第十章 Chap. 10 沟通清楚了吗？如何活用规则、有效沟通？
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• Therefore, many – perhaps the bulk of – the rules in a grammar turn out to be considerably more flexible. 1) The range of contexts to which a rule applies is not rigidly defined 2) Besides typical instances, a significant if small minority of cases also exits
Chapter Ten
Can peopleБайду номын сангаасunderstand? 溝通清楚了嗎?
Why exception?
• How do you describe this event?
• You have a choice: 1. 2. 3. 4. A cat was furiously chasing a dog. A cat was passionately “pursuing” a dog. A cat was vehemently “courting” a dog. A cat was crazily “loving” a dog.
She goes to school every day. (for education) She went to the school yesterday. (to visit her teacher)
1. He is in meeting. 2. He is in a meeting.
1. I love summer. 2. I love that summer.
• Pronouns may only occur in between verbs and adverbial particles.
1. I turn it on. vs. *I turn on it.?? 2. I turn it in. vs. *I turn in it.?? 3. I turned [the small radio that was on the round table near the large window in the beautiful living room in his new house] in.
Ambiguity
• One form with more than one reading. 1. Visiting relatives can be annoying. 2. I am looking for someone to teach. 3. She told me that her husband was promoted last week. • Do you see two possible readings?
Quiz for Week 16
I. In view of the fact that grammar is designed for communication, what is the definition of a rule? and what is the definition of an exception? Please illustrate your answers with an example. 根據「語法是為了達成有效溝通所運用的共同策 略」，甚麼是規則? 而甚麼又是例外? 請各舉一個例子說明。 1. What is a rule?_____________________________ Example:__________________________________ 2. What is an exception? _______________________ Example: __________________________________
A flying machine
*? a machine which is flying
N + N compound a sewing machine
(*a machine that is sewing)
a driving range
(*a range that is driving)
Adverbial particles
Literature or Literatures
Rule Reason
literature by itself refers to a an academic field such as philosophy or linguistics. “Literature” are commonly used as an entire and non-individualized notion. Literatures The plural form “Literatures” is purposefully chosen to highlight the multiple kinds of literatures taught in the program
• New information has more weight and tends to occur at the end to facilitate better communication.
“Go to school” or “Go to the school”
1. Go to school school as a conceptual or functional entity 2. Go to the school go to a specific location
Reading 1: a teacher looking for a student to teach Reading 2: a principal looking for a teacher to teach a class
3. She told me that her husband was promoted last week.
Reading 1: She told me last week. Reading 2: Her husband was promoted last week.
Chinese vs. English
• A passage from “From Orphan to Physician”
1. As there were so many children in Hong Kong needing help at that time, Christian Children’s Fund was forced to make a choice. A decision was made to accept only children between the ages of six and ten to the orphanages so that they could concentrate their resources to make a positive impact in those lives. I was eight years old then and the only child in the family who was qualified to go to Faith-Love. I remembered my mom trying to tell me that there was a boarding school where I could attend school each day. Even though I did not like the idea of leaving the family, the thought of having a chance to attend school again was very appealing.
11. I went ______ the gym. 12. Matthew and Michelle moved the table ______ the dining room. 13. Allan left your keys ______ the table. 14. Dr. Karper apologized for interrupting us and told us to carry ______ with our discussion. 15. I walk ______ the amusement park. 16. Pat drove Mike ______ the airport. 17. Glenn almost fell ______ the river. 18. The waitress noticed that there was no more Diet Pepsi ______ Marty's glass. 19. Lee and Sarah took the bus that was heading ______ the university. 20. Mary Sue jumped ______ the stage and danced.
Ambiguity
1. Visiting relative can be annoying.
Reading 1: Adj + N --> Relatives who are visiting Reading 2: V + N --> To visit relatives
2. I am looking for someone to teach.
1. Anna has returned ______ her home town. 2. The dog jumped ______ the lake. 3. Are the boys still swimming ______ the pool? 4. Thomas fell ______ the floor. 5. The plane landed ______ the runway. 6. We drove _____ the river for an hour but turned north before we reached it. 7. The kids climbed ______ the monkey bars. 8. Joanna got ______ Fred's car. 9. The baby spilled his cereal ______ the floor. 10. We cried to the man on the ladder, "Hang ______!"
Chapter Ten
Can peopleБайду номын сангаасunderstand? 溝通清楚了嗎?
Why exception?
• How do you describe this event?
• You have a choice: 1. 2. 3. 4. A cat was furiously chasing a dog. A cat was passionately “pursuing” a dog. A cat was vehemently “courting” a dog. A cat was crazily “loving” a dog.
She goes to school every day. (for education) She went to the school yesterday. (to visit her teacher)
1. He is in meeting. 2. He is in a meeting.
1. I love summer. 2. I love that summer.
• Pronouns may only occur in between verbs and adverbial particles.
1. I turn it on. vs. *I turn on it.?? 2. I turn it in. vs. *I turn in it.?? 3. I turned [the small radio that was on the round table near the large window in the beautiful living room in his new house] in.
Ambiguity
• One form with more than one reading. 1. Visiting relatives can be annoying. 2. I am looking for someone to teach. 3. She told me that her husband was promoted last week. • Do you see two possible readings?
Quiz for Week 16
I. In view of the fact that grammar is designed for communication, what is the definition of a rule? and what is the definition of an exception? Please illustrate your answers with an example. 根據「語法是為了達成有效溝通所運用的共同策 略」，甚麼是規則? 而甚麼又是例外? 請各舉一個例子說明。 1. What is a rule?_____________________________ Example:__________________________________ 2. What is an exception? _______________________ Example: __________________________________
A flying machine
*? a machine which is flying
N + N compound a sewing machine
(*a machine that is sewing)
a driving range
(*a range that is driving)
Adverbial particles
Literature or Literatures
Rule Reason
literature by itself refers to a an academic field such as philosophy or linguistics. “Literature” are commonly used as an entire and non-individualized notion. Literatures The plural form “Literatures” is purposefully chosen to highlight the multiple kinds of literatures taught in the program
• New information has more weight and tends to occur at the end to facilitate better communication.
“Go to school” or “Go to the school”
1. Go to school school as a conceptual or functional entity 2. Go to the school go to a specific location
Reading 1: a teacher looking for a student to teach Reading 2: a principal looking for a teacher to teach a class
3. She told me that her husband was promoted last week.
Reading 1: She told me last week. Reading 2: Her husband was promoted last week.
Chinese vs. English
• A passage from “From Orphan to Physician”
1. As there were so many children in Hong Kong needing help at that time, Christian Children’s Fund was forced to make a choice. A decision was made to accept only children between the ages of six and ten to the orphanages so that they could concentrate their resources to make a positive impact in those lives. I was eight years old then and the only child in the family who was qualified to go to Faith-Love. I remembered my mom trying to tell me that there was a boarding school where I could attend school each day. Even though I did not like the idea of leaving the family, the thought of having a chance to attend school again was very appealing.
11. I went ______ the gym. 12. Matthew and Michelle moved the table ______ the dining room. 13. Allan left your keys ______ the table. 14. Dr. Karper apologized for interrupting us and told us to carry ______ with our discussion. 15. I walk ______ the amusement park. 16. Pat drove Mike ______ the airport. 17. Glenn almost fell ______ the river. 18. The waitress noticed that there was no more Diet Pepsi ______ Marty's glass. 19. Lee and Sarah took the bus that was heading ______ the university. 20. Mary Sue jumped ______ the stage and danced.
Ambiguity
1. Visiting relative can be annoying.
Reading 1: Adj + N --> Relatives who are visiting Reading 2: V + N --> To visit relatives
2. I am looking for someone to teach.
1. Anna has returned ______ her home town. 2. The dog jumped ______ the lake. 3. Are the boys still swimming ______ the pool? 4. Thomas fell ______ the floor. 5. The plane landed ______ the runway. 6. We drove _____ the river for an hour but turned north before we reached it. 7. The kids climbed ______ the monkey bars. 8. Joanna got ______ Fred's car. 9. The baby spilled his cereal ______ the floor. 10. We cried to the man on the ladder, "Hang ______!"
