汉英亲属称谓的差异及其翻译

小学教学计·英语
2021/07
在汉语中，我们把爸爸的父母称为爷爷奶奶，而把妈妈的父母称为姥姥姥爷/外公外婆，把爸爸的兄弟称为伯伯/叔叔，把爸爸的姐妹称为姑姑/姑妈；而把妈妈的兄弟称为舅舅，把妈妈的姐妹称为姨/姨妈等。

爸爸这边平辈的子女为堂兄/堂弟或堂姐/堂妹，妈妈这边平辈的子女为表兄/表弟或表姐/表妹。

在汉语中基本上每个亲属都有特定的称谓。

而英语中的亲属则以家庭为中心，一代人为一个称谓板块，只区分性别是男性还是女性。

父母的长辈称谓即爷爷/外公在英文中都是grandfather ；奶奶/外婆英文都是grandmother ；父母的兄弟统一用uncle 表示，父母的姐妹统一用aunt 表示，而uncle 和aunt 的子女统一用cousin 表示。

总之，在英语中亲属的称谓比较宽泛。

在英语口语中，则通常会在亲戚单词后加名字或者姓氏来区分。

如grandpa 后面加上名字或姓氏来区分爷爷和外公。

如果一个人的外公的名字叫Ben ，爷爷叫Jack ，他会称呼外公为grandpa Ben ，爷爷就是grandpa Jack 。

同样的，如果爷爷那边的姓氏是Bronte ，外公那边的姓氏是Smith ，他也可以叫爷爷grandpa Bronte ，外公也就是grandpa Smith 。

而在中国，直呼长辈的姓名是很失礼的行为。

（湖北省恩施市教学研究和教师培训中心杨晖）
汉语与英语亲属的称谓区别
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英汉亲属称谓的文化差异与互译中文摘要语言是文化的载体,称谓不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化现象。

英汉语言中亲属称谓的不同,可以说从一个侧面反映了东西方文化的差异。

本文试图从人们较为熟悉的英汉亲属称谓习惯和语义进行比较分析,揭示其中所隐含的文化意蕴。

它们属于不同的称谓制度,具有不同的称谓习惯和泛化现象。

家庭类型、血缘关系、宗法观念、文化取向、礼貌原则等是造成两者文化差异的主要原因。

因此通过对亲属称谓的属性和用法的分析和对比,可以对一个民族的传统文化窥见一斑。

汉英称谓在形式、语用意图、文化内涵上存在诸多差异,通过两种语言称谓系统的归纳对比,挖掘各自的文化内涵,对中英称谓语的翻译提出三种方法。

关键词:亲属称谓；文化差异；比较；翻译AbstractLanguageisthecarrierofculture,kinshiptermisnotonlyapartoflanguageb utalsoakindofculture.ThedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesekinshipterm sreflecttheculturaldifferencesbetweenEastandWesttosomeextend.Fromtheco mparativeanalysisofusagesandmeaningsofkinshipaddressingsystembetweenCh ineseandEnglishwhichpeoplefamiliarwith，thepaperistorevealtheculturalimplicationinit.Theybelongtodifferentkins hipaddressingsystemsalsohavedifferentusagesofkinshiptermsanddevelopmen ts.Themainreasonsforculturaldifferenceslieinthefamilystructure,consang uinity,patriarchyconcept,cultureadoptionandcourtesyprinciple.Thecompar ativeanalysisofitsfeaturesandusagescanhelpustounderstandtheculturaldif ferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.Basedonthegreatdifferencesinthetitlea ndkinshipaddressingsystembetweenChineseandEnglish,andtheircomplicatedp ragmaticintentionsandculturalimplicationsinuse,thepapersystematicallyc omparesthetwosystems,andrevealstheirrespectiveculturespecificimplicati ons.Finally,threemethodsarepresentedonhowtotranslateaddressingformsbet weenChineseandEnglish.Keywords:kinshipterm;culturaldifference;comparison;translation语言是文化的载体,称谓不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化现象。

一从亲属称谓看英汉称谓语的文化差异1．亲属称谓亲属称谓指的是以本人为中心确定亲族成员和本人关系的名称,是基于血亲姻亲基础上的亲属之间相互称呼的名称、叫法。

它是以本人为轴心的确定亲属与本人关系的标志。

由于人类的繁衍生息是相通的,各个民族都具有表示家庭成员关系的亲属称谓系统总体来说,汉语称谓语要比英语称谓语繁杂细致得多。

1.1 汉英亲属称谓异同在现代汉语中,亲属称谓大都能把其身份表明一览无余,如辈份(父辈:伯、舅;同辈:哥、妹、堂弟),父系或母系(姑、姨),直系或傍系(孙、侄孙),年龄的大小(叔、伯、哥、弟)及血亲或姻亲(哥、嫂子、姐、姐夫)。

而英语里的此类称谓则比较笼统、模糊,一词多义,覆盖面广。

除了辈份清楚外,其他关系只能从上下文中仔细推敲或当面询问。

如sister 姐妹同为一词,年龄大小不分;grandmother既指奶奶也指外婆,父系、母系不分;uncle可指叔、伯、舅、姑父,年龄、父系、母系不分。

英语中的cousin一词更是无所不能,它不但年龄、父系、母系不分,连性别也不分,囊括了堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹等一系列汉语称谓。

要准确地翻译这个词,必须置之于语境中考察。

家庭成员之间,中国风俗兄弟姐妹一般按长幼称呼,如大哥、三弟、四妹等。

而说英语的国家则习惯于互叫名字。

许多人甚至直接用名来称呼父母的兄弟姐妹。

对西方人来说,辈份的高低是不十分重要的。

汉语亲属称谓系统繁复多样,且直系与旁系、血亲与姻亲、长辈与晚辈、年长与年幼、男性与女性、近亲与远亲等都严加规范,一一区分,其语义功能之细密、描述之精确,令人叹为观止。

相比之下,英语亲属称谓则相对贫乏,而且指称宽泛、语义模糊,除区分辈分外,亲疏、内外、长幼都可忽略不计。

1.2 汉语亲属称谓的泛化汉民族对亲属称谓系统如此细密的语言分割,与强调以血缘关系为基础的封建宗族制度紧密相关;而英语亲属称谓系统的粗疏模糊,与他们简单的核心家庭结构也不无关系。

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中英亲属称谓语的文化差异与互译摘要：语言忠实地反映了一个民族的全部历史和文化。

称谓语是语言的一部分，所以称谓语的不同正反映了不同的民族文化。

本文从人们比较熟悉的英汉亲属称谓习惯和语义进行比较分析,揭示其中所隐含的文化意蕴。

汉语称谓语系统是复杂的、严格的、精细的，而英语称谓语系统结构简单、笼统、含糊。

汉语称谓语系统具有高度描述性，而英语称谓语系统具有概括性。

家庭类型、血缘关系、宗法观念、文化取向、礼貌原则等是造成两者文化差异的主要原因。

因此通过对中英亲属称谓语的分析和对比，就可以窥探到中英文化的差异，从而提出中英称谓语互译的两种方法。

关键词：亲属称谓语，文化差异，互译语言忠实地反映了一个民族的全部历史和文化。

称谓语是语言的一部分，所以称谓语的不同正反映了不同的民族文化。

学习一门语言不仅仅是学一种符号，还要学习语言中的民族文化。

称谓语“称谓”是指“人们由于亲属和别的方面的相互关系,以及由于身份、职业等而得来的名称。

⑴世界上任何一个民族都有自己的称谓系统。

由于不同的文化背景，各民族的称谓语系统各有特色。

反过来说，不同的称谓语系统也反映了各民族文化间的差异。

中国文化传统“重名分，讲人伦”的封建伦理观念，与西方社会“以人为本”的价值观念，使得中西方在称谓系统上存在着明显的反差。

一、中西方亲属称谓语的差异亲属称谓是以本人为中心确定亲属成员和本人关系的名称,它是由各代婚姻关系构成的男女双方血缘关系排列的亲属次序确定的。

如爸爸、妈妈、叔叔、哥哥等。

汉语亲属称谓系统是世界上最丰富、最复杂的亲属称谓系统之一,而英语亲属称谓系统却要简单、笼统得多。

1.汉语亲属称谓语系统具有高度描述性汉语亲属称谓系统繁复多样,而且直系与旁系、血亲与姻亲、长辈与晚辈、年长与年幼、男性与女性、近亲与远亲等都要严格区分。

汉语称谓语的繁复和精细都体现了它的高度描述性。

汉语称谓语要区分长辈与晚辈，如哥哥、弟弟等；要区分姻亲与血亲，如伯父、叔父等；要区分宗族与非宗族，如爷爷、外公等；要区分父系与母系，如叔叔、舅舅等。

汉英亲属语义场1. 引言亲属关系在社会交往中起着重要的作用，不同文化背景下对亲属关系的称谓和语义有所差异。

本文将探讨汉英两种语言中的亲属称谓及其语义场，分析它们在不同文化背景下的特点和变化。

2. 汉语亲属称谓及其特点汉语中的亲属称谓较为丰富，涵盖了家庭成员之间的各种关系。

以下是一些常用的汉语亲属称谓：•父母：父亲、母亲、爸爸、妈妈•子女：儿子、女儿•兄弟姐妹：哥哥、弟弟、姐姐、妹妹•祖辈：祖父、祖母、外祖父、外祖母•孙辈：孙子、孙女汉语中的亲属称谓通常直接以血缘关系命名，例如“爸爸”表示自己的父亲，“哥哥”表示自己的兄长。

此外，在不同地区和方言中，亲属称谓还存在一定的差异。

汉语中的亲属称谓还具有年龄和性别的区分。

例如，对于兄弟姐妹中的年纪较大者，通常称为“哥哥”或“姐姐”，而对于年纪较小者，则称为“弟弟”或“妹妹”。

同时，对于父母和祖辈，通常使用“父亲”、“母亲”、“祖父”、“祖母”的正式称谓，而在日常交流中则更常用“爸爸”、“妈妈”等亲昵称呼。

3. 英语亲属称谓及其特点相比汉语，英语中的亲属称谓较为简洁，并且存在一些差异。

以下是一些常用的英语亲属称谓：•父母：父亲（father）、母亲（mother）•子女：儿子（son）、女儿（daughter）•兄弟姐妹：哥哥（brother）、弟弟（brother）、姐姐（sister）、妹妹（sister）•祖辈：祖父（grandfather）、祖母（grandmother）•孙辈：孙子（grandson）、孙女（granddaughter）与汉语不同的是，英语中的亲属称谓并没有年龄和性别的区分。

无论兄弟姐妹中的年纪大小，都使用“brother”或“sister”来称呼。

此外，在英语中还存在一些更加亲昵的称谓，例如“dad”代替“father”，“mom”代替“mother”。

4. 汉英亲属语义场的差异汉英两种语言中的亲属称谓存在一定差异。

首先，汉语中的亲属称谓较为丰富，涵盖了更多种类的亲属关系。

英汉对比浅析汉语亲属称谓语特点中国传统的家庭构成模式是以父子为中心的。

在家庭中要严格遵守长幼有序、长尊幼卑、男女有别的宗法秩序，年龄的大小、辈分的高低是极为重要的区分依据。

因此，在亲属称谓里，亲属关系规定得十分清楚严格，不容许有丝毫的含混马虎。

一．汉语亲属称谓长幼有序，而英语中长幼不分。

汉语中哥哥和弟弟，姐姐和妹妹有严格界限，二英语中则只用brother, sister 分别表示汉语中的“哥哥”和“弟弟”与“姐姐”和“妹妹”。

汉语中的“伯伯”“叔叔”“姑父”“舅舅”“姨父”以及“伯母”“婶婶”“姑妈”“舅妈”以及“姨妈”有着非常显著的姻亲纽带关系，而英语则并没有体现这一点，只是用uncle和aunt表示男女的区分。

汉语称谓中常用数字排行，如:“大姐”、“二弟”、“三姨”、“四姑”。

英语却没有。

二. 汉语亲属称谓血缘有别，而英语中却含混不分。

汉语亲属分为血亲和姻亲。

血亲和姻亲在汉语称谓中泾渭分明。

如grandfather 和 grandmother分别表示汉语中的“祖父、爷爷、外祖父、外公”和“祖母、奶奶、外祖母、外婆”。

如果一定要分清，只好用paternal grandfather(父系方的祖父)，maternal grandfather(母系方的祖父),on the father's side(父亲方面的),on the mother's side(母亲方面的)这类表达法予以说明;但加了说明，这类词已不太像称谓。

三．汉语亲属称谓男女分明，而英语中有时男女通用。

英语中对父母亲的兄弟姐妹的子女共同使用一个称谓，即cousin，可表示汉语中的“表哥”、“表弟”、“表姐”、“表妹”、“堂哥”、“堂弟”、“堂姐”、“堂妹”。

四．汉语亲属称谓注重辈分，英语中则辈分淡化。

晚辈对长辈则只能严格按照其相应的称谓来进行称呼，直呼其名是万万不可的。

英语中对父辈甚至祖父辈直呼其名以示亲近。

称谓语实际上是一种具有浓厚民族文化色彩的语言现象，这种语言现象和民族文化相互渗透、相互作用。

渭南师范学院本科毕业论文题目：论中英亲属称谓的异同学院名称：外国语学院专业班级：英语专业08级英本4班毕业年份：2012年6月姓名：叶雨露学号080241090指导教师：陶正娜职称：副教授渭南师范学院教务处制The Cultural Differences and similarities between Chinese andEnglish Kinship TermsByYang HaiyingA Thesis Presented to School of Foreign Languages ofWeinan Normal Universityas Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofBachelor of ArtsMay 17, 2012Class: Class 4 of 2008Advisor: Guo Zhengxia论中英亲属称谓的异同摘要:语言和文化有着很密切的关系，所以，如果人们要学好一门语言，那么了解其文化是非常重要的。

你理解语言的文化传统、习俗、生活方式以及生活细节越多，你就越能正确地理解并准确地使用这种语言。

称谓语是民族传统文化和历史积淀的反映,不同的称谓语分别体现不同的民族文化。

事实上，文化塑造并影响着语言，同时，语言又反映着文化。

本文主要有三个部分，第一部分主要从相同的功能和相似的分类来阐述中英亲属称谓的相同点。

第二部分主要从旁系关系和直系关系，血亲关系和姻亲关系，父系关系和母系关系，性别，长幼关系和辈分顺序，派生的亲属称谓六个方面来阐述中英亲属关系称谓的不同。

第三部分主要从家庭结构，历史背景，来源等等，来分析中英亲属称谓不同的原因。

关键字：亲属称谓；中英文亲属称谓的对比；文化差异The Cultural Differences and similarities between Chinese andEnglish Kinship TermsAbstract: Language and culture have very close relationship. It is very necessary and important to learn a kind of language well and know the culture well, The more understanding of the language's culture, traditions, customs, lifestyles as well as details of life, the more you can correctly understand and accurately use the language. Kinship terms are reflections of traditional ethnic culture and historical accumulation and different addressing terms respectively embody different ethnic cultures. In fact, language is influenced and shaped by culture, at the same time, language reflects the culture. In this paper, there are three main parts. The first part describes the similarities between English and Chinese kinship terms from two aspects: same functions and similar categories. The second part describes the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms from six aspects: between collateral relations and lineal relations, between blood relation and affined relations, between elder-younger relations and seniority order, between paternal and maternal kinship terms, between gender kinship terms, and derivatives. The third part, from family structures, historical background, sources and other reasons, explains the reasons of the cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms.Key words:Kinship terms; Contrast between English and Chinese kinship terms; Cultural differencesTable of ContentsI. Introduction (1)II. Comparison between English and Chinese Kinship Term Systems (1)A. Similarities of English and Chinese kinship terms (2)1. The Same Functions (2)2. Similar Categories (2)B. Differences between English and Chinese kinship terms (3)1. Between collateral relations and lineal relations. (3)2. Between blood relation and affined relations. (5)3. Between paternal and maternal kinship terms (6)4. Gender kinship terms. (7)5. Elder-younger relations and seniority order (7)6.Derivatives of kinship terms (8)III. The reasons of the cultural difference between English and Chinese kinship terms (9)A. Different family structures (9)B. Different historical background (10)C. Different source (11)D. Other reasons (11)IV. Conclusion (12)I. IntroductionLanguage is not only a kind of cultural expression, but also the bridge of communication and kinship terms are indispensable to communication. Kinship term system is a very important part of language expression. Therefore, the kinship terms should be paid more attention. It is impossible to learn English well if you do not understand the British and American cultural background knowledge, especially, the kinship terms. So the different kinship terms between English and Chinese are importance in studying English. And this paper mainly talks about the differences and the similarities between English and Chinese kinship terms, including the reasons of forming these differences.Kinship terms, according to E.R.Leach, are "category words by means of which an individual is taught to recognize the significant groupings in the social structure into which he is born"(1958, P.143). Nowadays, Kinship terms belong to social language and they are used widely in daily communicative life. Therefore, the comparative study of kinship terms in Chinese and English is to understand better different cultural implication and make sure that communication is going on well. So, if we want to learn English, we must pay more attention to kinship terms.In this paper, there are 3 main parts, the first part describes the similarities between English and Chinese kinship term from 2 aspects: same functions and similar categories. The second part describes the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms from 6 aspects: between collateral relations and lineal relations, between blood relation and affined relations, between elder-younger relations and seniority, between paternal and maternal kinship terms, between gender kinship terms, and derivatives. The third part, according to family structures, historical background, sources and other reason to explain the reason of the cultural difference between English and Chinese kinship terms.II. Comparison between English and Chinese Kinship Term Systems There are both similarities and differences between English and Chinese kinship terms; there are not so many limits. They have some similarities in the kinship terms’functions and categories. At the same time, because English and Chinese languages have defined their own set of kinship terms and the roles they serve in the society. There are a lot of differences between English and Chinese kinship terms. English kinship terms are less complicated than Chinese kinship terns. In Chinese, kinship terms are oriented by generation, age, paternal and maternal relationships and in-law relationships. But in England, the way people address others are very random. Then, we will talk the similarities and differences between English and Chinese kinship terms.A. Similarities of English and Chinese kinship termsPeople from different countries have different cultures, but there are many similarities in cultures. Kinship terms must have some similarities in different countries too. It’s necessary to realize the similarities of the kinship terms. It may promote people to get along well with each other. So, the analysis of them is quite important.1. The Same FunctionsEnglish and Chinese kinship term have many important social functions. Generally, no matter English kinship or Chinese kinship terms, they have a basic functions, linking function. according to the linking function of human communication, communication is used to establish relationships between the individual and the environment, and that people use symbols to create a desired image to facilitate this linking to the environment. Thus, the individual is consubstantial with society.2. Similar CategoriesNo matter English kinship terms or Chinese kinship terms, they can be divided into two parts：the kinship terms and the social terms. Kinship system is not only a universal feature of languages, but also a result of the importance in social organization. Social term means the usage of all kinship term strategies and regulations between different social groups and social organizations in their communication according to their social positions and social roles.B. Differences between English and Chinese kinship termsEnglish and Chinese kinship terms stem from two different civilization traditions that have their own evolving history. It is not strange that there are many differences between the two. It is very important to understand these differences, only in this way can avoid many problems in intercultural communications. And then , there 5 key points will be followed.1. Between collateral relations and lineal relations.In Chinese kinship terms, there is some difference between collateral relations and lineal relations, but in English kinship terms, there is little difference. First, please look at the following 2 tables; they will help us to understand the differences between collateral relations and lineal relations.Table 1 Lineal relationsRelation Chinese Terms English Termspaternal grandfather maternal grandfatherzu fu（祖父）wai zu fu（外祖父）grandfatherpaternal grandfather maternal grandfatherzu mu（祖母）wai zu mu（外祖母）grandmotherfather fu qin（父亲）father mother mu qin（母亲）motherelder brother younger brother ge ge（哥哥）di di （弟弟）brotherelder sister younger sisterjie jie（姐姐）mei mei（妹妹）sisterson er zi（儿子）son daughter nv er（女儿）daughterson's son daughter's sonsun zi（孙子）wai sun（外孙）grandsonson's daughter daughter's daughtersun nv（孙女）wai sun nv（外孙女）granddaughterThe above table talks about the lineal relations kinship terms, from table 1, we can see that the English language pays little attention to consanguinity and affinity relations in its kinship terms. But the Chinese language considers that these are important. And in China, there is another relation, who is collateral relations; therefore, the following table is to talk about it.Table 2 Collateral relationsRelations Chinese Terms English Termsfather's elder brother father's younger brother mother's brother bo fu（伯父）shu fu（叔父）jiu fu（舅父）unclefather's sister mother's sister gu mu（姑妈）yi mu（姨妈）auntfather's brother's sonfather's sister's son mother's brother's sonmother's sister's son father's brother's daughter father's sister's daughter mother's brother's daughter mother's sister's daughtertang ge/di（堂哥／弟）gu biao ge/di（姑表哥／弟）jiu biao ge/di（舅表哥／弟）yi biao ge/di（姨表哥／弟）tang jie/mei（堂姐／妹）gu biao jie/mei（姑表姐／妹）jiu biao jie/mei（舅表姐／妹）yi biao jie/mei（姨表姐／妹）cousinBrother’s sonSister’s son Wife’s sibling’s sonzhi zi（侄子）wai sheng（外甥）biao zhi（表侄）nephewbrother’s daughtersister’s daughter wife’s sibling’s daughterzhi nv（侄女）wai sheng nv（外甥女）biao zhi nv（表侄女）nieceThe above box talks about collateral relations. From the table, we know that many differences between Chinese and English in collateral relations. For example, when a boy says this is my uncle. In fact, we can’t get the informationonly from the word those words, but in Chinese, we can know much information, such as sex, birth order and so on.2. Between blood relation and affined relations.About the blood relation and relations by marriage, these people are called relations with blood; and those are called relation by marriage. In Chinese, their kinship terms are different and are very clear. In paternal clan, bo fu, shu fu, jiu fu, gu mu,and yi mu belong to blood relation; Gu fu, yi fu, bo mu, shen mu,and jiu mu, belong to relations by marriage. At the same time, it reflects that Chinese have strong clan relative sense.But in English, there is no classification between blood relation and relations by marriage. There being an example is the kinship term uncle. According to Ullmann (1962), the English word "uncle" comes via French from the Latin avunculus, which meant onl y one kind of uncle, namely, the mother’s brother, whereas the father’s brother was called patruus. Since the latter word fell into disuse, the descendants of avunculus have come to stand for both kinds of uncle, so that the range of the Latin term has been doubled (p. 228).In the OXFORD ADV ANCED LEARNER’S English-Chinese Dictionary, the word, uncle,is explained: 1. the brother of one's father; 2. the brother of one's mother; 3. the husband of one's aunt (p.1915). And the same, aunt is explained: 1. a sister of one's mother; 2. a sister of one's father; 3. the wife of one's uncle (p.95). So, based on the above examples, uncle includes parents' brothers and parents' sisters' husbands, for example, gu fu, shu fu, jiu fu, gu zhang and y i zhang; aunt means parents' sisters and parents' brothers' wives, such as gu mu, yi mu, bo mu, shen mu and jiu mu.Of course, English does not ignore relations by marriage, in English, there often has a suffix in-laws followed by some kinship terms of blood relation, for instance, brother-in-laws ,this word means jie fu, mei fu, husbands' jie fu , husbands' mei fu, nei xiong, nei di, da bo zi and xiao shu zi.There is a table to show the affined relations:Table 3 Affined relationsRelation Chinese Term English Term wife's/husband's father yue fu /gong gong（岳父／公公）father-in-law wife's/husband's mother yue mu/po po（岳母／婆婆）mother-in-lawfather's sister's husband mother's sister's husband gu fu（姑父）yi fu（姨夫）unclefather's elder brother's wife father's younger brother's wife mother's brother's wife bo mu（伯母）shen mu（婶母）jiu mu（舅母）auntwife/husband qi zi/zhang fu（妻子丈夫）wife/husbandelder sister's husband younger sister's husband husband'selder/younger brotherwife's brother jie fu（姐夫）mei fu（妹夫）da bo/xiao shu（大／伯小叔）da/xiao jiu zi（大／小舅子）brother-in-lawelder brother's wife younger brother's wife wife's elder/younger sister brother's wife sao zi（嫂子）di xi（弟媳）da/xiao yi zi（大／小姨子）zhou li（妯娌）sister-in-lawson's wife er xi（儿媳）daughter-in-law daughter husband nv xu（女婿）son-in-law The above box talks about affined relations, just like the second box, in English, just several kinship terms can express more in Chinese.3. Between paternal and maternal kinship termsIn contrast to English kinship terms, the Chinese kinship system is more complicated. There are many differences in paternal and maternal kinship terms.Chinese kinship emphasizes paternal kinship, while English is not. Chinese people attach much importance to consanguineous relations rather than affined relations which connotes by kinship terms apparently. The difference between "close" and "distant" is taken seriously in Chinese culture. Paternal lineages are more "close" thanmaternal ones. Usually, paternal lineages is labeled "tang", such as"tang ge/ di", "father’s brother’s so n, while maternal lineages is labe1ed"biao"，such as "biao ge／di "(mother’s brother’s son). In Chinese kinship system, affined relations, i.e. in-laws, 0uses of your siblings) have their own specific titles, such as father’s elder brother’s wife is called "bo mu",younger sister’s husband is called"meifu", and so on. In English, maternal and paternal lineages, consanguineous and affined relations are not distinguished so distinctly. We even can not distinguish an "uncle" whether is one’s father’s brother or one’s mother’s brother．4. Gender kinship terms.The gender of the relative is distinguished in Chinese culture, while not in English. In Chinese culture，the gender of the relative is distinguished distinctly. For example, title for "father’s brother’s son" is strictly distinguished from that for "father’s brother’s daughter". English kinship system may ignore the sex distinction．For example，all male and female children of a person’s father／mother’s brother／sister can be called "cousin". It may refer to the mother’s brother’s son, mother’s brother’s daughter, mother’s sister’s son, mother’s sister’s daughter,father’s brother’s son, father’s brother’s daughter,father’s sister’s son, father’s sister’s daughter, and so on. Meticulous Chinese kinship system has its roots deep in Chinese culture. It is the product of an agricultural society, a family-centered economy, and a hierarchical family system. Likewise，English kinship system also origins from its own culture. Simple nuclear family, independence of individuals, friendship extended to non—kinship all these factors result in the straightforward English kinship system．5. Elder-younger relations and seniority orderTraditional Chinese society is organized in vertical structure, and has always advocated family and lives for generations under one roof. Chinese culture lays stress on ”superior controls junior” , in the family, people should respect for seniority, the descendant is not allowed to call the elderly by name, and seniority is extremely important to the level of scale. Therefore, in kinship terms words, the same seniority in the family distinguishes from ge ge and di di, jie jie and mei mei,bo fu and shu fu, bo mu and shen mu. In the different seniority, as to the higher seniority, they can callothers who are lower seniority with their full names, including the last name. However, oppositely, the lower seniority can not call the higher seniority with name, it will shows that they are not polite. The kind of idea has rooted in Chinese mind. These older people's kinship terms are sacred title.However, in English, there is no difference in seniority, and the higher seniority is not important, the descendant and the elderly relate as friends, the descendant is allowed to call the elderly by name. In the western culture, old age is not advantaged. So, in English, we can know that “brother”includes the elder and the younger one, “sister” applied to elder sister and younger sister are both feasible. and there are many word like that, such as, uncle and aunt. Besides, in western country, people usually call families with names or even nick names. For example, in Family Album, U.S.A, the daughter-in-law Marilyn calls her father-in-law Philip with name.(Episode 6,Act Ш).So, in their mind, it will show that they are much closer. The following dialog is taken from Family Album, U.S.A:1．Ellen：Where are you going，Philip?Philip：Remember，the Michigan football game?And Michigan needs a touchdown．Ellen：Did you forget something?Robbie：Dad，your famous apple pie．Philip：Just let me see the score，Ellen．Marilyn：Go ahead，Philip．We should all take a little breakbefore dessert．2．Ellen：Robbie，would you bring the dessert plates．And，Marilyn，would you pour coffee，please．Marilyn：Sure，Ellen．6.Derivatives of kinship termsChinese is an analyzing language, the grammar relationship among words is expressed by some other words, and the formation of those words is stable. Therefore, in Chinese, there is no some derivatives expressing “love”. If we need to express love, we can add some words to the front of some kinship term. For example, A ba, A jiu, Amei, hao mama, guai er zi, qin ai de baba,or other words, mei zi, shen er and some kinship terms from Hong Kong and Tai Wan, lao ba, lao ma.And some are from Europe or America, just like ma mi, ba bi, and so on.But English belongs to comprehensive language, it has own character that the grammar relationship among words is expressed by those words own changing. So, generally, they often add to some suffixes. For instance, mum-mummy, mom-mommy; dad-daddy, dadie; grandpa-grandpop, gramp; grandma-grandmama; granny-grannie; nan-nany, nana; daughter-daughtie; son-sonny; aunt-auntie, aunty and so on.III. The reasons of the cultural difference between English and Chinese kinship termsEnglish and Chinese address forms originated from two different civilization traditions that have their own evolving history. It is not strange that there are many differences between the two. The main reasons for cultural differences lie in the family structures, history background, source and so on.A. Different family structuresMany cultural differences exist in family structures and values. On one hand,, i t’s well- known that ancient China was a feudal agricultural country. People lived on tilling the land and settled in those places with rich soil. In this case, self-supporting natural economy gradually took shape. However, people had to labor together and had a collective life owing to the low productivity. So, they lived together and formed an extended family, gradually, the dominant type of family is extended family. An extended family means a family is made up of two or more adult generations, and these generations of the family sharing a common household and economic resource. Therefore, there are complex relations between family members. In addition, in China, the position in the family hierarchy is distinguished clearly. It has a strict distinction between blood relative and affined relative, clan and non-clan, and also personal status, right, obligation, behavior, therefore, in China, a detailed and clear division in kinship terms is necessary. According to generation, age and sex, people were required to address and distinguish different family members.On the other hand, in the west, there is no extended family, but a nuclear family. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution period, manpower in Anglo-American countries was no longer the important factor in the process of working. Therefore, an increasing number of nuclear families began to form and played a leading role in the current society. A nuclear family means a family consisting of parents and their unmarried children, and they live far away from other relatives. Generally speaking, a nuclear family has very few members, only parents and offspring. In western countries, because people usually hold the view that they should live a independent life, they are willing not to live with their parents after they get married, they believe in self-reliance and freedom. Furthermore, aged people prefer to live in the nursery home rather than live with their children. As a result, the parents and their children also have their own families, which can avoid conflicts between parents and children brought about by the generation gap.So the nuclear family is simpler. It is no wonder that the English kinship terms is more simple than Chinese.B. Different historical backgroundAs we all know, feudal patriarchal society controlled China for two thousand years, influenced by the moral and ethical concepts; Chinese must chose suitable terms to address others according to the rank and identity. In addition, Chinese people value the close family relationship and prefer living together with or near their families. This is greatly influenced by China's great teacher and philosopher Confucius, who educated his people not to study or work far away from home while their parents were still alive. This concept has since become one of the traditions of Chinese culture. Because of this concept of close family ties, Chinese families are usually very large. Since people prefer living with or near their families, family members encounter each other frequently in daily routine；therefore, it is convenient for them to keep those precise kinship terms. It is no doubt that the patriarchal clan system produced a great impact on Chinese culture, including the kinship term system.On the contrary, in the west, people think equality is very important. They hold the view that all men are born equal. In western families, all members are in an equalstatus. Thus, father and mother, husband and wife, son and daughter and the siblings are in the same status respectively. They are prone to address others by names regardless of the rank and identity. This phenomenon expresses intensely their hope of getting rid of differences in social status. Therefore, English kinship terms give expression to equality in personality, especially for addressing relatives on father’s side or mother’s side.C. Different sourceChinese kinship terms belong to Sudanese kinship system, but English kinship terms are Eskimo kinship system. Sudanese kinship system is descriptive system, which makes a clear distinction between maternal and paternal relatives. It is so highly descriptive and detailed that generally every relative is named by a different kinship term. What’s more, there is an inclination to relatives of paternal side as well as of lineal relationships because of the male people in paternal side and consanguineous relatives having been put more emphasis. Eskimo kinship term system, which is a typical example of classification, puts more emphasis on the nuclear family which of only father, mother, son, daughter, brother and sister. It also ignores the distinction between father’s side and mother’s side, which shows that it is bilateral.D. Other reasonsFrom a cultural point of view of origin, the environments of China and Western countries are different, which has made those people choose different methods to adapt to the environment, therefore, different cultures were formed. In West, the development of material changes in production methods, social and political changes in the economic development, but also influence and determine the changes in cultural development.Europe’s geographic structure formats the Western culture the survival of the state of coexistence with the sea, seafaring and the Industrial Revolution developed, so that from the very early development of commercial economy, which created the mankind's oldest commercial civilization. However, China is a traditional agricultural country, after one thousands of years developing, China has developed as an agricultural civilization. So it is different from theEuropean countriesSo China and the European countries produced different civilization and culture, and it was reflected by language, especially in kinship terms. Therefore, there are some different points between Chinese and English kinship terms.IV. ConclusionSo, based on the above statements, kinship term, an indispensable part of verbal communication, is clearly highlighted in address system of a language. Although English and Chinese languages share a few semantic constants in common, however, kinship terms of these two languages can not be fully translated equivalently. In this paper, the authors illustrate the similarities differences between English an d Chinese kinship terms and reveal the causes it results from. In contrast: English address forms are less complicated than Chinese address forms, with Chinese kinship terms, it will help us better understand English kinship system and their cultures, which will also help us improve cross-cultural communication and thus conduct the further studies in this field.BibliographyHu Wen, Hu Min. Comparative study on English and Chinese kinship terms.US-China Foreign Language Press，2007Leach E. R. Concerning trobriand clans and the kinship category "tabu." In J.Goody (ed.), the developmental cycle in domestic groups. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press，1958:120～145The OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER’S English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford University Press，2006Ullmann, S. Semantics: An introduction to the science of meaning. Oxford: Basil Black Well, 1962刘承华. 《文化与人格——对中西文化差异的一次比较》. 中国科学技术大学出版社. 2002：79王守仁, 何宁. 《新编英语口语教程》.上海: 上海外语教育出版社1998(9)：黎昌抱. “英汉亲属称谓词国俗差异研究”《四川外语学院报》. 2001(2)：卢卫中. “英汉呼语探讨外语研究” 1992(4)：48～51胡怡亭. 《英汉思维模式差异研本英语论文》2004：6。

汉英亲属称谓语差异及翻译摘要：语言是文化的一个重要组成部分，也是文化的载体。

不同的语言有着不一样的文化背景。

汉英称呼语存在诸多差异：汉语亲属称呼语种类繁多，丰富独特，反映了汉民族长幼有序，男尊女卑的宗法伦理观念；英语亲属称呼语简洁、明了，是西方重个体、讲平、独立意识的反映。

文章通过对比汉英日常生活中称呼语的差异并从跨文化的角度分析造成差异的原因，以促进对英汉称呼语的了解和跨文化的顺利交流。

关键词：语言文化差异亲属称谓语跨文化称呼语（address forms）是人们语言中必不可少的一部分，是用来表示彼此关系的名称。

称呼语具有重要的社会功能，是称呼者对被称呼者的身份、地位、角色和相互关系的认定，骑着保持和加强各种人际关系的作用。

“亲属称呼语是称呼语体系中的重要部分，它是指以血缘关系为基础的亲属之间的相互称呼，它是以本人为轴心来确定亲属与本人关系的标志，是由历代婚姻关系中男女双方亲族的排列次序所构成的。

”不同民族的文化心理差异——汉英两种语言在表示亲属称谓关系的称谓词上呈现诸多不同，可以看出民族的文化差异在语言上的折射。

汉民族由于经历了长期宗法文化下的等级分明的封建社会，因此，汉语的亲属称呼语名目繁多，区分长辈、长有秩序、内亲外戚、南尊女卑，体现出宗法制度下影响下的上下有别，长幼有序，亲属分明的等级观念。

孟子：“国之本在家”；“圣人，人伦之至也。

”（《孟子离娄》）可看出：中国古代社会的结构核心内容是宗族制度；中国古代文化系统的基本特征是居于首要地位的伦理观念。

而西方国家只经历了短暂的封建宗法制度，由于资产阶级革命的成功，资产阶级提倡的“自由、平等、民主”的资产阶级民主深入人心，虽在历史上也曾有过外延家庭的结构模式，但进入工业社会后，这种大家庭急剧减少，取而代之的是核心家庭。

这种家庭规模小，家庭成员少，亲属关系也就日趋简单化。

因此，英语亲属称呼语只突出性别，不强调父系母系，血缘及家族关系，对因联姻而产生的亲属一律以法律认可的内涵形式出现，既简洁、命了，又体现了较强的法律意识而不含宗族或本家的亲属观念；胳臂直接爱你的称呼呈线性形式向上下伸展，不想四周扩张，是核心家庭在生活结构上的反映。

亲戚亲属家庭成员的英文称呼对于亲属成员的称呼,英、汉两种语言存在很大差异。

英语中的father，mother存在着“多词同义”的情况。

“父亲、母亲"还可以用以下形式称呼，“dad，daddy,pop，pa；mum,mam，mom，mummy,mammy，ma"等。

除father,mother之外,sister,brother，grandmother,grandfather，uncle，aunt，cousin等词都是“身兼数职”。

sister，brother不分年龄,既可指妹妹，弟弟（younger sister专指妹妹; younger brother专指弟弟)，又可指姐姐、哥哥（elder sister专指姐姐,elder brother专指哥哥).grandmother 和grandfather既是“祖母、祖父"，也指“外祖母、外祖父",没有父系、母系之分。

uncle的词义就更广了，它不仅可以用于叔叔、伯伯、舅舅，还可以用于姑父、姨父,不存在父系、母系及年龄大小的区别; aunt可以用于姑、姨、婶母、伯母和舅母。

cousin所指亲属成员也不分父系、母系，不分性别、年龄,囊括了堂哥、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹一系列汉语的亲属成员.英语中对亲属成员的称呼要表明属于父方还是母方，就必须在前面加Paternal或on my father’s side；matemal或on my mother’s side．另外,aunt和uncle也可用于非亲属成员。

例如：父母的朋友可以称为Aunt Helen, Uncle John等。

aunt和uncle有时用来指grandaunt和granduncle。

grandaunt和granduncle通常不被用来直接称呼祖父母或外祖父母的兄妹及配偶，而只起向别人说明的作用,晚辈一般要用aunt或uncle来称呼他们，即将他们的辈份降一级。