thermo-mechanical fatigue life prediction method
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收稿日期:2003-04-17;修订日期:2003-07-08基金项目:“九五”航空发动机结构强度国防预研项目(28.4)作者简介:张国栋(1977-),男,陕西富平人,北京航空材料研究院助理工程师,硕士,主要从事高温疲劳与断裂研究.第19卷 第1期2004年2月航空动力学报Journal of Aerospace PowerVol.19No.1Feb. 2004文章编号:1000-8055(2004)01-0017-06定向合金DZ 125热/机械疲劳寿命预测模型评估张国栋1,刘绍伦1,何玉怀1,周柏卓2(1.北京航空材料研究院,北京100095;2.沈阳航空发动机设计研究所,辽宁沈阳110015)摘要:分别用微裂纹扩展模型、M anso n-Co ffin 方程和拉伸迟滞能模型对DZ125定向凝固铸造镍基高温合金的热/机械疲劳寿命进行预测。
预测结果发现:三种模型都能较好对D Z125合金的热/机械疲劳寿命进行预测(分散带为2倍左右)。
通过分散带和标准差的定量比较发现:对于同相位、-135°相位和同相位带保持时间的热/机械疲劳,拉伸迟滞能寿命预测模型的预测结果比微裂纹扩展模型和M anson-Coffin 方程的预测结果好;而对于反相位热/机械疲劳,微裂纹扩展模型的预测结果比拉伸迟滞能寿命预测模型和M anso n-Coffin 方程的预测结果好。
关 键 词:航空、航天推进系统;热/机械;疲劳;寿命预测;同相位;反相位中图分类号:O346.2;V 231.95 文献标识码:ALife Predication of Thermomechanical Fatiguein DS S uperalloy DZ 125ZHANG Guo -dong 1,LIU Shao -lun 1,HE Yu -huai 1,ZHOU Bo -zhuo2(1.Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China;2.Shenyang Aeroeng ine Research Institute,Shenyang 110015,China)Abstract :Manson -Coffin equation ,Ostergren m ethod and microcrack propag ation model w ere chosen to predict TMF life in DS Superalloy DZ 125.T he results of T MF life prediction show ed that all of methods chosen were able to g ive a reasonable life prediction result for DS su-peralloy DZ125.For in-phase TM F,in-phase w ith hold tim e TM F and -135°phase ang le TMF,Ostergren model gav e a better life prediction result than Manson -Coffin equation and microcrackpropagation m odel did.But for out-of-phase T MF,microcrack propag ation model gave better re-sults than Ostergren m odel and M anson-Coffin equation did.Key words :aerospace propulsion system ;thermomechanical;fatig ue;life prediction;in -phase ;out -of -phase 航空、动力和冶金等工业中的许多工程零部件,在其服役期间由于环境温度的不断变化,导致这些零件不仅承受着循环载荷所产生的机械应力,而且还承受着由于温度变化或温度梯度而引起的热循环应力。
2020年10月第44卷增刊2 Vol.44Suppl.2Oct.2020收稿日期:2020-09-12作者简介:于海华(1986-),男,工程师,学士,主要从事材料热处理及失效分析。
yihaihua1986@126.com某飞机定位销的断裂原因于海华,严海燕,王宇魁,张芙蓉,陈俊文(中航飞机股份有限公司汉中分公司,汉中723200)摘 要:某飞机定位销在使用过程中发生断裂,通过断口宏微观分析、化学成分分析、显微硬度测试、显微组织观察等方法分析了其断裂原因。
结果表明:定位销与零件装配贴合不紧密,导致定位销在工作时承受附加弯曲载荷而发生疲劳断裂;建议改进安装工艺,减小定位销与孔的间隙,从而提高疲劳寿命。
关键词:定位销;疲劳断裂;贝壳弧线;弯曲载荷中图分类号:V267 文献标志码:B 文章编号:1000-3738(2020)增刊2-0080-03Reason for Fracture of Locating Pin of an AircraftYU Haihua,YAN Haiyan,WANG Yukui,ZHANG Furong,CHEN Junwen(Avic Shaanxi Aircraft Industry(Group)Corporation Ltd.,Hanzhong 723200,China)Abstract:A locating pin of an aircraft fractured during use.The fracture reason was investigated by methodsof macro-and micro-fracture analysis,chemical composition analysis,microhardness test,microstructureobservation.The results show that during working,the locating pin was subjected to the additional bending loadscaused by the unfitness of assembly between locating pin and parts,and finally the fatigue fracture occurred.It wassuggested to improve the installation process and reduce the clearance between the locating pin and the hole,so as toimprove the fatigue life.Key words:locating pin;fatigue fracture;shell arcfit;bending load0 引 言定位销在结构设计中应用广泛,在飞机上主要应用在各种可方便打开或者拆卸的罩体上[1],是常用的定位元件之一[2]。
2020年10月第44卷增刊2 Vol.44Suppl.2Oct.2020收稿日期:2020-07-20基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFB0300404);广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B010184002);省部共建高品质特殊钢冶金与制备国家重点实验室自主课题(SKLASS2019-Z016)作者简介:左鹏鹏,男,讲师,博士,主要从事模具钢研发与产业化、金属疲劳行为研究。
pengpengzuo@shu.edu.cnH13钢的等温疲劳和热机械疲劳行为左鹏鹏1,2,3,楼通海1,2,王笑驰1,2,朱振强1,2,吴晓春1,2,3(1.上海大学省部共建高品质特殊钢冶金与制备国家重点实验室,上海200444;2.上海大学材料科学与工程学院,上海200444;3.上大鑫仑材料科技(广东)有限公司,肇庆526105)摘 要:对H13钢进行等温疲劳和热机械疲劳试验,对比研究了其在不同应变幅(0.7%,0.9%和1.1%)下的疲劳行为。
结果表明:拉压对称的H13钢等温疲劳应力应变滞后回线关于原点对称,而热机械疲劳滞后回线不对称;H13钢在等温疲劳和热机械疲劳过程中持续循环软化,循环软化过程可大致分为初始不稳定、持续软化和失效3个阶段;应变幅越大,疲劳试样截面主裂纹根部宽度越大、扩展长度越长;相同应变幅下等温疲劳试样裂纹数量更多,主裂纹根部宽度更大,但主裂纹长度远低于热机械疲劳试样的;相同应变幅下等温疲劳试样回复现象更为明显,碳化物数量更多、尺寸更大。
关键词:H13钢;等温疲劳;热机械疲劳;疲劳行为中图分类号:TG142.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1000-3738(2020)增刊2-0011-07Isothermal Fatigue and Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of H13SteelZUO Pengpeng1,2,3,LOU Tonghai 1,2,WANG Xiaochi 1,2,ZHU Zhenqiang1,2,WU Xiaochun1,2,3(1.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China;2.College of Materials Science and Engineering,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China;3.Shangda Xinlun Material and Technology(Guangdong)Co.,Ltd.,Zhaoqing 526105,China)Abstract:Isothermal fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue tests were carried out on H13steel,and itsfatigue behavior under different strain amplitudes(0.7%,0.9%and1.1%)was comparatively studied.The resultsshow that the H13steel isothermal fatigue stress-strain hysteresis loop was symmetric about the origin,while thethermomechanical fatigue hysteresis loop was asymmetric.H13steel continued to cyclically soften in the process ofisothermal fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue,and the cyclic softening process can be roughly divided into threestages,including initial instability,continuous softening and failure.The larger the strain amplitude,the larger theroot width and the longer the extension length of the main crack in the section of the fatigue specimen.Under thesame strain amplitude,there were more cracks in the isothermal fatigue specimen,and the width of the root of themain crack was larger,but the length of the main crack was much lower than that of the thermomechanical fatiguespecimen.Under the same strain amplitude,the recovery phenomenon of the isothermal fatigue specimen was moreobvious,and the number and the size of carbides was larger.Key words:H13steel;isothermal fatigue;thermomechanical fatigue;fatigue behavior0 引 言在当今世界汽车行业轻量化的大趋势下,铝合金因质量轻和性能好的优势被大量应用于汽车零件中[1]。
coextrusion加工 processing 反应性加工 reactive processing 等离子体加工 plasma processing 加工性 processability 熔体流动指数 melt [flow] index 门尼粘度 Mooney index塑化 plasticizing 增塑作用 plasticization 内增塑作用internal plasticization 外增塑作用 externalplasticization 增塑溶胶 plastisol 增强 reinforcing 增容作用 compatibilization 相容性 compatibility 相溶性intermiscibility 生物相容性 biocompatibility 血液相容性blood compatibility 组织相容性 tissue compatibility 混炼 milling, mixing 素炼 mastication 塑炼 plastication 过炼 dead milled 橡胶配合 rubber compounding 共混blend 捏和 kneading 冷轧 cold rolling 压延性calenderability 压延 calendaring 埋置 embedding 压片 performing 模塑 molding 模压成型 compressionmolding 压缩成型 compression forming 冲压模塑impact moulding, shock moulding 叠模压塑 stackmoulding 复合成型 composite molding 注射成型injection molding 注塑压缩成型 injection compressionmolding 射流注塑 jet molding 无流道冷料注塑runnerless injection molding 共注塑 coinjectionmolding 气辅注塑 gas aided injection molding 注塑焊接 injection welding 传递成型 transfer molding树脂传递成型 resin transfer molding铸塑cast熔铸 fusion casting铸塑成型 cast molding单体浇铸 monomer casting挤出 extrusion多层挤塑 multi-layer extrusion共挤吹塑 coextrusion blow molding同轴挤塑 coaxial extrusion吹胀挤塑 blown extrusion挤出吹塑 extrusion blow molding 挤拉吹塑成型extrusion draw blow molding吹塑 blow molding多层吹塑 multi-layer blow molding 拉伸吹塑成型stretch blow molding 滚塑 rotational moulding反应注射成型reaction injection molding, RIM 真空成型vacuum forming无压成型zero ressure molding真空烧结vacuum sintering真空袋成型vacuum bag molding热成型thermal forming拉伸热成型stretch thermoforming袋模塑bag molding糊塑paste molding镶铸imbedding冲压成型impact molding触压成型impression molding层压材料laminate泡沫塑料成型foam molding包模成型drape molding充气吹胀inflation橡胶胶乳rubber latex胶乳latex高分子胶体polymer colloid生橡胶raw rubber ,crude rubber硬质胶ebonite再生胶reclaimed rubber充油橡胶oil-extended rubber母胶masterbatch硫化vulcanization后硫化post cure , post vulcanization 自硫[化]bin cure自交联self crosslinking , self curing过硫over cure返硫reversion欠硫under cure动态硫化dynamic vulcanization不均匀硫化heterogeneous vulcanization开始[硫化]效应set-up effect自动硫化self-curing, self-vulcanizing焦烧scorching无压硫化non-pressure cure模压硫化moulding curing常温硫化auto-vulcanization热硫化heat curing蒸汽硫化steam curing微波硫化micro wave curing辐射硫化radiation vulcanization辐射交联radiation crosslinking连续硫化continuous vulcanization无模硫化open vulcanization成纤fiber forming 可纺性spinnability 纺丝spinning 干纺dry spinning 湿纺wet spinning 干湿法纺丝dry wet spinning干喷湿法纺丝dry jet wet spinning溶液纺丝solution spinning孚L液纺丝emulsion spinning孚L液闪蒸纺丝法e mulsion flash spinning process喷射纺丝jet spinning喷纺成形spray spinning液晶纺丝liquid crystal spinning熔纺melt spinning共混纺丝blended spinning 凝胶纺[丝]gel spinning 反应纺丝reaction spinning静电纺丝electrostatic spinning高压纺丝high-pressure spinning复合纺丝conjugate spinning无纺布non-woven fabrics单丝monofilament, monofil复丝multifilament全取向丝fully oriented yarn中空纤维hollow fiber皮芯纤维sheath core fiber共纺cospinning冷拉伸cold drawing, cold stretching单轴拉伸uniaxial drawing ,uniaxial elongation双轴拉伸biaxial drawing多轴拉伸multiaxial drawing皮心效应skin and core effect皮层效应skin effect防缩non-shrink熟成ripening垂挂sag定型sizing起球现象pilling effect捻度twist旦denier特tex纱yarn股strand粘合adhesion反应粘合reaction bonding压敏粘合pressure sensitive adhesion底漆primer浸渍impregnation浸渍树脂solvent impregnated resin基体matrix聚合物表面活性剂polymeric surfactant高分子絮凝剂polymeric flocculant预发颗粒pre-expanded bead高分子膜polymeric membraneH-膜H-filmLB 膜Langmuir Blodgett film (LB film)半透膜semipermeable membrane反渗透膜Reverse osmosis membrance多孔膜porous membrane各向异性膜anisotropic membrane 正离子交换膜cation exchange membrane 负离子交换膜anionic exchange membrane 吸附树脂polymeric adsorbent潜固化剂latent curing agent硫化剂vulcanizing agent给硫剂sulfur donor agent, sulfur donor 硫化促进剂Ivulcanization accelerator 硫化活化齐U vulcanizationactivator 活化促进剂I activating accelerator 活化剂activator防焦剂scorch retarder抗硫化返原剂anti-reversion agent 塑解剂peptizer偶联剂coupling agent硅烷偶联剂silane coupling agent 钛酸酯偶联剂titanate coupling agent 铝酸酯偶联齐U aluminatecoupling agent增塑增容剂plasticizer extender 分散剂dispersantagent结构控制齐U constitution controller 色料colorant荧光增白剂optical bleaching agent 抗降解剂antidegradant 防老剂anti-aging agent防臭氧剂antiozonant除臭剂re-odorant 抗氧齐U antioxidant热稳定剂heat stabilizer抗静电添加剂antistatic additive 抗静电剂antistatic agent紫外线稳定剂ultraviolet stabilizer 紫外光吸收剂ultraviolet absorber润滑剂lubricant 湿润剂wetting agent 隔离剂separant 增韧剂toughening agent 抗冲改性剂impact modifier 消泡剂antifoaming agent 减阻剂drag reducer 破乳剂demulsifier 粘度改进剂viscosity modifier 增稠剂thickening agent, thickener 阻黏剂abhesive 洗脱剂eluant 附聚剂agglomerating agent 后处理剂I after-treating agent 催干剂drier 防结皮剂anti-skinning agent 纺织品整理剂textile finishing agent aggregation聚集体aggregate 凝聚、聚集coalescence 链缠结chain entanglement 凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement 物理缠结physical entanglement 凝聚态condensed state 凝聚过程condensing process 临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition 受限链confined chain 受限态confined state数均分子量number-average molecular weight, number-average molar mass重均分子量weight-average molecular weight, weight-average molar massZ 均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight, Z-molar mass黍占均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight , viscosity-average molar mass 聚合度degree of polymerization分子量分布molecular weight distribution , MWD多分散性指数polydispersity index , PID结晶聚合物crystalline polymer聚合物形态学morphology of polymer成核作用nucleation分子成核作用molecular nucleation阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation织构texture液晶态liquid crystal state相分离phase separation微相microphase最低临界共溶(溶解)温度lower critical solution temperature, LCST 最高临界共溶(溶解)温度upper critical solution temperature , UCST 橡胶态rubber state 玻璃态glassy state 高弹态elastomeric state 黍占流态viscous flow state 伸长elongation 高弹形变high elastic deformation 回缩性,弹性复原nerviness 拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio 泊松比Poisson's ratio 杨氏模量Young's modulus本体模量bulk modulus颈缩现象necking脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition压缩强度compressive strength 氏硬度Rockwell hardness延迟弹性retarded elasticity可逆形变reversible deformation 应力开裂stress cracking应力-应变曲线stress strain curve假塑性pseudoplastic拉胀性auxiticity牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid冷流cold flow牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity 剪切黏度shear viscosity表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity剪切变稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy塑性形变plastic deformation塑性流动plastic flow体积弛豫volume relaxation拉伸黏度extensional viscosity弛豫[作用]relaxation弛豫模量relaxation modulus蠕变柔量creep compliance热畸变温度heat distortion temperature 弛豫谱relaxation spectrum推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum弛豫时间relaxation time推迟时间retardation time动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior 动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity 热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve 动态转变dynamic transition储能模量storage modulus损耗模量loss modulus复数模量complex modulus复数柔量complex compliance动态黏度dynamic viscosity复数黏度complex viscosity复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity 介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor 介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant 介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time 玻璃化转变glass transition 玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature次级弛豫secondary relaxation 次级转变secondary transition次级弛豫温度secondary relaxation temperature 开尔文模型Kelvin model麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model时-温叠加原理time-temperature superposition principle玻耳兹曼叠加原理Boltzmann superposition principle平移因子shift factor WLF 公式WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation 软化温度softening temperature平衡熔点equilibrium melting point计算机模拟computer simulation分子动力学模拟molecular dynamics simulation蒙特卡洛模拟Monte Carlo simulation。
疲劳试验常见术语疲劳试验常见术语1、循环屈服强度 Cyclic yield strength符号:σy循环应力应变曲线0.2%应变偏离处的屈服强度。
2、弹性应变 Elastic strain符号:ε e总应变的弹性部分,εe=εt-εp3、疲劳极限 Fatigue limit应力振幅的极限值,在这个值以下,被测试样能承受无限次的应力周期变化注:见N 个循环后的疲劳强度4、疲劳缺口系数Fatigue notch factor符号:Kf在相同的疲劳寿命下,缺口试样的疲劳强度同平面试样疲劳强度的比值5、疲劳裂纹扩展速率 Fatigue crack growth rate符号:da/dN每个循环周期内裂纹扩展的长度(mm/周)6、疲劳裂纹扩展的门槛值 Fatigue crack growth threshold符号:ΔKthda/dN 趋近于0 的时候,ΔK 的渐近线的值注:对多数材料门槛值定在10-8 mm/周对应的应力强度因子范围7、疲劳延性系数 Fatigue ductility coefficient符号:εf’log(εα)-log(2Nf)曲线上相交于2Nf=1 的应变值8、疲劳寿命 Fatigue life符号:Nf达到疲劳失效判据的实际循环数9、振幅:变化范围的一半注:常用作下脚标,如εa,应变振幅10、循环 Cycle循环性重复作用的力、应力、应变等最小的时间段11、力比或应力比 Force ratio or stress ratio符号:R一个循环内力或应力的最小值同最大值的比率12、频率 Frequency疲劳试验中,单位时间内应力或应变变化的循环次数13、高周疲劳试验 High cycle fatigue test应力特性主导的,疲劳寿命相对较长的疲劳试验14、滞后回线 Hysteresis loop一个循环中试样的闭合应力应变响应曲线15、循环应变硬化指数 Cyclic strain hardening exponent符号:n’循环曲线log(σa)-log(εpa)的斜率16、循环强度系数 Cyclic strength coefficient符号:K’循环曲线l og(σa)-log(εpa)上相交于εpa=1 的应力值17疲劳强度 Fatigue strength符号:S在指定寿命下使试样失效的应力水平18、N 次循环后的疲劳强度 Fatigue strength at N cycles符号:σN在规定的应力比下,使试样的寿命为N 个循环的应力振幅值注:一些金属通常显现不出定义中的“疲劳极限”或“耐久极限”。
橡胶、轮胎技术词汇A abherent 防粘剂abietic acid 松香剂abrasion 磨耗accelerator 促进剂activator 活性剂adhesion 粘合;附着aging characteristic 老化性能aldehyde amine 醛胺类促进剂anti-degradant 抗降解剂anti-fatigue agent 抗疲劳剂anti-flex cracking agent防屈挠龟裂剂antioxidant 防老剂antiozonant 防臭氧剂aromatic oil 芳烃剂autoclave 硫化罐bacon rubber 烟片(橡胶)B Bagginess 出兜Banbury (班伯里)密炼机Banbury dump mill压片机Banbury mixed stock密炼胶料Batch 容量;胶料;一批;分批bead wire 钢丝圈benzoic acid 苯(甲)酸(防焦剂)bias-ply tire 斜交胎bicycle 自行车blister 气泡bloom 喷霜blowing agent 发泡剂bonding strength 粘合强度breakdown 塑炼;软化bumping 卸压;[模型]放气butyl rubber 丁基橡胶C calcene 白艳华(补强剂)calender 压延机calenderability 压延性能calender effect 压延效应chafer strip 胎圈包布clay 陶土(填充剂)cold feed extruder冷喂料挤出机cold flow 冷流compatibility 相容性,可混合性compounder 配料员compression set 压缩变形concentration 配合量;用量contamination 污染control compound 对比胶料cord 交联;硫化cord adhesion 帘布(与橡胶)粘着crazing 小龟裂;细裂纹;发裂cross-link density 硫化程度cross-linking 交联,硫化curative 硫化剂cure rate 硫化速度cure state 硫化程度cure time 硫化时间curing bag 水胎curing system 硫化体系curometer 硫化仪cushion gum 缓冲胶cyclic rubber 环化橡胶D dark factice 黑油膏(软化剂)defoamer 消泡剂dirthylene glycol(D.E.G)二甘醇(硫化剂)delayed action 迟延性die swell 压出膨胀diffusion 扩散direct molded footwear 模压鞋discoloration 变色dispersion 分散(作用)dithiocarbamates 二硫化氧氨基甲酸盐类促进剂dumbbell test piece 哑铃状试片dynamic properties 动态性能 E ebonite 硬质胶,胶末efficient vulcanization(E.V.) 有效硫化体系elastic modulus 弹性模量elastomer 弹性体elemental sulfur 元素硫elongation at break 扯断伸长extender 增量剂,增容剂extruder 挤出机extruding aids 压出助剂F fabric 织物、帘布、帆布fade-o-meter 褪色试验机、光老化试验机fatigue failuer 疲劳破坏fatigue life 疲劳寿命fatty acid 脂肪酸filler 填充剂flex cracking 屈挠龟裂flexometer 屈挠试验机flow cracks 流动痕迹(摸制品缺点)foam rubber 海绵胶(用胶乳制得,为开孔式)footwear 鞋类formulation 配方free-radial 游离基frosting 喷霜gas carbon 天然气炭黑gaseous solu bility 气体溶解性gas permeability 气体透过性gel 凝胶体Goodrich flexometer 固特异屈挠试验机green stock 未硫化胶料groove cracking 花纹沟龟裂guanidines 胍类促进剂gum compound 纯胶料gum turpentine 松节油(橡胶用)H Halloysite 陶土hardness 硬度heat aging 热老化heat history 热历程high styrene resin 高苯乙烯树脂(增塑剂)hindered bis-phenols 对苯二酚hindered phenols 受阻酚hot air cure 热空气硫化hydroquinoline 氢化喹啉(防老剂)hydroquinone 氢醌(聚合速止剂)hysteresis 滞后现象hy-stiffness 高挺性(胶料)I inactivation 非活性induction time 诱导期inert filler 惰性填料(如陶土)ingredients 配合剂injecting molding 注压法inner plies 帘布内层inner tube 内胎insoluble sulfur 不溶性硫磺intermix(machine) 肖氏密炼机internal mixer 密闭式炼胶机interply adhesion 布层间的粘着isothermal 等温isotropy 各向同性(现象)J jackknifing 折裂jec black 灯(烟)黑juvenile tire 童车车胎K kicker 助促进剂knitting 融合;编织knurling 滚花L laminal filler 片状填料level 用量,配合量loaded stock 填料混炼胶lubricant 脱模剂lubricity 润滑性M magnesium oxide 氧化镁masterbatch 母炼胶mastication 塑炼mechanical goods 工业制品micro-cellular rubber 微孔橡胶micro-crystalline wax 微晶蜡mill 开放式炼胶机milling(mixing) 混炼mill roll 开炼机滚筒mineral rubber 橡胶沥青(增量剂)modulus 定伸强度mold 模型mold cavity 模腔molded goods 模制品molding flash 胶边mold release agent 脱模剂mold shrinkage 模压收缩率mooney scorch 门尼焦烧mooney viscometer 门尼粘度计mooney viscosity 门尼粘度multi-colored articles 彩色制品N naphthenic oil 环烷油naphthylamine derivative 萘胺聚合物natural rubber(NR) 天然橡胶neoprene rubber(CR) 氯丁橡胶nip(mill) (开炼机)辊距nitrile rubber(NBR) 丁腈橡胶non-black filler 浅色填料non-soluble sulfur 不溶性硫磺non-staining antioxidant 非污染性防老剂non-yellowing 不变黄的O odorant 芳香剂;除臭剂off-the-road tire(O.T.R)越野轮胎oil-extended rubber充油橡胶oil resistance耐油封oil seal油封open steam cure直接蒸汽硫化optimum cure正硫化oscillating disk rheometer振荡盘式流变计outer plies帘布外层oxidative aging氧(化性)老化ozone cracking臭氧龟裂P pale crepe白绉片paraffinic oil石蜡油peel adhesion剥离peptization塑解permanent set永久变形perxide cure过氧化物硫化P.H.D,(phr)(每百份橡胶)份phenolic antioxidant酚类防老剂phthalic antydride酞酸酐(防焦剂)physical properties物理性能pine tar oil松焦油plasticity可塑性plasticizer增塑剂platen热板ply adhesion层间附着力ply separation脱层polybutadiene rubber(BR)聚丁二烯橡胶(顺丁橡胶)polychloroprene rubber(CR)氯丁橡胶ploymer聚合物ploysulfide rubber聚硫橡胶porosity有孔性post cure后硫化p-phenylene diamine(P.P.D)对苯二胺类防老剂preblend预混合precure定型硫化preform定型;胶坯press cure平板硫化pre-vulcanization inhibitor防焦剂;预硫阻抑剂primary accelerator主促进剂processability加工性能;操作性能processing加工;操作processing aid加工助剂;操作助剂processing safety操作安全性protective agent保护剂;稳定剂Q qualities of aspect外观质量quality level质量指标quick aging快速老化quick cure高速硫化R racking极度伸长radial子午线轮胎ram extruder柱塞式压出机ram pressure风筒压力(密炼机)rate of cure硫化速度raw rubber生胶reclaim rubber再生胶recovery复原reinforcing补强填充剂resilience(回)弹性,缓冲性resin树脂retarder迟延剂;防焦剂retreading胎面翻新(翻新胎面及胎肩部分) retreads翻新轮胎reversion硫化返原rheometer流变计rolling resistance滚动阻力rotor转子,滚筒(密炼机)R.P.M.(rpm)每分钟转数rubber橡胶,生胶,橡皮rubber chemicals橡胶化学品rubber-to-metal adhesion(bonding)橡胶与金属附着(结合)S safe accelerator安全促进剂salicylic acid水杨酸(防焦剂)sample试料scorch safety焦烧安全性scorch焦烧,早期硫化scrap rubber废胶,返回胶,回料screw extruder螺杆压出机scerw speed螺杆速度secondary accelerator助促进剂semi-efficient vulcanization(Semi E.V.)半有效硫化set永久变形Shore hardness邵氏硬度silicone rubber硅橡胶single stage mixing一段混炼skid resistance抗滑性skim stock贴胶胶料slab soling平板鞋底胶softener软化剂soling鞋底胶solubility溶解性;溶解度splice adhesion接头密着力sponge海绵胶spreading涂胶stabilizer稳定剂steam cure蒸汽硫化stearic acid硬脂酸steel cord钢丝stock胶料;混炼胶strainer滤胶机stress-relaxation应力松驰stress-strain应力应变特性substrate基层;底子料sulfenamide type accelerator次磺酰胺类促进剂sulfur bloom喷硫sulfur donor硫黄给予体synthetics合成橡胶tablet-top cure 平坦硫化tackiness表面粘着性talc滑石粉tear strength撕裂强度tensile strength扯断强度textile cord织物帘布thermo-oxidative aging热氧老化tnermocouple needle热电偶(针)thiazole type accelerator噻唑类促进剂thiocarbaninlide 二苯硫脲(促进剂)thiuram type accelerator秋兰姆类促进剂through-put通过量(压出机);生产量tight cure充分硫化tire 轮胎tire bead wire胎圈钢丝tire blow-out胎体破裂tire carcass胎身tire cord轮胎帘线tire pressure轮胎内压tire reclaim轮胎再生胶tire shoulder胎肩tire sidewall胎侧tire tread 胎面tire tread design胎面花纹设计tire undertread胎面底层tire wear轮胎磨损titanium dioxide二氧化钛;钛白粉torque扭矩;转矩transfer mix传递混炼transfer molding传递模压translucent rubber半透明橡胶transparent rubber透明橡胶trapped air残存空气;存气;内部气泡tread base胎面底层tread rubber胎面胶triethanolamine三乙醇胺(分散剂)truck tire载重胎tube内胎U uintaite硬沥青(软化剂)ultimate elongation扯断伸长率ultimate tensile strength扯断力ultra accelerator超促进剂undercure硫化不足urethane rubber聚氨酯橡胶use level用量;配合量V vacuole裂缝;裂开;空隙valve base气门咀底座volatility挥发性vulcanizate硫化胶vulcaninzation硫化vulcanizator硫化剂W warpage扭曲wax蜡wear磨耗weathering resistance耐候性wet skid resistance湿滑性whiting重质碳枝钙window strip玻璃窗胶条working加工(指精细加工)X xanthate黄原酸盐(促进剂)xanthation黄原酸化Y yellowing发黄;黄色化Z zinc oxide氧化锌zinc stearate 硬脂酸锌。
复杂应力状态下20g材料热机械疲劳试验研究摘要:现代工业正在向着高速、高温、高压的方向发展,疲劳问题严重威胁着现代工业设备的安全。
据统计,在各类零部件的断裂失效中,约有80%是疲劳破坏引起的,其中常见的一种疲劳失效为复杂应力状态的热机械疲劳失效,因为其涉及高应变循环载荷、温度循环载荷、蠕变载荷和环境效应等,目前对这个复杂过程的机制还没有一个完整性的认识,对它的物理和力学模型的讨论也未能有一个统一的定论。
所以对热机械疲劳问题的研究具有巨大的理论和工程实际意义。
本文通过对焦碳塔常用材料20g进行热机械疲劳总寿命试验,比较了不同缺口形式、不同应变幅、不同保载时间对热机械疲劳总寿命的影响。
关键词:热机械疲劳总寿命20g材料复杂应力状态据统计,在各类零部件的断裂失效中,约有80%是疲劳破坏引起的,而发生失效的零部件大都处于高温状态,所以研究材料和零部件的高温疲劳强度具有十分重要的意义[1]。
在部件的高温疲劳损伤研究中,最为复杂的课题之一是低周热机械疲劳问题(Thermo-mechanical Fatigue),它涉及到高应变循环载荷、温度循环载荷、蠕变载荷和环境效应等多种因素。
目前对这个复杂过程的机制还没有一个完整性的认识,近年来随着疲劳试验机性能的提高,计算机应用技术的发展,人们开始系统地做了一些高温合金和高温复合材料的热机械疲劳试验,为开展热机械疲劳的机理分析和寿命预测提供了有用的数据[6]。
早期的研究都仅限于简单应力下的热机械疲劳,1984年6月美国宇航局开始致力于高温合金材料复杂应力状态下的热机械疲劳行为研究。
然而,在试验技术方面,由于热机械疲劳试验难度较大,又因设备的差异,很难实现各国试验方法的统一。
我国对热机械疲劳的研究起步较晚,从事这项研究工作的学者也不多由于经费的限制,该领域的研究成果甚少。
1 试验研究内容本试验研究内容主要包括:(1)采用材料20g,加工出复杂应力状态疲劳研究所用圆柱形缺口试样,进行热机械疲劳试验;(2)比较了不同缺口形式、不同应变幅、不同保载时间对热机械疲劳总寿命的影响。