英文科技论文写作

英文科技论文写作技巧大全英文科技论文的基本格式•Title•Author(s)•Affiliation(s) and address(es) •Abstract•Keywords•Introduction •Experimental •Results and discussion •Conclusion (Summary;Concluding remarks) •Appendix (Abbreviation)•Acknowledgement •References2.基本要求（1）Title长短适中，概括性强，重点突出，一目了然。

（2）Author(s)姓氏和名字要容易弄清楚，以免发生以名代姓。

（3）Affiliation(s) and address(es)准确清楚，使读者能按所列信息顺利地与作者联系。

（4）Abstract不宜太详尽，也不宜太简短，应将论文的研究体系、主要方法、重要发现、主要结论等，简明扼要地加以概括。

不要将结论与提要重复使用。

（5）Introduction说明本研究的目的意义。

归纳与本研究密切相关的前人研究结果及有关文献，指出本研究与前人研究的不同之处。

说明本论文要解决的问题及方法、手段等。

不宜将本论文的结果在“绪论”中叙述。

（6）Experimental叙述主要的实验过程、方法、仪器设备、试剂来源及规格等。

不宜将实验结果在“实验部分”中叙述。

（7）Results and discussion是论文的核心部分，要求：–数据及图表的内容及含义交代清楚，有条理；–对数据及现象的归纳、演绎、解释、立论要有逻辑性、自洽性。

–语句要准确、流畅、多样化，不宜重复使用相同的句型和词汇。

（8）Conclusion (Summary, Concluding remarks)简明扼要地归纳出本论文的新发现、新观点、新理论等。

不宜将“结果及讨论”部分的语句直接抄录作为结论。

（9）References要按所投杂志规定的格式准确书写。

科技英文作文30字
英文，Technology has greatly impacted our lives. For example, smartphones have become an essential part of our daily routine. We use them to communicate with others, navigate our way around, and even make purchases. Additionally, the internet has opened up a world of information and opportunities. We can learn new skills, connect with people from all over the world, and access entertainment with just a few clicks. However, technology also has its downsides, such as addiction and privacy concerns.
中文，科技对我们的生活产生了巨大的影响。

例如，智能手机已经成为我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。

我们用它们来与他人沟通，导航，甚至购物。

此外，互联网打开了一个信息和机会的世界。

我们可以学习新技能，与来自世界各地的人联系，只需点击即可访问娱乐。

然而，科技也有其不利之处，如成瘾和隐私问题。

科技英文作文50字
英文，Technology has greatly impacted our daily lives. With the advancement of technology, we are now able to connect with people from all around the world with just a few clicks. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have made it easier for us to stay connected
with our friends and family, no matter where they are. Additionally, technology has made it easier for us to
access information and learn new things. With just a quick search on Google, we can find answers to almost any
question we have.
中文，科技对我们的日常生活产生了巨大的影响。

随着技术的
进步，我们现在可以通过几个点击与世界各地的人联系。

像Facebook、Instagram和Twitter这样的社交媒体平台使我们更容
易与朋友和家人保持联系，无论他们在哪里。

此外，科技使我们更
容易获取信息和学习新知识。

只需在Google上快速搜索，我们就可
以找到几乎任何问题的答案。

与科技有关英文作文英文：When it comes to technology, I believe it has greatly impacted our lives in both positive and negative ways. On the positive side, technology has made our lives more convenient and efficient. For example, we can now easily communicate with people from all over the world through social media and messaging apps. We can also shop online and have our purchases delivered right to our doorstep. In addition, technology has greatly improved healthcare, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat illnesses more accurately and effectively.However, technology also has its downsides. One major negative impact is the decrease in face-to-face communication and social interaction. People are becoming more reliant on technology for communication, leading to a lack of personal connections and a decrease in empathy. Another issue is the potential for addiction to technology,such as social media or video games, which can lead to negative effects on mental health and productivity.Overall, while technology has greatly improved ourlives in many ways, it is important to be aware of its potential negative impacts and strive for a balance in our use of technology.中文：谈到科技，我认为它在积极和消极方面都对我们的生活产生了巨大影响。

体现科技的英文作文英文：Technology has had a profound impact on our daily lives, from the way we communicate to the way we work and even the way we entertain ourselves. In my opinion, technology has greatly improved the quality of our lives, making tasks easier and more efficient.One example of how technology has improved our lives is through the use of smartphones. With a smartphone, we can easily communicate with people from all over the world, access information on the internet, and even use it as atool for work or entertainment. It has become an essential tool for many people in their daily lives.Another example is the use of artificial intelligencein various industries. AI has the ability to analyze large amounts of data and provide insights that would be impossible for humans to do on their own. This has led toadvancements in fields such as healthcare, finance, and transportation, improving efficiency and accuracy.However, there are also concerns about the negative effects of technology, such as addiction to social media and the potential loss of jobs due to automation. It is important to find a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of technology and use it responsibly.Overall, technology has greatly impacted our lives in both positive and negative ways. It is up to us to use it wisely and make the most of its benefits while minimizing its negative effects.中文：科技对我们的日常生活产生了深远的影响，从我们的通讯方式到工作方式，甚至娱乐方式都有所改变。

科技题材英文作文模板英文：As a technology enthusiast, I am always fascinated by the latest advancements in the field. In my opinion, technology has revolutionized the way we live our lives and has made it easier for us to communicate, work, and entertain ourselves. However, with great power comes great responsibility, and we must use technology wisely to avoid its negative effects.One of the most significant advancements in technology has been the internet. It has connected people from all over the world and has made it possible for us to access information instantly. However, it has also led to the spread of fake news, cyberbullying, and online scams. Therefore, we must be careful about the information we consume and the people we interact with online.Another area where technology has had a significantimpact is healthcare. With the help of technology, doctors can now diagnose and treat diseases more accurately and efficiently. For example, artificial intelligence can analyze medical images and detect abnormalities that might be missed by human doctors. However, we must also be awareof the ethical implications of using technology in healthcare and ensure that it does not lead todiscrimination or privacy violations.In conclusion, technology has brought about manypositive changes in our lives, but we must also be aware of its negative effects and use it responsibly. As the saying goes, "with great power comes great responsibility."中文：作为一名科技爱好者，我总是被这个领域最新的进展所吸引。

中考作文科技英文范文英文：Technology has greatly impacted our lives in many ways. On one hand, it has made our lives more convenient and efficient. For example, we can now easily communicate with people from all over the world through social media and video conferencing. We can also shop online and have items delivered to our doorstep without ever leaving our homes. Furthermore, technology has revolutionized the way we learn and work. We can access vast amounts of information and resources through the internet and use various software and tools to increase our productivity.On the other hand, technology has also brought about some negative effects. One of the biggest concerns is the impact on our mental and physical health. We spend too much time staring at screens, which can lead to eye strain and poor posture. Moreover, social media and online gaming addiction have become serious problems that can lead todepression and anxiety. In addition, technology has also contributed to the loss of jobs in certain industries as machines and automation take over.Overall, technology has both advantages and disadvantages. It is up to us to use it wisely and in moderation to avoid the negative effects.中文：科技在许多方面对我们的生活产生了重大影响。

小学生英文科技论文写作小学生英文科技论文写作小学生英文科技论文写作1The Chinese nation is a nation with a fine tradition ofdiligence and frugality, and the Chinese people have maintained thisfine style since ancient times.Whether in the production of labor or in daily life, but also embodies this characteristic, always trying to the most economical way, as much as possible to do everything.It is by this good idea that we understand how to save energy.The energy problem is of extraordinary significance to our country as a populous country, with the development of economy, the large-scale development of resources, energy shortages will become more prominent. The influence of the modernization of our country to a great extent.Our country is still so far to promote thrift style of major construction at the Olympic venues, the state is from the actual need to consider, put forward the "thrifty Olympics" slogan; in this year's 55th anniversary National Day have put forward the "thrifty day" slogan.Our country is from the perspective of the whole community, to save energy to do thrifty style of work.Energy savings can reduce spending, boost economic growth, protect our environment, and become a prerequisite for sustainable development, and for our children and grandchildren.In the city the night, roads are lit on both sides of the street intensive but neat, looks like a dragon fly, although this is abeautiful landscape, but many times the light of these lamps are wasted, because a large part of the time, the road is empty, this situation is particularly common in the economic and the traffic is not very developed area.The enormous waste of power resources has a negative impact on the economy of these areas.Then, is there an automatic control device that is convenient for pedestrians and vehicles at night and saves energy?Saving energy is actually reducing energy losses as much as possible.On the remote roads, traffic is very little, and long hours of street lights, no matter whether there are vehicles or vehicles, pedestrians or pedestrians, have caused great waste of energy.Even if there is a vehicle passing, should not all line lights are on, shouldonly in the vehicle within the effective range of the street light, otherwise it will cause great losses!Pedestrian walking on the road is the same, only in the pedestrian walk within the corresponding range to open the street lamp, to meet the needs of lighting.How can I tell if someone is in the street?We can use an instrument that lights the street automatically when someone or a car is in the street.Then the sensor does not produce air through sound vibration control, but through the vehicles and pedestrians on the road impact and pressure caused by pavement vibration control, the two kinds of vibration is different, otherwise it will be a strange combination of circumstances might be animal sounds, and the roar of the road outside lights, the same as not to the purpose of saving energy.If the noise made by the traffic or pedestrian is too small, the light won't turn onThen, in name only, it doesn't work.Car driving, pedestrian walking, will naturally impact on the ground and pressure, so that the road vibration, which can use the vibration of the road to control whether the street lights bright or extinguished.The device uses shock and pressure vibrations to control the street lights, which can be a good source of energy savings.Power generation needs to consume a lot of resources, save electricity, save resources and protect the environment.Power saving should start from daily life. When using refrigerators at home, the practice of saving electricity is:1.Don't put much food in the fridge2. do not switch the refrigerator door again and again3., in the refrigerator, in the sides and back space, to help the refrigerator cooling4. do not put refrigerators and microwave ovens and other appliances togetherChina is a big producer of batteries and a big consumer of batteries.Now all kinds of electronic products: mobile phone, MP3, Kuaiyitong emerge in an endless stream, electronic calculators, electronic watches, cameras and so on, beyond count, these products require the use of battery.And if the battery after use, not centralized treatment, casually discarded, will cause serious pollution to the environment, for example, a scrap button battery can pollute 600thousand liters of water, it can be seen how dangerous it is.After running out of batteries, we can transport waste batteries tospecialized waste battery processing centers, so that they can help us recycle.This can not only reduce the pollution of the battery, but also can be used second times, killing two birds with one stone.小学生英文科技论文写作2"Ah - ah!"......"I am yawning, squinting, I can not help but raise a question: why do people yawn?What's the secret of yawning?I asked my father and grandpa, and they only talked about it.I can barely understand it, but I still don't understand it.In order to relieve my confusion, I searched the Internet for some information.It turned out that a yawn is six seconds.In this period, can let a person be out of touch with reality, body nerve, muscle relaxation.Yawning, therefore, is a conditioned reflex of deep breathing activity, a physiological response of the brain to nerves when tired, expressing dull, sleepy, or soothing tension in everyday life.Before, Grandpa said yawning was a sign of oxygen deficiency in the brain, which was not the case.On the contrary, by yawning deep breathing, people increase oxygen in the blood and emit more carbon dioxide, which makesus more energetic.People tend to yawn when they are tired, which reminds the body that the brain is tired and needs sleep and rest, so yawning is also a hypnotic method.When people are about to enter the busy work, often yawn, this may be the human body by deep inspiration, so that the blood more oxygen, improve brain activity.In a word, yawning is an instinctive reaction of the human body and has a good protective effect on the human body.What's more, dad said it was wrong.Yawning is awarning that the body needs a break, he said.Looking at the data, I realize that yawning is actually refreshing the brain.And you will find that we often yawn a lot before something important or exciting.It's not that our minds aren't tight enough, but the brain is pumping usdown".When do we yawn?In a long time in the slow yawn or after shallow breathing, a common cause of excessive yawning fatigue, tension, sedentary, do homework or reading, the waistband too tight, overheating room and ventilation.People often yawn when they leave the cinema and other places of amusement. This is not a sign of boredom, but the reason why they sit quietly for too long.After checking the data, I finally understand why peopleyawn.But I have another problem in my heart: hearing people say yawning is contagious.But is it really the case?I don't quite believe it.Butthis time, I don't go online to look up information. I'll do itmyself.That day, I went out with a good friend. It was very late for me to come home.I was yawning and sleepy.Suddenly, I thought it was a good time to do the experiment. I hurried downstairs. Grandma had been losing sleep recently: she couldn't sleep well and sleep hard every night.She always sleeps for a few minutes and wakes up ter, she simply did not sleep all night, watching TV, the morning the people have no spirit, a sickly appearance.All my family were worried about her, whether she would be ill or not.I thought while walking: "since yawning is contagious, then I yawn, and grandma must be yawning."Yawning makes it possible for grandma's nervous nerves to relax.Grandma would fall asleep naturally, and I could finish my experiment.It's really the best way to have the best of both worlds.Think of it, I've got downstairs.Grandma was sitting in front of the television, staring at her bloodshot eyes.I stepped forward quickly, just to call a "grandma", but yawn, but thefirst step on the stage: "ah - ah!"......"Grandma looked at me, and she could not help yawning: "ah - ah!"e, I want to sleep, you can go to sleep.Ah - oh......"As she spoke, she walked back to the room.I looked at Grandma's back, happy to jump three feet high - my experiment succeeded, and grandma's insomnia was cured by me!This yawn is really contagious!The second day, I looked at the book, but also understand why yawning is contagious: brain region when yawning and regional brain activity of sympathy is consistent.That is to say, yawning's "contagion" phenomenon may represent an unconscious mental imitation.。

如何撰写英文科技论文ABSTRACT（摘要）科技论文摘要通常包括以下几项内容：研究动机，研究方法，主要结果，简要结论。

顾名思义，摘要应该言简意赅，因此争取用一句话说明一项内容，每项最多不要超过三句话。

通常在提交论文全文之前需要先提交摘要，摘要实际上就是一个小的IMRaD结构：为什么做这个研究？用了什么方法？取得了什么结果？结论是什么？这些问题逐一回答了，摘要就写完整了。

INTRODUCTION（引言）Introduction看似简单，但并不容易写好。

好的Introduction通常包括三部分内容：介绍研究课题（性质，范围等等）；陈述对于该课题已有的主要研究成果；解释你对课题研究的特殊贡献，例如使用了什么新方法等。

写这一部分应该尽量简练。

好的启始句非常重要，因为Introduction应该吸引读者而不是让读者生厌。

有许多论文以“It is widely accepted that ...is important”开头，这样的启始句让读者还没进入正文就开始打哈欠。

在Introduction这一部分可以简单介绍你的主要研究结果和结论，也可以不介绍结论而只介绍研究方法。

读者读完Introduction 之后看论文的其他部分不应该再有惊奇的发现，因为读科技论文和读侦探小说不一样，读者希望开头就知道结果。

METHODS(方法）Methods部分的目的在于描述所用的材料，实验装置，实验方法，理论模型，计算方法。

写好这部分的关键在于把握好“度”，即提供恰到好处的细节，避免过于简单或繁琐（太繁复或不必须的公式、推导可放入附录appendix)。

衡量标准是看你所提供的细节是否足以让感兴趣的专业读者重复你的实验或方法。

在这一部分不需要汇报结果。

RESULTS(结果）在Results部分只需要如实地汇报结果和数据即可，无需加入自己的解释，让结果和数据来表达研究结论。

这一部分通常会包含图表。

读者在阅读一篇论文时，往往看完题目和摘要后就会浏览所有图表，有进一步兴趣才会再读文章的其它部分，所以图表非常重要。

English technology thesis writingName:Studies: Steel metallurgyGlass:题目：The experiment study of use Iron Tailings and Magnesite Tailings Prepare Cordierite-based Glass CeramicsAbstract：This is work make some exploration about how to use iron tailings and magnesite tailings making glass-ceramics feasibility and preparation methods. Thus, turning waste into wealth and raising added-value of iron ore tailings and magnesite talings . In this work, the main raw material are iron ore tailings and magnesite tailings of Anshan area . And, adding nucleation agent and some other oxide follow the certain proportion , then production MgO - Al2O3- SiO2as the mainly crystalling phase of microcrystalline glass. In the experimental, we use DSC to measured nuclear and crystallizing temperature of glass-ceramics and using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and so on to test the glass-ceramics phase, crystallized behavior, and the effect of nucleation agent. Through the experiment, we obtained the best proportion of raw materials and tailings dosage as high as 80% , we also determine the most appropriate treatment of the corresponding system. Keywords：Iron tailings；magnesite tailings ;glass-ceramics；crystallization科技论文的组成及其各项的作用1、Title题名又叫题目、文题、标题，是科技论文的中心和总纲。

英语科技论文写作目录第一章概论 (2)1.1 英语科技论文的主要结构组成 (2)1.2 英语科技论文的分类及特点 (3)1.3 英语科技论文的文体特点 (4)第二章英语科技论文语言表达的规范与技巧 (8)2.1 如何使表达准确 (8)2.2 如何使语义连贯 (9)2.3 英语科技论文常用句型结构 (12)第三章英语科技论文的结构组成 (14)3.1 标题 (16)3.2 作者和联系方式 (17)3.3 摘要 (17)3.4 关键词 (18)3.5 引言 (18)3.6 论文主体 (21)3.7 结论 (26)3.8 附录 (28)3.9 致谢 (28)3.10 参考文献 (29)第四章摘要的撰写 (30)4.1 摘要的种类和特点 (30)4.2 摘要的内容和结构 (31)第五章最新科技信息的获取 (37)第六章科技论文的发表 (39)6.1 投稿过程的工作 (39)6.2 评审过程的工作 (41)6.3 出版过程的工作 (41)第一章概论科技论文是科学研究成果的一种展示，是作者以论文的形式向外界公布自己的科学研究成果。

科技论文的撰写与发表是科学研究中一项极其重要、不可马虎的工作，对于非英语母语的作者，如何用英文准确、清晰地表达研究内容和获得的成果，如何使论文顺利发表，成为必须面对的问题。

本课程详细介绍论文写作与发表过程中的一系列具体工作，以期对大家今后的写作提供一些有益的帮助。

1.1 英语科技论文的主要结构组成英语科技论文的整体组织结构和语言风格规范尤为重要，和建造楼房一样，写一篇论文也需要一份蓝图。

英文科技论文蓝图最常见的是所谓IMRAD结构，即：◇Introduction◇Methods◇Results and DiscussionsIMRAD结构的论文简单、清晰、明了并且逻辑性强，因而这一结构被近代学者广泛采用。

这种结构的论文，首先阐述研究的课题和研究的目的，有了清楚的定义以后，再描述研究的方法、试验手段和材料，最后对结果和结论进行详细讨论。

关于科技的英文作文300字English:Technology has revolutionized our lives in countless ways, making tasks easier, improving communication, and increasing efficiency. From smartphones to artificial intelligence, technology has become an integral part of our daily routine. In the field of medicine, technology has led to advancements in treatments, diagnostics, and surgeries, saving countless lives. In education, technology has transformed the way students learn and teachers instruct, with online resources and distance learning making education more accessible. However, technology also brings challenges such as cybersecurity threats, job displacement, and privacy concerns. It is essential that we continue to innovate responsibly and ethically to harness the full potential of technology for the benefit of humanity.Translated content:科技以无数种方式彻底改变了我们的生活，使任务变得更容易，提高了沟通效率。

2. Contents1). paper writing: title, author/affiliation（从属关系）, keywords, abstracts, introduction, main body, discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, appendices(附件）, [əˈpɛndɪˌsiz] references, etc.2). strategies of paper publication3). other related informationGeneral description of academic paper writing(学术论文的总则)1. Types of academic papers1). Academic report 学术报告Definition（定义）:displaying the results of an experiment, investigation or inquiry (may not give personal opinions, evaluations on the issue).structure:IMRAD（论文主体）:导言、材料、结果及讨论introduction, methods, results and discussion.2). Research paper 研究论文definition:comparatively narrow subject（相对具体的主题，题目切记宽泛）;reporting empirical or theoretical work（实验或理论工作）in an academic field;usually published in academic journals;containing original research results;reviewing existing studies.structure:title, author/affiliation, abstracts, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis or experimental description, results and discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, references, appendices, etc.3). Course paper 课程论文definition:written by undergraduate or postgraduate students（本科生或研究生）.written in line with the course requirements （符合课程要求）structure:decided under the instruction of the course tutor.4). Thesis/ Dissertation 学位论文definition:submitted in support of a candidate for a degree;presenting a proposition to argue against or defend;exercising judgment, argument, logic etc.structure:acknowledgements（鸣谢）, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, data collection and analysis, findings and conclusions, suggestions for future work, etc.3. The style of academic writing 语体formal language（正式用语）：concise, concrete（具体）, objective（客观）, logical（合理）, coherent（连贯）.1). person: the writer, we, etc2). V oice（语态）: passive（被动）3). structure: nominal structure（名词结构）4). specialized vocabulary（专业词汇）4. General structure of an academic papertitleabstractskeywordsIntroductionliterature reviewresearch methodologies and proceduresresults and findingsdiscussionconclusionreferences※I. TitleGeneral functions1. summarizing2. attracting readers3. facilitating retrieval （便于检索）Linguistic features（语言特征）1. phrase instead of sentence用短语代替句子2. nouns and gerunds名词和动名词Writing requirements1. brief and conciseno more than 20 words, 8-12 on average subtitle is advisable if it’s long2. specific具体3. avoid questions不要用疑问句4. unified grammatically symmetrical, nouns and gerunds not mixed名词动名词不要混用5. Standard: abbreviations（缩略语）, symbols（符号）, terms（术语）, capitalization（大写）e.g. 1). LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND TEACHING CULTUREALBACKGROUND.2). Learning Foreign Languages and Teaching Cultural Background3). Learning foreign languages and teaching cultural background※II. Author/AffiliationGeneral functions1. Bearing author’s responsibility2. facilitating retrieval and correspondence便于检索和通信3. heightening academic level for valuing the academic levels of a researcher or anacademic institutionLinguistic featuresZhang Xing Chen Xinwu Ouyang HaiZHANG Xing CHEN Xinwu OUY ANG HaiZHANG, Xing Chen, Xinwu Ouyang, Hai Writing requirements1. format: the requirements of the journal2. number of authors: if more than 5, use “et al.”3. author’s title omitted4. address: from smaller units to larger onesWang ShuhuaSchool of Journalism and transmissionNorthwest UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi 710069P.R. China※III. KeywordsGeneral functions1. highlighting the theme2. retrieval便于检索Linguistic features1. more nouns2. limited numbers: 4-6 words on averageWriting requirements1. using the required section title:e.g. Keywords/Keywords Index/Keywords and Phrases/Indexing Terms, etc.2. placing the section correctly：below the abstract3. spacing the Keywords关键词之间的间隔：Comma（逗号）, semicolon（分号）, larger space（空格）, no full stop at the end（结尾不要句号）.4. adopting standard abbreviations采用标准的缩略形式※IV. AbstractI. Definition:An abstract is a succinct (sək’sɪŋkt)简洁summary of a piece of work, usually academic in nature.A self-contained （独立的）entity;tool in searching for information.II. Basic elements:backgroundtopicapproach three core elementsconclusionsignificanceIII. Category1. Descriptive abstract（说明性摘要）: tells in an all around way what thepaper contains, including background, topic, approach,conclusion and significance.2. Informational abstract（信息性摘要）: highlights the approach andconclusion briefly but quantitatively.3. Informational-descriptive abstract（信息-说明性摘要）：A combined form that bears specific information about the approach and conclusion. IV. Structuretopic sentence主题句---“what” is in an abstractsupporting sentence扩展句---further specifying the subjectconcluding sentence总结句--- summarizing the resultsUseful sentence patterns:Topic sentenceThe primary goal of the research is… The chief aim of the present work is to investi gate…Supporting sentenceThe method used in our study is known as…The technique we applied is referred to as…Concluding sentenceIn conclusion, we state that…As a result of our experiment, we concluded that…V. Writing requirementsLength: no more than 200 words for a long paper50-100 words for a short oneapproximately 3-5 percent of the length of the paper. Comprehensiveness详尽: containing essential elementsConciseness简明: avoiding long mathematical expressions数学公式and omitting tables 表格, graphs, pictures, in-text citations加注, etc.Consistency一致性: consistent with the other parts of the paper与文章的其他部分一致. Tense时态: present, past (approach), future (significance)Personal pronouns and voices人称代词和语气: 3rd person第三人称, passive voice被动语态, to limit the use of first-person pronouns and mixed voices.VI. Writing techniques1. 5 steps:1). defining the context, topic and purpose 2). outlining the approach and procedures 3). listing results, findings, conclusion and significance 4). drafting the abstract起草摘要5). checking2. 5A strategy:A1 background (one sentence)A2 topic (one topic sentence and one or two supporting sentences if necessary)A3 approach (two or more sentences to give specific information about the approach)A4 conclusion (one sentence or more if necessary)A5 significance (one sentence)3. Likely mistakes and common errors:1). Informal writing style非正式的写作风格written language书面语; avoid colloquial style避免口语2). Incompetent content内容不充分Basic elements included; avoid being too simple3). Monotonous language语言单调lack of variety leading to monotonous language4). Imbalance of informationbackground, topic, approach, conclusion and significance should be balanced.※V. IntroductionI. General functions1. introducing the background(content) what2. showing the research scope where3. stating the general purpose why4. explaining the content arrangement(process) howII. Structural featuresa funnel-shape漏斗形Starting with the research background(what has been done)Narrowing down tothe existing problem(what has notbeen done)Focusing onthe presentresearch(what amI goingto do)Background in the abstract and introduction•Abstract: may not have background;or if there is, it should be very short,just one or two sentences.•Introduction: the background should be much longer and more informative, and to take all these previous studies as the background of the present work.III. Expressions:1. Introducing the backgroundRecent experiments by…have suggested…Several researchers have theoretically investigated…There have been a few studies highlighting…In most studies of…has been emphasized with attention being given to…2. Presenting existing problemsGreat progress has been made in this field, however…3. Focusing on the present researchLimiting the scope of workThe problem I ha ve referred to falls within the field of…Introducing the present workIn this paper, …is investigated/studied/discussed/presentedPresenting research methods and proceduresThe method/approach used in the present study is…Indicating the organization of the paperThis paper is divided into five major sections as follows…Tips for writing an introduction:In contrast to an abstract, in this part, one is not encouraged to provide detailed information on the approach and conclusion of one’s study※VI. Main TextI. The structure of the main bodyIt varies from paper to paper and may depend on whether it is theoretical or experimental. Generally, it covers the 8 items(especially for papers of experimental nature):Materials usedEquipments, devices, or instruments仪器及设备Methods(steps, procedures, operation操作, conditions, etc)Calculations计算Surveys or investigations调查(data collection and analysis数据收集及分析)ResultsDiscussionsRecommendations建议Experimental VS Theoretical•Papers of the experimental nature: experiments,investigations, analysis of the results.•Papers of the theoretical nature: Description描述, logical development逻辑展开,etc. II. Language use at the lexical level词汇层面1.Words with specific meanings2. Words with specific meaningsreplacing verb phrases by a single word of a specific meaning；replacing informal words and phrases by formal onesverb phrases verbs Informal formalspeed up accelerate without in the absence ofput in add do a sum calculatebreathe in inhale do/act behavethink about consider about/more or less approximatelytake away remove upside down invertedincrease in amount accumulate sometimes occasionallyjoin together combine a little slightlypush away repel better(than) superior (to)get together concentrate give providepush into insert in the end eventuallynot natural artificialInformal formalmake less/become less decreaseget bigger expandnot as good (as) inferior (to)before this previouslyall right for/enough for suitable forwithout stopping unceasinglycarry transportstay alive survive句子改写6. Noun clusters and nominalizationNoun cluster are structures in which nouns are modified by other nouns instead of attributive clauses or prepositional phrases.用名词群代替定语从句或介词短语High precision instrument（better）---instrument of high precisionNearby engine noise---noise of the engine that is nearbyNominalization refers to the process or result of forming a noun phrase from a clause.it is first of all required that you accept what we propose here---the acceptance of this proposal is the first requirement.we noticed that the dog was really astonishingly clever---we noticed the dog’s really astonishing cleverness.练习 1 choose from column B phrases similar in meaning to verbs in column A. Some phrases may be matched with more than one verb.•ColumnA Column B•1) transmit 传播，发送，传达，传递b a. use up用完，耗尽•2) assimilate 同化，吸收f b. pass on传递•3) consume 消耗，耗尽a c. get rid of 摆脱，除去•4) diffuse 扩散，散开，传播e d. put off推迟，延期，阻止,扔掉•5) transfer 转移，转让,传递b e. spread out展开，铺展•6) eliminate 消除，排除c f. take in and use接受和使用Make the following sentences more concise and academic with nominalization.•If we know the forces on the gear齿轮, we can determine its size.-----1) Knowledge of the forces on the gear makes possible the determination of its size.（better）•The rocket has been developed. For this reason, men can enter space.----2) The development of the rocket makes it possible for man to enter space.•If we add or remove heat, the state of matter may change.----3) The addition or removal of heat may change the state of matter.•We can improve its performance when we use super-heated steam.---4) On using super-heated steam, its performance can be improved.•We analysed the experiment and what we found made us realize that the technique was quite complex.---5) The experimental analysis showed the technical complexity.•Non-finites: The research that is now being carried out in this area is extensive and meaningful.----The research now being carried out in this area is extensive and meaningful.•Attributive words: The precision of the experiment was affected by the noise of the engine nearby.---The experimental precision was affected by the nearby engine noise.•Verbs: The analysis of this method will be undertaken in the following sections.----The method will be analysed in the following sections.•Prepositional phrases: Because the weight of the rope and the sand was lost, the balloon rose suddenly into the sky.----Without the weight of the rope and the sand, the balloon rose suddenly into the sky.•Elliptical forms: Some motions appear to be very simple; others appear very complicated.---Some motions appear to be very simple; others very complicated.•Deleting redundant expressions: The best time for learning is the time of youth.---Youth is the best time for learning.•Less Concise Expressions More Concise Expressions•In spite of the fact that although•Provide an opportunity to allow•After this has been done then•In view of the fact that seeing that•Owing to the fact that since•In order to to•For the purpose of for•In a hasty manner hastily•On a regular basis regularly•Take into account consider• A number of several•In all cases always•In most cases usually• A small number of a few•In the foreseeable future soon• A great deal of much•With the exception of except•Less Concise Sentence Patterns More Concise Forms•It may well be that perhaps•It is evident that evidently•It is clear that clearly•There is no doubt that undoubtedly•It would be apparent that apparently•It would thus seem that seemingly•1) The density of water at 4 ℃is the greatest.---Water has its greatest density at 4 ℃•2) What he has investigated in the lab is encouraging.---His investigation in the lab is encouraging.•3) Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and in turn, mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy.---Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and in turn, mechanical energy into electrical energy.•4) Though he was a successful industrialist, Alfred Nobel was an idealist.---Though a succesful industrialist, Alfred Nobel was an idealist.III. Eight ways of giving definitions1. Dictionary definitions (词典定义法)2. Authoritative definitions (权威定义法)3. Negative definitions (反面定义法)4. Etymological definitions （词源定义法）5. Analogical definitions （类比定义法）6. Exemplar definitions (举例定义法)7. Contextual definitions (语境定义法) 8. Operational definitions (操作性定义法)Write more concretely•1)Using concrete words具体的•The reflected light was( taken in) absorbed by the transducer传感器•2)Using specific expressions.•Among all these Internet nodes节点，（only a few）fewer than one percent of them belong to Mbone network.★Rewrite the following sentences by making them more concrete•1) The cross section is measured.•2) It goes without saying that the most important thing in microeconomics is the market.•3) The bridge has been declared unsafe for trucks with excessive loaded weight.•4) Sales were down quite a bit for December because of a number of days of heavy snow.•5) We plan to present a proposal covering all important aspects of the problem.•6) The result seems to be satisfactory.※VII Language Techniques at the Discourse Level•I Develop the text logically• 1 Chronological Sequence 时间顺序• 2 Procedure 步骤顺序• 3 from Abstract to Concrete抽象到具体• 4 from Concrete to Abstract具体到抽象• 5 Comparing or Contrasting 比较，对比• 6 Cause and Effect因果II Achieve coherence in writing1)Organizing arguments logically有逻辑的组织参数2)Transitional words/phrases appropriately适当的过渡词和短语3)Repeating keywords or key phrases4)Synonyms for key words /key ideas关键词或关键理念的同义词III Achieve variety in writing•1) Different sentence structures2)Different sentences openings※VIII Results, Discussion and conclusionI Section of Results结论部分•Functions:•1) The summary of the survey, investigation, calculation, experiments, etc.•2)One of the most important elements•3) the value of a study lies here•Contents:•1) Essential facts•2) summarizing the significant results•3) list the meaningful data.4) corresponding analysis• 2 Writing Requirements•Any data should be meaningful;•Sorting out data and selecting data•The presentation of results should be short and clear.II Section of Discussion• 1 General Functions and Main Components of Discussion•General Functions:•Summarize the important facts observed by the researcher.•1) Expounding详细说明the interrelations among the observed facts.•2) showing the underlying 潜在的，根本的causes, the effects, and the theoretical implications of the facts.•3) Leading to the conclusion•Main Components•1) Analyzing the data•2) Expounding viewpoints详细说明观点:•3) Pointing out doubts指出疑点•4) Stating the significance说明意义•5) Arriving at a conclusion得出结论• 2 Writing Requirements1) Sufficiently analyze the presented data and point out the relationship•2) Admit limitations承认局限性•3) Brief and forceful expressions to state the conclusion•To sum up:the writer is supposed to present:• 1 a contrast or comparison between the most important findings in the present study with the original hypothesis（原始假设）• 2 claims of the limitations and implications of the study阐明本研究的局限性及意义• 3 a suggestion of further study or possible applications of the most important results.对进一步研究的建议或主要结论可能的应用•Things should be avoided写结论是应该注意的事项•1) using general terms rather than the names of variables•2) showing no relationship between the results and the literature review•3) lacking a discussion of the limitations of the research.•P.S Never write more words than necessary.III Section of Conclusion• 1 General Functions and Main Elements•Summing up•Presenting statement of conclusions•Providing statement of recommendations• 2 Writing Requirements:•Conclusion accords with the original research design•According to the results and discussion, conclusion is made•Accords with those of other researchers•Suggestion for further study•Practical application of the results结果的实际应用※X Acknowledgements, Illustrations, Appendices附件, and referencesIllustrations: Tables, Graphs, Diagrams, Pictures, etcWriting Requirements ：1.Numbered consecutively 连贯的；连续不断的2.Must have a heading-a concise statement describing its content必须有表头来简要描述其内容3.If it is necessary to include footnotes, they are put below the bottom of the illustration列出参考文献的作用：•Showing respect to the previous works•Facilitating the Literature Research。