第四章 英译汉常用的方法和技巧(中)-长句的翻译
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英语长句的翻译基本技巧和方法英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句作层次分明的叙述。
因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句。
在英语长句的翻译过程中,归纳出以下的一些方法。
(1) 顺序法当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语,从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。
例如:But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their "expectation of life", the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考题)分析:该句的骨干结构为"It is realized that ...",it为形式主语,that引导主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to ...结构,其中,不定式作主语,the time ...是"expectation of life"的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。
五个谓语结构表达了四个层次的意义:A. 可是现在人们意识到;B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;C. 人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质"可望存在多少年";D. 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。
根据同位语从句的翻译方法,把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质"可望存在多少年",也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
英语长句翻译实用技巧十翻译技巧10 长句翻译嵌切拆插(一)英译汉长句翻译的基本步骤英译汉长句翻译的关键在于两点:一是对原文的准确理解,二是恰如其分的表达。
对原文的理解一般包括这样几个方面:①原作者的意旨;②作者的论点及它们之间的逻辑关系;③句与句之间的语法关系;④各个修饰成分之间的关系。
除了准确理解原文之外,译文的成功与否很大程度上取决于译者对母语的驾驭能力以及对翻译技巧的灵活运用。
英译汉的长句处理一般可分为理解和表达两个阶段及5个具体的处理步骤。
理解阶段可分为3个步骤:①扼要拟出全句的主要轮廓;②辨清该句的主从结构,并根据上下文领会全句的要旨;③将长句按表达的需要划分成若干部分,把握每部分的要点。
表达阶段可分为两个步骤进行:①逐一翻译划开的每一部分;②对译文进行调整、组合,然后检查、修改、润色。
我们看看下面一例长句的处理过程:英语原文:It is nothing else than impurities prenatally inherent in ore that seriously affect the quality of the latter,which is formed as a result of geological vicissitudes including diastrophic movement,eruption of volcano,sedimentation,glaciation and weathering etc.,under the action of which pyrogenic rocks,volcanic complex,aqueous rocks,sedimentary rocks etc.,come into being,some of which exist in a stage of symiosis,the main cause of the absence of pure rocks in nature,wherein lies the reason for the need of separation technology and apparatus,namely,ore-dressing devices and equipment,(which has been)so far impotent to meet the requirements of metallurgical industry the scientists make every endeavor to elevate to a new high by laser separation.第一、理解阶段第一步,扼要拟出全句的轮廓框架,其主体结构为两个并列复合句:It is nothing else than impurities... that seriously affect the quality of the latter,(不是别的,正是杂质严重影响了后者的质量……)wherein lies the reason for the need of separation technology and apparatus(因此存在需要分离技术与器械的理由)第二步,辨清该长句的主从结构,并根据上下文和全句内容领会其要旨:It is nothing else than impurities... that seriously affect the quality of...,which is formed as...,under the action of which... rocks... etc.,come into being...,some of which exist in...,wherein lies the reason for the need of...,(which have been)so far impotent to meet the requirements of...第三步,将长句按表达的需要划分成若干部分,把握每部分的要点:1)Impurities prenatally inherent in ore seriously affect its quality.(矿石中的天然杂质影响了矿石的质量。
英语长句的翻译技巧英语长句是很复杂的句子,很多人觉得在翻译长句时很是吃力。
那么英语长句有哪些翻译方法媕娿?下面由店铺为大家整理的英语长句的翻译技,希望大家喜欢!英语长句的翻译技巧1.顺译法顺译法是指在处理一些叙述层次依次相连,跟汉语相近的长句时,按原句的自然顺序进行翻译,并根据具体情况,适当增加或省略有关的连接词。
例如:例一:Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation.听众的眼神可以表明,演说过于拖沓,演说者在某一点上讲的太多,或者在某一点上还需要作进一步的解释。
例二:But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology.但是艺术历史注意的不仅仅是这些,因为艺术反映的不单是一个民族的政治价值观,而且还有他们的宗教信仰、情感和心理特点。
PART2.倒译法有时英语长句的结构层次与汉语相反,要从英语原文的后面译起,自下而上,颠倒次序进行翻译。
一般来说,英语长句不符合汉语习惯的情况比较多,所以在翻译实践中,倒译通常要多于顺译。
例一:It remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to supply world economy which would have grown by 500 percent .如果世界经济真的以5倍于现有的速度增长,那么原材料的储备是否能充分满足其需求,尚不得而知。
长句的翻译方法摘要:本文简要地叙述了长句翻译的四种基本方法:顺译法、逆译法、分译法、综合法及其适用场合。
关键词:长句翻译顺译法逆译法分译法英语中的长句,无论多长,结构多么错综复杂,都是通过基本句型的扩展和变化得到的。
其扩展与变化的方法可以简要归纳如下六种:1.增加句子的修饰语(定语、状语等)。
例如:she’s a student.--→ she’s a excellent student.2.增加并列成分(并列主语、并列宾语、并列谓语、并列定语等)或并列句。
例如:sometimes, I go to school by bike.--→ sometimes, I go to school by bike or by bus.3.增加附加成分(插入语、同位语、独立成分等)。
例如:who is the most outstanding author?--→ who do you think is the most outstanding author?4.出现倒装或省略现象。
例如:there lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago. --→ an elderly lady whose husband died long ago lived there.5.增加由短语或多级短语充当的成分。
例如:they are yours.--→ they are yours sooner or later.6.增加由长句或多级长句充当的句子成分。
例如:he knew how ashamed he would have been.--→ he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among when he was born.以上我们讲述了长句是怎么来的,现在我们就讲一下长句应该怎么翻译、长句的翻译方法有哪些。
英译汉的翻译方法和技巧是建立在英汉两种语言的对比之上的。
这两种语言在词汇和句法方面的一些表达手段上各有其特点。
语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。
首先我们谈谈词序的调整。
英汉语句中的主要成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的,但各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异。
汉语说“他正在卧室里睡觉”,而在英语中却说He is sleeping in the bedroom.(他睡觉在卧室。
);英语汉语都说“他出生于北京”,“He was born in Beijing”。
一、定语位置的调整1.单词作定语。
英语中,单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词前,汉语中也大体如此。
有时英语中有后置的,但译成汉语时一般都前置。
something important(后置)重要的事情(前置)如果英语中名词前的定语过多,译文中则不宜完全前置,因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。
a little,yellow,ragged beggar(前置)一个要饭的,身材矮小,面黄肌瘦,衣衫褴褛(后置)2.短语作定语。
英语中,修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后,而汉语则反之,但间或也有放在后面的,视汉语习惯而定。
their attempt to cross the river(后置)他们渡江的企图(前置)the decimal system of counting(后置)十进制计算法(后置)二、状语位置的调整1.单词作状语。
英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时,通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面,这一点与汉语相同。
He was very active in class.(前置)他在班上很活跃。
(前置)英语中单词作状语修饰动词时,一般放在动词之后,而在汉语里则放在动词之前。
Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.(后置)现代科学技术正在迅速发展。
长句的翻译长句指的是字数较多、结构较复杂、含有多层意思的句子。
汉语和英语都有长句,但在句子结构上的差异很大。
所以,在翻译时要讲究方法,否则就难以准确清晰地传达原文的各层意思。
在处理长句时,要注意如何断句和如何区分主从,正确运用合并法,倒置法和插入法。
一、断句所谓断句,就是把原文的一句话译作两句或更多句。
大凡长句多为复句,而汉语复句和英语复句往往在结构上不同。
汉语的一个复句有时需要断作几句来译,才能使意思清晰,结构利落,合乎英语的表达习惯。
另外,现代英语的句子结构也趋向简短,文章中非限制性的关系子句用得越来越少。
为此,翻译汉语长句时也常常采用断句手法。
一般来说,在以下几种情况下都可以断句:1. 汉语句子较长,内容较复杂这种句子如果同样译作一个长句,在结构上有困难,语境也不清楚;断句则便于清晰地表达原意,又符合英语的表达习惯。
·历来只有真正老实的劳动者,才懂得劳动生产财富的道理才能排除一切想入非非的发财思想,而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动,为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。
Throughout the ages only honest laboring people see the truth that wealth is created through labor. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only they create and accumulate wealth for both society and themselves through hard practical work.·如今没奈何,把你雇在隔壁人家放牛,每月可以得他几钱银子,你又有现成饭吃,只在明日就要去了。
There’s no way out but to set you to work looking after our neighbor’s buffalo. Y ou’ll make a little money every month, and you’ll get your meals there too. Y ou are to start tomorrow.2. 汉语的总分复句汉语的总分复句都包括总说和分述两个部分。
英语长句的翻译方法长句的翻译方法1.顺序翻译法(1)The problem is that the last generation or so we’re come to assume that women should be able, and should want, to do everything that by tradition men have done at the same time as prettywell everything that by tradition women have done.问题是,在过去二十年时间里,我们已经认定,妇女们应该能够且应该想做男人们想做男人们传统上所做的一切,而同时也能够做得跟妇女们传统上所做的一切同样好。
(2)Exercise*Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individual and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the mali-dominated culture.2. 逆序翻译法(1)It therefore becomes more and more important that, if studentsare not to waste theiropportuniti es,there will have tobe much detailed informationabout courses and advice.因此,如果要使学生充分利用(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。
这个问题显得越来越重要了。
(2)Exercises*It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reason why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.*A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor because the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the later fifties.*Such a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willingto sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.*Clear-cut guidelines and politics have been worked out and expressed in accurate language concerning the economy, politics, science and technology, education, culture and military and foreign affairs.3. 分译法翻译英语句子时,有时我们可以把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只作稍改变即可,但在不少情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。
英语长句翻译的步骤1“六步法”1 紧缩主干(捋出主句主语、谓语及宾语)。
2 区分主从(析出从句并捋出从句的主语、谓语及宾语以及修饰关系)。
3 辨析词义(特别是主干中的词义)。
4 分清层次(推断句子思维逻辑发展形式及重心)。
5 调整搭配(特别是主谓及动宾搭配,调整语序)。
6 润饰词语(选词、炼句并考虑文体的适应性)。
2英语长句的翻译方法英语长句汉译时,一般可采用以下几种方法:包孕法、切断法、拆译法、倒置法、插入法和重组法。
(1)包孕包孕就是指将英语后置修饰成分(包括各种词组或从句)在汉译时放在中心词(即被修饰成分)之前,使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。
修饰词前置是汉语的正常语序。
因此,只要修饰成分不要过长,汉译后没有拖沓之嫌,我们可以尽量译成前置包孕,这样可以使句义十分紧凑,结构上整体感强。
但是,运用包孕法翻译时要特别注意包孕部分不宜过长,成分不宜过于复杂。
一般来说,汉语前置修饰语不宜超过25~30字。
Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it,the amount and sources of funds,membership,and names and salaries of their representatives.国会已制定法律,要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱、怎样花的。
款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。
The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its function.大会得设立其认为于行使职务所必需之辅助机关。
英语中长句的翻译技巧英语中长句的翻译技巧1. 何谓长句所谓长句,主要指语法结构复杂、修饰成分较多、内容层次在两个或两个以上的复合句,亦可指含义较多的简单句。
2、汉英长句比较英、汉两种语言在句法上存在差异,多为形合句,汉语多为意合句。
汉语句子多属于紧缩型,英语的句子多属于扩展型.英语修辞语位置相对灵活,前置后置,比较自如,尤其倾向于后置,十分有利于句子的扩展。
英语句子较长,且较多使用关联词和从句。
多种从句(主语、状语、定语、表语从句)并存的长句比比皆是。
因为英语结构复杂,层次变化多样,容易产生误解,所以英语长句翻译成为难点。
3、英语长句的分析在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语(主干/句), 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5) 注意插入语等成分。
例:Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his orher capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。