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SmartWell CompletionsJon RawdingManager, Business Development Asia PacificWhat is SmartWell Technology? 为什么是智能完井技术ÎSmartWell®technology is the leading intelligentcompletion technology: SmartWell®技术引领智能完井技术ÎOne company’s SmartWell®completion isanother’s simple well completion：一家公司的智能完井是另一家公司的简单完井ÎAn intelligent well enables an operator to: 一口智能完井井能完成：•Remotely monitor and control flow downhole,at the reservoir, with no physical intervention远程监控和控制井下流量，油藏中无物理干扰•Optimise well, production and reservoirmanagement processes 优化井，生产，油藏管理流程Cost Implications of “Unexpected”Water Breakthrough ÎOffshore Field海上油田•Unexpected Water Breakthrough无法预测的水突破•Intervention Costs干涉花费−$4,000,000 -$8,000,000•What do I get for an average $6,000,000 per well?平均每口井6百万能做什么？−Position Rig平台定位−Install Riser安装升降器−Slickline Drift Run钢丝漂移操作−Wireline Production Logging电缆生产测井−Wireline Set Water Shut Off Plug电缆坐封堵水丝堵−Prepare to suspend Well准备暂停井−Recover the riser回收升降器−Move Rig迁移平台Cost Implications of “Unexpected”Water BreakthroughHow is the water controlled in a SmartWell Completion?智能完井是如何控水的？ÎLocation 位置•Shaybah reservoir, Shaybah Field, Saudi Arabia ÎGoal 目标•Install maximum reservoir contact (MRC) wells to reduce gas breakthrough and manage water coning 安装最大油藏接触面的井来减少气突破和水锥进ÎChallenge 挑战•Water breakthrough from any one of laterals in maximum reservoir contact (MRC) wells has potential to kill well. 在最大油藏接触面的井中的任一个分支发生水突破都可能使井报废Saudi Aramco –Reduce Gas Breakthrough and manage water coning减少气突破和水锥进ÎSolution 解决•Effectively manage water breakthrough variable choking of each of individual laterals 调节任一分支的油嘴，有效管理水突破–Three zone Direct Hydraulic completion in conjunction with Accu-Pulse 用Accu-Pulse 在三个层直接水动力完井ÎAdditional Installations 附加安装•SmartWell completion in expandable liner 可膨胀管线中的智能完井安装•SmartWell completion in open hole 裸眼段的智能完井安装•Installation of PHDMS for intelligent field ？ÎAdditional Benefits 附加利益•Selective well testing 可选择的井测试Saudi Aramco -Increases Well Productivity, Improves Hydrocarbon Recovery增加井的生产能力，提高采收率SmartWell Completions in Multi-lateral Reservoirs 分支井的智能完井Unrealised Added ValueÎSPE 100880 –Smart Snake Wells in Champion West –Expected and Unexpected Benefits From Smart CompletionsW. Obendrauf, K. Schrader, N. Al-Farsi and A White, SPE, Brunei Shell Petroleum Co.Sdn. Bhd.•CW-20 up to 1 mln bbl were initially not connected to the well, due to problems whenrunning the liner. The SmartWell completion enabled clean-up of the well by allowinga large draw down in the toe section of the well.•CW-22 a cement repair job and/or side track was avoided by adapting the SmartWellCompletion, saving at least 7 days of rig time.•CW-18 the well was accidentally drilled into a water bearing sand in the horizontalsnaking section. A side track could be avoided by adapting the planned completion,saving in the order of $6,000,000.Option 1-Uncontrolled Commingling 选项1－没有控制的合采Option 2 -Drill a well for each zone 选项2－每个层钻一口井Option 3 -Controlled Commingling 选项3－可控制的合采Intelligent well technology enables exploitation ofmarginal reserves and acceleration ofhydrocarbon production through controlledcommingling of reservoirs.Controlled Commingling“…15% of discovered, uneconomic oil reserves in the UK Sector of the North Sea couldbe made economic by commingling.”在北海英国区，15%已发现的、无经济效益的油田储量通过合采产生经济效益Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)PILOT Undeveloped Discoveries WorkgroupCommingled SmartWell Zone 5 Sequential Zone 4 Sequential Zone 3 Sequential Zone 2 Sequential Zone 1 SequentialP r o d u c t i o n R a t e C u m u l a t i v e P r o d u c t i o n Years Zone 5Zone 4Zone 3Zone 2Zone 1Zone 5Zone 4Zone 3Zone 2Zone 1Economic Rate Limit Commingled SmartWell Completion Commingled SmartWell Completion Commingled SmartWell vs. Sequential Development 合采的智能完井vs. 滚动开发SmartWell completion reaches economic limitCompartmentalized Reservoir –SPE 110207ÎAdditional 1.57 million bbls of oil over six years (indicated by initial performance test against base case)Background and Subsurface SettingÎLocation: Brunei Shell Petroleum’s (BSP) Iron Dukefield, a structurally complex offshore field,characterized by multiple fault blocksÎDue to very limited aquifer support, the wells aretypically drilled very close to the oil water contact tomaximize oil production and minimize GORChallengeÎAfter producing approximately 50% of the perforated section reserves, several intervals were producing mainly gasÎThe ultimate oil recovery expected from the solution gas drive was unachievable from the conventional completionCompartmentalized Reservoir –SPE 110207多层油藏Compartmentalized Reservoir –SPE 110207ÎAdditional 1.57 million bbls of oil over six years (indicated by initial performance test against base case)SmartWell SolutionÎSmartWell completion•enabling the control of each zone individually orcommingling to allow a high GOR zone to lift a lowGOR zone (internal gas lift)Î A 5-zone Digital Hydrauliccompletion was proposedÎWell was the first well to have surfacecontrol and monitoring in allfive zonesÎIn 2007 a 6 zone completion was successfully run forthe first time.Here’s an example worth noting…价值计算CapEx required to develop a field with vertical wells 直井开发的油田的基建（资本建设？）费用3 platforms @ US$300 million/platform = US$900 million21 wells @ $US12 million/well = US$252 millionUS$900 million + US$252 million =US$1.51 BILLION!Capital Expenditure to Develop a Field Using Vertical Wells 直井开发的油田的基建（资本建设）费用3 platforms @ US$300 million eachUS$900 million21 wells @ US$12 million eachUS$252 millionUS$900 million + US$252 million = US$1.152 billion!Capital Expenditure to Develop a Field Using Snake Wells来回曲折井开发的油田的基建（资本建设）费用1 platform @ US$300 million eachUS$300 million6 snake wells @ US$30 million eachUS$180 million US$900 million + US$180 million = US$480 million!Comparison of Costs 费用对比ÎWell Engineer Point of View•1 standard well =$12M •1 snake well = $30MSmartWell technology snake wells will save $672M ÎAsset Manager Point of View•3 platforms +21 standard wells = $1.152B•1 x platform +6 snake wells =$480MConclusion: A snake well is$18M more expensive than a standard well ICV PDG LVExamples of Capital Expenditure基建（资本建设）费用的例子Connector Wells多井连接Controlled Dump Flood可控制的回注Controlled Dump Flood –Reduce CAPEX –SPE 112243可控制的回注－减少基建（资本建设）费用ÎLocation 位置•Minagish Field, West KuwaitÎGoal 目标•Control and monitor downhole water dump floodfrom the high pressure Zubair formation to thelower pressured Minagish Oolite formation控制和监控从高压Zubair层到低压Minagish Oolite层的水的回注ÎChallenge 挑战•Control water flow between formations 层间控水•Control sand production from Zubair formation控制Zubair层出沙•Monitor down hole flow rate 监控产量ÎSolution 解决方案•Model reservoir to evaluate parameters required to control water rate from the Zubair to Minagish.油藏建模评估参数，控制从Zubair 到Minagish 的水量•Install HVC-ICV to allow controlled flow from Zubair to Minagish安装流量控制阀来控制从Zubair 到Minagish 的流量•HCV-ICV designed to close from any position without the requirement to fully open, thus controlling sand productionHCV-ICV 阀可调节开关控制出沙•Installation of Permanent Downhole Monitoring gauges, ported to tubing and annulus for downhole flow rate monitoring 安装永久式井下监控测量仪，监控油管和环空的流量Controlled Dump Flood –Reduce CAPEX –SPE 112243可控制的回注－减少基建（资本建设）费用Auto Gas Lift –Reduce CAPEX自动气举－减少基建（资本建设）费用Waterflood Control in a Multilateral Well – SPE 81493Water cut reduced from 99% to 71% Incremental volume of 96,000+ bbl oil produced Dehydration and water injection costs reducedBackground and Subsurface SettingLocation: Saih Rawl Shuaiba, a low permeability limestone oil reservoir in the Middle East Wells generally require artificial lift to optimize oil recovery (ESP)ChallengeUltimate recoverables were reduced because increased water cuts associated with uncontrolled laterals dominated well production Control early water breakthroughWaterflood Control in a Multilateral Well – SPE 81493Water cut reduced from 99% to 71% Incremental volume of 96,000+ bbl oil produced Dehydration and water injection costs reducedSmartWell SolutionDigital Hydraulics™ • Improved waterflood efficiency and reduced water cut of produced fluids Remotely-operated downhole interval control valves with isolation packers • Isolated water-producing laterals Same technology in water injection wells can further improve water flooding efficiencyCase Study: A Milestone for Smart Fields in Haradh Inc. IIIBackground Haradh III came onstream in February 2006, adding 300 MBPD to Arabian light crude productionResultsHaradh III set milestone for SmartWell technology at an unprecedented scale for both Saudi Aramco and the industry “The SmartWell completions were necessary to ensure production sustainability in the face of premature water encroachment.”-JPT Technology Update November 2006 N.G Saleri, Saudi Aramco Reservoir Management Head; A.O Al-Kaabi, Haradh Reservoir Management Supervisor and General Supervisor and A.S. Muallem, Udhaliyah Reservoir ManagementChallenges Geological complexities, fault/fracture systems, reservoir heterogeneities, associated premature water breakthrough (hence, oil productivity decline) put at risk 300 MBPD Arabian light crude production 30-month time window between spud date of first development well and scheduled start-up Emphasis on long-term productionCase Study: A Milestone for Smart Fields in Haradh Inc. IIIRelative Unit Cost (Dimensionless)1.0 0.70.35VERTICALH ORIZONTALM RC/SM ARTHaradh III: A Milestone for Smart FieldsJPT Technology Update N.G Saleri, Saudi Aramco Reservoir Management Head; A.O Al-Kaabi, Haradh Reservoir Management Supervisor and General Supervisor and A.S. Muallem, Udhaliyah Reservoir Managment“In essence, i-field enables real-time subsurface monitoring in combination with real-time control of ICVs. The resulting synergy is bound to bring long lasting improvements in field performance well beyond gains realized in the start up phase of Haradh III.”“The journey has just begun.”Technology Behind SmartWell CompletionsElements of SmartWell CompletionsPower and Communications Architecture and InfrastructureFlow ControlFlow MonitoringField Solutions Closing the LoopFlow OptimizationData Management Interpretation ValuationSmartWell Completion ComponentsSmartWell® Intelligent CompletionsOptimize well, production and reservoir management processes by enabling the operator to remotely monitor and control well inflow or injection downhole, at the reservoir, with no physical interventionThe Basics of an Intelligent CompletionComponents of a SmartWellDownhole Control and Communications Control SystemsSCRAMS® Digital Hydraulics™ Direct Hydraulics™ Accu-Pulse™Permanent MonitoringDownhole Flow Control Devices Zonal IsolationHF Series Packers MC Series Packers Feed-Thru Seal StackSurface Control and Data Acquistion Manual SystemPermanent Gauges and SensorsROC™ PDGs EZ-Gauge® OptoLog® DTS Symphony® Plus FloStream™Automated SystemAuxiliary ComponentsFlat-pack FMJ Connector Splice Sub Control Line Clamps Hydraulic DisconnectWellhead SensorsInterval Control ValvesIV-ICV/CV-ICV Series HV-ICV Series MC-ICV Series LV-ICV SeriesIntegrated SystemDownhole Flow Control ValvesFunction • Binary (on/off) • Discrete multi-position • High resolution/infinitely variable Actuation • Hydraulic balanced • Electro-hydraulic (SCRAMS) • Mechanical override facility Sizes and Ratings • 5-1/2”, 4-1/2”, 3-1/2”, 2-7/8” • Various static and dynamic pressure rating • Variety of materialsOptions • Shrouding and extension • Position feedback sensor • Integrated pressure/temperature • Multiplex valve control • Custom choke trim designOperation of an Interval Control Valve (ICV)Lubricator Valve (LV-ICV)On/off control of injection or production Features • Full bore ID • Deep set capability • Minimal number of moving parts • High force actuation for both open and close operationsROC™ Permanent Downhole GaugesFeatures • State-of-the-art downhole electronics • Industry-standard quartz resonating sensor • Robust design • Multi-point sensing (on ROC-D and ROC-S) Benefits • Reliable, field-proven system • Multiple gauges on single i-wire cable • Cost-effectiveData Acquisition – Downhole Fiber OpticsRate Temperaturem er oth GeDepthT al e tur ra pe emCombo Electrical/Fiber Optic CableBased on reliable, field-proven components Distributed temperature sensing fiber and electronic gauge conductor in the same package Minimizes incremental cost of DTS over conventional electronic DHPT systems Maximizes the number of connectors, feedthrough slots, penetrators, etc. Allows use of proven, reliable quartz temperature measurement of DHPT as selfcalibrating mechanism for DTS Loose fiber tube design ruggedized for the downhole environment Rated for use up to 20,000 psi at 175°C (347°F)Flat-PackFeatures • Range of configurations available to suit SmartWell applications • Range of materials available to suit the specific downhole environment Benefits • All control lines are tested and certified to include UTS, proof stress, elongation, NDT and hydraulic pressure tests • Encapsulation and bumper lines have been proven to increase loading capability of control lines • Single or multiple configurations available to facilitate completion installation and retrievalFeed-through Isolation Production/Injection PackerFeatures • Control line or tubing pressure set • Bypass for multiple control lines • Hydraulic interlock prevents premature setting • Premium threaded connections throughout Benefits • Control line feed through for SmartWell systems • Qualified for high tensile or compressive loads • Tailpipe can be left in tension or compression • No body movement during settingHF-1 Production PackerFeatures • High load carrying retrievable packer. • Hydraulic set – control line or tubing set options • Hydraulically activated anti-preset mechanism • Multiple control line feed-through (continuous) • Optional release mechanisms • No elastomers between upper / lower annulus (only packing element)。
流动成像测井技术的进展流动成像测井与地面流动成像的不同之处在于：地面测量仪器不受体积大小限制，而油井套管的大小限制了下井仪器的大小；地面流动测量可在塑料或有机玻璃管道中进行，而油井套管通常为钢铁质套管，对测量影响较大；地面流动测量环境通常为常温、常压，而流动成像测井环境为高温、高压。
研究实践表明，流动成像测井比地面多相管流成像测量的技术难度更大。
流动成像测井方法适用于水平井、斜井等流体非均匀分布的情况。
目前研究提出的流动成像测井方法有光学流动成像方法、电容法和电磁法等。
1.光学流动成像测井1996年，哈里伯顿公司的Steve Maddox在浅水井中借用特殊制作的井下照相机(Down Hole Video)实现了流动可视化测量。
这种技术要求井筒内的流动必须是透明的，而井下流体通常都是不透明的。
2.探针式电导率流动成像测井探针式电导法采用电导探针构成阵列测量探头，利用油气与水的导电特性差异辨识井内流体，目前在实际测井中已开发出商用技术和仪器。
斯伦贝谢公司推出的流体剖面数字图像分析仪(DEFT)有8个电导探针(起初只有4个探针)，分别装在扶正器的8个弹簧叶片上，构成测量探头。
仪器测量时根据探针附近流体的导电性区分油气与水，导电性流体为水(置逻辑0)；非导电流体为油或气(置逻辑1)。
测量数据用于确定持水率比较简便，每个探针处的局部持水率的计算可简化为测遇水的时间与总测量时间之比，测量精度约为5%。
测量数据用于重建水平井或大斜度井中流体的层状流动图像比较容易和可靠，但对其它流动机构图像的重建则需要先验知识，并且只能做出粗略估计。
康普乐公司推出的流体剖面分析仪(FPT)与DEFT相似，探头由3个电导探针装在三臂扶正器上组成，仪器可以通过弹簧片的收缩、伸张或旋转实现对流动截面上不同位置流体的测量，对于持水率的测量精度同样约为5%。
无论是DEFT还是FPT，其对流体流动截面的测量仅局限于个别点上，而物场信息投影测量的数据量和分辨率还未达到成像测量的基本要求，充其量只能视为流动成像测井的雏形技术或初级产品。
哈里伯顿公司高频介电测井仪HFDL
唐宇;王小宁
【期刊名称】《测井技术》
【年(卷),期】2011(35)4
【摘要】哈里伯顿公司推出新一代高频介电测井仪HFDL（High Frequency Dielectric Logging Tool）。
该仪器可用于改进淡水、碳酸盐岩、薄层砂泥岩和层状稠油储层的地层评价效果，它对井下仪器与井壁的间隙、泥饼影响和井眼不规则，性对测井数据的影响提供了补偿。
HFDL可测量冲洗带的介电常数并提供高分辨率的电导率，进而获得侵入剖面并计算出淡水或水淹储层的含水饱和度。
较高的垂直分辨率有助于薄层或低电阳率储层的划分和识别。
【总页数】1页(P313-313)
【关键词】哈里伯顿公司;介电测井仪;高频;稠油储层;井下仪器;含水饱和度;垂直分辨率;碳酸盐岩
【作者】唐宇;王小宁
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】P631.83
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