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英语提案的格式及范文When it comes to crafting an English proposal, the first thing to remember is that it's not just about the content—it's about the presentation. A proposal is a persuasive document, aimed at convincing the reader of the viability of your idea or project. Here's how you can structure it to make it compelling and effective.Start with a captivating title that encapsulates the essence of your proposal. Follow it up with a brief but impactful executive summary that outlines the main points of your proposal, including the problem, the solution, and the benefits. This should be concise, engaging, and should pique the reader's interest to delve deeper into your proposal.Next, dive into the introduction, where you provide background information on the subject, the need for the proposal, and its relevance. Be sure to define the problem or opportunity clearly, and explain why your proposal is the best solution.The body of your proposal is where you detail yourproject or idea. Break it down into sections such as objectives, methodology, timeline, budget, and resources required. Each section should be clear, well-organized, and backed by data or evidence to support your claims.Don't forget the 'Implementation Plan'. This is where yououtline the steps you will take to execute the proposal. It should be a step-by-step guide that is easy for the reader to follow.The conclusion is your final chance to persuade the reader. Summarize your proposal, reiterate its benefits, and call to action. This is where you encourage the reader totake the next step, whether that's funding your project, approving the proposal, or starting a collaboration.Lastly, appendices can be included for additional information that supports your proposal but isn't essentialto the main argument.Here's a quick example to illustrate:Executive Summary: Our community park, once a vibrant hub, has fallen into disrepair. This proposal outlines a comprehensive revitalization plan to restore its beauty and functionality, benefiting both the environment and the residents.Introduction: The park has been a cornerstone of our community for decades, but recent years have seen a declinein its condition and usage. The need for rejuvenation is both pressing and beneficial.Body: The proposal body includes objectives such as improving safety, accessibility, and aesthetics. The methodology section details the design and construction phases, while the timeline provides a projected schedule. Thebudget outlines the costs and funding sources, and the resources section lists the materials and labor required.Implementation Plan: This section provides a clear roadmap for the project's execution, from initial planning to completion.Conclusion: The revitalization of our community park is not just an investment in infrastructure but in the well-being of our residents. We urge you to support this proposal for a brighter, more connected future.Appendices: Include blueprints, permit requirements, and community feedback surveys.Remember, the key to a successful proposal is clarity, thoroughness, and persuasiveness. Tailor your proposal to your audience and purpose, and you'll be well on your way to winning their support.。
英语businessproposal范文Dear [Recipient],I am writing to present a business proposal that I believe will benefit both our companies. As you may be aware, our companies share similar goals and values, and I see great potential for collaboration between us.Our proposal involves creating a joint marketing campaign to promote our products/services to a wider audience. By combining our resources and expertise, we can reach a larger customer base and increase brand awareness for both of our companies.Additionally, we propose exploring opportunities for co-branded products or services that leverage the strengths of both companies. This strategic partnership will not only enhance our product offerings but also create new revenue streams for both parties.Furthermore, we suggest organizing a series of joint events or workshops to engage with our customers and strengthen our relationships. These events can provide valuable networking opportunities and showcase the synergies between our companies.I believe that by working together, we can achievemutual success and create a lasting partnership that benefits both our companies. I am excited about the potential of this collaboration and look forward to discussing this proposal further with you.Thank you for considering our proposal. I am confident that together, we can achieve great things.Sincerely,[Your Name].中文翻译:亲爱的[收件人],我写信是为了提出一项商业提案,我相信这将使我们的公司受益。
提建议proposal英文作文英文:Proposal for Improving Employee Satisfaction。
As an employee of this company, I have noticed that there are some areas where improvements could be made to increase employee satisfaction. Here are some of my suggestions:1. Increase Communication: Many employees feel that there is a lack of communication from management. It would be beneficial to have regular meetings or updates to keep employees informed about company news, changes, and goals.2. Offer More Training and Development Opportunities: Employees want to feel that they are growing and developing in their careers. Offering training and development opportunities can help employees feel valued and invested in their roles.3. Provide More Flexibility: Many employees would appreciate more flexibility in their schedules or theability to work remotely. This can help employees achieve a better work-life balance and reduce stress.4. Recognize and Reward Employees: Employees want to feel appreciated and recognized for their hard work. Implementing a recognition and reward program can help boost morale and increase employee satisfaction.5. Improve Office Environment: The office environment can have a big impact on employee satisfaction. Simple changes like adding plants, improving lighting, or providing ergonomic furniture can make a big difference.中文:提高员工满意度的建议。
建议申请模板范文英文Proposal for [Project Name]1. Introduction.As we embark on the journey to [briefly describe the project's objective], it's crucial to establish a clear framework for our proposed initiative. This proposal outlines the need for the project, its objectives, the methods we intend to use, and the expected outcomes.2. Background.[Provide a detailed background on the project, its context, and the need for it. Discuss any relevant issues, challenges, or opportunities that have arisen.]3. Project Objectives.Our primary objective is to [clearly state the maingoal of the project]. To achieve this, we have identified the following specific objectives:[List specific objectives 1][List specific objectives 2][Continue listing specific objectives]4. Methodology.To achieve the project objectives, we propose the following approach:[Approach 1]: [Explain the first approach in detail][Approach 2]: [Explain the second approach in detail][Continue listing approaches]: [Explain each approach in detail]5. Timeline.We anticipate that the project will span over a period of [specify duration]. The key milestones and activities are outlined below:[Month/Year]: [Describe the activities planned for this month/year][Continue listing milestones]: [Describe theactivities planned for each milestone]6. Resources.To execute this project successfully, we will require the following resources:Personnel: [List the required roles and their responsibilities]Equipment/Software: [List the necessary equipment or software]Funding: [Estimate the financial requirements and sources of funding]7. Expected Outcomes.Upon the completion of the project, we expect to achieve the following outcomes:[Outcome 1]: [Describe the expected impact or benefit of the first outcome][Outcome 2]: [Describe the expected impact or benefit of the second outcome][Continue listing outcomes]: [Describe the expected impact or benefit of each outcome]8. Risk Assessment.While planning for the project, we have identified the following potential risks:[Risk 1]: [Describe the risk and its potential impact][Risk 2]: [Describe the risk and its potential impact][Continue listing risks]: [Describe each risk and its potential impact]To mitigate these risks, we propose the following strategies:[Mitigation Strategy 1]: [Explain how we will manage or reduce Risk 1][Mitigation Strategy 2]: [Explain how we will manage or reduce Risk 2][Continue listing mitigation strategies]: [Explain how we will manage or reduce each risk]9. Conclusion.In summary, this project presents a unique opportunityto [briefly reiterate the project's benefits or objectives]. With the proposed methodology, timeline, and resources, we are confident in achieving the desired outcomes. We look forward to your support and guidance as we embark on this initiative.10. Appendices.[Additional documents, charts, or references that support the proposal can be included here.]Note: This is a template and should be customized tofit the specific details and requirements of your proposed project.。
---[Your Name][Your Position/Title][Your Organization/Institution][Date]---IntroductionGood [morning/afternoon/evening], distinguished [committeemembers/audience members], and esteemed [guests/supervisors]. My name is [Your Name], and I am here today representing [YourOrganization/Institution]. The purpose of my presentation is to propose [briefly state the purpose of your proposal]. This is an issue that we believe is crucial for [the organization, the community, the industry, etc.], and we are eager to share our vision and the potential benefits that implementing this proposal could bring.---Body of the SpeechI. Introduction to the ProblemTo begin, let's consider the current situation. [Provide a brief overview of the problem or issue at hand, including any relevant statistics or examples.] This problem has several implications,including [list the impacts of the problem on the organization, community, or industry].II. The ProposalOur proposal is to [state the main idea of your proposal]. This approach is based on [explain the rationale behind your proposal, including any research, data, or expert opinions that support it].III. The BenefitsImplementing our proposal would yield several significant benefits:1. [Benefit 1]: [Explain how the proposal addresses the problem and provides a solution.]2. [Benefit 2]: [Discuss the positive outcomes or improvements that would result from the proposal.]3. [Benefit 3]: [Highlight any additional advantages, such as cost savings, efficiency gains, or enhanced reputation.]IV. The Implementation PlanTo ensure the successful implementation of our proposal, we have developed a detailed plan that includes the following steps:1. [Step 1]: [Describe the first action to be taken, including responsible parties and timelines.]2. [Step 2]: [Outline the second action, including any necessary resources or support.]3. [Step 3]: [Continue with the subsequent actions, ensuring that the plan is comprehensive and actionable.]V. The Financial ImpactWe have conducted a cost-benefit analysis, which indicates that the proposed solution is [cost-effective, feasible, etc.]. The financial impact would be [describe the expected outcomes, such as reduced expenses, increased revenue, or improved efficiency].VI. The TimelineWe anticipate that the implementation of this proposal will take [timeframe], and we have set clear milestones to track progress and ensure timely completion.---ConclusionIn conclusion, the proposal we have presented today offers a viable solution to the problem at hand. By implementing this proposal, we can achieve [list the key outcomes]. We are confident that this approach will result in [desired benefits], and we are committed to working closely with all stakeholders to ensure its success.We kindly ask for your support and feedback. If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to share them. We are open to discussing any aspect of our proposal and are eager to address any potential challenges.Thank you for your time and consideration. We look forward to your positive response and the opportunity to work together to make this proposal a reality.---[Your Name][Your Contact Information]---Remember to customize the template with specific details relevant to your proposal, and ensure that your speech is clear, concise, and persuasive. Good luck with your presentation!。
提建议proposal英文作文英文:As someone who is always looking for ways to improve, I would like to propose some suggestions for consideration. First and foremost, I believe that communication is key. In order to have a successful team or organization, there needs to be open and effective communication channels in place. This can be achieved through regular meetings, feedback sessions, and even informal conversations.Another suggestion I have is to encourage collaboration and teamwork. When individuals work together towards a common goal, they are able to achieve more than if they were working alone. This can be fostered through team-building activities, brainstorming sessions, and even just providing opportunities for employees to work together on projects.Finally, I believe that it is important to recognizeand reward hard work and achievements. This can be done through bonuses, promotions, or even just a simple thank you. When employees feel valued and appreciated, they are more likely to be motivated and productive.Overall, I believe that these suggestions can help to create a positive and productive work environment. By prioritizing communication, collaboration, and recognition, we can work towards achieving our goals and making a difference.中文:作为一个总是在寻找改进方法的人,我想提出一些建议供考虑。
英语businessproposal范文Title: Business Proposal for Developing a New Smartphone ApplicationDate: [提案日期]To: [目标受众或潜在投资者/合作伙伴名称]From: [你的公司名称或个人姓名]IntroductionWith the increasing popularity of smartphones and the constant evolution of mobile technology, the demand for innovative and user-friendly applications is on the rise. Recognizing this opportunity, we propose the development of a new smartphone application that aims to address a specific need in the market.Project OverviewOur proposed application, named "[应用名称]", will provide users with a seamless experience in [简要描述应用的主要功能或解决的问题]. By leveraging the latest mobile technologies, we aim to create an app that is not only functional but also visually appealing and easy to navigate.Market AnalysisAfter conducting a thorough market analysis, we have identified a significant gap in the current market offerings. Our target audience consists of [描述目标受众群体],who are constantly seeking for convenient and efficient solutions to [描述目标受众面临的问题或需求]. With "[应用名称]", we believe we can capture a significant share of this underserved market.Competitive AnalysisWhile there are several similar applications available in the market, our proposed solution offers several competitive advantages. Firstly, "[应用名称]" will incorporate unique features that are not available in existing apps. Secondly, we have a strong team of developers with extensive experience in mobile app development, ensuring the high quality of our product. Lastly, we have a well-defined marketing strategy that will help us reach our target audience effectively.Project Timeline and MilestonesWe plan to complete the development of "[应用名称]" within [预计完成时间]. Key milestones include the completion of the initial design phase, the development of core features, and the final testing and launch.Budget and Funding RequirementsThe estimated budget for this project is [预算金额]. We are seeking funding from [描述资金来源,如投资者、合作伙伴或公司自有资金] to cover the costs of development, marketing, and other related expenses.Expected OutcomesWe expect "[应用名称]" to achieve significant market penetration within the first year of its launch. With a strong user base and positive feedback, we aim to expand the app's features and functionality in the future.ConclusionIn conclusion, we believe that the development of "[应用名称]" presents a unique opportunity to capitalize on the growing demand for innovative mobile applications. With our experienced team, competitive advantages, and well-defined strategy, we are confident in the success ofthis project. We look forward to discussing this proposal further and exploring the possibilities of a successful partnership.。
proposal英语作文格式Title: The Implementation of Green Initiatives in Urban Planning.I. Introduction.In recent years, the concept of sustainable development has gained immense popularity, and cities across the globe are striving to incorporate eco-friendly practices into their urban planning strategies. Green initiatives aim to harmonize human activities with the natural environment, promoting a healthy and resilient urban landscape. This proposal outlines a comprehensive plan to implement green initiatives in urban planning, with a focus on enhancing environmental sustainability, improving the quality of life for city residents, and fostering a culture of environmental awareness.II. Current Urban Challenges.Urbanization, although a marker of economic progress, has presented numerous environmental and social challenges. Air pollution, water scarcity, loss of green spaces, and traffic congestion are some of the pressing issues that need to be addressed urgently. These challenges are exacerbated by unsustainable planning practices and a lack of focus on green infrastructure.III. Green Initiatives in Urban Planning.3.1 Green Infrastructure Development.Green infrastructure, such as parks, greenbelts, and wetlands, plays a crucial role in enhancing the ecological resilience of cities. These areas provide valuable habitats for wildlife, improve air quality, and reduce the urban heat island effect. We propose the development of a comprehensive green infrastructure plan that integrates these areas into the city's fabric, ensuring connectivity and accessibility for all residents.3.2 Sustainable Transportation Systems.Encouraging the use of public transportation, cycling, and walking can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and traffic congestion. We suggest the implementation of policies that promote these sustainable modes of transportation, such as improving public transport infrastructure, providing bike-friendly facilities, and designing pedestrian-friendly streets.3.3 Green Building Practices.Buildings account for a significant portion of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in cities. We propose the adoption of green building practices, including the use of energy-efficient materials, renewable energy sources, and water-saving technologies. Additionally, promoting green roofs and walls can help insulate buildings, reduce urban heat islands, and provide habitats for biodiversity.3.4 Solid Waste Management.Effective solid waste management is crucial for maintaining a clean and healthy urban environment. We recommend the implementation of waste reduction, recycling, and composting programs to divert waste from landfills. Additionally, the use of waste-to-energy technologies can help convert waste into renewable energy, further reducing environmental impacts.3.5 Education and Awareness.Fostering a culture of environmental awareness among city residents is essential for the long-termsustainability of urban planning efforts. We propose the integration of environmental education into schoolcurricula and the promotion of community events and campaigns that highlight the importance of green initiatives.IV. Implementation Strategy.The successful implementation of these greeninitiatives requires a multi-stakeholder approach,involving government agencies, private sector, community organizations, and residents. We suggest the formation of a task force or steering committee to coordinate and monitor the progress of these initiatives. Additionally, setting clear targets and milestones, allocating appropriate funding, and regularly evaluating the effectiveness of implemented measures are crucial for ensuring the sustainability of these efforts.V. Conclusion.The implementation of green initiatives in urban planning is a necessary step towards achieving sustainable cities that are resilient, healthy, and environmentally friendly. By prioritizing green infrastructure development, sustainable transportation systems, green building practices, solid waste management, and education and awareness, we can create cities that not only meet the needs of their residents but also safeguard the environment for future generations.(Note: This proposal serves as a framework fordiscussion and further development. The specific detailsand implementation strategies may need to be customized based on the context and challenges of individual cities.)。
IntroductionThis proposal sets out to examine options for the successful globalization of our ‘Borders’ brand. The initial market under consideration is Continental Europe. For the purposes of this proposal, we will be considering three aspects of the b rand, namely our logo, the ‘Borders’ concept and finally, the product itself, ‘Borders’ wellington boots.FindingsThe following points summarise our key findings.It was found that our existing logo, a pair of wellington boots encircled by the word ‘Borders’, is visual enough to be used in markets where English is not widely spoken.Attitudes to outerwear differ throughout Europe and our boots are likely to appeal to different market sectors in different countries. This has serious implications for the benefits we wish to publicise. Although Danish farmers would be willing to purchase such a high quality, product, farmers in some countries would be unlikely to choose a British brand over a domestic product. However, the very Britishness of the product would appeal to the style-conscious elements of the French and Italian markets, summoning up images of the English upper classes and country houses.Our current product is multi-purpose and as such would not need adapting to suit different sectors of the European market.ConclusionsIt was agreed that although the present logo and product are suitable for globalization as they stand, we propose that the ‘Borders’ concept be adapted for different markets.RecommendationsWe recommend that further studies be carried out into the marketing strategies best suited to different European regions.2A Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997IntroductionNuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from . commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants willbe forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.Statement of ProblemOn January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site.There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain.Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water.Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.ObjectivesI propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals:(1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and(2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria.According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise, this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible.After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].Plan of ActionThis section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research.The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997] What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted Will the natural setting contain the waste To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989].A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such asthe explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995].Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a background on past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary audience.Management PlanThis section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience.Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5.Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20.I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.ConclusionMore than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from . commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.ReferencesClark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, .: . Environmental Protection Agency, 1997).。
IntroductionThis proposal sets out to examine options for the successful globalization of our ‘Borders’ brand. The initial market under consideration is Continental Europe. For the purposes of this proposal, we will be considering three aspects of the brand, namely our logo, the ‘Borders’ concept and finally, the product itself, ‘Borders’ wellington boots.FindingsThe following points summarise our key findings.•It was found that our existing logo, a pair of wellington boots encircled by the word ‘Borders’, is visual enough to be used in markets where English is notwidely spoken.•Attitudes to outerwear differ throughout Europe and our boots are likely to appeal to different market sectors in different countries. This has serious implications forthe benefits we wish to publicise. Although Danish farmers would be willing topurchase such a high quality, product, farmers in some countries would beunlikely to choose a British brand over a domestic product. However, the veryBritishness of the product would appeal to the style-conscious elements of theFrench and Italian markets, summoning up images of the English upper classesand country houses.•Our current product is multi-purpose and as such would not need adapting to suit different sectors of the European market.ConclusionsIt was agreed that although the present logo and product are suitable for globalization as they stand, we propose that the ‘Borders’ concept be adapted for different markets.RecommendationsWe recommend that further studies be carried out into the marketing strategies best suited to different European regions.2A Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997IntroductionNuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.Statement of ProblemOn January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site.There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar toan atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain.Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water.Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.ObjectivesI propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals:(1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and(2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria.According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise,this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible.After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].Plan of ActionThis section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research.The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989].A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995].Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a backgroundon past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary audience.Management PlanThis section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience.Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5.Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20.I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.ConclusionMore than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.ReferencesClark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997).。