, challenged my assumptions, and acquired valuable insights that have shaped my beliefs and values. Reading has not only made me a more well-rounded individual but has also empowered me to navigate life's challenges with confidence and resilience.In addition to personal growth, reading has also enhanced my communication skills and creativity. By delving into different genres and styles of writing, I have learned to appreciate the beauty of language and storytelling. I have honed my ability toarticulate my thoughts and ideas effectively, both in writing and in conversation. Reading has sparked my imagination and inspired me to think outside the box, fostering my creativity and innovation in various aspects of my life.Furthermore, persisting in reading has had a positive impact on my mental health and well-being. In today's digital age, where screens dominate our daily lives, reading offers amuch-needed reprieve from the constant buzz of notifications and distractions. Immersing myself in a good book allows me to disconnect from the world and focus on the present moment. It calms my mind, reduces stress, and promotes mindfulness and relaxation. Reading has become a form of self-care for me, a precious opportunity to unwind and recharge amidst the chaos of modern life.In conclusion, my experience with reading has reinforced the importance of persisting in this cherished activity. Through books, I have gained knowledge, empathy, and inspiration that have enriched my life in countless ways. Reading has expanded my horizons, sharpened my intellect, and nourished my soul. It has become an inseparable part of who I am, a source of comfort and joy that I will continue to cherish for years to come. I urge everyone to make reading a priority in their lives and reap themyriad rewards it has to offer. Remember, the greatest adventures await you between the pages of a book.篇2The Experience and Feelings of Persisting in ReadingIntroductionReading is a crucial part of our lives. It not only provides knowledge and information but also helps in improving language skills and cognitive abilities. In this essay, I will share my experience of persisting in reading and the impact it has had on my life.Early YearsI have always been fascinated by books since childhood. My parents used to read bedtime stories to me every night, which instilled a love for reading in me. As I grew older, I started exploring different genres and authors. However, like many teenagers, I got distracted by other activities and social media and my reading habits suffered.Rediscovering the Joy of ReadingIt was during my college years that I realized the importance of reading and made a conscious effort to incorporate it backinto my daily routine. I started with small steps, like reading for 15 minutes before bedtime or during my commute. Slowly, I noticed a significant change in my mood and mental clarity. Reading became a form of escape for me, allowing me to immerse myself in different worlds and perspectives.Benefits of ReadingOne of the main advantages of reading regularly is the improvement in vocabulary and language skills. I found myself using words and phrases that I had come across in books. Reading also helped me become a better writer, as I learned different writing styles and techniques from various authors. Additionally, reading has been scientifically proven to reduce stress, improve focus, and enhance memory.Challenges and SolutionsDespite my passion for reading, I faced challenges in maintaining a consistent reading habit. Busy schedules, distractions, and the allure of instant gratification from social media posed major obstacles. To overcome this, I set specific goals for myself, like reading a certain number of books per month or joining book clubs to stay motivated. I also diversified my reading choices by exploring different genres and topics, which kept me engaged and excited about reading.ConclusionIn conclusion, my journey of persisting in reading has been transformative. It has not only enriched my knowledge and skills but has also served as a source of comfort and inspiration during difficult times. I encourage everyone to make reading a priority in their lives, as the benefits are truly invaluable. Remember, it's never too late to start or resume your reading journey. Happy reading!篇3Title: My Experience and Feelings of Persisting in ReadingReading is a wonderful activity that can open up new worlds, expand our knowledge, and enrich our lives. However, in today's fast-paced world filled with distractions, it can be difficult to find the time and motivation to read regularly. Over the years, I have experienced the joys and challenges of persisting in reading, and I would like to share my journey with you.I have always been a book lover since I was a child. I remember spending hours immersed in the magical worlds of fantasy novels, the thrilling adventures of mystery books, and the thought-provoking insights of philosophical essays. Reading wasnot just a hobby for me, but a means of escape and exploration, a way to learn about different cultures, perspectives, and ideas.As I grew older, however, I found it increasingly difficult to make time for reading amidst the demands of work, family, and social life. There were days when I would go weeks or even months without picking up a book, losing touch with the joys of reading and the benefits it brings. I realized that I needed to make a conscious effort to prioritize reading in my life and make it a regular habit.So, I set myself a challenge: to read at least one book every month, no matter how busy I was. I started carrying a book with me wherever I went, whether it was a physical copy or an e-book on my phone. I made time to read during my commute, during lunch breaks, and before bedtime. I discovered that even just a few minutes of reading each day could make a significant difference in my mental clarity, focus, and relaxation.As I persisted in my reading habit, I began to notice positive changes in my life. I felt more creative and inspired, more empathetic and understanding towards others, and more intellectually stimulated and engaged with the world around me.I found that reading not only enriched my mind but alsonourished my soul, providing me with a sense of fulfillment and purpose.Moreover, reading became a source of solace and comfort during difficult times, a way to escape from the stresses and worries of everyday life. I found refuge in the pages of books, finding solace in the stories of characters facing challenges and overcoming obstacles, finding courage and resilience in their examples.Through my experience of persisting in reading, I have come to appreciate the transformative power of books and the importance of making time for reading in our busy lives. Reading has helped me to broaden my horizons, deepen my understanding of the world, and connect with others in a meaningful way. It has become a vital part of my identity and a source of joy and inspiration that I cherish deeply.In conclusion, I urge you to cultivate a habit of reading in your own life, to make time for books amidst the hustle and bustle of daily life. Let reading become a source of joy, knowledge, and wisdom that enriches your mind and nourishes your soul. Persist in reading, and you will reap the rewards of a lifelong journey of exploration and discovery that will fill your heart with wonder and joy.。
辩论稿(全部英语)1.正方一辩:Are interpersonal relationship more important than one’s practical ability to a successful career?Dear Mr President, Friends of the other debate, my friends: Hello everybody!As is known to all , The 21st century is the century of talent s’ outbreak. It is a highly competitive age. but if you want to obtain a successful career, it relys on not only the practical ability of outstanding individuals, but also good relationships. Therefore, our view is that relationship is more important than the practical ability for a successful career. Here we described the following four aspects. First, as the development of the times, everyone should be raised to their real ability, but the single person's capacity is limited. A person's success, 85% attributed to his personal connections. Seemingly fortune to come, in fact, mostly the result of hard work,contacts.Second, we live in a certain social group among the people. A person's survival and development are inseparable from interaction with others. Chinese saying goes: at home by their parents, go out to rely on friends. If a person can properly handle the relationship, he can overcome many difficulties.Third, Fowler said that the closet friend is better than deposits in business. With good relationships, we can be better in many areas and create more wealth.Fourth, as a college student, every day we live in the campus, to deeply realize that here is a small community. Even if a person with a greater capacity, he can not organize an event all by himself.A recent survey showed that fifteen percent of success is contributed by a person’s professional knowledge.85 percents rely on personal relationships. In summary, we must insist that relationship is more important than the practical ability fora successful career.2.反方一辩:Respect other friends, chairman of the divides, each friend: hello!Today's opportunity to come to grips with so many friends and this undoubtedly superior personal quality and ability is a promotion of opportunity. We think that an individual career success, personal ability is more important than relationships.We think: an individual career success, by strength, no strength, interpersonal and how? Strength by himself, interpersonal relations also rely on yourself. Interpersonalrelationship just for one person to provide a ready a shortcut to success.Admittedly, personal ability and interpersonal is successful two prerequisite, and today we is exploring the among them successful process in which the crucial: first, from philosophical Angle, the development of internal is things root causes, determines the nature of things and the direction of development, external cause is things develop external conditions. Individual struggle is the internal cause and external cause interpersonal relationship is, therefore, own struggle is the key to success; In the second place, from success successful process to see, we first need to determine target, so as to choose direction and type, again through his own personal struggle, with their own quality and ability the enhancement, to expand interpersonal relationship, using interpersonal relationships, achieve their work and the perfect combination of externalWe all know, interpersonal relationship is again good, have no ability to also won't succeed. Only watched his repeated failure. On the premise of a fine winged capacity. Gold shine is the gold itself became! We think: interpersonal influence to be successful, it is like a good journey, the journey to walk,inevitable energy, wind, but if there is no firm to reach objective decision and overcome difficulties of perseverance and hard sweat, is impossible to reach the shore. Downwind or downwind or as long as we firmly stepping to the goal, we will definitely be able to arrive.Look at the great is how successful it, that is the gold and the individual effort, interpersonal relationship is a result of people, if their don't strive for, no ability to fight for, interpersonal relations will not come himself, and waiting for is only pulp. Only oneself to have true ability really ability to overcome everything.To sum up, we think that an individual career success personal ability is more important than relationships.3.反方二辩提问(一辩):Would I ask the first debater a question : Just in your account, you said that 85% person make success with interpersonal relationship, where did the data come from? And even if I don’t challenged this data, Edison had said: "genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” Isn't the personal ability so important?4.正方一辩回答:As the debate ,ninties perspiration plus one inspiration was a success, a person is required to pay 99 sweat, but the team of ten people only should spend 50 sweats and 50inspirations to gain the success,Everybady can find which relationship is better meet the efficiency of modern society demands?It is clear that good relationships will be more than infinitely expand your horizons, so you do not have to take so many detours.5.反方二辩提问(三辩):Would I ask the third debater a question : Your statement said: students should pay more attention to build relationships in the school. So I want to ask you whether the study is not important? Obviously, the study is very important, and It is just one’s practical ability.6.正方三辩回答:7.正方四辩补充发言:Also known as interpersonal relationships, is a basic concept of sociology, its meaning is between people, the process of interaction, through the thoughts, feelings, behavior of the mutual exchange and interaction generated. People as social animals, even with a more tenacious survival skills, from social interaction, and can not have more development, because he is a man in combat. We are a group of people in the struggle.8.正方二辩提问(一辩):Would I ask the first debater a question : if you think what a CEO needs most is a practical ability, so why will he hear so much about interpersonal relationshiplecture?9.反方一辩回答:They attend the lecture interpersonal relationship is in order to increase the ability of individuals with their own personal ability of interpersonal relations to succeed in his career, rather than using interpersonal relationship.10.正方二辩提问(三辩):Would I ask the third debater a question: practical ability is IQ and interpersonal relationship is EQ, success come from 20% of IQ and 80% of EQ, what do you think of it?11.反方三辩回答:myfellowdebater,youmustbemisunderstandwhatisinterpersonalre lationship.youshouldhaveputinterpersonalrealatersonalrealat ionshipequatestoEQ.it’sobvi ouslywrong.Bsides,myfellowdebat er,haven’tyouheardofEdison’ssayings:99%perspirationplus1% inspirationequalssuccess?Ithinkmyfellowdebaterdidn’tunders tandwhatisinterpersonalreationship?12.反方四辩补充发言:13.反方二辩小结: Each person is in his own success way, or shallow point in the way of job and work, we will face more challenges, we may have a good interpersonal relationship, we may be introduced to find a good job by friend, but when we trulywork, we have no our workmate admitted, we also have no ability to truly achieve the company's demand, so in the end ,we will face ousted, we also have no the so-called success. If interpersonal relationship is important, I think interpersonal relationship also belongs to a part of one’s practical ability, So one’s practical abil ity is very important.14.正方二辩小结:Interpersonal relationship is a very good platform to improve one’s practical ability, people can learn more from this platform, in order to improve their ability. In modern society, people live in groups all over the world. If you do not have interpersonal relationship, others will not know your ability . Such as advertising, no matter how good the commodity is, if others do not know that, and don't use it, the commodity will be a waste product. For another example, if a CEO only have ability but can not deal with various kinds of business relationship, this company will close down. No matter how strong one’s practical ability is, he could not separate himself from the whole society and exists, and he must learn to work with others to be successful, as 80% of EQ lead to success. Practical ability would not make you starve to death in the society, but the relationship can make a better life for you.15.正方一辩:Interpersonal communication is the important to college students’ i nterpersonal growth and success .Also,it is an important way of exchanging the information and acquiring knowledge in modern society. Many students high IQ, EQ is very low.They often donot handle well that how to get along with others, Nowadays a good communication is the necessary ability and qualityto the most companies recruitment。
学习英语的好处英语作文Learning English brings a multitude of benefits, both personally and professionally. Here are several reasons why mastering English is advantageous:1. Global Communication: English is the most widely spoken language in the world. By learning English, you can communicate with people from different countries and cultures, which opens up opportunities for making new friends, traveling, and understanding diverse perspectives.2. Career Advancement: In today's globalized world, English proficiency is often a prerequisite for many job opportunities and career advancements. Many multinational companies require employees to be fluent in English, as it facilitates international business transactions, collaborations, and negotiations.3. Access to Knowledge and Information: A significant portion of the world's information is available in English.Whether it's academic research, scientific publications, or online resources, being proficient in English allows you to access a vast pool of knowledge across various fields.4. Higher Education Opportunities: English is the primary language of instruction in many prestigious universities worldwide. Proficiency in English enables students to pursue higher education abroad, participate in exchange programs, and access scholarships and academic resources.5. Cultural Understanding: Learning English provides insight into Anglophone cultures, including literature, cinema, music, and art. It allows you to appreciate and understand works of literature, films, and other forms of cultural expression from English-speaking countries.6. Personal Development: Mastering a second language like English enhances cognitive abilities, including problem-solving skills, multitasking, and creativity. It also boosts self-confidence and opens doors to new experiences and opportunities for personal growth.7. Traveling Abroad: English is often the lingua franca of tourism. Whether you're backpacking through Europe, exploring Asia, or vacationing in South America, knowing English can facilitate communication with locals, making your travels more enjoyable and rewarding.8. Technology and Innovation: English is the dominant language in the fields of technology, innovation, and the internet. Many programming languages, software, and technical documentation are written in English. Proficiency in English is crucial for staying updated with the latest technological advancements and developments.9. Social Networking and Entertainment: English is the language of social media, entertainment, and popular culture. Being proficient in English allows you to connect with people worldwide through platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, as well as enjoy English-language movies, TV shows, and music.In conclusion, learning English offers numerousadvantages, ranging from enhanced communication skills and career opportunities to personal growth and cultural enrichment. It is a valuable asset in today's interconnected world and opens doors to a wealth of opportunities across various domains.。
英语作文自我反省自身读书的优点和缺点全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Self-reflection on My Reading HabitsAs a student who values the importance of reading, I have always tried my best to cultivate a habit of reading regularly. However, through self-reflection, I have come to realize that there are both advantages and disadvantages to my reading habits that impact my overall learning experience.Firstly, one of the main advantages of my reading habits is that it allows me to gain new knowledge and insights on various topics. By reading books, articles, and academic papers, I am able to expand my horizons and understand different perspectives. This not only helps me to deepen my understanding of different subjects but also enhances my critical thinking skills. Additionally, reading regularly helps me improve my vocabulary and language skills, which in turn enables me to communicate more effectively in both written and verbal forms.Furthermore, reading has been a great source of inspiration for me. Many times, when I am feeling stuck or uninspired,reading a good book or article has the ability to reignite my passion for learning and motivate me to achieve my academic goals. The stories and experiences shared in the books I read often resonate with me on a personal level, allowing me to draw parallels between the characters' struggles and my own challenges. This connection not only provides me with emotional support but also encourages me to persevere in the face of adversity.Despite these advantages, I have also identified some shortcomings in my reading habits that I need to address. One of the biggest challenges I face is the lack of diversity in my reading choices. Oftentimes, I find myself sticking to familiar genres and authors, without exploring new literature and perspectives. This tendency limits my exposure to different writing styles and cultural contexts, which in turn restricts my ability to think critically and creatively. To overcome this limitation, I have made a conscious effort to broaden my reading horizons by exploring genres outside my comfort zone and seeking recommendations from peers and educators.Another weakness in my reading habits is my tendency to procrastinate. Due to my busy schedule and numerous academic commitments, I often find it challenging to make time forreading amidst other responsibilities. This results in inconsistent reading habits, where I may go days or even weeks without picking up a book. To address this issue, I have started to schedule dedicated reading time in my daily routine and set specific reading goals to hold myself accountable. By prioritizing reading as a core component of my learning process, I aim to establish a more consistent and sustainable reading routine that maximizes my academic growth.In conclusion, self-reflection on my reading habits has allowed me to recognize both the strengths and weaknesses in my approach to learning. While reading has been instrumental in expanding my knowledge, fostering creativity, and inspiring personal growth, I also acknowledge the need to address challenges such as limited diversity in reading choices and procrastination. By actively seeking to improve these aspects of my reading habits, I am confident that I can enhance my overall learning experience and achieve greater academic success in the future.篇2Self-reflection on the Advantages and Disadvantages of My Reading HabitsAs an avid reader, I have always enjoyed immersing myself in books of various genres. Reading has been a fundamental aspect of my life, shaping my perspectives, expanding my knowledge, and providing me with endless entertainment. However, like any other activity, my reading habits come with both advantages and disadvantages. In this self-reflection, I will examine the positive and negative aspects of my reading habits and consider how I can improve them.One of the key advantages of my reading habits is the wealth of knowledge and information that I have gained over the years. By reading a wide range of books, I have been exposed to different cultures, ideologies, and perspectives, which have broadened my understanding of the world. Reading has also improved my vocabulary, writing skills, and critical thinking abilities, enabling me to communicate more effectively and think more critically about complex issues.Moreover, reading has been a source of solace and inspiration for me during difficult times. Whenever I feel stressed or overwhelmed, diving into a good book allows me to escape reality and immerse myself in a different world. Books have the power to transport me to new places, introduce me to intriguing characters, and inspire me to pursue my dreams and aspirations.On the other hand, one of the disadvantages of my reading habits is that I sometimes get too absorbed in books and neglect other responsibilities. There have been instances where I have procrastinated on important tasks because I was too engrossed in a novel or a non-fiction book. This tendency to prioritize reading over other priorities can be detrimental to my productivity and overall well-being.Furthermore, I have noticed that I tend to stick to familiar genres and authors, which may limit my exposure to diverse perspectives and new ideas. While I enjoy reading fiction and self-help books, I recognize the importance of exploring genres that are outside my comfort zone, such as history, science fiction, or philosophy. By diversifying my reading list, I can broaden my horizons, challenge my beliefs, and stimulate my intellectual curiosity.In addition, I sometimes struggle with retaining and applying the knowledge that I have acquired from reading. While I may remember key concepts or quotes from a book, I often find it challenging to integrate this knowledge into my daily life or conversations. To address this issue, I plan to start keeping a reading journal to record my thoughts, reflections, and key takeaways from each book. This practice will not only help meretain information better but also encourage me to engage more critically with the material.Overall, while my reading habits have brought me immense joy and enrichment, there is always room for improvement. By acknowledging both the strengths and weaknesses of my reading habits, I can strive to cultivate a more balanced and intentional approach to reading. Moving forward, I aim to diversify my reading list, prioritize my responsibilities, and actively apply the knowledge that I gain from books in my daily life. Through self-reflection and self-improvement, I hope to continue reaping the benefits of reading while mitigating its potential drawbacks.篇3Self-reflection on my reading habits is essential to my growth as a reader. Through introspection, I can identify both my strengths and weaknesses, allowing me to make necessary adjustments to improve and enhance my reading experience.One of the main advantages of my reading habits is my ability to read quickly and efficiently. I have developed a strong reading comprehension skill that enables me to grasp the main ideas of a text with ease. This allows me to cover a large volumeof material in a short amount of time, which is beneficial for academic purposes and personal enrichment.Additionally, I have a diverse range of interests when it comes to reading. I enjoy exploring various genres, from fiction to non-fiction, and I am always open to trying new authors and styles. This helps me to broaden my perspective and gain new insights on different topics, making my reading experience more fulfilling and enriching.Furthermore, I am proactive in seeking out new reading material and recommendations from others. I regularly visit libraries, bookstores, and online platforms to discover new books that pique my interest. I also engage in discussions with friends and fellow readers to exchange book recommendations and insights, which has expanded my reading repertoire and introduced me to new authors and genres.Despite these strengths, I am aware of certain weaknesses in my reading habits that need improvement. One of the main drawbacks is my tendency to procrastinate when it comes to reading challenging or lengthy texts. I sometimes struggle to maintain focus and motivation when faced with complex or dense material, which can hinder my understanding and appreciation of the text.Another weakness is my limited attention span when reading for long periods. I often find myself getting distracted or losing interest after a certain amount of time, which can disrupt my reading flow and prevent me from fully engaging with the material. This leads to a lack of depth and thoroughness in my reading, as I may skim through sections or skip over important details.In addition, I sometimes struggle with retaining and applying what I have read in practical situations. While I may have a good grasp of the main ideas and concepts in a text, I find it challenging to connect them to real-world scenarios or draw meaningful insights from them. This limits the practical value and application of my reading, as I may not be able to fully leverage the knowledge and insights gained from my reading.To address these weaknesses, I have devised a plan to enhance my reading habits and make the most of my reading experience. Firstly, I will set specific reading goals and deadlines for myself to ensure that I stay on track and complete the material in a timely manner. This will help me to overcome procrastination and improve my focus and discipline when reading challenging texts.Secondly, I will work on developing strategies to improve my attention span and focus during reading. This may involve setting aside dedicated time for reading, minimizing distractions, and engaging in mindfulness practices to improve my concentration and engagement with the text. By cultivating these habits, I hope to enhance my reading experience and deepen my understanding and appreciation of the material.Finally, I will strive to apply the knowledge and insights gained from my reading to real-world situations. This may involve taking notes, summarizing key ideas, and reflecting on how the material relates to my personal and professional life. By actively engaging with the text and connecting it to practical scenarios, I aim to enhance the relevance and impact of my reading and derive greater benefits from it.In conclusion, self-reflection on my reading habits has allowed me to identify both the strengths and weaknesses in my approach to reading. By acknowledging these aspects and making proactive efforts to improve them, I can enhance my reading experience, deepen my understanding and appreciation of the material, and derive greater benefits from my reading. Through continuous self-reflection and self-improvement, I aimto maximize the potential of my reading habits and become a more effective and insightful reader.。
Exploring knowledge and information needs in engineering from the past and for the future e results from a surveyPeter Heisig,Nicholas H.M.Caldwell,Khadidja Grebici 1andP.John Clarkson ,Engineering Design Centre,Department of Engineering,University of Cambridge,Trumpington Street,Cambridge CB21PZ,United KingdomThis paper presents the results from a UK survey about the knowledge andinformation requirements of managers and engineers in design and service.The survey aimed to gather requirements regarding the needs for retrieval of previous designs and the needs to capture knowledge and information fromcurrent designs to support future engineering tasks.The survey nature,method and instruments are described with the information and knowledge categories identified.The findings are analysed and contrasted with the results of otherempirical studies.Notable results include the variety of information needs,unexpected absences and low frequency categories,the expectation ofpractitioners that tomorrow’s needs will be similar to today’s,the apparentfailure to satisfy those needs,and suggestions from respondents forimprovements.Ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:design knowledge,design rationale,design research,design practice,information needsE ngineering design has been defined as a ‘process performed by humans aided by technical means through which information in the form of requirements is converted into information in the form of descriptions of technical systems (.)’(Hubka &Eder,1987).In engineering,knowledge is considered as the basis for rational thinking and problem solving (Spur,1989).Organizations in general are processing information (Daft &Lengel,1986).Engineering function has been described as the main ‘junction’of infor-mation processing within a company (Erlenspiel,2007)and engineering has al-ways been an information-rich activity (Anthony,1985;Filer,1996;Hicks,1996).The efficient provision and organisation of knowledge and information for product development is seen as an important enabler for competitiveness and business success (Grabowski &Geiger,1997)and innovation (Faulkner,1994).Designers are challenged in order to find the ‘right’balance between experiences or knowledge and information (Lera,Cooper,&Powell,1984).Corresponding author:Peter Heisigph350@ /locate/destud0142-694X $-see front matter Design Studies 31(2010)499e 532doi:10.1016/j.destud.2010.05.001499Ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.‘The life-blood of the designer is the information at his disposal when he createshis designs’(Corfield,1979,cited by Court,1995).Design research has investigated the handling of knowledge and informationwithin design and product development from different angles.One main con-cern has been to improve the understanding about the nature of knowledgeand information needs of engineers and designers(Ahmed&Wallace,2004;Court,1995;Court,Culley,&McMahon,1993;Kuffner&Ullman,1991),in-cluding the capture of experiences in engineering design(Marsh,1997),andthe reuse of information and experiences(Ahmed,2000;Baya,1996).This re-search area has largely focused on the identification of what knowledge shouldbe captured by employing laboratory experiments in combination with proto-col analysis and using discourse analysis with observational methods.Ques-tions that engineers ask were regarded as the main items which identified anddescribed their knowledge needs.Although the methods applied in these studieswere focussing on a very detailed level of knowledge and information handlinglike questions and conjectures in discourse,the classifications schemes derivedfrom these studies were very high-level aggregations with a limited number ofcategories.Kuffner and Ullman(1991)used protocol analysis of a re-designtask carried out by three design engineers and derived a classification schemefrom the questions and conjectures related to the design artefact and its require-ments with eight sub-categories describing the nature,the‘what’of the informa-tion requests.Ahmed(2000),(Ahmed&Wallace,2004)identified eleven topicareas from discourse analysis between two trainees and eleven designers.Due to the shift in business models away from manufacturing of products and sell-ing spare parts towards the delivery of products and services like maintenance andprovisioning of capabilities,the engineering designer needs to pay more attentionto overall product life performance.Therefore information about the in-service be-haviour,the performance and experiences of the product in thefield are of increas-ing criticality for design engineers.Recent studies have addressed the informationand knowledge needs of design engineers from service(Jagtap,Johnson,Aurisicchio,&Wallace,2007).This study used semi-structured interviews withthree designers and three service engineers and comments on a set of39typicalquestions derived from a review of literature regarding in-service information.Previous studies have focused mainly on the information and knowledge needsof design engineers in design.There has been little attention given to theknowledge needs of managers involved in the design process e our studywas widely targeted to include managers and design engineers among otherroles.No studies are known which have attempted to cover the knowledgeand information needs throughout the whole product life cycle from initialconcepts via manufacturing and deployment to the disposal of the product.Through its diverse audience and open-ended questions,our study enabled 500Design Studies Vol31No.5September2010respondents to volunteer information needs that in aggregate spanned the en-tire product lifecycle as an emergent outcome.Furthermore,studies about in-formation requests have mainly involved only a small number of participants(3e11engineers)and aimed to yield a limited number of high-level categorieswith the exception of the study by Court et al.(1993),Court(1995).Researchers in information and library sciences have also investigated extensively‘information need and uses’(Allen,1969;Crane,1971;Dervin&Nilan,1986;Hewins,1990;Menzel,1966),but while many studies have explored the needsfor channels(library facilities,audiovisual aids,training programs,etc.),few havefocused on the needs for substance(the nature of the material)(Lin&Garvey,1972).Also Sugar concluded in1995that‘the traditional systems view considersinformation need in terms of what the system possesses rather than according togaps in the user’s knowledge’.Pitts(1983)criticised the lack of understanding ofthe designers’special information needs by technical libraries and information of-ficers as early as1983.Our work focused on the substance rather than the channels,although we also received volunteered suggestions from participants on howsystems could support the knowledge and information needs.1ApproachThe study presented here aims to complement the existing research aboutknowledge and information needs of engineers involved in design and extendsprevious studies in two directions:(a)by extending it to other roles involved inproduct development and management throughout the product life cycle in-cluding managers,software engineers,production engineers and service engi-neers but not excluding designers and engineers,and(b)by contrasting theretrieval needs from previous product and service designs with the needs tocapture information and knowledge from current designs to assist future engi-neering tasks.The aim was to maximise the number of information and knowl-edge needs collected from the wider engineering community,enablinga comprehensive exploration of the requirements space articulated by surveyrespondents.We were not explicitly seeking the carriers of information asthis has been addressed by others for the engineering community(e.g.Marsh,1997)or in general(e.g.Anthony,1985).2Method2.1Survey instrumentsA survey was decided upon as the most efficient means of gathering a pluralityof requirements across multiple industry sectors.Internal discussions amongthe research team led to a conscious decision that the survey should be imple-mented as a very short questionnaire,thus minimising the effort required byrespondents and increasing the likelihood they would complete it.The twoprincipal questions of the survey were designed to balance the need to have re-spondents focus on the specific information and knowledge requirements for Exploring knowledge and information needs in engineering from the past and for the future501some form of reuse with a desire to allow open-ended answers to the queries.The context for the key questions was provided as a short preamble:Q1sought to elicit responses regarding what information and knowledge theywould like to have now for current work,but without limiting the answers tothe pieces of information that they can currently retrieve.Similarly Q2sought to elicit responses regarding which pieces of informa-tion and knowledge being created now should be preserved for futureuses.Again,the question was phrased such that this might be informationthat was not currently preserved in their organisation,or information gen-erated by others.Further there was no suggestion that the respondentwould need to invest effort themselves in capturing the information.Thiswas to implicitly encourage them to think in more idealised terms ratherthan being concerned about the costs (actual and opportunity)of knowl-edge capture.The combination of the preamble,which sets the context and offers some guid-ance regarding the information purpose (Derr,1983)of the need,with open-ended questions about the knowledge and information required,also takesinto account the concerns raised by Fidel and Green (2004)regarding generalquestions in questionnaires.We furthermore assume that,for our purpose ofexploring the knowledge and information requirements of engineers and man-agers throughout the product life cycle,the respondents are aware of theirneeds and able to formulate them,even if their written expressions do notcover all levels of information needs described by Taylor (1962).The problemraised by Taylor (1968)and seconded by Wall (1986)for the engineering de-signer that ‘the user cannot tell you what he does not know’(cited fromDerr,1983,p.277)should be counterbalanced by asking not as single individ-ual user but a larger population ofusers.502Design Studies Vol 31No.5September 2010As a means of providing some context to the replies and taking into accountAnthony’s(1985)claim that requirements are more influenced by role than in-dustry,respondents were invited to specify their current role,choosing fromone or more of:‘Design engineer’,‘Service engineer’,‘Software engineer’,‘Pro-duction engineer’,‘Management function’and‘Other role’.Respondentscould provide a more exact definition of‘Other role’.In addition,respondentswere requested to give their professional experience in years.The remaining four questions of the survey form were purely administrative erespondent name,respondent’s organisation,respondent’s contact emailaddress and a checkbox to indicate whether respondents wished to receivethe survey results and participate in any follow-up study.The survey was presented to the major industrial partners of the KIM researchprogramme and a pre-test version issued to thirty individuals within these or-ganizations(McMahon,Giess,&Culley,2005).The pre-test verified that thetarget audience was interpreting the questions as intended and that theresponses contained a rich set of relevant data points.It was deemed thatthe survey needed no modification and could be made available more widely.The survey was distributed in two main forms e as a physical postcard andonline.The prepaid addressed postcard had the administrative questions onthe obverse and the key questions on requirements,role and experience onthe reverse.A print run of six thousand postcards was made and distributedby personal contact and as an insert in the professional magazine,EngineeringDesigner.The online version was hosted at and hadidentical questions,divided across two web pages.The surveymonkey tool wasconfigured to require respondents to answer the key questions(informationneeds,role and experience)and to indicate whether they wished to receive sur-vey results and/or participate in any follow-up work.Thefirewall and othersecurity measures employed at some of the KIM partner organizations de-graded the functionality of the online version e individuals at these companieswere supplied with postcards and power-point equivalents that could beannotated.The survey was distributed online(being advertised by notices placed on theKIM project website and the IMechE website),by word of mouth to industrialcontacts of the Engineering Design Centre,and via the magazine,EngineeringDesigner.The survey went live in December2007and formally ended onFebruary15th,2008.The web version remained active for some months fur-ther and continued to collect straggler responses,which were used as a checkof the initial analysis of the data points.Exploring knowledge and information needs in engineering from the past and for the future5032.2AnalysisTo better explore the diversity and richness of material,an inductive approachwas applied,enabling the categories to emerge from the responses.Half of theanswers were simply enumerations of keywords,e.g.‘rationale’,‘component’,‘drawing’,etc.,without additional explanation,and these keywords formed anobvious basis for categories.Categorization was performed by examining each response at least twice.Firstly,keywords in the text clearly addressing a‘need to retrieve’(Question1)or a‘need to capture’(Question2)were identified.Secondly the textswere examined at the sentence level to assess if additional needs were discern-able from larger fragments,without double-counting of articulated needs.Throughout this process,categories were identified and named in terms ofthe natural language of the texts,rather than more abstract terms from the de-sign theory and literature,to remain as close as possible to the original word-ing and the respondents’intentions.Following recommendations from qualitative research methodology(Bradley,Curry,&Devers,2007;Miles&Huberman,1994;Pope,Ziebland,&Mays,2000),three researchers were involved in the data set analysis.ResearchersA andB independently reviewed the responses to discern how to classifythem into categories and coded the data,then reviewed their individual codingto achieve an interim consensus.Researcher C independently verified thesecategories and coding of individual responses.All three researchers thenreviewed the coding to achieve afinal consensus.In more detail,Researcher A generated an initial set of categories by examin-ing thefirst20e30responses to Q1.Thereafter Researcher A proceededthrough the rest of the dataset,matching data points to categories and creatingnew categories as necessary.Researcher B examined the entirety of the Q1and Q2datasets,both to extractrespondents’suggestions relating to process and organisational changes andtool requirements,and to familiarise himself with the data.Researcher Bthen read both complete datasets again in order to establish a set of categories.The actual highlighting and matching of data points to categories was per-formed in a third pass through the data.Researchers A and B validated the categories and the classification of individ-ual data points to categories.Category validation involvedfirst ensuring thatcategories with the same lexical name from both researchers had the sameintended semantics,then identifying categories where the researchers hadselected different terms from the data but the intended semantics was thesame,andfinally identifying categories which had only been found by one 504Design Studies Vol31No.5September2010researcher.Categories,where there was semantic disagreement(and hencewhich data points belonged to them),were resolved by either splitting cate-gories or narrowing the definition of a problematic category,then transferringorphaned data points to more appropriate categories.Once an emergent cat-egory list was agreed,Researchers A and B jointly verified their individualidentifications of data points,checkingfirst for data points explicitly mention-ing the category name,validating synonymous terms for the category,deter-mining the validity of borderline data points,andfinding any data pointsthat had been spotted by one researcher but missed by the other.Whereverpossible,the researchers tried to avoid double-counting data points into mul-tiple categories.In some cases,information on the role of the respondent or therespondent’s organisation was used to provide some context for ambiguousterminology.Afinal agreement was reached and two main changes to the initial categoriesmade.The original category‘performance’(n¼23)including performanceand reliability was split into two categories‘performance’(n¼14)and‘reli-ability’(n¼12).The other main change was to join the original two marginalcategories‘Organisation processes’and‘organisation structures’into onecategory.The agreement in the coding of the total of1320instances found by the threeresearchers was85.6%across the two questions.190(14.4%)coding instancesrequired discussion,were changed where necessary to achieve a joint under-standing andfinally agreed by the three es and Huberman(1994)have proposed80percent agreement as a rule of thumb for reasonableinter-coder reliability.3Findings3.1Population of the surveyWe received137responses including the28answers from the pre-test post-cards.These137respondents yielded129valid answers for question oneand127for question two.The distribution of the responses by industry sector was31.1%from aero-space,27.4%from engineering companies,24.4%from consulting services,5.2%from construction,5.2%from other industries and6.7%who did notdisclose their industry affiliation.Design Engineers accounted for39.3%and Managers for32.6%of the total.11.9%were service engineers,8.1%were software engineers,and only1.5%were production engineers.17.0%specified‘other role’e.g.Life Cycle Engineer,Test Engineer,PerformanceEngineer,Business Analyst,Consultant,Mathematical Modeller,TechnicalAuthor,Systems Engineer,Process Improvement Engineer,etc.This diversityin‘other role’gives afirst indication about the potential different perspectives Exploring knowledge and information needs in engineering from the past and for the future505on knowledge and information needs.The role sum exceeds100per cent be-cause some indicated they had both a management function and an engineer-ing role,and we double counted such responses.The overall majority(78.6%)of the respondents have more than10years’professional experience.21.4%have up to10years’experience,22.9%more than10up to20years,33.6%have more than20years up to30years,and21.1%have more than30þyears.59.9%of the respondents indicated their interest to continue participating inthe research.3.2Knowledge and information needs e categoriesFor thefirst question regarding‘knowledge and information you would like toretrieve from previous products/services’we identified852single needs fromthe129valid answers.The maximum number of single needs in one answerwas20;the average was6.6with a standard deviation of3.7.For the secondquestion about‘information and knowledge you think should be captured to as-sist future engineering tasks’414single items plus54answers stating the‘thesame as today’(or equivalent language)were identified.The maximum num-ber of responses was14individual needs,the average was3.6and the standarddeviation was2.8.On the lowest level of granularity,we identified67differentcategories of knowledge and information requirements from previous designsin Question1and we agreed on60categories for Question2regarding the needto capture to support future engineering tasks.3.2.1Comparison of categories from‘need to retrieve’and‘need to capture’In total69categories emerged from both questions with58categories appear-ing in both questions(except the category‘same as today’in Q2).Ten cate-gories were only mentioned as a‘need to retrieve’(Q1)while two categoriesonly appeared as a‘need to capture’(Q2).The category‘same as today’from question two is not included.The410‘needs to capture’(Q2)fit intothe categories,which emerged from thefirst question regarding the‘need to re-trieve’.The two‘new’categories of Q2,which are‘legislation’(e.g.legal regu-lations)and‘technical publications’(e.g.ASME Proceedings),are onlymentioned four times as responses to the second question.These two cate-gories do not represent truly novel knowledge and information needs,asboth are already addressed in engineering practice.As afirst conclusionfrom our survey,we can establish that from the overall perspective,noabsolute novel knowledge and information needs emerged from the secondquestion regarding‘needs to capture’.3.2.2Needs to retrieve from previous designs e results Q1In the following we will describe the categories of knowledge and informationneeds regarding the‘need to retrieve’as they emerged from the answers,withan emphasis on the qualitative aspects mentioned by respondents(Figure1),and highlighting the most interesting results from the survey.The categories 506Design Studies Vol31No.5September2010Figure1Categories regarding knowledge&information needs to retrieve(n¼852needs/n¼129respondents)Exploring knowledge and information needs in engineering from the past and for the future507are in single quotes while additional descriptive terms from the originalanswers are in italics.The most mentioned category relates to the‘rationale’(45/34.9%)or the‘rea-soning behind the design as it is’,‘why choices are made’and the‘reasons for de-sign decisions’.This need is associated with designs,parts and features,but alsowith changes made during the product life,difficulties during manufacturingand lessons learnt.Typical terms used are‘rationale’,‘Why/Why/Why.’,‘reasons for.’or‘The justification or reasoning behind’.The importance ofthis category is shown by the fact that this requirement spans different roles(Pugh,1986)and length of professional experience:‘The drawings are always there along with details,but a lot of“detectivework”is often involved when realising why features are there/material choicesfor example and hence how they can be improved.’Service Engineer,Aero-space,1year professional experience‘Often previous designs were recorded as a mass of detail without clearly stat-ing what wasfinally used and why.’Design Engineer&Manager,25yrs.‘History of all changes to a product and the reasons for the changes.’ProductManager&Support Engineer,Engineering,41yrs.The terms‘component’and‘part’(39/30.2%)have been classified as syno-nyms.Both terms are mostly used without any further explanation.By usingthese two keywords this category emerged straightforwardly in the answerswhile related categories like‘product’(17/13.2%)and‘features’(8/6.2%)were mentioned less frequently.The category component/part might representthe level of detail of engineering design thinking in our sample and the mostcommon among the respondents.The needs related to the‘component/part’category range from the pure‘part no’,‘part index’,‘part lists’towards attribu-tions of‘importance’,attention and‘priority’of action as well as the‘interac-tion’between the components of the system as the following responses show:‘What is important about this component,what should I worry about and withwhat relative priority?’Manager,22yrs.Experience‘High-level architecture diagrams,showing the components of the system in-cluding a depiction of which components interact.’Software Engineer,10yrs.As engineering work throughout the supply chain and product life cycle is per-formed by various engineers,communication and means for communicationare a core characteristic of successful design work(Frankenberger,1997;Maier,Eckert,&Clarkson,2006;Maier,Kreimeyer,Lindemann,&Clarkson,2009).The different means of communication include drawings,models,reports,plans,minutes and correspondence.‘Drawings’(30/23.3%)with the synonym diagram as one communication means(Spencer&Milnes-Walker,1971)and to support creative design thinking(Tovey,1989), 508Design Studies Vol31No.5September2010appears to be the most common method for encapsulating information(Henderson,1999)ahead of‘design documentation’(19/14.7%),‘model’(18/14%)e.g.CAD,finite element model,stress model,simulation model,‘reports&records(non-design)’(10/7.8%)(Auger,1996a),‘plans’(4/3.1%),‘meeting minutes’(3/2.3%)and‘correspondence’(1/0.8%).Respondentsstressed that drawings/diagrams should contain‘high-level’and‘low level’in-formation as well as the‘interactions’between the components.Despite the im-portance of email in today’s business environment,it is surprising that norespondents mentioned email as a retrieval need and this is a noteworthylacuna(Wasiak,Hicks,Newnes,Dong,&Burrow,2010).Several sets of responses addressed needs related to the design.We distin-guished these needs into four basic categories named:‘design description’,‘design documentation’(Wulff,Rasmussen,&Westgaard,2000),‘design solu-tions’,and‘design process’with the frequencies,key words and examplesshown below(Table1).These four categories are less specific compared tothefirst two categories,which was reflected in a higher number of instancesneeding discussion.Other related categories are‘design criteria’(3/2.3%)and‘design reviews’(2/1.6%)(Ichida,1996).Research on tacit knowledge has shown that not all knowledge and informa-tion can be captured in documents or drawings(Mascitelli,2000;Polanyi,1966).Engineers are retrieving information either by searching for documentstofind people and by looking for people tofind documents(Anderson,Glassman,McAfee,&Pinelli,2001;Fidel&Green,2004;Hertzum&Pejtersen,2000).Nevertheless the category‘people’(9/7.0%)from‘previousdesign who can talk about it’including‘contact data’,and the‘names of originalteam’was less well represented than what other research might suggest.Given the potential efficiency gains from reuse of knowledge and information(Dixon,2000;Majchrzak,Cooper,&Neece,2004;Markus,1991;Wolek,1969),it is surprising that only seven respondents(5.4%)explicitly asserted‘design for reuse’as a need for retrieval:‘Where possible,it would be important not to recreate work,so I would seekout pieces of functionality suitable for reuse.’Design Engineer,1st year‘There needs to be a clear wrap-up of the design process to document the detailbehind the one solution that was arrived at specifically with a view to making iteasy to reuse later.’Design Engineer&Manager,25yrs‘Performance measures of previous designs so that elements of the design canbe reused in new design work e.g.an existing specific sub-assembly may beable to be carried into a new design if its performance is well understood.’Manager,9yrs.Exploring knowledge and information needs in engineering from the past and for the future509。