Fixation, Embedding, and Sectioning of Plant Tissues

去协和做病理会诊流程英文回答：Consultation Process for Pathology at Beijing協和Hospital.The Beijing 協和 Hospital is a renowned academic medical center with expertise in various medical specialties, including pathology. The hospital offers pathology consultation services to provide expert opinions on the diagnosis and management of diseases based on the examination of tissues, cells, and fluids. Here's an outline of the process for obtaining a pathology consultation at Beijing 協和 Hospital:1. Referral from a Healthcare Provider.To initiate a pathology consultation, a healthcare provider (e.g., doctor, nurse practitioner) must refer the patient to the Beijing 協和 Hospital pathology department.The referral typically includes the patient's medical history, relevant clinical information, and the specimens to be examined (e.g., biopsy, surgical specimen).2. Specimen Submission.The patient or healthcare provider can submit the specimens to the pathology department at the designated specimen collection point. The specimens should be accompanied by a requisition form that includes thepatient's information, the source of the specimen, and the clinical question being asked.3. Gross Examination and Processing.Upon receipt of the specimens, a pathologist will perform a gross examination to assess their macroscopic appearance, size, shape, and any visible abnormalities. The specimens will then be processed for further analysis, which may include fixation, embedding, sectioning, and staining.4. Microscopic Evaluation.The stained sections of the specimens will be examined under a microscope by a pathologist. The pathologist will assess the cellular and tissue characteristics, including the architecture, morphology, and any pathologic changes.5. Diagnosis and Report.Based on the microscopic evaluation, the pathologist will make a diagnosis and prepare a pathology report. The report will include a description of the findings, the interpretation of the results, and any relevant diagnostic or therapeutic recommendations.6. Consultation with Referring Healthcare Provider.The pathology report is typically sent to the referring healthcare provider, who will discuss the results with the patient and determine the appropriate course of action. The pathologist may also provide a consultation to the healthcare provider to further clarify the findings ordiscuss treatment options.Additional Information:The pathology consultation process typically takes several days to complete, depending on the complexity of the case.The cost of a pathology consultation varies depending on the type and number of specimens submitted.The Beijing 協和 Hospital has a team of experienced and highly skilled pathologists specializing in various subfields of pathology, including surgical pathology, cytopathology, hematopathology, and molecular pathology.中文回答：协和医院病理会诊流程。

病理科病理医师取材规定及流程目的英文回答：The guidelines and procedures for specimen collectionin the pathology department serve several purposes. Firstly, they ensure the accuracy and reliability of thepathological diagnosis. By following standardized protocols, pathologists can obtain high-quality specimens that provide valuable information for the diagnosis and treatment of patients. Secondly, these guidelines help to maintainpatient safety. By implementing proper specimen collection techniques, the risk of contamination or mishandling of specimens is minimized, thus reducing the chances ofmedical errors. Additionally, these guidelines also contribute to the efficiency of the pathology workflow.With clear instructions on how to collect and process specimens, pathologists can work more efficiently and effectively, leading to faster turnaround times and improved patient care.中文回答：病理科病理医师取材规定及流程的目的有几个方面。

he染色原理和流程English.Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining Principle and Procedure.Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is a widely used histological staining technique that employs hematoxylin and eosin dyes to differentially stain the nuclei and cytoplasmic components of cells, respectively. This staining method provides a clear visualization of cellular structures, enabling the identification and characterization of tissues and cell types in tissue sections.Principle of H&E Staining.H&E staining relies on the interaction between the basic dye hematoxylin and acidic tissue components, primarily DNA and RNA. Hematoxylin stains these nucleicacids blue or purple, highlighting the nuclei of cells. In contrast, the acidic dye eosin binds to basic structures such as proteins, staining the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix in shades of pink or red. This differential staining allows for the clear distinction between cellular compartments and provides insights into the cellular composition and morphology.Procedure for H&E Staining.H&E staining involves a series of sequential steps:1. Tissue Preparation: Tissue samples are processed to create thin sections suitable for staining. This involves various steps such as fixation, embedding, sectioning, and mounting the sections on slides.2. Deparaffinization and Rehydration: If the tissue sections are paraffin-embedded, they undergo deparaffinization to remove the paraffin wax. Subsequently, the sections are rehydrated by passing them through a series of graded alcohol baths.3. Hematoxylin Staining: The tissue sections are immersed in hematoxylin solution, which stains the nuclei blue or purple. The staining time can be adjusted to achieve the desired intensity.4. Differentiation and Bluing: The hematoxylin staining is differentiated using acid alcohol or hydrochloric acid to remove excess dye and enhance the nuclear staining. Subsequently, the sections are treated with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate solution to "blue" the hematoxylin, resulting in a sharp nuclear staining.5. Eosin Counterstaining: The tissue sections are rinsed and counterstained with eosin solution, which imparts a red or pink color to the cytoplasm and extracellular components.6. Dehydration and Clearing: The stained sections are dehydrated by passing them through a series of graded alcohol baths. They are then cleared in a solvent such as xylene or toluene.7. Mounting: The cleared sections are mounted on slides using a resinous mounting medium for permanent preservation and visualization under a microscope.Applications of H&E Staining.H&E staining is a versatile technique with numerous applications in histology, including:Routine examination of tissues for identification of normal and abnormal structures.Diagnosis of various diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and infections.Evaluation of tissue architecture and cell morphology.Research in cell biology, pathology, and developmental biology.中文回答：苏木精-伊红 (H&E) 染色原理和流程。

M edical laboratory technologycascade campushealth Professions admissionsJackson hall (Jh), room 210503-978-5209/programs/medical-lab/Career and Program desCriPtiona medical laboratory technician performs routine clinical labora-tory testing procedures to provide scientific information needed in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease. t echnicians use sophisticated instrumentation for these evaluations, which encompass quantitative and qualitative chemical and biological analyses of body specimens. t echnicians function under the su-pervision of a qualified practitioner. the local metropolitan area offers very good employment opportunities and jobs are read-ily available in smaller communities throughout the country. op-portunities are available in hospitals, independent laboratories, research and industry for graduates of the program.t o successfully participate in the Mlt Program and become employ-able, the student must be able to perform essential functions expected of the profession. examples of essential functions for the Mlt are com-munication, vision, manual dexterity, physical activity, analytical skills and technical aptitude.because of limited laboratory space and clinical facilities as well as the delicate balance of job opportunities in medical laboratory science, the Mlt Program has a limited enrollment. admission to the first year of the program is based on compass scores in algebra and english, and achievement examinations in chemistry and biology, or equivalent courses.it is strongly recommended that applicants have completed high school chemistry, biology, algebra and english or their equivalents. Students should not interpret acceptance into the first year of the program as au-tomatic eligibility for entrance to the second year of the program. con-tinuation into the second year is contingent upon performance during the first year. each student entering into the second year is required to complete the health physical examination form provided by the Mlt department. contact the department for any additional requirements. the Medical laboratory t echnology Program is accredited by the na-tional accrediting agency for clinical laboratory Sciences (naaclS), 8410 West bryn Mawr avenue, Suite 670, chicago, il 60631, telephone 773-714-8880.degrees and CertiFiCates oFFeredassociate of applied science degreeMedical laboratory t echnologyPrerequisites and requirementsduring the first term of the Mlt Program students must show evi-dence of beginning the hepatitis b immunization series or sign a waiver acknowledging the risk factors involved without the immunization. the second year of the Mlt Program has additional health and immunization requirements. Please contact the department for more information.Students are required to pass a criminal background check and urine drug screen. contact the department office for more information.Students planning to enroll in the Mlt Program should contact the health Professions admissions office for specific eligibil-ity requirements and an appointment for a program advising ses-sion. because of the unique responsibilities involved in the prac-tice of clinical laboratory science, the Mlt department reserves the right to require that a student who appears to the department un-suited for clinical laboratory science be counseled into another area of study.Students are prepared to perform routine clinical laboratory tests under the supervision of a pathologist, medical technologist or physician. the course combines on-campus instruction in fundamental principles with clinical experiences gained through rotation in clinical laboratories. the clinical laboratories affiliated with the Mlt Program include Kaiser Per-manente, legacy health System, St. charles Medical center, oregon health and Sciences University, oregon Medical laboratories, Sisters of Providence health System, SW Washington Medical center, tuality health care hospital and Willamette Falls hospital and asante health System.Students enrolled in the Mlt Program will be required to use medical devices and follow safety precautions of the clinical laboratory. Students who have a health, physical or psychological problem which may affect or be affected by the use of the devices or precautions should con-tact the department prior to entering the program. the graduates are eligible to sit for national examinations for certification given by several agencies.only those students who have been officially accepted into the first year of the Ml t Program may enroll in Ml t 111, Ml t 112 and Mlt 113.mediCal laboratory teChnologyaas degreeMinimum 105 credit hours. Students must also meet associate degree comprehensive requirements and associate of applied Science requirements. Students must complete a total of sixteen credits of general education. Some courses specified within the program may be used as general education. Students should consult with program advisors for course planning.medical laboratory technology degree Credit summaryMlt 70ch 15remaining general education 8bi 8Wr 4credit t otal 105Course oF studythe coursework listed below is required. the following is an exampleof a term-by-term breakdown.First termch 104 general chemistry* 5Mlt 111 Medical t echnology i 4Wr 121 english composition 4 second termbi 121 introduction to humananatomy & Physiology i* 4ch 105 general chemistry* 5Mlt 112 Medical t echnology ii 4 general education 4third termbi 122 introduction to humananatomy & Physiology ii* 4ch 106 general chemistry* 5Mlt 113 intro to Medical Microbiology 4 general education 4Only those students who have completed the first year requirements and have been officially accepted into the second year of the MLT Program may enroll in the courses listed below.Portland Community College • 2010–2011Fourth termMlt 221 clinical chemistry i 3Mlt 250 hematology 4Mlt 261 bacteriology i 4Mlt 241 immunohematology i 3Mlt 271 clinical laboratory Practice i 3Fifth termMlt 222 clinical chemistry ii 4Mlt 262 bacteriology ii 3Mlt 242 immunohematology ii 4Mlt 272 clinical laboratory Practice ii 3 sixth termMlt 223 clinical chemistry iii 3Mlt 263 Medical Parasitology 3Mlt 264 Medical Mycology 3Mlt 230 body Fluids 3Mlt 273 clinical laboratory Practice iii 3 seventh termMlt 281 clinical Seminar 4Mlt 274 clinical laboratory Practice iV 8*Could be used as General EducationCourse desCriPtionsmlt 100 medical office laboratory orientation 3 Introduces clinical labora-tory principles and procedures commonly performed in the small office setting, including specimen collection and handling, urinalysis, basic hematology, serology, microbiology and quality control. Prerequisites: MP 111, BI 55 or BI 122 or BI 233.mlt 111 medical technology i 4 Introduces the field of clinical laboratory science, including an introduction to the use and care of the microscope and other laboratory sup-plies and equipment, basic blood cell morphology, basic urinalysis, bloodborne pathogens, and ABO/Rh blood grouping. Prerequisite: Acceptance into first year of Medical Laboratory Technology Program.mlt 112 medical technology ii 4 This is the second course in a sequence introduc-ing the field of clinical laboratory science. Includes an introduction to clinical chemistry, quality control and laboratory statistics. The study of hematology, blood collection and co-agulation are also included. Prerequisite: MLT 111.mlt 113 introduction to medical microbiology 4 Introduces clinical bacteriol-ogy and the taxonomic approach to major human pathogens. Presents an overview of the organization and function of the clinical microbiology laboratory. Introduces basic practices of specimen processing, handling, and work-up. Stresses the development of basic skills necessary to work in the microbiology laboratory. Prerequisite: MLT 112.mlt 150 lab assistant - Phlebotomy Practicum 7 Receive training in a clini-cal laboratory to learn basic laboratory assisting skills. Introduces specimen processing, phlebotomy and information systems. Stresses professionalism, interpersonal skills and safety. Department permission required. Keyboarding skills recommended.mlt 170 Phlebotomy Practicum 4 Student assigned to a clinical laboratory to become proficient in basic phlebotomy procedures. Some basic specimen processing and information system concepts may be covered. Stresses professionalism, safety and inter-personal skills in the health care setting. Prerequisite: Department permission required. mlt 201 introduction to histologic techniques i 4 First course of a two-course sequence. Introduces histologic knowledge and skills including instrumentation, tissue fixation, embedding, sectioning, staining and troubleshooting. Stresses profession-alism and safety in the medical setting. Department permission required.mlt 202 introduction to histologic techniques ii 4 Second course of two-term sequence. Introduces histologic knowledge and skills including instrumentation, staining techniques, frozen sections and immunohistochemical techniques. Stresses pro-fessionalism and safety in medical settings. Prerequisite: MLT 201.mlt 221 Clinical Chemistry i 3 Review and expansion of introductory clinical chemistry topics including: quality control, laboratory mathematics, spectrophotometry, and carbohydrates. This course also presents the normal and abnormal composition of urine, testing procedures, sources of error and clinical correlation. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 222 Clinical Chemistry ii 4 Focuses on: Physiology, Pathophysiology and analysis of uric acid, cholesterol and triglycerides, acid-base balance, blood gas analysis and interpretation, proteins, and enzymology. The course also introduces organ system as-sessment using various chemistry panels. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 223 Clinical Chemistry iii 3 Presents coagulation theory, tests and disease correlation; protein electrophoresis testing principles and correlation of abnormal results with various disease states; the principles and applications of toxicology and EIA testing; thyroid function and assessment, electrolytes; blood urea nitrogen and creatinine; and fecal fat. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 230 body Fluids 3 The course will present special urine testing protocol sur-rounding the aminoacidurais and porphyrinurias. Students develop knowledge of the com-position and testing of cerebrospinal, synovial, seminal, pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, and amniotic fluids. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 241 immunohematology i 3 Presents a general understanding of basic immu-nology and the various immunoglobulins. Develops knowledge of the complement system and the principals involved in various antigen-antibody reactions with emphasis on aggul-tination reactions. Reviews the ABO and Rh blood group systems. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 242 immunohematology ii 4 Presents blood group systems other than ABO and Rh, testing methods, Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, donor selection, blood com-ponents, anticoagulants, and transfusion reactions. The principles involved in various se-rologic tests will also be discussed. Prerequisites: Acceptance into second year of MLT Program.mlt 250 hematology 4 This course reviews and further develops knowledge and skills in the areas of hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood cell counts and blood cell morphology. Presents abnormalities, anomalies and conditions affecting red blood cells and white blood cells. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 261 bacteriology i 4 Incorporates basic principles and practices of clinical bacteriology focusing on the following families: Micrococcaceae, Streptococcaceae and Neisseriaceae. The principles of molecular diagnostic testing will also be introduced. Pre-requisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 262 bacteriology ii 3 Incorporates basic practices and principles of general bacteriology with clinical bacteriological practices focusing on the Enterobacteriaceae, non-fermentative gram negative rods, Bacteroidaceae, coccobacilli, aerobic and anaerobic spore-formers, and Mycobacteria. Prerequisite: Acceptance into second year of MLT Pro-gram required.mlt 263 medical Parasitology 3 The course provides an introduction to the field of medical parasitology. Identifying characteristics, life cycles, pathogenicity and testing methods for various relevant organisms are covered. Prerequisites: Acceptance into second year of MLT Program required.mlt 264 medical mycology 3 Studies medically important fungi and procedures for the collection, handling, preparation and use of media. Includes methods introduction to di-agnostic procedures for the cultivation and identification of pathogenic fungi. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 271 Clinical laboratory Practice i 3 Students are assigned to various clini-cal laboratories to become familiar with their organization and operation. Students also gain insight into how the clinical laboratory practitioner relates to the entire med i cal team and to the community. Students gain experience in dealing with patients and in performing pro-cedures required of a laboratory technician. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 272 Clinical laboratory Practice ii 3 Students are assigned to various clini-cal laboratories to become familiar with their organization and operation. Students also gain insight into how the clinical laboratory practitioner relates to the entire medical team and to the community. Students gain experience in dealing with patients and in performing pro-cedures required of a laboratory technician. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 273 Clinical laboratory Practice iii 3 Students are assigned to various clinical laboratories to become familiar with their organization and operation. Students also gain insight into how the clinical laboratory practitioner relates to the entire medical team and to the community. Students gain experience in dealing with patients and in performing procedures required of a laboratory technician. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLT Program.mlt 274 Clinical laboratory Practice iV 8 Students are assigned to variousPortland Community College • 2010–2011clinical laboratories to become familiar with organization and operation. Students also gaininsight into how the clinical laboratory practitioners relates to the entire medical team andto the community. Students gain experience with patients and in performing proceduresrequired of a laboratory technician. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of theMLT Program.mlt 281 Clinical seminar 4 This course introduces new concepts in the clinicallaboratory including laboratory management; state and federal regulations such as HIPPA,CLIA, and Medicare; point of care testing, and the prevention of laboratory errors. Other top-ics include clinical virology, tumor markers, and heavy metals. Students are also preparedfor certification examinations. Prerequisite: Acceptance into the second year of the MLTProgramPortland Community College • 2010–2011Portland Community College • 2010–2011。

tct片子制作流程及注意事项Producing tct slides is a meticulous process that requires attention to detail and a high level of expertise. 制作tct片子是一个细致的过程，需要注重细节和高水平的专业知识。

From obtaining the tissue sample to staining and interpreting the final results, every step must be carefully executed to ensure accurate and reliable outcomes. 从获取组织样本到染色和解释最终结果，每一步都必须小心执行，以确保准确可靠的结果。

Attention to detail is crucial in every aspect of the process, from tissue processing to slide preparation, as even the smallest mistake can lead to incorrect conclusions. 注重细节在整个过程的各个方面都是至关重要的，从组织处理到片子制备，因为即使是最小的失误也可能导致不正确的结论。

One of the first steps in the tct slide production process is obtaining a high-quality tissue sample. 在tct片子制作流程中的第一步之一是获取高质量的组织样本。

This can be done through a variety of methods, such as biopsies or surgical resections, and it is essential to ensure that the sample is properly preserved and handled to prevent degradation. 这可以通过各种方法来完成，如活检或手术切除，而且要确保样本得到适当保存和处理，以防止降解。

masson染色流程英文回答：Masson's staining is a widely used technique in histology and pathology to visualize and differentiate different types of tissues and cells. It involves a series of steps that aim to enhance the contrast and color of the tissue samples under the microscope. The staining process includes fixation, dehydration, clearing, impregnation, embedding, sectioning, staining, and mounting.The first step in Masson's staining is fixation. This involves preserving the tissue sample by immersing it in a fixative solution, such as formalin or paraformaldehyde. Fixation helps to maintain the structural integrity of the tissue and prevent degradation.After fixation, the tissue sample is dehydrated using a series of alcohol solutions with increasing concentrations. Dehydration removes water from the tissue, allowing forbetter penetration of subsequent staining reagents.Next, the tissue is cleared using a clearing agent,such as xylene or toluene. Clearing removes the alcoholfrom the tissue and prepares it for impregnation.Impregnation is the process of infiltrating the tissue with a molten wax or resin, such as paraffin or plastic.The impregnated tissue is then embedded in a mold and allowed to solidify.Once the tissue is embedded, it is sectioned using a microtome to obtain thin slices. These sections are then mounted onto glass slides for further processing.Staining is the most critical step in Masson's staining. It involves the use of several dyes to selectively stain different components of the tissue. The most commonly used dyes in Masson's staining include hematoxylin, eosin, and aniline blue. Hematoxylin stains the nuclei and otheracidic components of the tissue, while eosin stains the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix. Aniline blue is used tostain collagen fibers.Finally, the stained tissue sections are mounted with a mounting medium, such as a synthetic resin or Canada balsam. The mounting medium provides a protective cover and enhances the visibility of the stained tissue under the microscope.中文回答：Masson染色是组织学和病理学中广泛使用的一种技术，用于可视化和区分不同类型的组织和细胞。

石蜡切片的流程及注意事项Working with paraffin sections can be both challenging and rewarding in histology and pathology laboratories. 石蜡切片在组织学和病理学实验室中的应用既具有挑战性，也有收获感。

It is crucial to follow proper procedures and precautions to ensure the quality and accuracy of the results. 遵循正确的程序和预防措施对于确保结果的质量和准确性至关重要。

Here, we will discuss the process of paraffin sectioning and highlight some important considerations to keep in mind. 在这里，我们将讨论石蜡切片的过程，并强调一些需要牢记的重要事项。

The first step in the paraffin sectioning process is tissue fixation, which involves preserving the tissue structure and preventing degradation. 石蜡切片过程中的第一步是组织固定，这涉及保留组织结构并防止降解。

Proper fixation is essential for maintaining the integrity of cellular and tissue structures for accurate histological examination. 适当的固定对于维持细胞和组织结构的完整性以进行准确的组织学检查至关重要。

Common fixatives used include formalin, paraformaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde, each with its advantages and limitations. 常用的固定剂包括甲醛、对甲醛和戊二醛，每种固定剂都有其优点和局限性。

总结石蜡切片的流程及注意事项Preparing paraffin-embedded tissue sections is a common technique used in histology and pathology labs to study tissues under a microscope. The process begins with fixing the tissue in formalin to preserve its structure and prevent degradation. 石蜡封埋组织切片是组织学和病理学实验室常用的技术，用于在显微镜下研究组织。

这个过程始于用福尔马林固定组织，以保持其结构并防止降解。

After fixation, the tissue is dehydrated using a series of alcohol washes to remove water from the tissue. Dehydration is a critical step in the process as it allows the tissue to be impregnated with paraffin, which will later solidify and provide support for the tissue during sectioning. 固定后，组织通过一系列醇洗涤脱水，从而去除组织中的水分。

脱水是这个过程中至关重要的一步，因为它使组织可以浸透石蜡，后者会在固化后提供支撑，以便进行切片。

Next, the dehydrated tissue is cleared by immersing it in a clearing agent, usually xylene or some other clearing agent, to remove any remaining alcohol and make the tissue transparent. This step is essential for ensuring the tissue is completely impregnated withparaffin and allows for better visualization of cellular structures during microscopy. 接下来，脱水后的组织通过浸泡在透明质剂中进行透明化，通常使用二甲苯或其他透明质剂，以去除任何残留的酒精并使组织变得透明。