经济类外文翻译 风险管理幸存者的前车之鉴

前车之鉴英语作文English: Looking back at the experiences and lessons learned from previous generations is always beneficial in guiding our own actions and decisions. By studying the mistakes and successes of those who came before us, we can avoid making the same errors and capitalize on effective strategies. This concept is especially relevant when it comes to navigating challenges and uncertainties in life, whether it be in personal relationships, career choices, or societal issues. The wisdom gained from the "前车之鉴" can provide us with valuable insights and perspectives that may help us make more informed choices and ultimately lead to better outcomes. Embracing the lessons of the past allows us to learn from history and evolve as individuals and as a society, fostering growth and progress for ourselves and future generations.中文翻译: 回顾从前辈那里所学到的经验和教训总是有益的，可以指导我们自己的行动和决策。

外文文献翻译Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis of the Process外文文献：Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis of the Process AbstractThroughout the past year, on-site visits to financial service firms were conducted to review and evaluate their financial risk management systems. The commercial banking analysis covered a number of North American super-regionals and quasi±money-center institutions as well as several firms outside the U.S. The information obtained covered both the philosophy and practice of financial risk management. This article outlines the results of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry. It reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. In addition, critiques are offered where appropriate. We discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management.1. IntroductionThe past decade has seen dramatic losses in the banking industry. Firms that had been performing well suddenly announced large losses due to credit exposures that turned sour, interest rate positions taken, or derivative exposures that may or may not have been assumed to hedge balance sheet risk. In response to this, commercial banks have almost universally embarked upon an upgrading of their risk management and control systems.Coincidental to this activity, and in part because of our recognition of the industry's vulnerability to financial risk, the Wharton Financial Institutions Center, with the support of the Sloan Foundation, has been involved in an analysis of financial risk management processes in the financial sector. Through the past academic year, on-site visits were conducted to review and evaluate the risk management systems and the process of risk evaluation that is in place. In the banking sector, system evaluation was conducted covering many of North America'ssuper-regionals and quasi±money-center commercial banks, as well as a number of major investment banking firms. These results were then presented to a much wider array of banking firms for reaction and verification. The purpose of the present article is to outline the findings of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry—questions asked, questions answered, and questions left unaddressed by respondents. This report can not recite a litany of the approaches used within the industry, nor can it offer an evaluation of each and every approach. Rather, it reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. But, even the best practice employed within the industry is not good enough in some areas. Accordingly, critiques also will be offered where appropriate. The article concludes with a list of questions that are currently unanswered, or answered imprecisely in the current practice employed by this group of relatively sophisticated banks. Here, we discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management and risk control.2. What type of risk is being considered?Commercial banks are in the risk business. In the process of providing financial services, they assume various kinds of financial risks. Over the last decade our understanding of the place of commercial banks within the financial sector has improved substantially. Over this time, much has been written on the role of commercial banks in the financial sector, both in the academic literature and in the financial press. These arguments will be neither reviewed nor enumerated here. Suffice it to say that market participants seek the services of these financial institutions because of their ability to provide market knowledge, transaction efficiency and funding capability. In performing these roles, they generally act as a principal in the transaction. As such, they use their own balance sheet to facilitate the transaction and to absorb the risks associated with it.To be sure, there are activities performed by banking firms which do not have direct balance sheet implications. These services include agency and advisoryactivities such as(1) trust and investment management;(2) private and public placements through ``bestefforts'' or facilitating contracts;(3) standard underwriting through Section 20 Subsidiaries of the holding company;(4) the packaging, securitizing, distributing, and servicing of loans in the areas of consumer and real estate debt primarily.These items are absent from the traditional financial statement because the latter rely on generally accepted accounting procedures rather than a true economic balance sheet. Nonetheless,the overwhelming majority of the risks facing the banking firm are on-balance-sheet businesses. It is in this area that the discussion of risk management and of the necessary procedures for risk management and control has centered. Accordingly, it is here that our review of risk management procedures will concentrate.3. What kinds of risks are being absorbed?The risks contained in the bank's principal activities, i.e., those involving its own balance sheet and its basic business of lending and borrowing, are not all borne by the bank itself. In many instances the institution will eliminate or mitigate the financial risk associated with a transaction by proper business practices; in others, it will shift the risk to other parties through a combination of pricing and product design.The banking industry recognizes that an institution need not engage in business in amanner that unnecessarily imposes risk upon it; nor should it absorb risk that can be efficiently transferred to other participants. Rather, it should only manage risks at the firm level that are more efficiently managed there than by the market itself or by their owners in their own portfolios. In short, it should accept only those risks that are uniquely a part of the bank's array of services. Elsewhere (Oldfield and Santomero, 1997) it has been argued that risks facing all financial institutions can be segmented into three separable types, from a management perspective. These are:1. risks that can be eliminated or avoided by simple business practices;2. risks that can be transferred to other participants;3. risks that must be actively managed at the firm level.In the first of these cases, the practice of risk avoidance involves actions to reduce the chances of idiosyncratic losses from standard banking activity by eliminating risks that are superˉuous to the institution's business purpose. Common risk-avoidance practices here include at least three types of actions. The standardization of process, contracts, and procedures to prevent inefficient or incorrect financial decisions is the first of these. The construction of portfolios that benefit from diversification across borrowers and that reduce the effects of any one loss experience is another. The implementation of incentivecompatible contracts with the institution's management to require that employees be held accountable is the third. In each case, the goal is to rid the firm of risks that are not essential to the financial service provided, or to absorb only an optimal quantity of a particular kind of risk.There are also some risks that can be eliminated, or at least substantially reduced through the technique of risk transfer. Markets exist for many of the risks borne by the banking firm. Interest rate risk can be transferred by interest rate products such as swaps or other derivatives. Borrowing terms can be altered to effect a change in their duration.Finally, the bank can buy or sell financial claims to diversify or concentrate the risks that result from servicing its client base. To the extent that the financial risks of the assets created by the firm are understood by the market, these assets can be sold at their fair value. Unless the institution has a comparative advantage in managing the attendant risk and/or a desire for the embedded risk which they contain, there is no reason for the bank to absorb such risks, rather than transfer them.However, there are two classes of assets or activities where the risk inherent in the activity must and should be absorbed at the bank level. In these cases, good reasons exist for using firm resources to manage bank level risk. The first of these includes financial assets or activities where the nature of the embedded risk may be complex and difficult to communicate to third parties. This is the case when the bank holds complex and proprietary assets that have thin, if not nonexistent, secondarymarkets. Communication in such cases may be more difficult or expensive than hedging the underlying risk. Moreover, revealing information about the customer may give competitors an undue advantage. The second case includes proprietary positions that are accepted because of their risks, and their expected return. Here, risk positions that are central to the bank's business purpose are absorbed because they are the raison of the firm. Credit risk inherent in the lending activity is a clear case in point, as is market risk for the trading desk of banks active in certain markets. In all such circumstances, risk is absorbed and needs to be monitored and managed efficiently by the institution. Only then will the firm systematically achieve its financial performance goal.4. How are these risks managed?In light of the above, what are the necessary procedures that must be in place in order to carry out adequate risk management? In essence, what techniques are employed to both limit and manage the different types of risk, and how are they implemented in each area of risk control? It is to these questions that we now turn. After reviewing the procedures employed by leading firms, an approach emerges from an examination of large-scale risk management systems. The management of the banking firm relies on a sequence of steps to implement a risk management system. These can be seen as containing the following four parts:1. standards and reports,2. position limits or rules,3. investment guidelines or strategies, and4. incentive contracts and compensation.In general, these tools are established to measure exposure, define procedures to manage these exposures, limit individual positions to acceptable levels, and encourage decision makers to manage risk in a manner that is consistent with the firm's goals and objectives. To see how each of these four parts of basic risk-management techniques achieves these ends, we elaborate on each part of the process below. In section 4 we illustrate how these techniques are applied to manage each of the specific risks facing the banking community.1.Standards and reports.The first of these risk-management techniques involves two different conceptual activities, i.e., standard setting and financial reporting. They are listed together because they are the sine qua non of any risk system. Underwriting standards, risk categorizations, and standards of review are all traditional tools of risk management and control. Consistent evaluation and rating of exposures of various types are essential to an understanding of the risks in the portfolio, and the extent to which these risks must be mitigated or absorbed.The standardization of financial reporting is the next ingredient. Obviously, outside audits, regulatory reports, and rating agency evaluations are essential for investors to gauge asset quality and firm-level risk. These reports have long been standardized, for better or worse. However, the need here goes beyond public reports and audited statements to the need for management information on asset quality and risk posture. Such internal reports need similar standardization and much more frequent reporting intervals, with daily or weekly reports substituting for the quarterly GAAP periodicity.2.Position limits and rules.A second technique for internal control of active management is the use of position limits, and/or minimum standards for participation. In terms of the latter, the domain of risk taking is restricted to only those assets or counterparties that pass some prespecified quality standard. Then, even for those investments that are eligible, limits are imposed to cover exposures to counterparties, credits, and overall position concentrations relative to various types of risks. While such limits are costly to establish and administer, their imposition restricts the risk that can be assumed by anyone individual, and therefore by the organization as a whole. In general, each person who can commit capital will have a well-defined limit. This applies to traders, lenders,and portfolio managers. Summary reports show limits as well as current exposure by business unit on a periodic basis. In large organizations with thousands of positions maintained, accurate and timely reporting is difficult, but even more essential.3.Investment guidelines and strategies.Investment guidelines and recommended positions for the immediate future are the third technique commonly in use. Here, strategies are outlined in terms of concentrations and commitments to particular aras of the market, the extent of desired asset-liability mismatching or exposure, and the need to hedge against systematic risk of a particular type.4.Incentives schemes.To the extent that management can enter incentive compatible contracts with line managers and make compensation related to the risks borne by these individuals, then the need for elaborate and costly controls is lessened. However, such incentive contracts require accurate position valuation and proper internal control systems.中文译文：商业银行的风险管理：一个分析的过程摘要在过去一年里,我们通过现场参观金融服务公司来进行审查和评估其金融风险管理系统。

审计风险外文文献翻译最新译文The n of Audit Risk ControlXXXIn any market。

the optimal n of resources is an internal XXX。

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audit risk is XXX.n:The auditing n has e an essential part of the market economy。

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due to the repeatedn of cases XXX accountants。

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应对风险与挑战能力,人物英文作文英文回答：Ability to Address Risks and Challenges:The ability to effectively address risks and challenges is a critical skill for individuals and organizations alike. It involves identifying, assessing, and developingstrategies to mitigate potential threats and seize opportunities. This skill requires a proactive approach, critical thinking, and a willingness to embrace uncertainty.1. Risk Identification:Identifying risks is the first step in the process of addressing them. It involves analyzing current and future situations, considering potential internal and external factors that could negatively impact goals. This can be achieved through SWOT analysis, scenario planning, and brainstorming.2. Risk Assessment:Once risks have been identified, they need to be assessed to determine their likelihood and potential impact. This involves using qualitative and quantitative techniques to evaluate the severity, urgency, and probability of each risk.3. Strategy Development:Based on the risk assessment, strategies can be developed to address the identified risks. These strategies may include risk avoidance, risk mitigation, risk sharing, and risk acceptance. Risk avoidance involves eliminatingthe risk altogether, while risk mitigation focuses on reducing the likelihood or impact of the risk. Risk sharing involves transferring the risk to another party, such as through insurance. Risk acceptance involves acknowledgingthe risk and taking no action to address it.4. Implementation and Monitoring:Once strategies have been developed, they need to be implemented and monitored. This involves assigning responsibilities, establishing timelines, and tracking progress. Regular monitoring is essential to ensure that risks are being effectively managed and to make necessary adjustments along the way.5. Communication and Transparency:Open communication and transparency are crucial throughout the risk management process. Risks should be communicated to stakeholders who could be impacted and strategies should be developed in consultation with those stakeholders. This helps to build trust, foster collaboration, and ensure that everyone is working towards common goals.中文回答：应对风险与挑战能力：应对风险与挑战的能力对个人和组织而言都是一项至关重要的技能。

１０１条风险管理准则原文及译文一般准则１．英文：「An organization risk management program must be tailored to its overall objectives and should change when those objectives change.」译文：「一个组织的风险规划方案必需配合企业的整体目标，且应随着目标的改变而改变」２．英文：「If you are in a “safe”business (relatively immune from depression, bankruptcy or shifts in products market), your risk management program can be more “risky”and less costly.」译文：「假如要稳健经营（即避免相当程度的经济萧条，破产或产品市场转型的冲击）则风险管理方案最好能够更具冒险性及成本最低性．」３．英文：「Don’t risk more than you can afford to lose.」译文：「不要冒自己所不能够承担的风险」英文：「Don’t risk a lot for a little」译文：「切勿贪小利而受大害」４．英文：「C onsider the odds of an occurrence」译文：「多加考虑损失发生的可能性」５．英文：「Have clearly defined objectives which are consistent with corporate objectives」译文：「必需要有明确的风险管理目标且此目标需与企业目标一致」６．英文：「The risk management department, as a user of services, should award business on the basis of ability to perform.」译文：「风险管理部门是属服务部门，因此该部门对企业利润的回馈应以其执行能力的高低为认定的基础．」７．英文：「For any significant loss exposure, neither loss control nor loss financing alone is enough; control and financing must be combined in the right proportion.」译文：「对任何重大的风险仅以控制对策或理财对策处理是不够的,必需将此两类对策做适当比例正确的搭配始可」风险辨认衡量准则８．英文：「Review financial statements to help identify and measure risks.」译文：「评估财务报表有助于辨认和衡量风险」９．英文：「Use flow charts to identify sole source suppliers or other contingent business interruption exposures.」译文：「使用流程图分析有助于辨认一个供货商所引发的风险或其它连带营业中断风险.」１０．英文：「To more fully identify and assess risks, you must visit the plants and relate to operations people.」译文：「如果要能更完整地辨认和评估风险，风险管理人员应亲身访问工厂和有关的操作人员」１１．英文：「A reliable data base is essential to estimate probability and severity.」译文：「可靠的数据储存库对估计机率和幅度是相当重要的」１２．英文：「Accurate and timely risk information reduces risk, in any of itself.」译文：「正确和及时的风险信息有助于降低风险.」１３．英文：「The risk manager should be involved in the purchase or design of any new operation to assure that there are no built-in risk management problems.」译文：「风险管理人员应涉及任何新计划的设计规划或任何新购置方案的工作，俾便事先能确保不产生风险管理上的问题.」１４．英文：「Be certain environmental risks are evaluated in mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures.」译文：「企业在合并、购买和短期合营事业上应确定已完成环境风险的评估工作.」１５．英文：「Select hazardous waste contractors on their risk control measures and their financial stability or insurance protection 」译文：「选择处理具有危险性的废弃物的厂商时应以该厂商在处理废弃物时所采取的风险控制手段是否良好，他们本身的财务结构是否稳定，或从事此危险工作所引发的责任或损失是否良好的保险保障为主要的考虑依据」１６．英文：「Look for incidental involvement in critical risk areas, （ie. , aircraft and nuclear products, medical malpractice, engineering design, ect.）」译文：「在重要的风险区域范围内，积极寻求可能涉及的非所愿事件．（重要的风险区域范围指的是航空和核子科技产品，医疗作业失误、工程设计等工作而言．）」风险控制准则１７．英文：「Risk control works, it is cost effective and helps control local operating costs.」译文：「风险控制是项积极改善风险单位本身性质的工作．它可使成本做最有效的运用同时亦有助单位或部门营运成本的控制．」１８．英文：「The first ( and incontrovertible ) reason for risk control is the preservation of life.」译文：「风险控制首要的（和无可置疑的）理由乃是对人们生命的保护．」１９．英文：「A property conservation program should be designed to protect corporate assets-not the underwriter.」译文：「财产保全维护计划是为了保护公司的资产而设计的──并非为了保全人而设计的．」２０．英文：「Be mindful that key plants and sole source suppliers may need protection above and beyond normal HPR (highly protected risks)requirements.」译文：「对重要工厂和单一供货商应予留意也许它们需要超过HPR正常要求标准的防护措施．」２１．英文：「Use the risk control services of your broker and insurer as an extension of your corporate program. Don’t let them go off on a tangent.」译文：「要把保险经纪人和保险人所提供的风险控制服务视为自己公司的风险控制规划方案延伸的一部份．不能让他们突然地改变既有的服务内容．」２２．英文：「Quality control should not be substitute for a full product liability program. Quality control only assures the product is made according to specifications, whether good or bad.」译文：「质量控制不应视为全部产品责任损失控制方案的替代品．所谓质量控制仅是能确保产品是依据既定的规格制造，不管此一规格是好是坏．」２３．英文：「Most of the safety-related “standards”of governmental agencies should be considered as minimum requirements.」译文：「政府机关所订有关的安全法规或标准应视为风险控制的最低要求．」２４．英文：「Duplicate and separately store valuable papers and back-up data processing media.」译文：「复制并分开储存有价值的数据文件且储备许多计算机处理数据上需要的软硬件零件．」２５．英文：「Avoid travel by multiple executives in a single aircraft.」译文：「避免安排许多重要主管同乘一架航空器从事旅游或考察」风险财务准则２６．英文：「Risk management should focus on two separate zones of risk relative to the maximum dollar loss the company can survive form a single occurrence:. Below this level-optimize the use of insurance relative to current cost.. Above this level-transfer risk (usually insurance) to maximum extent possible-cost effectiveness is not a criterion in this zone; survival is.译文：「风险管理应着重一次损失的发生，企业能承受的最大损失能力的水平或范围下所分开的两个不同的风险范围．．低于此一范围水平的风险－求取保险与非保险对策的适切成本组合．．高于此一范围水平的风险－尽最大可能转移风险（通常利用保险）此时成本的有效性非决策标准而以存活的机会为决策标准．」２７．英文：「An entity with an unlimited budget can benefit from adopting all risk management measures which have benefits to the entity with an expected presentvalue greater than the expected present value of costs of those measures to thatentity.」译文：「较少预算限制的经济个体只要对所有的风险管理方案采取预期收益现值大于预期成本现值的方案即可获益．」２８．英文：「When, for budgetary or practical reasons, an entity must choose between mutually exclusive risk management measures, the entity should choose the measure that offers it the greatest excess of benefits over costs. When both benefits and costs are expressed as expected present values.」译文：「当为了有限的限算或实际的理由时，经济个体在选取互相冲突的风险管理方案时，经济个体应选择预期收益现值与预期成本现值差额最大的风险管理方案．」２９．英文：「Competitive bidding which causes market disruption should be avoided.」译文：「公开竞标易引起市场崩溃应予避免」３０．英文：「Never depend solely on someone else’s insurance .」译文：「不要单单依赖某一保险人提供的保险」３１．英文：「Retrospective rating plans of more than one year hamper flexibility.」译文：「超过一年以上的追溯费率计划反而妨碍弹性程度．」３２．英文：「A tax advantage should be considered a “plus”-not a principal reason for a risk financing decision.」译文：「税负减轻的优点仅能视为有利因子－它不是风险理财决策的主要理由」３３．英文：「Risk taking presents an opportunity for economic gain.」译文：「冒风险意愿着在经济上获益的机会」索赔管理准则３４．英文：「The risk manager should be notified immediately (with-in 24 hours)of any major loss or potential loss.」译文：「对任何重大或潜在的损失，风险经理应立即（24小时内）获得通知．」３５．英文：「Major liability claims should be reviewed for adequacy of investigation and accuracy of reserve.」译文：「对于重大责任损失查勘的适当性和损失准备的正确性应特别注意评估．」３６．英文：「Be careful of local plant involvement in property and liability claims.Local personnel may be too defensive to properly review a major claim.」译文：「特别留意涉及各地工厂部门的财产和责任索赔案件．因为各地工厂部门的人员容易为了减低其损失发失的责任而隐瞒实情以致重大的索赔关键无法正确评估．」３７．英文：「Request early advance payments on large property and business interruption losses.」译文：「对于重大的财产和营业中断损失及早要求保险人预付部份赔款．」－３８．英文：「Secure several estimates or an appraisal of self-insured vehicle physical damage losses.」译文：「对于自行承担的车辆实体毁损应尽可能获取数种的估价数据」４０．英文：「Aggressive claims subrogation ( insured and self-insured) reduces costs.」译文：「主动积极运用代位求偿（不管是被保损失的索赔或未保损失的理贴）可降低理赔成本．」４１．英文：「A claim and disability management program, directed toward getting the employee back to work as soon as possible can save money even though theemployee cannot do all phases of the job. 」译文：「索赔和伤残管理规划中应尽可能使员工回复原有的工作，即使员工无法胜任原有所有的工作但可使企业组织节省金钱的花费．」４２．英文：「Periodically audit claims reserves of insurers and self-insurance administrators.」译文：「定期审查保险人和自我保险人所设立的损失理赔准备」４３．英文：「The best claim is a closed claim」译文：「最好的索赔就是结束索赔」员工福利准则４４．英文：「The provisions and costs of employee benefit programs should be clearly and frequently communicated to employees」译文：「员工福利方案的成本和条款应该时常清楚地与员工沟通」４５．英文：「When installing a new benefit plan, it is harder to reduce benefits than to improve them later on.」译文：「当设计一项新的福利项目时，要了解清楚的是将福利给付或项目缩减比事后改善福利项目和内容还难．」４６．英文：「A poor employee benefit program can generate more employee relations problems than no plan at all .」译文：「一个差劲的员工福利计划会比不设立员工福利计划产生更多的人事关系纠纷的问题」４７．英文：「Employee contributions, even small ones, can help you assess the real popularity of a benefit plan.」译文：「员工醵出额即使很小也能有助于评估员工福利方案真正被接受支持的普遍程度．」４８．英文：「Know the benefit plans of the companies with whom you compete for labor.」译文：「应深切了解在人力市场上与自己公司互相竞争的同业公司的员工福利计划．」４９．英文：「Benefit consultants and brokers are not efficiency replacements for in-house stall functions.」译文：「福利顾问和经纪人无法有效取代内部专业职员的功能」５０．英文：「Collective bargaining of employee benefits should involve corporate benefit professionals.」译文：「员工福利在集体议商制定时，公司的福利专业人员应积极涉入参与．」５１．英文：「Legislation and regulation are intensifying in the employee benefit field.Make your company’s opinions known to the government before legislation isenacted.」译文：「政府的立法和管理规定对员工福利具有重大实质的影响．故立法通过和执行前，自己企业公司的意见应让政府单位知道」退休计划准则５２．英文：「The ultimate cost of any pension plan is equal to the benefits paid, plus the cost of administration, less any investment earning of the fund.」译文：「任何退休计划终极本等于给付支出额加上行政处理费用扣除资金的投资收益．」５３．英文：「For the most part different actuarial methods and/ or assumptions may alter the incidence of cost, but seldom alter the ultimate level of cost.」译文：「对于大部份不同的精算成本方法和（或）精算假设也许改变了每年退休成本的偶然不同性，但很少改变终极成本的水平．」５４．英文：「Clearly identify your corporate objectives with respect to your retirement program.」译文：「明确确认公司目标与退休计划方案的关系」５５．英文：「Recognize that retirement plans are long-term obligations which will spanmany political, economic and social environments.」译文：「确认退休计划是属长期的责任义务，这种计划涵盖了许多政治的、经济的和社会的层面环境」５６．英文：「Identify the nature and extent of pension liability prior to any acquisition or divestiture.」译文：「做任何有关退休债务的取或舍的决定前，应认清该退休债务的性质和程度范围」５７．英文：「Establish formal investment objectives with respect to your pension funds which define risk , diversification and absolute performance parameters.」译文：「应正式以书面建立与退休基金有关的投资目标，此目标应包括投资所可能产生风险的范围，投资项目的多元化的内容和肯定会影响投资绩效的因素有那些．」５８．英文：「Monitor the performance of your pension fund in the context of your investment objectives」译文：「应以投资书面目标评估退休基金的投资绩效」５９．英文：「Identify and monitor your corporate exposure as a result of participation in any industry wide multiemployer pension plans.」译文：「辨认和评估因参加任何同业的合同退休计划所可能产生的不利影响」国际性风险管理准则６０．英文：「Multinational organizations should step up to their international risk management responsibilities.」译文：「多国籍企业应逐步提升国际性风险管理的责任」６１．英文：「Establish a worldwide risk and insurance management program; don’t rely totally on a difference-in-conditions approach.」译文：「多国籍企业应设立全球性风险和保险管理规划方案；不可完全抑赖条款差异保险」６２．英文：「A combination of admitted and non-admitted insurance usually provides the best world wide insurance program.」译文：「被认可保险与不被认可保险的组合通常提供了最佳的全球性保险计划．」６３．英文：「Avoid the use of long-term policies overseas.」译文：「避免使用海外的长期保单」６４．英文：「Be sensitive to and don’t underestimate nationalism when implementing a worldwide risk management program.」译文：「在执行全球性风险管理方案时，尤需保持警觉，并且不能低估国家主义所致的严重问题．」６５．英文：「Don’t ignore local objections to worldwide programs.」译文：「不要忽视海外当地对全球性计划方案的反对」风险管理行政准则６６．英文：「Establish a level of authority via management policy statement.」译文：「透过一份管理策略说明书建立起不同的权责标准」６７．英文：「Prepare and universally distribute a corporate risk management manual.」译文：「编制并普通分发公司的风险管理手册」６８．英文：「Set up realistic annual objectives with your brokers, underwriters and vendors and measure their accomplishments and results.」译文：「与您的经纪人，保险人和厂商设立实际具体可完成的年度目标俾便评估其成效和结果」６９．英文：「Verify the accuracy of all relevant information you receive.」译文：「应证实您所获取所有有关信息的精确性」７０．英文：「R ead every insurance policy carefully」译文：「仔细阅读每一张保险单」７１．英文：「Keep program design simple」译文：「应尽量保持风险管理方案设计的简明化」７２．英文：「Consolidate-where it makes sense to do so」译文：「如果行政工作程序合并简化具积极意义时就该合并」７３．英文：「Develop record retention procedures」译文：「应发展一套纪录保存的程序」７４．英文：「Keep intercom any premium allocation confidential. 」译文：「公司单位部门间的保费分摊应使人信服」７５．英文：「Establish administrative procedures in writing」译文：「应以书面建立行政处理程序」风险管理技巧准则７６．英文：「Insurance policy provisions should be uniform as to named insured, notice and cancellation clauses, territory, etc.」译文：「保单条款中有关记名被保人、通知和注销条款、投保区域的规定等应求取一致．」７７．英文：「The “notice ”provision in all insurance policies should be modified to mean notice to a specific individual」译文：「所有保单中的“通知”条款应被修订成通知特定单位或个人的通知条款」７８．英文：「Primary policies with annual aggregates should have policy periods which coincide with excess policies」译文：「年度累积式基本保单的期间应与超额保单期间一致」７９．英文：「Joint loss agreements should be obtained from fire and boiler and machinery insurers.」译文：「应取得火灾和锅炉机械保险的联合共同损失协议条款」８０．英文：「Add “drive other car”protection to your corporate automobile insuracne」译文：「公司的汽车保险方案中应加入“驾驶他车”的保障条款」８１．英文：「Eliminate coinsurance clauses.」译文：「应消除共保条款」８２．英文：「Know the implications of and difference between “claims made”and “pay on behalf of”liability contracts.」译文：「应该认识清楚“请求索赔”责任保单和“代被保人赔偿”责任保单的涵义和其间的区别」８３．英文：「Risks accepted under contracts are not necessarily covered under contractual liability coverage」译文：「透过契约而承受的风险不一定需由契约责任保险来承保」８４．英文：「Add employees as insured’s to liability contracts. Use discretionary language to avoid defending hostile persons.」译文：「应将员工纳入责任保险的被保人中．并采用较为广义弹性的用语以避免并防范怀有恶意的他人．」风险管理沟通准则８５．英文：「All communication providing or requesting information should be expressed in clear, objective language, leaving no room for individual interpretation.」译文：「沟通上所要提供的信息或所需的信息均应以明确且客观的用语显示，千万勿令人有两可解释的余地．」８６．英文：「All communications and relationships should be conducted with due consideration to proprietary information.」译文：「所有的沟通及工作关系应充份尊重考虑最高负责人意思后才予实施」８７．英文：「Communicate effectively up and down and avoid management surprises」译文：「沟通应有效地做到上闻下达的地步并避免令管理人员闻讯后感到讶异．」８８．英文：「Don’t tell senior management anything-ask them, counsel them, inform them.」译文：「对最高管理阶层人员千万勿用「告诉」字眼－而是用「请问」、「建议」、「通知」他们的字眼．」８９．英文：「Communicate in business language, avoid insurance jargon.」译文：「应以一般商业用语沟通，避免用艰深的保险术语．」９０．英文：「Obtain letters of intent or interpretations regarding agreements(coverage or administration) which are outside of and/or in addition to actual insurance orservice contracts. Never rely on verbal agreements.」译文：「对于保险契约或服务契约本身外的协议或额外的协议（保障或行政事项），应确实获得有关解释说明的书面文件．絶对不可依赖口头上的协议来行事．」９１．英文：「The immediate supervisor to the risk management function should be educated in principles of risk management.」译文：「对于直接执行风险管理职能的主管应受过风险管理专业教育训练始可．」９２．英文：「Communicate every insurance exclusion and no insurance implication to your management . 」译文：「风险管理人员应就每一保险契约中的免责事项及其所显示的保险以外的涵义与管理阶层人员沟通」９３．英文：「In competitive bidding situations, advise each competitor that the first bid isthe only bid and stick to it.」译文：「在竞标中，应向每一位投标人建议每人的第一次标价就是唯一的标价并坚持此一原则．」９４．英文：「Risk managers should meet with underwriters rather than relying totally on others for market communications」译文：「风险管理人员应经常主动拜访保险人，以便取得市场信息而不应完全依赖其它的人和事来取得市场信息．」风险管理哲学准则９５．英文：「The risk manager ( and his corporation ) should avoid developing the reputation of a “shopper”or “market burner”. This reputation can bedetrimental to the corporations best interests and the risk managers credibility」译文：「风险管理人员（或其公司）应避免建立起「购买者」或「市场交易带头者」的名声．此种名声能够阻碍公司最佳利益的获取和损及风险管理人员的信赖度．」９６．英文：「Determine your personal level of risk aversion and temper intuitive judgments up or down accordingly.」译文：「确定自己的风险偏好的程度并据此调适主观直觉的判断」９７．英文：「Program design will always be a function of current practicalities tempered by management’s level of risk aversion.」译文：「风险管理方案的规划常是管理决策者实际风险偏好程度的显示」９８．英文：「Everyone is in business to make a fair profit」译文：「企业中每一个人均要有为公司赢得顾客满意，赚取合理利润的心志」９９．英文：「Long term, good faith relationships are not obsolete.」译文：「长期且诚信的关系是絶不会过时的」１００．英文：「Integrity is not out of style」译文：「诚笃正直的心絶不会落伍」１０１．英文：「Common sense is the most important ingredient in risk management.」译文：「普通常识是风险管理中最重的要素．」。

本科毕业论文外文翻译译文标题：企业风险管理资料来源:风险管理杂志作者：斯蒂芬．P．达西从20世纪70年代开始，财务风险开始成为公司一项重要的不确定的资源，此后不久，处理财务风险的工具被开发出来。

这些新的工具允许财务风险被一种相似的方式管理，而这种不参杂风险的管理方式已经维持了数十年。

1972年，世界上主要的发达国家结束了一直让汇率保持稳定数十年的布雷顿森林体系协定。

布雷顿森林体系的解体引起了汇率的不稳定。

由于外汇汇率的变化，从事国际贸易的公司的资产负债表和经营业绩开始波动。

这种不稳定性影响了许多公司的表现。

同时在20世纪70年代，石油输出国组织（欧佩克）组织开发的协议要求降低生产提高产品价格，使得石油价格开始上涨。

后来，在这十年中，美联储将重点放在打击通货膨胀上（石油价格上涨的结果），而不是稳定利率，结果导致其迅速上涨，并加剧了美国的利率波动。

因此，外汇汇率、价格和利率的变动引起的财务风险成为一个主要的关注重心。

虽然财务风险主要关心的问题已经在20世纪80年代形成一个机构体系，但是并没有在这一方面开始运用标准的风险管理工具和技术，导致失败的原因是人为的将风险分类为纯粹风险和投机风险。

由于固定资产的收益，外币计价的投资和经营成果都会受到通货膨胀或者外汇汇率的影响，使得风险增加，这就是所谓的投机风险。

风险管理者在他们所经营的领域，形成一个其专业特有的风险领域，称之为纯粹风险。

当出现一个新的风险领域，并没有将其扩大吸收进他们的领域。

这样做，需要将学习财务工具知识和远离风险的费用由保险公司负责并支付。

这已经是个大胆的行动，但一个创新的思想家会支持发展风险管理。

这次失败对于风险管理领域组织来说是昂贵的。

随着企业风险管理的出现，传统的风险管理人员将被推到一个更为广泛的结合了财务风险管理和其他形式的风险分析的舞台。

因此，拒绝扩大财务风险并不能阻止风险管理者了解财务风险管理，它只是推迟了几十年。

以后，期货及其基于非财务资产交易之前的很长一段时间适应处理他们的财务风险。

Financial Risks金融风险Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing ；the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.国际金融市场的风险存在几种类型，主要是商业风险、政治风险和外汇风险。

(1) Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.1商业风险事实上是日常商务活动中一般的信用风险。

They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. 包括偿债能力、违约和拒绝付款。

The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.然而竞争才是最主要的风险，需要持续有效的管理和营销才能在竞争中立足。

(2) One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. 国际市场的一个独特的风险是金融调节方面的风险。

Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered,a dispute over contract terms,or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. 这种风险产生于有关货物质量、合同条款及货款不兑现方面引起的争执。

商业银行风险管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)“RISK MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL BANKS”(A CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS) - ABSTRACT ONLY1. PREAMBLE:1.1 Risk Management:The future of banking will undoubtedly rest on risk management dynamics. Only those banks that have efficient risk management system will survive in the market in the long run. The effective management of credit risk is a critical component of comprehensive risk management essential for long-term success of a banking institution. Credit risk is the oldest and biggest risk that bank, by virtue of its very nature of business, inherits. This has however, acquired a greater significance in the recent past for various reasons. Foremost among them is the wind of economic liberalization that is blowing across the globe. India is no exception to this swing towards market driven economy. Competition from within and outside the country has intensified. This has resulted in multiplicity of risks both in number and volume resulting in volatile markets. A precursor to successful management of credit risk is a clear understanding about risks involved in lending, quantifications of risks within each item of the portfolio and reaching a conclusion as to the likely composite credit risk profile of a bank.The corner stone of credit risk management is the establishment of a framework that defines corporate priorities, loan approval process, credit risk rating system, risk-adjusted pricing system, loan-review mechanism and comprehensive reporting system.1.2 Significance of the study:The fundamental business of lending has brought trouble to individual banks and entire banking system. It is, therefore, imperative that the banks are adequate systems for credit assessment of individual projects and evaluating risk associated therewith as well as the industry as a whole. Generally, Banks in India evaluate a proposal through the traditional tools of project financing, computing maximum permissible limits, assessing management capabilities and prescribing a ceiling for an industry exposure. As banks move in to a new high powered world of financial operations and trading, with new risks, the need is felt for more sophisticated and versatile instruments for risk assessment, monitoring and controlling risk exposures. It is, therefore, time that banks managements equip themselves fully to grapple with the demands of creating tools and systems capable of assessing, monitoring and controlling risk exposures in a more scientific manner.Credit Risk, that is, default by the borrower to repay lent money, remains the most important risk to manage till date. The predominance of credit risk is even reflected in the composition of economic capital, which banks are required to keep a side for protection against various risks. According to one estimate, Credit Risk takes about 70% and 30%remaining is shared between the other two primary risks, namely Market risk (change in the market price and operational risk i.e., failure of internal controls, etc.). Quality borrowers (Tier-I borrowers) were able to access the capital market directly without going through the debt route. Hence, the credit route is now more open to lesser mortals (Tier-II borrowers).With margin levels going down, banks are unable to absorb the level of loan losses. There has been very little effort to develop a method where risks could be identified and measured. Most of the banks have developed internal rating systems for their borrowers, but there hasbeen very little study to compare such ratings with the final asset classification and also to fine-tune the rating system. Also risks peculiar to each industry are not identified and evaluated openly. Data collection is regular driven. Data on industry-wise, region-wise lending, industry-wise rehabilitated loan, can provide an insight into the future course to be adopted.Better and effective strategic credit risk management process is a better way to Manage portfolio credit risk. The process provides a framework to ensure consistency between strategy and implementation that reduces potential volatility in earnings and maximize shareholders wealth. Beyond and over riding the specifics of risk modeling issues, the challenge is moving towards improved credit risk management lies in addressing banks’readiness and openness to accept change to a more transparent system, to rapidly metamorphosing markets, to more effective and efficient ways of operating and to meet market requirements and increased answerability to stake holders.There is a need for Strategic approach to Credit Risk Management (CRM) in Indian Commercial Banks, particularly in view of;(1) Higher NPAs level in comparison with global benchmark(2) RBI’ s stipulation about dividend distribution by the banks(3) Revised NPAs level and CAR norms(4) New Basel Capital Accord (Basel –II) revolutionAccording to the study conducted by ICRA Limited, the gross NPAs as a proportion of total advances for Indian Banks was 9.40 percent for financial year 2003 and 10.60 percent for financial year 20021. The value of the gross NPAs as ratio for financial year 2003 for the global benchmark banks was as low as 2.26 percent. Net NPAs as a proportion of net advances of Indian banks was 4.33 percent for financial year 2003 and 5.39 percent for financial year 2002. As against this, the value of net NPAs ratio for financial year 2003 for the global benchmark banks was 0.37 percent. Further, it was found that, the total advances of the banking sector to the commercial and agricultural sectors stood at Rs.8,00,000 crore. Of this, Rs.75,000 crore, or 9.40 percent of the total advances is bad and doubtful debt. The size of the NPAs portfolio in the Indian banking industry is close to Rs.1,00,000 crore which is around 6 percent of India’ s GDP2.The RBI has recently announced that the banks should not pay dividends at more than 33.33 percent of their net profit. It has further provided that the banks having NPA levels less than 3 percent and having Capital Adequacy Reserve Ratio (CARR) of more than 11 percent for the last two years will only be eligible to declare dividends without the permission from RBI3. This step is for strengthening the balance sheet of all the banks in the country. The banks should provide sufficient provisions from their profits so as to bring down the net NPAs level to 3 percent of their advances.NPAs are the primary indicators of credit risk. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is another measure of credit risk. CAR is supposed to act as a buffer against credit loss, which isset at 9 percent under the RBI stipulation4. With a view to moving towards International best practices and to ensure greater transparency, it has been decided to adopt the ’ 90 days’ ‘ over due’ norm for identification of NPAs from the year ending March 31, 2004.The New Basel Capital Accord is scheduled to be implemented by the end of 2006. All the banking supervisors may have to join the Accord. Even the domestic banks in addition to internationally active banks may have to conform to the Accord principles in the coming decades. The RBI as the regulator of the Indian banking industry has shown keen interest in strengthening the system, and the individual banks have responded in good measure in orienting themselves towards global best practices.1.3 Credit Risk Management(CRM) dynamics:The world over, credit risk has proved to be the most critical of all risks faced by a banking institution. A study of bank failures in New England found that, of the 62 banks in existence before 1984, which failed from 1989 to 1992, in 58 cases it was observed that loans and advances were not being repaid in time 5 . This signifies the role of credit risk management and therefore it forms the basis of present research analysis.Researchers and risk management practitioners have constantly tried to improve on current techniques and in recent years, enormous strides have been made in the art and science of credit risk measurement and management6. Much of the progress in this field has resulted form the limitations of traditional approaches to credit risk management and with the current Bank for International Settlement’ (BIS) regulatory model. Even in banks which regularly fine-tune credit policies and streamline credit processes, it is a real challenge for credit risk managers to correctly identify pockets of risk concentration, quantify extent of risk carried, identify opportunities for diversification and balance the risk-return trade-off in their credit portfolio.The two distinct dimensions of credit risk management can readily be identified as preventive measures and curative measures. Preventive measures include risk assessment, risk measurement and risk pricing, early warning system to pick early signals of future defaults and better credit portfolio diversification. The curative measures, on the other hand, aim at minimizing post-sanction loan losses through such steps as securitization, derivative trading, risk sharing, legal enforcement etc. It is widely believed that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Therefore, the focus of the study is on preventive measures in tune with the norms prescribed by New Basel Capital Accord.The study also intends to throw some light on the two most significant developments impacting the fundamentals of credit risk management practices of banking industry – New Basel Capital Accord and Risk Based Supervision. Apart from highlighting the salient features of credit risk management prescriptions under New Basel Accord, attempts are made to codify the response of Indian banking professionals to various proposals under the accord. Similarly, RBI proposed Risk Based Supervision (RBS) is examined to capture its direction and implementation problems。

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：What is the financial risk management? 文献、资料来源：期刊文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2011.5院（部）：商学院专业：财务管理班级：财务123姓名：任文豪学号：20120913111指导教师：张玉华翻译日期：2016.6.7外文文献：What is the financial risk management?INTRODUCTIONFinancial risk is the inevitable outcome of the modern enterprise in the face of market competition, especially in the development of market economy in China is not sound conditions is inevitable.Sales enterprise financial risk evaluation in this essay, on the basis of the proposed financial early warning mechanism and specific expounds the specific duties of early warning mechanism, finally discusses several measures to strengthen the guard against enterprise financial risk.Key words:Sales of the enterprise;Financial risk management;Avoid adviceThe research backgroundFinancial risk is the inevitable outcome of the modern enterprise in the face of market competition, especially in the development of market economy in China is not sound conditions is inevitable.Financial risk has the objectivity, inevitability and uncertainty, which requires the enterprise owners, operators should clearly realize that the objective existence of the risk.In the past, many enterprises caused by a lack of understanding of financial risk, management does not reach the designated position, the enterprise huge economic losses, even bankruptcy.How to enhance the enterprise risk management consciousness, strengthen the various possible causes of the financial risk of uncertainty scientific analysis and forecasting, from different angles, different levels and take different measures to prevent and avoid all kinds of financial risk become enterprise management priority.The concept of financial risk managementThe connotation of financial risk managementEnterprises in the process of operation and management, because of various uncertain factors, may lead to the enterprise's financial activity in one area or a certain link problems, cause enterprise funds, goods and other materials on the value of property loss, resulting in a loss of corporate profitability and solvency, this possibility is the enterprise financial risk.Under the condition of market economy,financial risk is objective existence, to completely eliminate financial risk and its impact is not realistic.National politics, economy, culture and the external environment and internal environment, such as business people, goods, content of the complexity of the instability of the market price, the uncertainty of supply and demand and the diversity of information determines the market economy under the conditions of enterprise financial risk exists objectively.Williams and was published in 1964, Hans's book "risk management and insurance", said: "the risk management is based on the risk identification, measurement and control, with the lowest cost of the degree of risk to minimize losses caused by management".Refers to the enterprise financial risk management in the full knowledge, on the basis of the financial risk faced by various scientific and effective means and methods, on all kinds of risk prediction, identification, prevention, control and processing, at the lowest cost to ensure the continuity of enterprise capital movement, the stability and profitability of a financial management activities.Financial risk management is the organic combination of risk management and financial management of a new management field, the key lies in the enterprise management departments at all levels in the organization, instruction in financial activities, by identifying, testing, the risk of objective existence in the process of enterprise capital movement, to take effective preventive measures, with the minimum cost for maximum security.The content of the financial risk managementFinancial risk management activities throughout the entire process of financial activities, from the content mainly for funding risk, including interest rate risk, investment risk, liquidity risk, etc.(1) refers to the enterprise financing risk management in the financing activities due to the change of capital supply and demand of market and macroeconomic environment, financing structure and currency structure, term structure and the change of interest rates and other uncertain factors, the possibility of damage to the enterprise.(2) the investment risk management refers to the enterprises in investment activities, due to the influence of various factors is difficult to predict and control, the risks arising from the investment return rate of lessthan anticipated goal.(3) the funding liquidity risk management refers to the enterprise cash flow and cash flow risk which is formed by the inconsistent on time.Main show is cash, accounts receivable collection risks as well as inventory liquidation risk and so on.Sales enterprise financial risk evaluationThe influence factors of enterprise financial risk1, the enterprise financial risk management mechanism is not soundAt present, most of the enterprise financial risk management limited to internal to self analysis and control of various functional departments, there is no set up specialized agencies to enterprise operation and management activities of the financial risk analysis and management, management procedures incomplete, imperfect management mechanism, enterprise can't see the enterprise goals, identify, and reflect the influence of various risk factors, not in time to prevent and control, risk is inevitable.2, enterprise management system of enforcementTo establish and perfect rules and regulations, and constantly optimize, improve the existing system, is the enterprise standard management behavior, improve the management mechanism, effective way to carry out the management responsibility, but also identify risks, risk analysis, the effective ways to avoid risk.Enterprises to establish and perfect the rules and regulations, it is necessary to strengthen execution, if the enforcement, there will be to implement work inspection, does not reach the designated position, will lead to some employees in daily work to replace voluntary, "three violations" behavior is difficult to avoid, the hard to avoid the risk.3, lack of enterprise supervision mechanismIn the real work, caused by a lack of enterprise management personnel risk consciousness, cooperation consciousness is not strong, in daily work, only care about the part of your job, don't care about the operation and management activities of other departments, the enterprise internal lack of mutual supervision and mutual restriction of management mechanism, lead to the generation of financial risk.4, the lack of scientific enterprise financial decisionsScientific financial decision making, is the precondition of avoid financial risk, financial goals.At present, in the aspect of corporate financial decisions, generally there is the phenomenon of subjective or thumb decisions, the resulting decision is unscientific, unreasonable, resulting in a financial risk.5 recovery strategy, enterprise funds, income distribution policy is not standardEnterprise internal between various departments and enterprises and superior between, in fund management and use, profit distribution, as well as unclear responsibilities, management disorder phenomenon, cause low service efficiency of funds, capital of security, integrity cannot be guaranteed, the economic benefit of landslides, or even a loss.Liquidity can not get due compensation and the losses from the enterprise of its own funds and bank loans, unable to meet the growing demand, so we have to continue to expand the scale of loans, short-term loans for long-term investment, short and lend long shots.This aggravated the tension in the enterprise funds, reduces the enterprise anti-risk ability, inevitably cause the enterprise capital turnover difficult, unbecoming loan repayment capacity and scale, produce the financial risk.Enterprise financial risk1, capital structure is unreasonable, the ratio of debt financing is too high In the enterprise capital structure, relative capital source, mainly refers to the enterprise all capital source of equity funds and the proportion of debt capital.Due to reasons such as financing decision is not scientific, the enterprise capital source structure unreasonable phenomenon exists generally, some companies asset-liability ratio is as high as 70% above.Capital source structure is not reasonable that the enterprise's financial burden, a serious shortage of solvency.2, lack of foreign investment decision-making scientific, influence the realization of the expected returnIn the process of foreign investment decisions, as companies the feasibility of investment projects is a lack of thorough system analysis and research, combined with the decision is based on the economic information is not comprehensive, not real and decision-makers decision-making ability is limited, leading to the lack of scientificinvestment decision, make investment project cannot obtain the expected profits, not timely recovery of investment, and even produce huge investment losses.3, sell on credit than major, accounts receivable out of controlAffected by the market supply and demand, some enterprises in order to increase sales and expand market share, a lot of selling products sell on credit way, result in a great increase in corporate accounts receivable.At the same time, as companies in the sales process to understand the customer's credit situation, the debt paying ability is not enough, blind credit sales, cause accounts receivable is out of control, quite a proportion of accounts receivable long-term unable to recover, thereby causing loss to the enterprise loans.4, unreasonable structure of inventory, inventory turnover rate is not high Enterprise liquid assets, the inventory account for a relatively large proportion.Enterprise inventory level structure is unreasonable, inventory turnover rate is not high, the formation of overstock backlog phenomenon.This has occupied much of corporate liquidity on the one hand, on the other hand, enterprises for keeping the inventory must also pay a lot of storage costs, rising business cost level.At the same time, inventory backlog for a long time, also increases the loss of goods storage, bear the resulting from a decline in prices of obsolete stocks losses, makes the enterprise management benefit.In the enterprise financial risk management measures Establish financial early warning mechanism, strengthen the financial risk management1, the financial risk management organization systemIn order to effectively supervise and control the financial risk, the enterprise needs to establish a special responsible for risk management organization, with full-time risk management personnel, the whole process of enterprise risk management to the overall coordination and specific planning, focus on and eliminate the threat to the financial risk of enterprise survival and development.In view of the enterprise scale, structure, and many other factors, within the company may set up "risk management committee (risk management leading group)", is responsible for theorganization and leadership of enterprise financial risk management and coordination.In the risk management committee (risk management leading group set up under the risk management office (located in the finance, the finance director and director of the office), to be responsible for the daily risk management work, main responsibility is responsible for risk management information collection, selection, sorting, analysis, transfer and archive management, and regularly report to the company leadership issues related to risk management.At the same time, the risk management department to work closely with operations, personnel, storage and transportation departments, common standard of enterprise internal financial risk management.2, implements the comprehensive budget management, establish a short-term financial early warning systemUnder the premise of enterprise in determining the long-term strategic planning, should draw up various specific period management goal, according to each phase of the management goal, is the current of all kinds of earnings, cash flow, financial condition and investment plans, etc., expressed in the form of quantification, prepare the current comprehensive budget, implements the comprehensive budget management.Enterprise financial risk management departments to carefully check and analysis of the current budget execution, budget implementation for corporate leaders early warning information, make enterprise can promptly revising the budget target, ensure the scientific nature of the budget, to early take measures to solve the problems existing in the budget implementation, ensure that enterprise management activities do not deviating from the expected target, ensure the smooth conduct business enterprise and the smooth completion of the budget targets.3, establish the index system of financial analysis, establish the financial early warning management system for a long timeFor enterprises, the establishment of short-term financial early warning management system at the same time, also according to the enterprise long-term strategic planning, establishing enterprise assets profitability, solvency, profitability and financial flexibility index system of financial analysis, establish the financialearly warning management system for a long time.Through the inspection, analysis of the index system, timely correcting deviating from the expected goal of enterprise management activities, to ensure that the enterprise long-term strategic target realization.Enterprise financial risk prevention measures1, serious analysis of internal and external changes, improve the enterprise ability to adapt to the financial management environment changes and strain capacity Although the macro environment of financial management in enterprise, the enterprise can't exert influence, but can grasp by analyzing the change trend and regularity, timely adjust the financial management policy, respond in a timely manner.To the enterprise internal financial management environment changes, the enterprise can be achieved by careful analysis research, develop a variety of contingency measures, timely change of financial management, improve the enterprise ability to adapt to the internal financial management environment changes and the strain capacity, harness and grasp earnestly, thus reducing environmental change brings to the enterprise financial risk.2, we will further improve the enterprise management rules and regulations, improve executionEnterprise financial risk exists in all aspects of enterprise management.Therefore, we should conscientiously carry out investigation and study, from different angles, different levels, organizational system leak.By further perfect the enterprise financial management rules and regulations, improve execution, strengthen financial foundation work management, achieve the goal of prevent and control the financial risk.3, establish effective staff training mechanism, strengthen the quality of employees training, on thought, implementation of knowledge, to establish a "people-oriented" management concept, improve staff awareness of risk managementOne is to grasp the leadership, corporate leadership team members to the agenda, the financial risk management work research, form a consensus, improve on thought of risk management and operation and management and economic benefit, riskmanagement and the understanding of the relationship between enterprise development.Second, in view of the possible financial risk, pays special attention to the risk management department and the relevant business units and other key post personnel training education, take conference propaganda, special education, job training, and other forms of effective education, improve the understanding of financial risk management, to strengthen the understanding of the rules and regulations, further clear responsibility.Stimulate staff's work enthusiasm and initiative, and promote the employee in risk management from passive to active participation in management, forms the enterprise internal risk management of the whole situation, effectively reduce the enterprise financial risk.And specific measures to guard against enterprise financial risk1, enterprise of fundraising risk preventionAccording to the enterprise actual situation, establish the reasonable financing plans.With the expansion of the scale of enterprise management, enterprise can according to need and may arrange the right amount of debt, to make reasonable financing plans.In order to guarantee the rationality of the financing plan, the enterprise should use the relevant index to the assessment of solvency of financing plan for testing and evaluation, such as corporate debt, its quick ratio is less than 1, the current ratio is lower than 2.Only in this way, can minimize risk, improve the level of corporate profits.At the same time, the long and short-term borrowing must carry on the reasonable arrangement, make its structure more reasonable, the repayment time, should be determined rationally to prevent financial risks due to the debt collection.Serious analysis of changes in interest rates, reasonable financing arrangements.Enterprises in the capital market financing activities, should seriously study the capital market supply and demand situation, according to the movements of interest rates, grasp its developing trend, and makes the corresponding financing arrangements.In the interest rate at a high level period, less as far as possible to raise funds, or only raise much-needed short-term funds.In interest rates in the period of transition from high to low, should as far as possible to raise funds, to need short-termfunds, should use a floating rate plan breath way.When interest rates low, financing is more favorable.In the interest rate in the period of transition from low to high, should actively raise funds for a long time, and try to adopt the fixed rate plan breath way. 2, the enterprise investment risk preventionSales companies to invest more for construction investment in fixed assets, when making decisions, must set up a scientific system of investment decision, to make scientific investment feasibility analysis, especially the analysis of the return on investment, in the benefit estimation, the use of the data, Stan must through reasoning, ensure that use the data accurately.The conclusion of the project is feasible or not, should grasp the investment payback period, to evoluate key evaluation index, net cash flow, etc.Only in the project feasibility analysis link financial gate effect, to minimize the investment decision-making risk.Intensify coordination with government functional departments, improve the external investment environment, reduce the investment risk.In the construction of fixed assets investment, the enterprise should strengthen the communication with the urban construction planning departments of the government, the coordination work, to ensure that in the realm of investment projects into the government plan to avoid the contradictions between the overall city planning investment projects and the government brought about by the investment risk.Strengthen the cultivation of investment management professionals, improve the financial ability of investors.Investment is inherently has the characteristics of "high risk, high income", the investment subject should have a strong sense of risk management, investment management personnel should be understand technology, understand the financial and understand financial knowledge, understand management, and other inter-disciplinary talent, but also have to have a willingness to take risks, dare to the spirit of innovation.Therefore, the enterprise must strengthen the cultivation of investment management professionals, improve the financial ability of investors, ensure a safe investment.3, enterprise capital recovery risk preventionTo perfect the accounts receivable management system, further standardize thebehavior of credit management.Enterprise in the formulation and implementation of the instalment payment credit policy, must fully consider reducing the number of the account receivable amount as far as possible and the holding time, reduce the management cost of accounts receivable, should choose to marginal profit is greater than the total cost of the management of accounts receivable credit policy, to further standardize the behavior of enterprise credit management, to prevent bad debt losses caused enterprises, strengthen the management of enterprise sales money safe recovery.Enhance sales personnel sense of responsibility and the risk consciousness, establish risk mortgage rates.Enterprise sales people pay a certain percentage of sales revenue of the extraction, part of which can be used to pay sales staff salaries, bonuses, others as risk mortgage rates.In this way, can prompt sales staff for each business transaction is treated with caution, for each customer's credit level and solvent are serious evaluation, sales staff and improve the sense of responsibility, do sell products to, and to ensure the back payment for goods, so as to reduce the accounts receivable, avoid bad debt losses.In short, financial risk management is an important content of modern enterprise financial strategic management not only, also is an important part of the whole enterprise management.Strengthen the management of risk has become a modern enterprise management an important content.Only full and comprehensive attaches great importance to the enterprise financial risk management, set up the correct concept of risk, be good at to the uncertainty of natural and social environment factors in scientific prediction, take various measures to prevent, can effectively avoid all kinds of financial risk, ensure enterprise capital safety.中文译文：什么是财务风险管理？介绍：财务风险是现代企业面对市场竞争的必然产物，尤其是在我国市场经济发育不健全的条件下更是不可避免。

财务风险外国书籍标题：财务风险管理的国外经典著作引言：财务风险是企业面临的不稳定环境下产生的一种不确定性，它可能导致经济损失或者干扰企业正常经营。

有效的财务风险管理是企业取得成功的关键。

在国外的财务学书籍中，有许多经典著作探讨了财务风险管理的理论和实践，这些书籍不仅在学术界产生了深远影响，也为从业者提供了宝贵的参考。

一、《金融风险管理：市场、信用和操作》作者：约翰·C·哈利斯（John C. Hull）这是一本全面探讨金融风险管理的权威著作。

书中详细介绍了市场风险、信用风险和操作风险的概念、计量方法和管理策略。

特别是在衍生品市场的风险管理方面，该书提供了实用的方法和工具，帮助读者理解和应对金融市场的不确定性。

二、《金融风险管理：战略与风险定价》作者：伦斯·马尔卡普（Lens Marcap）该书深入研究了金融风险管理的战略性思维和风险定价模型。

书中详细介绍了常见的风险管理工具和技术，包括VaR （Value at Risk）、CVaR（Conditional Value at Risk）等。

此外，作者还通过案例研究，展示了如何在实际运营中应用这些模型和工具。

三、《公司金融学》作者：理查德·A·布雷利（Richard A. Brealey）、斯图尔特·C·迈尔斯（Stewart C. Myers）和弗兰克林·艾伦（Franklin Allen）这本畅销的公司金融学教材不仅覆盖了财务管理的基本概念，还详细介绍了企业面临的各种金融风险以及风险定价和管理的方法。

该书以丰富的案例和实际经验，帮助读者理解和应用金融理论，并提供了实践中的实用建议。

四、《风险管理与衍生品》作者：约翰·赫尔普曼（John C. Hull）这本著作是关于金融风险管理和衍生品市场的经典教材。

书中介绍了各种金融衍生品的定价和风险管理方法，包括期货、期权、互换等。